Retreat from Democracy: Retreat from Democracy: The Authoritarian and The Authoritarian and

Totalitarian StatesTotalitarian StatesItaly and GermanyItaly and Germany

Chapter 26 part IIChapter 26 part II

The Growth of TotalitarianismThe Growth of Totalitarianism Government control expanded during WWIGovernment control expanded during WWI May have begun like old autocracies, but went much fartherMay have begun like old autocracies, but went much farther

PropagandaPropaganda High speed communicationsHigh speed communications

EXTREMESEXTREMES

Fascist ItalyFascist Italy Results of WWIResults of WWI

700,000 dead700,000 dead Cost of 148 billion lireCost of 148 billion lire Italy gained some land, but not all that it asked forItaly gained some land, but not all that it asked for Domestic confusion led to undermining of the middle classDomestic confusion led to undermining of the middle class High unemployment and angry veteransHigh unemployment and angry veterans

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Unruly, rebellious childUnruly, rebellious child Got diploma and worked at first as elementary Got diploma and worked at first as elementary

teacherteacher Editor of Editor of ArantiAranti, a socialist daily newspaper, a socialist daily newspaper Kicked out of socialist party because he Kicked out of socialist party because he

wanted to intervene in WWI wanted to intervene in WWI

Italy’s GovernmentItaly’s Government Frascio de Combattimento Frascio de Combattimento (League of Combat) aka Fascism(League of Combat) aka Fascism ParliamentParliament

Incapable of governingIncapable of governing 3 parties3 parties

• SocialistSocialist• LiberalLiberal• Popolari (Christian democrats = new Catholic party)Popolari (Christian democrats = new Catholic party)

Didn’t agreeDidn’t agree Socialist talk of revolution frightened people of communismSocialist talk of revolution frightened people of communism

Mussolini changed tacticsMussolini changed tactics Anti-communism, anti-strike, and nationalist rhetoricAnti-communism, anti-strike, and nationalist rhetoric Gain support of middle class and large landownersGain support of middle class and large landowners Use of brute forceUse of brute force

SquadristiSquadristi (bands of armed fascists) (bands of armed fascists) Attacked Socialist officers and newsAttacked Socialist officers and news

Mussolini allies with the LiberalsMussolini allies with the Liberals Liberals were led by Giovanni GiolettiLiberals were led by Giovanni Gioletti Both just wanted to use the other to gain control then discardBoth just wanted to use the other to gain control then discard Alliance gained respectability and made the squadristi OKAlliance gained respectability and made the squadristi OK Fascist won 7% of parliament in 1921Fascist won 7% of parliament in 1921

Fascist gain PowerFascist gain Power Violence:Violence:

BlackshirtsBlackshirts Appealed to WWI veteranAppealed to WWI veteran Used large amounts of castor oil on victimsUsed large amounts of castor oil on victims

““Either we are allowed to govern, or we will seize Either we are allowed to govern, or we will seize power by marching on Rome”power by marching on Rome” October 24, 1922October 24, 1922 Really a bluff that workedReally a bluff that worked October 29, 1922 King Victor Emmanuel III made October 29, 1922 King Victor Emmanuel III made

Mussolini Prime MinisterMussolini Prime Minister 24 hours later Blackshirts marched into Rome to give 24 hours later Blackshirts marched into Rome to give

the appearance of created order after a civil warthe appearance of created order after a civil war

Mussolini and the Mussolini and the Italian Fascist Italian Fascist

StateState Had to move Had to move

slowly since they slowly since they were a minoritywere a minority

Acerbo Law: any Acerbo Law: any party to win 25% party to win 25% of the votes gets of the votes gets 2/3 of parliament 2/3 of parliament seatsseats

Fascists win big Fascists win big and not and not completely due completely due to fraud, force to fraud, force and intimidationand intimidation

Campaign of Campaign of IntimidationIntimidation

June of 1924 June of 1924 Socialist deputy Socialist deputy Giacomo Matteotti Giacomo Matteotti leads major outcry leads major outcry against Mussoliniagainst Mussolini

Mussolini counters, Mussolini counters, “Italy wants peace, “Italy wants peace, tranquility, calm in tranquility, calm in which we work; we which we work; we will give it to her, will give it to her, by means of love if by means of love if possible, by force if possible, by force if necessary”necessary”

Framework for DictatorshipFramework for Dictatorship Suspension of free speech if spoke against Catholicism, Suspension of free speech if spoke against Catholicism,

monarchy, or statemonarchy, or state Prime Minister = “Head of Government”Prime Minister = “Head of Government”

• Can legislate by decreeCan legislate by decree• No due processNo due process• Government can dissolve political and cultural associationsGovernment can dissolve political and cultural associations• By 1926 all anti-Fascists parties are outlawedBy 1926 all anti-Fascists parties are outlawed• Secret police aka OVRASecret police aka OVRA• Mussolini is Il Duce (the leader)Mussolini is Il Duce (the leader)

Fascism = TotalitarianismFascism = Totalitarianism Tried to control like the NazisTried to control like the Nazis Not as effective, couldn’t integrate all the peoplesNot as effective, couldn’t integrate all the peoples

AttemptsAttempts Mold Italy into single minded community with educational Mold Italy into single minded community with educational

policies and Fascist organizationspolicies and Fascist organizations 66% of those between 8 and 18 were in some Fascist group66% of those between 8 and 18 were in some Fascist group Very militaristic so many teens refused Very militaristic so many teens refused

Il Duce

Goals:Goals: ““New Italian” hardworking, physically fit, disciplined, intellectually sharp, New Italian” hardworking, physically fit, disciplined, intellectually sharp,

and martially inclinedand martially inclined ““Woman into the home”Woman into the home”

• ChauvinisticChauvinistic• Reduce male unemploymentReduce male unemployment

Laws to encourage larger familiesLaws to encourage larger families Supplementary pay, loans, prizes and subsidiesSupplementary pay, loans, prizes and subsidies Gold medals for moms with many childrenGold medals for moms with many children December 24December 24thth declared “Mother and Child” holiday with fertility prizes declared “Mother and Child” holiday with fertility prizes

Failed Failed to destroy old power structure especially the armed forces and monarchyto destroy old power structure especially the armed forces and monarchy Promises to help workers and peasants, but really helped industrialists Promises to help workers and peasants, but really helped industrialists

and large land ownersand large land owners Church:Church:

Given Vatican cityGiven Vatican city Made “sole religion of the state”Made “sole religion of the state”

The Weimar Republic: 1924-1933

The Weimar Republic: 1924-1933

Weirmar Weirmar RepublicRepublic

Republic declared on November Republic declared on November 9, 19189, 1918 Provisional Government – coalition Provisional Government – coalition

of Majority & Independent Socialist of Majority & Independent Socialist – beset by divisions– beset by divisions

Able leaders:Able leaders: Friedrich Ebert - Majority Socialist – Friedrich Ebert - Majority Socialist –

first Chancellor then President in first Chancellor then President in 19191919

Gustave Stresemann was Foreign Gustave Stresemann was Foreign Minister and ChancellorMinister and Chancellor

Paul von Hindenburg became Paul von Hindenburg became President in the 1920sPresident in the 1920s Traditional military manTraditional military man Monarchist, not in favor of republicsMonarchist, not in favor of republics Faced uprisings and attacksFaced uprisings and attacks

Economic ProblemsEconomic Problems Territorial, manpower, & economic losses in warTerritorial, manpower, & economic losses in war 30.4 billion reparation debt30.4 billion reparation debt Inflation Inflation

• Germany borrowed heavily & made payment in kind to satisfy debtGermany borrowed heavily & made payment in kind to satisfy debt• Spiral of inflationSpiral of inflation• Mark 8.4 to the dollar in 1919Mark 8.4 to the dollar in 1919• Mark 7000 to the dollar in December 1922Mark 7000 to the dollar in December 1922• Wiped out pensions & savings of middle classesWiped out pensions & savings of middle classes

1922 Allied Reparations Commission declared Germany in default on its debt1922 Allied Reparations Commission declared Germany in default on its debt France & Belgium occupied the RuhrFrance & Belgium occupied the Ruhr

The Spartacist LeagueThe Spartacist League

Rosa Luxemburg [1870-1919]

Rosa Luxemburg [1870-1919]

Rosa Luxemburg (1870 – 1919)Rosa Luxemburg (1870 – 1919) Polish-born socialist, living in GermanyPolish-born socialist, living in Germany Jailed during WW I for encouraging workers to be Jailed during WW I for encouraging workers to be

against the waragainst the war• As part of the Free CorpAs part of the Free Corp

Released – she later led demonstrations against Released – she later led demonstrations against the government and Kaiser with a fellow socialist, the government and Kaiser with a fellow socialist, Karl Liebknecht.Karl Liebknecht.

Agreed with Stalin that nationalism was the enemy Agreed with Stalin that nationalism was the enemy of the workersof the workers

Spartacist RevoltSpartacist Revolt In January 1919, police and soldiers put down In January 1919, police and soldiers put down

an uprising by the Spartacists, a group of far an uprising by the Spartacists, a group of far left revolutionaries who took their name from left revolutionaries who took their name from the leader of a revolt of Roman slaves in the 1st the leader of a revolt of Roman slaves in the 1st century BC. Military units began to move century BC. Military units began to move against the Berlin rebels, hunting down against the Berlin rebels, hunting down murdering Liebknecht and Luxemburg who had murdering Liebknecht and Luxemburg who had recently formed the German Communist Partyrecently formed the German Communist Party

This revolt was, in part, responsible for the This revolt was, in part, responsible for the German fear of communism and contributed to German fear of communism and contributed to Hitler’s rise to power.Hitler’s rise to power.

The German Government: 1919-1920

The German Government: 1919-1920

The Great Depression (1929-1941)

The Great Depression (1929-1941)

The Great Depression (1929-1941)

Unemployment Figures

The Great Depression (1929-1941)

Unemployment Figures

Germany & the DepressionGermany & the Depression Worse in German then any other countryWorse in German then any other country Import and exports dropped drasticallyImport and exports dropped drastically National income dropped 20 %National income dropped 20 % UnemploymentUnemployment

1,320,000 in 19291,320,000 in 1929 6,000,000 in 19326,000,000 in 1932 43% of Germany work force was without a job 43% of Germany work force was without a job

(Compared to 25% in US at the worst of the (Compared to 25% in US at the worst of the depression)depression)

Economic problems help lead to the rise of HitlerEconomic problems help lead to the rise of Hitler

The Rise of the NazisThe Rise of the Nazis Young HitlerYoung Hitler

Father was Austrian customs officialFather was Austrian customs official Failure in secondary schoolFailure in secondary school Rejected from Vienna School of the Rejected from Vienna School of the

ArtsArts Lived on inheritance and orphan’s Lived on inheritance and orphan’s

pensionpension Stayed for artist “bohemian” lifestyleStayed for artist “bohemian” lifestyle

Mein Kampf Mein Kampf ““In this period there took shape within In this period there took shape within

me a world picture and a philosophy me a world picture and a philosophy which became the granite foundation which became the granite foundation of all my acts. In addition to what I of all my acts. In addition to what I then created, I have had to learn then created, I have had to learn nothing, and I have had to alter nothing, and I have had to alter nothing.”nothing.”

Hitler’s influencesHitler’s influences Georg von SchönererGeorg von Schönerer

Leader of Pan-German movementLeader of Pan-German movement Karl LuegerKarl Lueger

Mayor of ViennaMayor of Vienna Led anti-Semitic Christian Social PartyLed anti-Semitic Christian Social Party Used demagogic methods and emotional slogansUsed demagogic methods and emotional slogans

Adolf LanzAdolf Lanz Catholic monk alias Lanz von LiebenfelsCatholic monk alias Lanz von Liebenfels Published Published Ostara Ostara on Aryan superiority called others inferiors and on Aryan superiority called others inferiors and

“animal men” advocating sterilization, deportation, forced labor or “animal men” advocating sterilization, deportation, forced labor or “direct liquidation”“direct liquidation”

Richard WagnerRichard Wagner Nationalistic operasNationalistic operas True artists is outcast of bourgeois and in a world with his own True artists is outcast of bourgeois and in a world with his own

rhythmsrhythms Music also spoke of power and dominationMusic also spoke of power and domination

Georg von Schöcherer

Adolf Lanz aka Lanz von Liebenfels

Karl Lueger

Richard Wagner

These men influenced Hitler’s ideology of:RacismGerman NationalismandThe Need for Struggle

1913 Hitler moved to Munich 1913 Hitler moved to Munich then joined army in WWIthen joined army in WWI He was a runner on the Western FrontHe was a runner on the Western Front

1919 – He joined the German Workers Party 1919 – He joined the German Workers Party (DAP) which he soon took over and renamed the (DAP) which he soon took over and renamed the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)

Also created a defense force Also created a defense force Sturmabteilung (SA) Sturmabteilung (SA) ““Storm Troopers” or “brown shirts” used to protect Storm Troopers” or “brown shirts” used to protect Party meetings & intimidate other partiesParty meetings & intimidate other parties

Party grew a great deal due to Hitler’s oratoryParty grew a great deal due to Hitler’s oratory Early Party LeadersEarly Party Leaders

Ernst Rohm – built up the SAErnst Rohm – built up the SA Hermann Goring – WWI flying ace – took over SA inHermann Goring – WWI flying ace – took over SA in 19221922 Rudolf Hess – became Hitler’s secretaryRudolf Hess – became Hitler’s secretary

Goring HessGoring Hess

Nazis were strongest party by 1923 Nazis were strongest party by 1923 The Bear Hall Putsch (1923) 55,00 members The Bear Hall Putsch (1923) 55,00 members

attempted to seize power in Munich. The attempted to seize power in Munich. The march was stopped by the police and Hitler march was stopped by the police and Hitler and other party leaders were arrested & triedand other party leaders were arrested & tried Hitler and others are given light prison sentences Hitler and others are given light prison sentences

(5 years)(5 years) In prison he dictates In prison he dictates Mein Kamp Mein Kamp to Hessto Hess The failed coup convinces Hitler he must come to The failed coup convinces Hitler he must come to

power through legitimate meanspower through legitimate means Party structure was strengthened with Party structure was strengthened with

districts setup thought Germanydistricts setup thought Germany The party grew from 27,000 in 1925 to The party grew from 27,000 in 1925 to

108,000, in 1929108,000, in 1929

The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

Mein Kampf [My Struggle]Mein Kampf [My Struggle]

Prison reinforced Hitler's faith Prison reinforced Hitler's faith in his self and his missionin his self and his mission

He decides to use legal means He decides to use legal means to create a mass political to create a mass political movement and attract votesmovement and attract votes

His autobiography:His autobiography: German Nationalism, anti-German Nationalism, anti-

Semitism, and anti-Semitism, and anti-communism linked by social communism linked by social DarwinismDarwinism

Theory says right of Theory says right of LebensraumLebensraum (living space) (living space) should go to superior nationsshould go to superior nations

Gave voice to all his ideas and Gave voice to all his ideas and actionsactions

The Nazi Seizure of PowerThe Nazi Seizure of Power Hitler reestablishes sole control after his releaseHitler reestablishes sole control after his release

the Nazis were in shamblesthe Nazis were in shambles Total authoritarian = the good were willing to die for their FührerTotal authoritarian = the good were willing to die for their Führer FuhrerprinzipFuhrerprinzip – leadership principle of single minded party under one – leadership principle of single minded party under one

leaderleader Reorganized Reorganized

Both regionally and nationallyBoth regionally and nationally Many were under 30 and zealots (active)Many were under 30 and zealots (active)

Urban strategy Urban strategy win workers from Socialists and Communistswin workers from Socialists and Communists then onto middle and lower middle class in small towns and rural areasthen onto middle and lower middle class in small towns and rural areas

1930s: extremes are more attractive due to the Great Depression1930s: extremes are more attractive due to the Great Depression Chancellor Heinrich Briening was relying on emergency decrees by Prime Chancellor Heinrich Briening was relying on emergency decrees by Prime

Minister Hindenburg so Germany was not really a parliamentary democracy Minister Hindenburg so Germany was not really a parliamentary democracy anymoreanymore

Nazis campaignNazis campaign Modern: use cars, trains, and planes with “Hitler over Germany”Modern: use cars, trains, and planes with “Hitler over Germany” Played on people’s fearsPlayed on people’s fears Appealed to national pride, honor, and traditional militarismAppealed to national pride, honor, and traditional militarism

Two new leaders:Two new leaders:

Joseph Goebbels – Party Chief in Berlin & later propaganda chiefJoseph Goebbels – Party Chief in Berlin & later propaganda chief

Heinrich Himmler – became head of the SS, Hitler’s private body guardsHeinrich Himmler – became head of the SS, Hitler’s private body guards

Nazis win election to have majority in Reichstag (no Nazis win election to have majority in Reichstag (no real power)real power)

Presidential election of 1932 Presidential election of 1932 Hitler runs against Hindenburg for president but loses in a Hitler runs against Hindenburg for president but loses in a

run-off election.run-off election. Fear of the communists causes Hindenburg to name Hitler Fear of the communists causes Hindenburg to name Hitler

chancellor.chancellor.• HITLER COMES TO POWER LAWFULLYHITLER COMES TO POWER LAWFULLY• Safeguards: only 3 Nazis in the cabinet with Franz von Safeguards: only 3 Nazis in the cabinet with Franz von

Papen as Vice Chancellor (he plans to suppress Hitler)Papen as Vice Chancellor (he plans to suppress Hitler) Reichstag Fire – Communist blamed - Hindenburg invoked Reichstag Fire – Communist blamed - Hindenburg invoked

Article 48 – “Ordinances for the Protection of the German Article 48 – “Ordinances for the Protection of the German State & Nation” – removes all civil liberties as protection State & Nation” – removes all civil liberties as protection against the presumed Communist threat.against the presumed Communist threat.

Hitler’s planned takeover:Hitler’s planned takeover:• Hermann Goring is Minister of Interior and Head of PoliceHermann Goring is Minister of Interior and Head of Police• all non-Nazi out of police forces and hired members of the SAall non-Nazi out of police forces and hired members of the SA

The Enabling Act (1931)The Enabling Act (1931) Allows Cabinet to pass laws & treaties without legislative backingAllows Cabinet to pass laws & treaties without legislative backing Only Social Democrats opposedOnly Social Democrats opposed Gives Hitler virtually dictatorial powersGives Hitler virtually dictatorial powers

Gleichschaltung (organized under the Nazi)Gleichschaltung (organized under the Nazi) No Jews or democrats in civil serviceNo Jews or democrats in civil service Concentration camps for opponentsConcentration camps for opponents Reduce state’s autonomyReduce state’s autonomy No trade unionsNo trade unions Abolished all but the Nazi party within 7 months!!Abolished all but the Nazi party within 7 months!!

““Night of the Long Knives”Night of the Long Knives” Ernst Rohm – leader of SA and originally a rival of Hitler for Nazi Ernst Rohm – leader of SA and originally a rival of Hitler for Nazi

leadershipleadership Rohm wanted to head Germany armyRohm wanted to head Germany army June 1934 – violent purge led by GESTAPO & SSJune 1934 – violent purge led by GESTAPO & SS Rohm & 84 followers were murderedRohm & 84 followers were murdered

Death of Hindenburg (August 1934) – Hitler now chancellor & Death of Hindenburg (August 1934) – Hitler now chancellor & president – no restraints on his powerpresident – no restraints on his power

Why was is so easy for the Nazis?Why was is so easy for the Nazis?

Use of forceUse of force Ready to take controlReady to take control Great Depression weakened faith in Great Depression weakened faith in

democracydemocracy Appealed to those psychologically crushed Appealed to those psychologically crushed

by WWI with slogans like “Germany Awake”by WWI with slogans like “Germany Awake” Promised a dynamic new Germany above Promised a dynamic new Germany above

parties and classesparties and classes

Politics and EconomyPolitics and Economy MissionMission

Total state with active citizensTotal state with active citizens MethodsMethods

Mass demonstrations and spectacles (like religion and amusement park Mass demonstrations and spectacles (like religion and amusement park all in one)all in one)

CoercionCoercion• SS was originally Hitler’s personal body guard directed by Heinrich HimmlerSS was originally Hitler’s personal body guard directed by Heinrich Himmler• Basis = terror with repression and murder: secret police, criminal police, Basis = terror with repression and murder: secret police, criminal police,

concentration camps, later execution squads and death campsconcentration camps, later execution squads and death camps• Ideology: to further the Aryan raceIdeology: to further the Aryan race

RealityReality Much internal conflict and rivalry, so all decisions were Hitler’sMuch internal conflict and rivalry, so all decisions were Hitler’s

EconomyEconomy Industry was not nationalized Industry was not nationalized Some public works were begun to help end Great DepressionSome public works were begun to help end Great Depression Rearmament really put people back to work, making the government Rearmament really put people back to work, making the government

stronger and more appealingstronger and more appealing

ReligionReligion Nazi professional organizations for civil servants, Nazi professional organizations for civil servants,

teachers, women, farmers, doctors and lawyersteachers, women, farmers, doctors and lawyers Hitler Jugend (youth) and Bund Deutscher Mädel Hitler Jugend (youth) and Bund Deutscher Mädel

(German girls association) took oath, “In the presence (German girls association) took oath, “In the presence of the blood banner, which represents our Führer, I of the blood banner, which represents our Führer, I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the savior of our country, Adolph Hitler. I am willing the savior of our country, Adolph Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.”and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.”

Racism and Anti-SemiticismRacism and Anti-Semiticism 4-1-1933 two day boycott of all Jewish businesses4-1-1933 two day boycott of all Jewish businesses Nuremberg laws firstNuremberg laws first

Excluded Jews from German citizenshipExcluded Jews from German citizenship Barred marriage of a Jew and an AryanBarred marriage of a Jew and an Aryan

Laws passed excluding “non-Aryans” from:Laws passed excluding “non-Aryans” from: Legal profession, civil service, judgeships, medical professions, Legal profession, civil service, judgeships, medical professions,

teaching, cultural and entertainment enterprises, and the pressteaching, cultural and entertainment enterprises, and the press 11-9 & 10-1938 11-9 & 10-1938 KristallnachtKristallnacht AssassinationAssassination

33rdrd secretary of German Embassy in Paris by a Polish Jew secretary of German Embassy in Paris by a Polish Jew Rampage burning synagogues and businesses, 100 killed, 30,000 Rampage burning synagogues and businesses, 100 killed, 30,000

Jewish males to campsJewish males to camps Jews BannedJews Banned

From all public buildingsFrom all public buildings Owning, managing and working in retailOwning, managing and working in retail

Emigration encouragedEmigration encouraged

WomenWomen

Labor marketsLabor markets DiscouragedDiscouraged

• Heavy industry might make it hard to increase size of familiesHeavy industry might make it hard to increase size of families• University teaching, medicine and law – not “ladylike”University teaching, medicine and law – not “ladylike”

EncouragedEncouraged• Social work and nursingSocial work and nursing

““Get hold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll Get hold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll sooner find a groom”sooner find a groom”

ChangeChange After all the men were at war…After all the men were at war…