Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
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TOTALITARIANARCHITECTURE
GENEVIEVEMIALA
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POLITICAL SYSTEMwhere state recognizes no limits to
authority, and regulates every
aspect of public and private life
wherever feasible.
State-controlled
Centralized government
Dictatorial control
Authoritarian / autocratic
Single party Mass surveillance
Use of terror
TOTALITARIANISM
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TOTALITARIANISMin ARCHITECTURE
Brutalist structures are an expression of totalitarianism given that theirgrand, concrete-based
design involves destroying gentler, more-human places such as gardens.
--Theodore Dalrymple, City Journal
Ministry of Truth as an enormous, pyramidal structure of white concrete, soaring up terrace after
terrace, three hundred meters into the air.
--George Orwell
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SENATE HOUSE and LIBRARY, University of LondonArchitect: Charles Holden
Ministry of Truth in George Orwells novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four
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the vast bulkof London University insulting the autumnal sky.
--Evelyn Waugh, Put Out More Flags
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Stalinistortotalitarian due to its great scale.
--Anonymous
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BE IT FROM THETHIRD REICH, THE SOVIET UNION,
OR SOMEWHERE ELSE, HAS ALWAYS BEEN AN
IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INSPIRATION IN
DEPICTIONS OF DYSTOPIA. THEOPPRESSIVE
REGIMEDOES OF COURSE NEED TO HAVE
OPPRESSIVE BUILDINGS TO SHOW ITS POWER.
Posted by: Nexus
EXPLORING DYSTOPIA. A forum about futures that hopefully will never come true.
www.exploringdystopia.freeforums.org
http://www.exploringdystopia.freeforums.org/http://www.exploringdystopia.freeforums.org/ -
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Architecture of :
Dictatorship
Over-centralized governments
Political groups intolerant of opposition
As an International Style, it often drew on
simplified Neo-Classicism, and sculpture
based on C19 realism and Classicism for
massive oversized state monuments.
For the first half of the 20 th century, Fascist
and Communist governments created
monumental architecture, largely to intimidatetheir people and showcase the regimes
strengths.
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COMMUNIST CHINA
FASCIST ITALY
STALINIST SOVIET UNION
NAZI GERMANY
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COMMUNIST CHINA Concrete boxes with traditional elements, like the
upturned eaves.
Referred to as swimming pool architecture, with
additions that look like ill-fitting wigs.
During Mao era, families were moved into concrete
apartment blocks or jammed into courtyard dwelling
built for a single familywith several other families.
Central courtyard was filled with crude brickcompounds.
Housing and factories were combined within walled
encalves.
Apartment buildings were 4-6 stories tall.
MAOZEDONG (1943 1976 )Mao Tse-Tung
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FASCIST ITALY
BENITOMUSSOLINI
Larchitettura Fascista
Mussolinis grand scheme was to transform the city
with propagandistic buildings and urban stages,
whose look and feel would broadcast hisachievements and objectives.
Architects took their cue from the forms of classical
Roman buildings, but instead of the ornate details
and rounded edges, Fascist buildings are Teutonic
blocks ofunrelieved travertine, which makes themcold and forbidding.
MUSSOLINI WANTED TO CREATE AN
IMPACT NOT ONLY ON ITALYS HISTORY,
BUT ALSO ON ITS ARCHITECTURAL
RECORD.
(1922-1943)
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( C ol lo se o Q ua dr a to )
P a l la z o d e l la C i v i l t a d e l L a v o r o
G i o v a n n i G u e r r i n i ,
E r n e s t o B r u n o L a p u l a ,M a r i o R o m a n o
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( C ol lo se o Q ua dr a to )
P a l la z o d e l la C i v i l t a d e l L a v o r o
G i o v a n n i G u e r r i n i ,
E r n e s t o B r u n o L a p u l a ,M a r i o R o m a n o
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( M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s ) P al a zz o d el la F ar n es in a
E n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,
A r n a l d o F o s c h i n i ,V i t t o r i o M o r p u r g o B a l l i o
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( M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s ) P al a zz o d el la F ar n es in a
E n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,
A r n a l d o F o s c h i n i ,V i t t o r i o M o r p u r g o B a l l i o
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- - C o u r t h o u s e
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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i ( L o c a l H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e G u a r d i a d i F i n a n z a ) C a s a d e l F a s c i o
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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i ( L o c a l H e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e G u a r d i a d i F i n a n z a ) C a s a d e l F a s c i o
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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i ( M u s e u m o f t h e G u a r d i a d i F i n a n z a ) C a s a d e l F a s c i o
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G u i s e p p e T e r r a g n i N o v o c o m u m
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M a r i o M e s s i n a C i n e m a I m p e r o
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M a r i o M e s s i n a C i n e m a I m p e r o
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G i u s e p p e P a t t a z z i ( P e t r o l S t a t i o n ) F ia t Ta gl i er o B ui ld in g
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G i u s e p p e P a t t a z z i ( P e t r o l S t a t i o n ) F ia t Ta gl i er o B ui ld in g
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G i u s e p p e P a t t a z z i ( P e t r o l S t a t i o n ) F ia t Ta gl i er o B ui ld in g
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( F o r o M u s s o l i n i ) F o ro I ta l i co S p or ts Co m pl exE n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,L u i g i M o r e t t i
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( F o r o M u s s o l i n i ) F o ro I ta l i co S p or ts Co m pl exE n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,L u i g i M o r e t t i
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( F o r o M u s s o l i n i ) F o ro I ta l i co S p or ts Co m pl exE n r i c o d e l D e b b i o ,L u i g i M o r e t t i
STALINIST SOVIET UNION
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
STALINIST SOVIET UNION Stalins reforms through the Five-Year Plans were to
turn Russia into a leading world power.
HE WAS A BRILLIANT CHOREOGRAPHER OF
MASS CEREMONIES BUT HE BADLYNEEDED CEREMONIAL LOCATIONS, BROAD
SQUARES, STRAIGHT AVENUES AND
LAVISHLY DECORATED PALACES.
Moscow was to become the supreme world capital,
the sacred city of communist ideology, the lifetime
monument to Joseph Stalin, the father and the son of
the nation.
Link his empire with the respectable past of Russia
Russian classical churches and estates nearby
served as brilliant inspirationadorned with pompousbaroque features, classicism had convincing potential
to tell stories in brick and stucco, giving advice,
promise and warning.
JOSEPHSTALIN (1941-1953)Iosif Vissarionovich
Dzhugashvili
STALINIST SOVIET UNION
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
STALINIST SOVIET UNION 1930s Soviet press: fusion of artistic methods so that
architectural ensembles include sculptures, murals,
mosaics, stain glass, and putting a strong emphasis
on Egyptian art. No other epoch could boast of the use of so many
symbolic decorative elements borrowed from different
cultures, religions and historical periods. Ancient
symbols were used out of context and have been
perceived as Soviet emblems since then.
All cities were built to a general development plan.
Projects would be designed forwhole districts, visibly
transforming a citys architectural image.
JOSEPHSTALIN (1941-1953)Iosif Vissarionovich
Dzhugashvili
1 9 3 5 M o s c o w
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1 9 3 5 M o s c o w
M a s t e r P l a n Broadened main streets
Houses demolished or
moved away
New ring of squares
around Kremlin
Moskva and Yauza Rivers
were decked in granite
embankments
Crossed 11 bridges
Moscow was connected
with the Volga River by a
canal, with ports, locks
and embankments all
lavishly decorated of
sculptures of Lenin and
Stalin
First Metro line was
opened
1 9 3 5 M o s c o w
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1 9 3 5 M o s c o w
M a s t e r P l a n 40 underground palaces
(stations) were created
along the 50-km long line
New city design was
comprehensive,
Construction of new
factories, schools and
universities, hospitals,department stores, offices,
apartment buildings and
parks
Churches, monasteries,
romantic wooden houses
disappeared, but a new
capital was erected
S t l i k i V t ki ( S t l i H i h R i )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
Group of skyscrapers in Moscow designed in the
Stalinist style.
Elaborate combination of Russian Baroque and
Gothic styles and the technology used in building
American skyscrapers.
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
( R a d i s s o n R o y a l H o t e l , M o s c o w ) H o t e l U k r a i n aA r k a d y M o r d v i n o vV y a c h e s l a v O l t a r z h e v s k y1 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
( R a d i s s o n R o y a l H o t e l , M o s c o w ) H o t e l U k r a i n aA r k a d y M o r d v i n o vV y a c h e s l a v O l t a r z h e v s k y1 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
K o t el n ic h es k ay a E m ba n km e nt B u i l di n gD m i t r y C h e c h u l i nA n d r e i R o s t k o v s k y2 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
K o t el n ic h es k ay a E m ba n km e nt B u i l di n gD m i t r y C h e c h u l i nA n d r e i R o s t k o v s k y2 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
K o t el n ic h es k ay a E m ba n km e nt B u i l di n gD m i t r y C h e c h u l i nA n d r e i R o s t k o v s k y2 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
K u dr i n sk a ya S q ua r e B u i l d in gM i k h a i l P o s o k h i n , S r .A s h o t M n d o y a n t s3 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
( H i l t o n M o s c o w H o t e l ) H o t e l L e n i n g r a d s k a y aL e o n i d P o l y a k o v4 o f 7
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n A f f a i r s5 o f 7
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
R e d G a t e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e B u i l d i n g6 o f 7
A l e x e y D u s h k i n
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
R e d G a t e s A d m i n i s t r a t i v e B u i l d i n g6 o f 7
A l e x e y D u s h k i n
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
( M a i n B u i l d i n g ) M o s c o w S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y7 o f 7
M a t v e i K a z a k o vD o m e n i c o G i l i a r d i
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
( M a i n B u i l d i n g ) M o s c o w S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y7 o f 7
M a t v e i K a z a k o vD o m e n i c o G i l i a r d i
S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h - R i s e s )
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S t al in sk ie Vy so t ki ( S t a l i n s H i g h R i s e s )E n g l i s h n i c k n a m e : S e v e n S i s t e r s
( M a i n B u i l d i n g ) M o s c o w S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y7 o f 7
M a t v e i K a z a k o vD o m e n i c o G i l i a r d i
NAZI GERMANY
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
NAZI GERMANY Hitlers government sponsored architecture on an
immense scale.
In 1936, he opened Summer Olympic games in
Berlin.
Made contributions to the design of the Volkswagen
Beetle and charged Ferdinand Porsche with its
design and construction.
Hitlers social and economic policies were
modernization that had anti-modern goals(historians: David Schoenbaum and Henry Ashby
Turner).
Hitler had the deliberate strategy of pursuing a
revolutionary modernization of German society
(Rainer Zitelmann).
ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )Adolf Schicklgruber
NAZI GERMANY
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
NAZI GERMANY Used architecture to some degree to achieve control
over government, to firmly establish its authority
leaving no doubt as to who was in charge.
NAZI ARCHITECTURE aims to reflect the beliefs ofNational Socialism, celebrate the German national
identity and glorify the idea of the master Aryan race,
as perceived by Hitler and his associates.
Hitler planned to transform Berlin into Welhauptstadt
(World Capital) Germania.
BERLIN AS THE WORLD CAPITAL WILL
ONLY BE COMPARABLE WITH ANCIENT
EGYPT, BABYLON AND ROME! WHATARE LONDON AND PARIS COMPARED
TO THAT!ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )
Adolf Schicklgruber
NAZI GERMANY
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
NAZI GERMANY Spent tens of billions of dollars on halls, palaces,
chancelleries and stadiumsbut were dissipated in
war.
BIG IS ENOUGHhis designs are like his speeches:huge, hammeringly repetitious, banal, but filled with
inescapable, machine-like force.
No sense of proportion, interval, space or even
ornament.
VERY BIG BUILDINGS TEND TO MAKE VERYBIG IMPRESSIONS ON PEOPLEAND THAT
WAS ENOUGH.
Form Follows Functionthe function had nothing to
do with human needs. It was simply to intimidate the
people, and to assert the statevisual symbols.
He hoped: No Berliner could look anywhere in his
city without seeing that overpowering dome, those
relentless colonnades. www.time.com
ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )Adolf Schicklgruber
NAZI GERMANY
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
NAZI GERMANYBUILDINGS:
Pure metaphor.
Outside form: as sharp and infantile as play blocks;sphere piled on cube piled on rectangle.
Inside space: designs are illegible.
What rooms stare from those endlessly repeated
window bays?
Where do those interminable corridors go?
Does anyone ever walk up that colossal staircase?
ALL PARTS REFLECT THE PROCESSES OF
TOTALITARIAN POLITICSEXPLICIT IN
THEIR DEMANDS, OBSCURE IN THEIR
WORKINGS.
www.time.com
ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )Adolf Schicklgruber
NAZI GERMANY
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TO TA L I T AR I AN A R C H I T E C T U R E
NAZI GERMANY
HOW I WISH I HAD BEEN
AN ARCHITECT!
He often exclaimed to his Nazi master builder,
Albert Speer.
www.time.com
ADOLFHITLER (1934 1945 )Adolf Schicklgruber
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B E R T H O L D K O N R A D H E R M A N N A L B E R T S P E E R (1905-1981)
A German Architect who joined the Nazi Party in 1931
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A German Architect who joined the Nazi Party in 1931.
His architectural skills made him increasingly
prominent within the Party.
The organizers of the 1933 Nrnberg Nazi Party rallyasked him to submit designs for the rally, which won
him his first national post as Nazi Party Commissioner
for the Artistic and Technical Presentation of Party
Rallies and Demonstrations.
Minister of Armaments and War Production for the
Third Reich
B E R T H O L D K O N R A D H E R M A N N A L B E R T S P E E R (1905-1981)
He became Hitlers chief architectthe first architect of
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He became Hitler s chief architect the first architect of
the Third Reich (1934-1939).
Commissioned by Hitler to design and construct a
number of structures, including the Reich Chancelleryand the Zeppelinfeld stadium in Nuremberg.
He also made plans to reconstruct Berlin on a grand
scale, with huge buildings, wide boulevards, and
recognized transportation system.
B E R T H O L D K O N R A D H E R M A N N A L B E R T S P E E R (1905-1981)
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( s c a l e m o d e l ) G r o e r P l a t z ( G r e a t H a l l ) , T h e Vo l ksh a l l e
1000 ft high dome (16
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( s c a l e m o d e l ) G r o e r P l a t z ( G r e a t H a l l ) , T h e Vo l ksh a l l e
1000 ft. high dome (16
times the volume of
Michelangelos cupola on
St. Peters).
May look like a crossbetween a white elephant
and a cookie cutter.
Designed to hold 150,000
human ants.
Would have been, not
only the largest building in
the world, but also the
most crushing and
politically expressive.
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( s c a l e m o d e l ) G r o e r P l a t z ( G r e a t H a l l ) , T h e Vo l ksh a l l e
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( s c a l e m o d e l ) T h e V o l ksh a l l e
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( s c a l e m o d e l ) T h e V o l ksh a l l e
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( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m
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( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m
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( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m
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( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m
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( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
69/76
( 1 9 3 3 N u r e m b u r g N a z i P a r t y R a l l y G r o u n d ) Z ep pe l i n f e ld S t ad iu m
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
70/76
( o u t s i d e ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y i n Vo s s - S t r a s s e
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
71/76
( A d o l f H i t l e r s O f f i c e ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
72/76
T h e E h r e n h o f ( H o n o r Y a r d ) , N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
73/76
( a f t e r t h e B a t t l e o f B e r l i n ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
74/76
( a f t e r t h e B a t t l e o f B e r l i n ) N e w R e i c h C h a n c e l l e r y
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
75/76
B e r l i n V i c t o r y C o l u m n
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8/4/2019 Totalitarian Arch - Jenny
76/76
T H A N K S !