REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Literature on various aspects of Reduviidae is quite substantial. In this review

literature relevant to the toxicological effects of insecticides on behaviour, development,

haemolymph, biochemical contents and histological aspects of non- target biological

control agents as well as insect pests alone was included.

The reduvilds as predators of insect pests was recorded by, Ashmead, 1895;

Kirkland, 1896; Chittenden, 1905, 1909 and 1919; Morgan, 1907; Webster, 1907; Lefroy

and Howlet, 1909; Morril, 1910; Garman, 1916; Horton, 1918a,b; Watson, 1918; Butler,

1918; Ayyar, 1919; Pettey, 1919; Caffrey and Barber, 1919; Austin, 1922; Huston, 1922;

Severon, 1924; Smith, 1924; Blatchely, 1926; Mossop, 1927; Readio, 1927; Romeo,

1927; Ullyett, 1930; Taylor, 1932, 1949; Hayashi, 1933; Cherian, 1937; Chenan and

Brahmachari, 1941; Beeson, 1941; Corbett and Pagden, 1941; Risbcc, 1941; Nei, 1942;

Ewing and Ivy, 1943; Bose, 1949; Wallace, 1953; Stride, 1956; Subbiah and Mahadevan,

1957; Vanderplank, 1958; Joseph, 1959; Odhiambo, 1959; Casimir, 1960; Evans, 1962;

Whitcomb and Bell, 1964; Imms, 1965; Parker, 1965a,b, 1969, 1971 and 1972; Nyirra,

1970; Bass and Shephard, 1974; Kamble, 1974; Rao, 1974; Singh and Gangrad, 1975,

1976; Neuenschwander et.al., 1975; Sitaramaiah et.al., 1975; Nayar et.al., 1976;

Sitaramaiah and Satyanarayana, 1976; Saxeena and Singh, 1976; Ables, 1978; Fadare,

1978; Antony et.al., 1979; Ponnamma et.al., 1979; Gupta ei.al., 1980; Barreto eLal,1981; Rao et.aI., 1981; Martinez and Pienkowshi, 1982; Mohamed et.aI., 1982; Ambrose,

1983, 1987, 1988, 1995; Bhatnagar et.aL, 1983; Gravana and Sterling, 1983; Hiremath

and Thontadarya, 1983; Patil and Thontadarya, 1983; Awadallah el.aI., 1984;Krishnaswamy et.al., 1984; Martin and Brown, 1984; Rajagopal, 1984; Ren, 1984;

Sundararaju, 1984; Butani, 1985; Ghosh and Abdurahiman, 1985; Inoue, 1985; Singh,

5

1985; Pawar et.aI., 1986; Ambrose and Livingstone, 1986, 1987a,b; Sudheenrakumar,

1986; Schaefer and Ahmed, 1987; Singh and Singh, 1987; Singh etal., 1987; David and

Kumaraswamy, 1988; Muralecdharan etal., 1988; Trivedi and Rajagopal, 1988;

Vennison, 1989; Godfrey etal., 1989; Varma, 1989; Ambrose and Kumaraswamy, 1990;

Ambrose and Sahayaraj, 1990, 1993; Claver, 1993; Sahayaraj and Ambrose,

1993a,b,1994a,b, Prabahar, 1994; Sahayaraj, 1994 a,b,c, 1995, 1996; Ambrose etal.,

1994 and Ambrose and Claver, 1995.

The effect of insecticides on reduviid predators were reported by Picollo etal.,

1976; Tarrant and Cupp, 1978; Oliviera-Fjlho etal., 1980; Tarrant et.al., 1982; Martinez

and Pienkowshi, 1982; Martin and Brown, 1984; Garcia and Rembold, 1984; Garcia

etal., 1984, 1986, 1987 and 1990; Zerba etal., 1987; Casabe ei.al., 1988; Zerba, 1989;

Sahayaraj,1991; Wood etal., 1993; Ambrose and George, 1995; and George and

Ambrose, 1996.

Various authors reported that the insecticides used to manage the insect pests also

caused damages to the non-target arthropod predators co-exist with the insect pests in

the agroecosystem. Such observations were recorded by Bosch etal., (1956), Burke,

(1959), and Yokoyama et.aI., (1984), in the predators of cotton; Krishniah and La! (1975)

in I3rassica campestris; Bartlett (1963) in hymenopteran parasites and coccinellid

predators; Pree and Hagley (1985) on Chrysopa oculala Say; Mansingh and Rhodes

(1985) in Hypothenemus hampel Ferrari; David (1985) in some arthropods; Royalty and

Perring (1987) in Aculops lycopersici Massae and its predator Iloincopronemazu.y

anconai Baker; Bouernfeind (1987) in chinch bug Blissus leucopterus Say; Marwaha

el-al., (1987) in Aiherigona soccata Rond and A.naqvii Steyskal; Dhamdhere etal.,

(1987) in Amrasca bigultula Ishida; Moar and Trumble (1987) in Spodopiera exigua

Hub.; Dayaoen (1987) in Plutella xylostella (Linn.); Thang etal., (1987) in Nilaparvata

6

lugens (Stàl) and its predator the wolf spider Lycosa pseudoannulata Boes Et.str; Barwaland Kalra (1988) in Tribolluin caslaneu,n Herbst; Gain and Kundu (1988) in

Melanagro,nyza sojae Zehntner; Mani and Thontadarya (1 988a,b) in Crypw1aemu

montrouzieri a predator of vineyard; Pophaly and Marwaha (1988) in Pyrilla perpusilla

Walk.; Elliot (1988) in Silodlplosis mosellala Gehin; Jallalüdin and Mohanasund&am(1989) in Opisina arenosella Walk.; Krishnakumar and Visalakashi (1989) in

Lepwcor,sa acuta Thunb.; Devasahayam (1989) in leaf gall thrips Liothrips karny:

Bagnall; Razmi et.aI., (1989) and Agnihotri ei.al., (1990) in Leucinodes orhonali,c Guen.;Satpute el. al., (1989), Mustafee and Reddy (1989), Patil ci. al., (1990) and Dhawan

(1993) in cotton pests; Patel and Patel (1989), Ravisankar et.al., (1990), Rao et.aL,

(1990), Thyagarajan and Anand (1991), Anllprakash el.al., (1991), Srivastava and Yadav(1991), Singh et.aI., (1993) and Chandurwar etal., (1993) in Heliothis armigera Hub.;

Gupta and Singh (1990), Kumar ei.al., (1990) in green jassids; Bynum el-al., (1990) inspidermite Tetranychus urticae Koch.; Jagdish and Dhingra (1990) in Bagrada

crucferarum Kirk., Nagia ei.aI., (1990 a) in red cotton bug Dysdercus koenigii (Fab.);

Zhang and Sanderson (1990) in predatroy mite Phyioseiulus persimilis; Varghese and

Srivastava (1990) in Apsylla cisiellala Bucklon.; Nagia eLal., (1990 b,c) in Bihar hairy

catterpillar Spilosoma obliqua (Walker); Rajamma (1990) in sweet potato weevil Cylas

for,n,carius Fab.; Vernon and Mackenzie (1991) in Epitris tuberis Gentner; Chanderet.ai, (1991) in Holoirichia problematica Brenske; Patel ei.aL, (1991) in Serangium

parcesetosum Sci.; Ahuja (1991) in Antigasira calalaunalis (Dup.); Walker et.al., (1991)in red scale Aoinidiella auranhji (Maskell); Kular and Butter (1991) in whitefly Bemisia

tabaci Gerin.; Srivasthava and Yadav (1991) in Canpo1 ci is chiorideac Uchida; Cardwell

and Ouyang (1993) in predaceous mite Euseius tularensis Congdon; Adhya and Sharma

(1993) in My! himna seperala; Rajendran (1993) in the predators of rice namely the mind

bug Cyriorhinus lividipennis, spider Pseudo annulala and coccinellids; Roger et.al.,

(1994) in Coleinegilla macullata Timberlake.

7

The behaviour of insects by the application of insecticides was studied by

Johansson (1950) in flour beetle Triboliwn confusuin Du Vat; Schricker and Stephen

(1970) and Stephen and Schricker (1970) in honey bees; Franz and Fabrietus (1971) on

Trichogramma; Hirata and Sogawa (1976) in plant sucking insects; Wantanabe and

Fukami (1977) in lepidopteran insects; Beeman and Matsumura (1978, 1982) in

American cockroaches; Penman et.aI., (1981) in two spotted spider mite and phytoselid

mites; Grape! (1982) in some predators of aphids; by and Dahlsten (1984) in the

parasitic wasp Encyrius saliens; Linn and Roelof (1984) in cabbage looper moth;

O'Brien ei.al., (1985) in Bracon mel/i/or; Boiteau ei.al., (1985) in aphids; Villacarlos

(1987) on green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer.; Haynes (1988) studied the effect of

neurotoxic insecticides on insect behaviour. Elzen et.al., (1989) also studied the effect of

insecticides in Heliothis parasitoid Micropli/is croceipes.

The effect of insecticides on the stadial period was studied by Ouye and Knutson

(1957) in house flies. Increased stadial period by the organophosphates were also

reported by Conney eLal., (1966), Katlyar and Lemonde (1972), Santaram and

Kumaraswamy (1985), Bharati and Govindappa (1986), Tripati and Sachan (1990) and

Sidhu and Kaur(1992).

The effect of insecticides on the sex ratio was reported by Katiyar and Lemonde

(1972) in confused flour beetle; Aistad etal.; (1980) and Alstad and Edmunds (1983) in

scale insects; Edmunds and Alstad (1985) in NucuIapis calijornia (Coleman).

The effect of insecticides on the weight of insects was reported by Ferguson

(1942) in southern army worm Prodenia eridania; Morrison and Brown (1954) and

O'Brien (1957) in cockroaches; Afifi and Knutson (1956) and Ouye and Knutson (1957)

8

in houseflies; Kreasky and Mazuranich (1971) in migratory grasshoppers; Javid and All

(1984) in fall army worm. Similar reprots also made by Tripathi and Sachan (1990),

Sidhu and Kaur(1992) and Kowaja et.al., (1992, 1994).

The effect of insecticides on the fecundity of insects was recorded by Mann

(1923), Knutson (1955) in Drosophila melanogaster; Ferguson (1942) in Prodenia

eridania; Sun (1945) in bean aphids; Tenket (1947) in cigarette beetle; Johannson

(1950), Loschiavo (1955), Katiyar and Lemonde (1972) in confused flour beetle

Triboliuin confusurn (sodium fluoride, DDT, organophosphate and carbamate

insecticides); Afifi and Knutson (1956), Ascher (1957), Ouye and Knutson (1957),

Hunter et.al., (1958, 1959) and Georghiou (1965) in housefly by using the insecticides

malathion, DDT and carbaryl; Adkisson and Wellso (1962), Khowaja et.al., (1993) in

pink bollworm of cotton Spodoptera litura (DDT and malathion); Grosch (1963), Picket

and Patterson (1963), Ridgeway et.al., (1965) and Moriarty (1969)' also reported the

fecundity. Schricker and Stephen (1970), Barker and Wailer (1978), Waller and Barker

(1979), Stoner el-al., (1983) reported the fecundity affected by the insecticides in

houseflies; Banola and Lindquist (1970) in Boll weevils; Kreasy and Mazuranich (1971)

in migratory grasshoppers; Parker ei.al., (1976) in Menochilus sexmaculatus; Honek and

Novek (1977) in Pyrrhoaplerus sp.; Ball and Su (1979) in Western corn root worm;

Chelliah et.al., (1980), Senguttuvan and Gopalan (1990) in Nilaparvata lugens;

Yokayama et.al., (1984) in Geocoris pollens; Hornoto et.aI., (1984) in Spodoptera

littoralis; Sherasiya and Chari (1987, 1989) in Earias vitella; Hormon and Ross (1987,

1988), Hamilton and Schal (1990), Abd-Elghafar el.al., (1991) in Biatlella germanica;

Patel and Patel (1989), Ravisankar et. al., (1990) in H. armigera; Morse and Zarch (1991)

in citrus thrips; Mala et.al., (1991) on the pumpkin caterpillar Diaphania indica;

Khowaja et.al., (1991, 1992, 1994) in D.cingulalus (malathion and monocrotophos);

Sidhu and Kaur (1992) in Henosepilachna viginhioctopunctata and Roychoudhury et.al.,

9

(1992) in Bombyx mon.

The effect of insecticides on the longevity of the insects was reported by many

workers in many insects. For instance Knutson (1955) in I).melanogaster; Afifi wand

Knutson (1956), Ouye and Knutson (1957), Hunter ei.aI., (1958, 1959), Georghio (1965)

in houseflies; Kuenen (1958) on Silophilus granarius; Adkisson and Weilso (1962) in

pink boll worm; Kuipers (1962) in lepdioptdran insects; Ridgeway ei.al., (1965), Bariola

and Lindquist (1970) in boliweevils; Katiyar and Lemonde (1972) in confused flour

beetle; Parker et.al., (1976) in Msexmaculaius; Honek and Novek (1977) in

Pyrrhoapierus sp.; Ball and Su (1979) in Western corn root worm; Chelliah et.aI., (1980)

in N.lugens; Smirle etal., (1984), Mackenzie and Winston (1989) in honey bee;

Hamilton and Schal (1990), Abd-Elghafar and Appel (1992) in B.germanica; Khowaja

et. al., (1991, 1992, 1994) in D.cingulaius.

1-Iaemocyes of insects were reported by various authors. For example Yeager and

Munson (1941), Yeager (1945) in Prodenia eridania; Jones (1950, 1954, 1957, 1962) in

Tenebrio molitor; Taumanoff and Lapied (1950) in Galleria me/lone/la; Arvy et.ai.,

(1950) in Chrysomela decemlineata; Jones (1956) in Sarcophaga bullaia; Jones (1958)

in Aedes aegypli; Jones (1959) in Prodenia larva; Arnold (1959a,b, 1961) in Blaberus

giganteus; Nittono (1960) by using the light microscope described the oenoeytoids and

observed their functions. Gupta and Sutherland (1966), Arnold (1972) described the

sphercule cell. Grimstone et.aI., (1967), Akai (1969, 1971), Harpaz etal., (1969) and

Stangvoss (1970) classified the insect haemocytes by using electron microscope. Gupta

(1969, 1979, 1985a,b, 1986) also reported the types on haemocytes and stated that only

the plasmatocytes and the granular haemocytes were responsible for their immunological

functions like wound healing. Similar observations were recorded by Akai and Sato

(1973), Saini and Rose (1986), Han and Gupta (1988, 1989), Pathak (1991), Singh et.aL,

(1991), Kurihara etal., (1992a,b) and Pathak and Kulshreshtha (1993).

10

In reduviids the haemocytes were observed by Wigglesworth (1933, 1937, 1955,

1956a,b,c, 1965, 1973, 1975), Harington (1961a,b), Jones and Liu (1961). Coles (1963),

Jones (1964, 1965a,b, 1967a,b), Barrett and Friend (1966), Picket and Friend (1966), Lai-

Fook (1970) and Gringorten and Friend (1979) in Rhodnius prolixus; Salma (1964) in

Pyrrchcoris ap/erus; Agosin etal., (1965) and Perasi (1973) in Triatoma infesrans;

Ambrose and George (1994) in Caiamiarus brevipennis and Ambrose and George

(1996a,b,c) in Acanihaspis pedesiris and R.marginaius and reported prohaemocytes,

plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, cystocytes and oenocytoids.

The effects of insecticides on haemolymph was reported by Toumonoff and

Lapied (1950) in Ga/lena mellonella; Ludwig and Bartolotta (1953) in Popilliajaponica;

Jones (1957) in Tenebrio molitor; Patton (1961) in P.amenicana, Achetu,s domes gicus and

G.me/lonella; Sudershan and Naidu (1967), Rajender and Rao (1989) in P.americana;

Tiwari (1989) in Diacnisia obligua; Tiwari and Bhatt (1989) in Corcyra cephalonica;

Ayyangar and Rao (1990) in Spodopiera lilura. Ambrose and George (1996a,b,c) in

A.pedestris and R.rnarginaius stated that the percentage of granular haemocytes increased

according to the concentration of the insecticide to create resistance against the

insecticides.

The volume on haemolymph of some insect larvae was studied by Richardson

et.al., (1931). This was also studied by Yeager and Tauber (1932), Yeager and Munson

(1950) in P.amenicana; and Lee (1961) in Schistocerca gregaria. The changes caused in

the haemocytes during development was reported by Rizki (1953) and Ramalingam

etal., (1993). Ambrose and George (1994) also reported that the number of haemocytes

increased during each nymphal instar and reached the highest count in the adults. They

added that the females contain more haemocytes than the males. The changes of

I

haemocytes by parasitism was described by Davies el.al., (1987) in Heliothis viresens;Tanaka (1 987a,b) in Pseudoleija seperala and Strand and Noda ( 991) in Pseudoplusiaincludens.

The differential count of haemocytes was reported by Tauber (1936, 1937) in

B/a/ta orientalis Yeager and Munson (1941), Yeager (1945) 'in P. eridania; Arnold(1972, 1982) in Cockroach and lepidopteran insects; Jones (1954), Jones and Tauber(1951) in T.mo/jjor Jones (1956, 1962), Whitten (1964) in Sarcop/iaga bullata; Bahadurand Pathak (1971) in Halys den/ala; Mall and Gupta (1982) in Atteva Jàbriciella;Flazarika and Gupta (1987) in B.germa,nca Ahmad (1988) in Polisies /iebroeus; Pathak(1991) in H.deniaia; Strand and Noda (1991) in P.jnc/udens Krishnakum& andSrivastava (1991) in Parasarcophaga; Kurihara et. al., (1 992a,b) in S. litura andRamalingam et.aI., (1993) in Odentopus varicornis, Ambrose and George (1994,

1996a,b,c) stated that granular haemocytes and plasmatocytes are the most abundant

types in predatory reduviids C.brevipennjs A.pedesgr,s and R.inargina,us

The total haemocytes count was also carried out in many insects. For instantance

Tauber and Yeager (1934) in Gryllus assimilis; Fisher (1935), Tauber and Yeager (1936)in B.orientalis; Jones and Tauber (1951) in T.molitor; Web1y (1951) in Locustamigratoria; Arnold (1952a,b) in E.kuhnjel1a Wigglesworth (1956a), Jones (1964) inR.prollxus; Wheeler (1963) in P.americana; Bahadur and Pathak (1971) in Halysdeniata; Pathak (1991) in H.dentata and Ramalingam et.al.; (1993) in O.varicornis.

Ambrose and George (1994, 1996 a,b,c) stated that haemocytes number increased during

development and maximum number was attained in the adults, in C.brevipennis,A.pedesir,s and R.inarginaius.

12

Although substantial literature is available on the biochemical constituents of

insects, it is very meagre for reduviids. Hence, relevant literature which shows the effect

of insecticides on the biochemical constituents of insects are reviewed.

The biochemical basis on insecticides resistance was reported by Hughes and

Devonshire (1982), Raftos (1986) in sheep blow fly Lucilla cuprina (Wiedemann). The

changes in the total carbohydrate content during metamorphosis was reported by Pant

and Dang (1965) in Triboijuin casaneum Herbst.; Schmidt and Mathur (1967) in

Formica polyct ena; Rao and Agarwal (1970) in Trogoderina granarium Everts.

The effects of insecticides on the total carbohydrates was reported and found that

the insecticidal exposure decreased the carbohydrate content. O'Brien (1957) incockroach and housefly; Agosin eI.ai., (1961) in T.injèslans; Corrigan and Kearns (1963)

in the American cockroach; Mansingh (1964a,b) in the B.germanica; Walker et.al.,

(1970) in desert locust; Mansingh (1972) in MalacosomapIuvia!e Ahamed et. al., (1978)in Lwnellidens 'narginalis (Lamarck); Reddy and Rao (1982), Mohan et.al., (1989) inP.americana; Kumari and Naidu (1987) in B.mori; Bharathi and Govindappa

(1987a,b, 1990) in Mpusiulata; Chockalingam et.al., (1988) in dragonfly Brachyther,nis

conlaminala; Kaur and Sidhu (1989) in Zabrotes subjàsciaius and Shunmughavelu and

Sekar (1992) in Mylabris balteata.

Insecticides reduced insects protein content. This was reproted by Reddy and

Rao (1982) in P.americana; Ahamed et.aL, (1978) in L.marginalis; Reddy (1979) in

honey bee; Maheswari and Sehgal (1981) in D.koenigii; Banerjee and Choudhuri (1985,1990) in Schizodactylus monstrosus; Kurnari and Naidu (1987) in B.mori, Bharathi and

Govindappa (1987a,b) in Mpustulata; Asif and Ali (1988) in D.stebbingi and

13

Chockalingam et.al., (1988) in dragonfly B.conta,ninaia. incresed protein content by the

application of insecticides was reported by Feroz and Ahmed (1974) in P.americana.

Increased proteolytic activity by Hexachioro benzene was noticed Philosamia ricini (Pantel.al., 1982). The effect of prolactin on the biochemical constituents was reported by

Bharathi et.aL, (1983, 1984) in B.e'nori.

Total lipids in insects was estimated by Collins (1933) in Pachymerus bacris;

Fast (1964) in some insects; Rao and Agarwal (1969, 1970, 1971) in T.granarium andWalker et.aI., (1970) in desert locust. Wigglesworth (1973) also reported the insect

lipids. Misra and Sharma (1981) reported the lipids in termites. The effect of temperture

on the insect lipids was studied by Okasha (1970) in R.prolixus. The lipid metabolism in

insects was studied by Gilby (1965) and Gilbert (1967); The changes caused in the lipids

during flight was reported by Nwanze el.al., (1976) in Cailsobruchus maculagus andWard el.al., (1982) in Rprolixus and T.inJèslans. The decreased fat content by

insecticides was reported by Munson eLal., (1954) in P.americana; Mansingh (1972) in

Malacosoma pluviale; Bharathi and Govindappa (1987a) in Mpusiulata. Insecticides

also increased tha amount of fat content as an adaptation as observed by Munson and

Gottieb (1953) in P.americana; Weisman (1955), Weisman and Reiff (1956), Mengle

and Casida (1958) in Mdoinestica; Neri et.al., (1958) in A.atroparvus; Fast and Brown

(1962) inA.aegypti and Chockalingam eLal., ( 1988) in R.conlaminaia.

The effect of insecticides on body water content was estimated by Jochum (1956)

in some insects; Mansingh (1964b) in B.germanica; Delvi and Pandian (1971) in Oxya

velox; Anderson (1973) in S.gregaria; Srinivasan (1977) in Mdomesrica; Pandian et.al.,

(1978) in Danaus chrysippes; Mansingh and Rawlins (1979) in Boophilus microplus;

Ross and Brown (1982) in SpodopleraJrugzperda; Delvi (1983) in tropical insects; Naik

and Delvi (1984) in P.ricini and Bharathi and Govindappa (1987b) in Mpuslulaia.

14

Literature available on the histological aspects of insects are although substantial,

the insecticidal effects on the histological aspects of insects are very meagre. Hence

relevant literature on the histology on insects and also the insecticidal effects on the

histology are reviewed.

The morphology of the digestive and reproductive organs in insects were studied

by Jones (1940) in Diplotaxis liberia; Woodward (1950), Yanai (1952), Yanai and Iga

(1956), Pendergrast (1957), Miyamoto (1961), Goodchild (1963) and Rajvanshi and

Sharma (1981) in some heteropteran insects. Davis (1955, 1956, 1957, 1966, 1969),

Louis and Kumar (1973) studied the morphology of digestive and reproductive organs of

the family reduviidae. Same study was also done by Jura (1957) in Phyllob ins glaucus

Scop.; Outran (1970, 1971) in Choristoneurafuinerana and Vats and Vasu (1993) in the

reproductive organs of coleoptera.

The physiology of digestion in insects was carried out by Goel and Bhardwaj

(1981) in Tanymecus sciurus OIiv. The histology of the digestive and reproductive

organs in insects were reported by Schinoda (1927) in some insects; Verma (1929) in

Onthophagus calla and Aphodius ?naeslus; Fletcher (1930) in Phyllophaga gracilis;

Dean (1932) in Rhagoletispomonella; Breaky (1936) in Anasa tristis; Chorabik (1951) in

Strephosomus capitatus; Beams and Anderson (1957) in Melanoplus sp.; Eldee and Zeid

(1961) in pink bollworm of cotton Peclinophora gossypiela; Chadbourne (1961) in some

boll weevils; Boecetti (1962) in the gut of some orthoptera, coleoptera and diptera;

Sundman and King (1964) in Anihonornous grandis; Lusis etal., (1970) in Brysotria

Juinigata Guer. and Groinphadorhina porleniosia Schaum; Shukia and Kumar (1970) in

Odozporous longicollis; Outram (1970, 1971) in C.fumfèrana; Beals and Berberet (1976)

in Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller; Bhardwaj (1981) in i'anymecus sciurus; Rosaiah and

15

Mukerjee (1985) in S.liiura; Bhardwaj (1985) in Adorejus lasiopygus and Paul eLal.,(1991) in I).obliqua.

The abberations caused by the insecticides in the insect tissues were reported.

For example the abberation caused by the insecticides in the gut of the insects was

reported by Pilat (1935) in some insects; Woke (1940) in P.eridania; Salkeld (1950,1951) in honey bee Apis me/li/era (DDT, Lead arsentate, parathion); Chadbourne and

Rainwater (1953) in cotton boll worm (Calcium arsenate, DDT, dieldrin); Mukherjj and

Flardas (1954) in Shistocerca gregaria; Soliman and Soliman (1958) in Prodenia lilura;Schwartz (1965) in Hippelates pusio (apolate, metepa, tepa); Sharma (1966) inPoeciloceruspictus; Topozada et-al., (1968) in S.littoralis; Rizvi (1970) in I-fieroglyphusfligroreple(us; Lal et.al., (1970) in S.Iitura (organophospeo); Soliman

et.al., (1971) inD.melanogaster; Nath et-al., (1975, 1976, 1978) in Locusta migratoria (tepa, hempa and

apholate); Sabesan and Ramalingam (1979) in O.varicornis (endosulfan); Misra (1981)

in some insects (phosphamidon, malathion, BIIC); Maheswari etal., (1981) in DJcoenigiz

(tepa); Saxsena and Saxsena (1985) in P.americana (maithion and piperobyl butoxide);Mulmule etal., (1988) in Mpustulata; Zutchi and Saxsena (1989) in Gryllodes sigallatus

(pyrethrum) and Singh (1990) in the grasshopper Chrotogonu. trachypterus. The effect

of starvation on the gut was reported by Sabesan and Ramalingam (1978) in

O.varicornis. The effect of chemosterilants was reported by Landa and Razabora (1965).

The histology of the gonads were reported by Dumser and Devey (1975) in the

reduviid Rhodnius; Saini et.al., (1984),Sidhra et.al.,(1984) and Saini and Gill(1985) inMdomestica (Cadmium chloride); Ahi (1987, 1988) in Poecilocerus plc/us; Bhaleraoetal., (1991) in D.koenigii; and Sonoli and 1-looli (1992) in H.armigera.