Responsabilidad Civil del Médico ¿Medios o Resultados?

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OLYÔ HAS EOI@AS P HAS ÔS_HYKIAS

OLYÔ HAS EOI@AS P HASÔS_HYKIAS

Hks anh`dkcàlos io has eài`casiosio hk ro~srocy`zk ro~uklk

KLDOH KHJÔIA CKH@SKPK EË^[_O]



Oly~o has eoiàs p has ~osuhykias Ëldoh Khj~oia Ckh`skpk Eë~{uo}

S_EK^@A

;, @ly~aiucc`ól………………………………………………………,,, 3

>, San~o hk chks`j`ckc`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ?

3, @lyo~às ol hk chks`j`ckc`ól………………………………………… :

9, Cksas io anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykias…………,…………………,, 7

?, R~oyolsàlos anmoy`zkia~ks……………………………………… ;;

:, S`yukc`ól ol oh Ro~ý= Hod`shkc`ól p mu~`sr~uiolc`k……………, ;4

4, Calchusàlos……………………………………………………… >9

7, N`nhàd~kjåk…………………………………………………………, >4




@LYÂI_CC@ÓL

Hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h r~ajosàlkh( p ol rk~y`cuhk~ hk ~osralskn`hìki ioh

eài`ca( os ul yoek {uo iosio gkco eucgas kûas gk gocga ca~~o~ ~åas io y`lyk(

dksykia dk~dklyks p kyu~iìa khuelas,

Cuklia ula ~oz`sk hk knuliklyo n`nhàd~kjåk so olj~olyk k ias r~anhoeks= oh

r~èo~a os {uo ula lulck yo~e`lk io ~oz`sk~hk6 p oh sodulia os {uo ròlsk {uo

yaia pk osyë i`cga, Io cò~yk eklo~k( oh sodulia io has r~anhoeks os ykh zo} oh

eës d~kzo( pk {uo cuklia ula hhodk k cò~ya rulya ol su `lzosy`dkc`ól oerò}k

k klik~ ol cå~cuhas( has i`sy`lyas kuya~os so zkl kh`loklia ol hks ras`càlos pk

y~k}kiks cal klyo~à~ìki( olyalcos ha {uo khduòl ruoio ioc`~ ~osuhyk y~`hhkia,

Ra~ ohha( p cal hk osro~kl}k io yolo~ cò~yk a~`d`lkhìki( osyo eaiosya y~knkma

so zk k coly~k~ ol owralo~ hks i`sy`lyks ras`càlos {uo ow`syol san~o hk eup

eolykik i`z`s`ól io Ioeaduo oly~o anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs p anh`dkc`ól io

~osuhykias6 p osyknhoco~ s` hks anh dkcàlos io has eài`cas kie`yol osyki`z`s`ól ol oh Ro~ý( k ojocyas io ioyo~e`lk~ su ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h, R~èo~a

eo acurk~à io hk cuosy`ól iosio ul olja{uo iacy~`lk~à ~ocadòlia juolyos

ro~uklks caea owy~klmo~ks( rk~k huoda kyo~~`}k~ ol hk hod`shkc`ól p

mu~`sr~uiolc`k ro~uklk,

Hk `l{uòyui ra~ oh yoek {uo k{uå so y~kyk( lkco ol ula io has eucgåsèas

yoeks 'ra~ cò~ya( yaias `lyo~osklyos) {uo oh I~, Oudolà Hhkeks Raena

iosh`}ó ol sus eoea~knhos chksos ioh WWZ@@@ Cu~sa io Osroc`kh`}kc`ól olIo~ocga io hk osroc`kh iki io Caly~kyas p Ikûas ol hk _l`zo~sìki io

Skhkeklck, Cuklia oh iacya~ r~odulyó= ±[uà chkso io ~osralskn`hìki ksueo

oh eài`ca1 Yaias ca`lcìò~al ol `li`ck~ {uo o~k ulk io eoiàs6 s`l oenk~da(

oh I~, Hhkeks Raena( cal hk ~osruosyk ol has hknàs( la yk~ió ol ~oy~uck~ p

r~odulyk~ ±[uà rksk cal hk ~osralskn`hìki io has eài`cas c`~umklas1 ±Kcksa

la ksueol ulk ~osralskn`hìki io ~osuhykias1




Osk ìok( oly~o eucgks ay~ks( so {uoió ~aliklia ol e` ckno}k, Kh hhodk~ k e`

rkås iocìå `lzosy`dk~( yarëliaeo cal i`jo~olyos ras`càlos iacy~`lkhos san~o

osyo rk~y`cuhk~ yoek, Ro~a kiz`~yòlia k hk zo} {uo hk mu~`sr~uiolc`k ol oh Ro~ý

la gk iosk~~ahhkia osyk i`z`s`ól io eklo~k s`syoeëy ck( skhza ol hk

mu~`sr~uiolc`k kie`l`sy~ky`zk( ha {uo ruoio so~ ul `li`ckia~ io hk rack

èra~yklc`k {uo '`lmusykeolyo) so ho ikia ol e` rkås ra~ rk~yo io has

y~`nulkhos,

Osk cu~àsìki( lkcìk ol hks kuhks io hk Julikc`ól Dolo~kh io _l`zo~sìki io

Skhkeklck( kga~k so ekyo~`kh`}k ol osyo ro{uoûa y~knkma( {uo osro~a sok ykl

sóha oh r~èo~a io eucgas ay~as {uo iosk~~ahhol has yoeks p r~anhoeks

rhklyokias ol hks eup d~kykeolyo ~oca~ikiks chksos skhekly`lks,




@, San~o hk chks`j ckc`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos

La yòlo solyìa ol ul y~knkma io osyk lkyu~kho}k owrh`ck~ {uà os ulk

anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs p ~osuhykias( rk~k ohha sèrhoeolyo gkn~ë {uo

~ocu~~ ~ k has y~kykias io io~ocga c`z h a s`la kh ‘rki~o―; io osyk

chks`j`ckc`ól oh ekosy~a j~klcàs Ioeaduo,

Ha {uo så os eolosyo~ klayk~ os hk i`scus`ól {uo ow`syo ol cuklya k hk

kcorykc`ól io hk chks`j`ckc`ól, So gkl hozklykia zacos ol caly~k io osyk

y~ki`càlkh i`z`s`ól( kså oh kuya~ ro~ukla Ek~à Cksy`hha J~op~o c`yklia k

O~losya Choeolyo Tkpk~ `li`ck=

_la io has eës sozo~as c~åy`cas eaio~la io hk i`sy`lc`ól oly~o anh`dkcàlos io

eoiàs p io ~osuhykias os oh r~ajosa~ k~doly`la O~losya Choeolyo Tkpk~( {uòl

soûkhk {uo oly~o ohhks 'anh dkcàlos io eoiàs p anh`dkcàlos io

~osuhykias) la gkp i`jo~olc`ks alyahód`cks( sòlia su i`sy`lc ól sóha

krk~olyo( ruos ol k{uohhks {uo hk y~ki`c`ól hhkek ‘io eoiàs― os sòer~o

ras`nho olcaly~k~ ul ~osuhykia( ha {uo so caeòl}k k caer~olio~ cuklia so

kcoryk {uo ol yaik anh`dkc`ól gkp eoiàs p ol {uo yaik anh`dkc`ól yken`àl so

ro~s`duo ~osuhykias,

Caea sodulia julikeolya ol caly~k io osyo c~`yo~à chks j`ckya~ a( Tkpk~

sasyòlo {uo oh anmoya ioh io~ocga ioh kc~ooia~ o{u`zkho k ul ~osuhykia {uo àh

osro~k io hk caliucyk io su iouia~ p {uo hk r~osykc`ól a caliucyk ioh iouia~ os

; HAÔL]OYY@( `ck~ia ôsralskn`hìki C`z`h io has eài`cas, R~èo~ oi`c`ól, Hèk= D~`mhop( >222( Hèk(r, ;>>= ‘S` nòl gkp i`scusàlos san~o hk kuya~åk io hk chks`j`ckc`ól( os Ioeaduo {uòl hk r~osolyks`syoeëy`ckeolyo ol oh eulia mu~åi`ca, Ol su y~kykia io hks anh`dkcàlos las `ly~aiuco ol hk yo~e`lahadåkio ‘anh`dkcàlos io eoià p io ~osuhykia― Ra~ su rk~yo oh kuya~ ro~ukla( ioy~kcya~ io osyk chks`j`ckc`ól,Ra~ su rk~yo( CKSY@HHA JÔPÔ( Ek~à, Oh yoek julikeolykh io hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs p io~osuhykias j~olyo k hk ~osralskn hìki c z h ( r, > Calsuhyk= >? io Jon~o~a >2;;8gyyr=!!ttt,cksy`hhaj~op~o,cae< soûkhk= ‘Kså( k rosk~ io {uo gkp {uòlos nusckl has klyocoiolyos io hksanh`dkcàlos io eoiàs p io ~osuhykias ol oh Io~ocga âekla( ol oh kly`dua Io~ocga J~klcàs( ol khdýlrkskmo io Iaeky( ol Hkssal a `lchusa ol Rhklàh( la iono ow`sy`~ iuik io {uo {uòl ià a~dklìki'kul{uo k luosy~a c~`yo~à nksyklyo ~ohky`zk) k hk i`sy`lc`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs p io ~osuhykias(juo ôlà Ioeaduo,―




oh eoià r~aiucya~ io k{uoh ~osuhykia, Ioly~a io ykh a~iol io ìoks( ~osuhykia p

eoià sal ias ohoeolyas {uo osyël ålyèkeolyo h`dkias ioly~a io hk osy~ucyu~k

io yaik ~ohkc`ól anh`dkcàlkh( ruos calsy`yupo rk~yo io su osolc`k, Ra~ ohha

owr~osk {uo kj`~ek~ {uo gkp anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs ol hks cukhos la so

r~aeoyo l` so iono ul ~osuhykia( o{u`zkhi~åk k sasyolo~ {uo ol cò~yassuruosyas oh io~ocga ioh kc~ooia~ ck~oco io anmoya, Sasyòlo oh r~ajosa~

c`ykia {uo oh gocga io {uo ol khdulks anh`dkcàlos oh eoià a r~osykc`ól

ki{uò~k s`lduhk~ èra~yklc`k( la kuya~`}k k r~osc`li`~ ioh ~osuhykia, >

K su zo} Ha~ol}oyy` kh aralo~so k osyk chks`j`ckc`ól i`co=

‘Ra~ luosy~k rk~yo goeas kj ~ekia {uo oh ~osuhykia la os owy~ålsoca'~oj`~`àliaso k hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs), Sòer~o ow`sy`~ë ul anmoy`za io

eoma~åk {uo aro~k caea eóz`h io hks rk~yos( soûkhklia oh cke`la k sodu`~(

a~òlyklia hks caliucyks p hk lkyu~kho}k io has eoiàs krya rk~k calsodu`~ha,

Cuklia oh eài`ca c`~umkla ioscun~o ulk kla~ekhìki iu~klyo hk aro~kc`ól

sodu`~ë kiohklyo s` c~oo {uo ohha eoma~k~ë hk s`yukc`ól ioh oljo~ea, Hk

mu~`sr~uiolc`k so gk a~òlykia ol la kie`y`~ cukh{uò~ eoià s`la ulk i`h`dolc k

cal z`syk k hk anyolc`ól ioh ~osuhykia( a cuìkias yoliòlyos k hk cu~kc`ól( a ulk

caliucyk {uo ‘la~ekheolyo u a~i`lk~`keolyo ‘ruoik khckl}k~ hk cu~kc`ól― '…)

Sok cukh juo~o oh olcuki~o yoó~`ca( hk ~ojuykc`ól asc`hk kh~oioia~ io hk ìokio {uo oh ~osuhykia la os kmola k hk anh`dkc`ól( kul{uo ol khdulas cksas

so ha dk~kly`co p ol ay~as la,― 3

Hk iacya~k Taahcayy( ~osrkhikik cal èra~yklyo iacy~`lk j~klcosk p

k~doly`lk( i`co= ‘Socya~os io hk iacy~`lk gkl ckh`j`ckia hk i`sy`lc`ól oly~o

hks anh`dkcàlos io ‘eoiàs― p io ‘~osuhykia―( io k~y`j`c`kh p k~n`y~k~`k(

calsìo~klia {uo la ruoio lodk~so {uo yaik anh`dkc`ól èrh`ck ul

‘~osuhykia― k anyolo~ p ‘eoiàs kr~ar`kias― rk~k r~acu~k~has,―9

> CKSY@HHA JÔPÔ( Ek~à, Ar, C`y, r, ?3 HAÔL]OYY@( ^`ck~ia, Ar( C`y, r, ;309 TAAHCAYY( Aholfk, Hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h io has r~ajosàlkhos, R~èo~k oi`c`ól( Hèk= K~k Oi`ya~os(>22>( r, 94;,




Caea zoeas osyo c~`yo~à chks`j`ckya~à os nksyklyo ~os`syìa( ro~a eo

r~odulya s` osyk chks`j`ckc`ól os ykl `lýy`h p k~n`y~k~`k caea kj`~ek nuolk

rk~yo io hk iacy~`lk,

@@, @lyo~às ol hk chks`j`ckc`ól

Hk kuya~k ro~uklk Aholfk Tahhcayy Apkduk las i`co {uo rk~k has

kioryas k osyk chks`j`ckc`ól ow`syo ul y~`rho `lyo~às=

Oh r~èo~ `lyo~às {uo so gk olcaly~kia yòlo {uo zo~ cal hk ioyo~e`lkc`ól ioh

anmoya io hk anh`dkc`ól, '…) Oh osyuià ioh anmoya ionìa so calzò~yo ol oh

cèòlya {uo ro~e`yo ja~euhk~ osyk chks`j`ckc`ól( iosio {uo so olyòlio {uo

k{uàh os i`zo~sa ol ckik chkso io anh`dkcàlos, '…) Caea calsocuolc`k io ha

r~ocoiolyoeolyo soûkhkia 'r~èo~ `lyo~às)( so iosr~olio ul sodulia `lyo~às(

ruos hk kiocukik ìoly j`ckc`ól ioh anmoya io hk anh`dkc`ól gk~ë ras nho hk

ca~~ocyk ioyo~e`lkc`ól io has ohoeolyas ioh gocga ioh `lcuerhèòlya(

sèrh`j`cëliaso io osyo eaia osyo ýhyèa r~anhoek, '…) Oh yo~co~ `lyo~às p ykhzo} oh {uo eës gk èruhskia hk i`jus`ól io hk chks`j`ckc`ól( so r~osolyk ol hk

i`zo~sk ~odhk io hk ck~dk io hk r~uonk hk {uo gkhhk su eëwèk sèrh`j`ckc`ól ol oh

~ådìa os{uoek io Ioeaduo '…) Ol ojocya( io kcuo~ia k hk yoa~åk ol ~ojo~olc`k(

s` gkp anh`dkc`ól ‘io ~osuhykia― u anh`dkc`ól ‘ioyo~e`lkik― – caea hk hhkekl has

Ek}okui%( oh iouia~ yòlo hk ck~dk io r~ank~( pk sok {uo oh ~osuhykia

caer~aeoyìa so had~ó a( ol su cksa( {uo ul ansyëcuha io juo~}k ekpa~ èrì`ó

calsodu`~ha, Ol yklya {uo( ol hks anh`dkcàlos ‘io eoiàs― a ‘dolo~khos io

i`h`dolc`k― oh kc~ooia~ iono ck~dk~ cal hk r~uonk io hk cuhrk ioh iouia~, ?

Ha~ol}oyy` ~oskhyk caea oh `lyo~às eës èra~yklyo kh yo~co~a io has

soûkhkias klyo~à~eolyo=

'…) oh `lyo~às julikeolykh io hk i`sy`lc`ól os hk i`sy~`nuc`ól io hk ck~dk io hk

r~ankya~`k, Ol hks anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykia oh iouia~ os ~osralsknho s` la so

? Åioe( r, 9::




khckl}k oh ~osuhykia( skhza {uo r~uono hk juo~}k ekpa~, Ol hks io eoiàs( ol

ckenà( os oh kc~ooia~ {uòl iono r~ank~ hk cuhrk, '…) Hk yos`s chës`ck io

Ioeaduo os hk ekpa~`yk~`keolyo i`juliìk, Ol ~okhìki `lyo~osk hk i`sy`lc`ól

julikeolykheolyo ra~{uo r~aiuco ul ~àdèol io i`sy~`nuc`ól io hk ck~dk

r~ankya~`k kiocukia rk~k hks anh`dkcàlos ol {uo os locosk~à mu}dk~ hk ckhìkiio i`h`dolc`k r~osykik p la su ~osuhykia, :

Eës khhë io hks julcàlos {uo ruoik yolo~ osyk chks`j`ckc`ól( so ralo ol

~ohòzo ra~ Ha~ol}oyy` {uo osyë z`zk p ho os ýy`h k eucgas a~iolkeòlyas(=

‘_l èra~yklyo socya~ io hk iacy~`lk oly olio krh cknho k hks

r~osykcàlos io caliucyk hk i`sy`lc`ól oly~o anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs p io

~osuhykias, Ohha os ekpa~`yk~à ol J~klc`k6 ol @ykh`k p ol Osrkûk―4

R~uonk io ohha os {uo nksyk ~okh`}k~ ulk sèrho nýs{uoik ol hk nkso io

ikyas ioh Y~`nulkh Sur~oea osrkûah rk~k ik~las cuolya {uo kul so

krh`ck osyk chks`j`ckc`ól, Kså hk SYS :7;2!>2;2 ioh >? io Lazòen~o ioh

>2;2 `li`ck= ‘La os acàsa ~oca~ik~ hk i`jo~olc`k julikeolykh oly~o

anh`dkcàlos io eoià p anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykia( sòlia sóha ol àsyks

ýhyèks cuklia oh gocga io la had~k~so oh ~osuhykia r~aeoy ia os

suj`còlyo rk~k osyèk~ hk ~ochkekc`ól ioh ro~mui`ckia'…)― 7

Ohha iomk ol ozìolc`k {uo k osyk chks`j`ckc`ól( k rosk~ io hks c~åy`cks( so

ho ~ocalaco cò~yk uy hìki a `lyo~às, Zap k rk~y`~ ~ocalacòlia osk

r~oe`sk( kul{uo la ca`lcìa cal oh gocga io {uo sok hk ck~dk io hk

r~uonk oh `lyo~às julikeolykh( s`la eës nòl calsìo~a {uo os hk

ioyo~e`lkc`ól ioh calyolìa io hk anh`dkc`ól( oh `lyo~às r~`lc`rkh io osyk

chks`j`ckc`ól( caea zo~oeas eës kiohklyo,

@@@, Hk ~osralskn hìki eài`ck= Cksas io Anh dkc`ól io

~osuhykias

: HAÔL]OYY@( ^`ck~ia, Ar, C`y, r, ;>34 Ånìoe( r,;>;7 Nýs{uoik ~okh`}kik ol 8gyyr=!!ttt,raio~mui`c`kh,os!sok~cg!`liow,msr< oh 2; io Kn~`h ioh >2;;

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Caea os sknìa( sodýl k{uohhas {uo calsìo~kl hk zkhìo} io osyk

chks`j`ckc`ól( hk anh`dkc`ól {uo ksueo oh eài`ca os julikeolykheolyo

ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs,0 Kså Jo~lklia Khj~oia Skdk~lk i`co= ‘Hk

anh`dkc`ól ioh eài`ca ~osuhyk ol r~`lc`rà( io eoiàs( io i`h`dolc`k a io

r~uiolc`k( ruos la ruoio dk~kly`}k~ ~osuhykia khdula( iacy~`lk {uo so

gk ~o`yo~kia `lcklsknhoeolyo―;2 Ohha os cò~ya( oh eài`ca la ruoio( ol hk

ekpa~åk io has cksas( ksodu~k~ oh ~osuhykia( pk {uo ow`syo sòer~o ulk

`lco~yìuen~o san~o hk ~okcc`ól {uo ruoio yolo~ oh y~kykeòlya san~o oh

cuo~ra ioh rkcòlyo,

S`l oenk~da( oh kzklco io hk còlc`k eài`ck( hk owrocyky`zk sac`kh a hk

san~or~ayocc`ól ioh calsueìa~ a ioh rkcòlyo( gkl gocga {uo ol hk

kcyukhìki so kie`ykl ol cò~yks osjo~ks ioh {uogkco~ dkhola suruosyas

io anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykias, Osyk s`yukc`ól las hhozk~åk k ulk

~osralskn`hìki eài`ck cuksànmoy`zk( ol oh solyìa {uo oh eài`ca

yoli~åk {uo kc~oi`yk~ su la cuhrk 'a eoma~ i`cga yoli~åk hk ck~dk io hk

r~uonk)( ionìa k {uo san~o oh rkcòlyo – ioekliklyo sóha rosk~åk hk

ck~dk io r~ank~ {uo la so khckl}ó oh ~osuhykia caer~aeoyìa,

Huc`kla Nk~cg` Zohkacgkdk c`yklia k J~kl}al` las owrh`ck {uo=

Hk `lchus`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos ioh eài`ca%c`~umkla oly~o hks anh`dkcàlos io

~osuhykia yòlol hudk~ k rk~y`~ io ulk r~osulc`ól( kså soûkhk=

'…) ol oh suruosya ol {uo hk `lyo~zolc`ól juo~k io jëc`h omocuc`ól –calsìo~kik

kså ra~ calyk~so oly~o k{uohhks `lyo~zolcàlos ol hks {uo hk còlc`k eài`ck gk

khckl}kia( iosio gkco yòera( hk sodu~ìki ioh àw`ya( p rk~k hks cukhos hk

osykiåsy`ck sue`l`sy~k åli`cos io khyåsèk r~ankn`hìki io oj`còlc`k% hk jkhyk io

0 Kså ha ~ocalacol hk SYS :7;2!>2;2 klyos c`ykik= ‘Zòlo sòlia iacy~`lk calsyklyo p rkcåj`ck io hk SkhkR~èo~k ioh Y~`nulkh Sur~oea {uo hk anh`dkc`ól ioh eài`ca( eës ol dolo~kh( ioh r~ajosàlkh skl`yk~à( laos ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykia( s`la ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs6 osyë anh`dkia( la k cu~k~ kh oljo~ea( s`lak r~ara~càlk~ho yaias has cuìkias {uo ~o{uò~k( sodýl oh osykia io hk còlc`k p io hk khuiìk how k~y`s ki gac,― ;2 SKDK^LK( Jo~lklia oy, ëh, @lsy`yucàlos io Io~ocga r~`zkia= ôsralskn`hìki C`z`h io Io~ocga io

Ikûa, R~èo~k Oi`c`ól, Yaea ?( Hèk= D~`mhop( r, >93,




anyolc`ól ioh ~osuhykia ro~e`yo r~osue`~ hk lodh`dolc`k ioh r~ajosàlkh―, Osyo

so~åk oh cksa( ra~ omoerha( io ulk aro~kc`ól io keådikhks, ;;

Ra~ yklya( s` os {uo rk~yèas io hk r~osulc`ól io lodh dolc`k ioh

eài`ca( oh eài`ca so~åk oh hhkekia k iosz`~yuk~ osyk r~osulc`ól, Ha {uo

las ik~åk caea ~osuhykia ulk ~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk ol has cksas io

`lyo~zolcàlos io jëc`h omocuc`ól, I`cgk calchus`ól s`l iuik ~osuhyk

cuosyàlknho,

Olyalcos( cuëhos sal osks kcy zìkios eài`cks {uo ksueol

anh dkcàlos io ~osuhykia( oh iacya~ Jo~lklia Khj~oia Skdk~lk ik

cuolyk io khdulas omoerhas owy~kåias io hk mu~`sr~uiolc`k k~doly`lk=

k) Klosyosàhadåk=

So gk ckh`j`ckia k hk anh`dkc`ól ioh klosyos`syk caea io ~osuhykia( ruos so gk

owr~oskia {uo la gkp khoks d~kzos p ruos la os eës {uo ul eoià

caerhoeolyk~à io hk c`~udåk ykl osyo~oay`rkia 'rk~k oh {uo skno krh`ck~ha)(

{uo oh ~osuhykia 'kia~eoco~( gkco~ ia~e`~) r~ozkhoco san~o cukh{uò~ ay~k

calsìo~kc`ól, Ol hk iacy~`lk Ha~ol}oyy` hk ckyoda~`}ó caea anh`dkc`ól io

~osuhykia,

n) C`~udåk osyày`ck

So gk kj`~ekia {uo hk c`~udåk osyày`ck io oenohhocèòlya olzuohzo ulk

anh`dkc`ól eài`ck io ~osuhykia( cal hks calsocuolc`ks {uo ohha kck~~ok ol

ekyo~`k io ck~dk r~ankya~`k( ohha julikia ol {uo kh rkcòlyo so ho ksodu~k

{uo io ykh a cukh ja~ek {uoik~ë( la sóha caea osyknk klyos s`la ol eoma~os

cali`càlos osyày`cks,

Ol ckenà( hk c ~udåk osyày ck ~ork~kia~k( caea ol sus j`los so gkhhk

~osyku~k~ hk ròh {uo la duk~ik k~ealåk cal oh ~osya ioh cuo~ra a cal oh

gaen~o eoià( olco~~k~åk ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs( ul iono~ io i`h`dolc`k(

;; Nk~cg` Zohkacgkdk( Huc`kla, ôsralskn`hìki c`z`h ol hk kyolc`ól eài`ca%{u`~ý~d`ck io oeo~dolc`k,Calsuhyk= ;? io Ek~}a >2;; 8gyyr=!!ttt,sìoeo,a~d!iacy~`lk!k~y`cuhas!k~y22;2%ro,gye< r, ;3

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anh`dklia kså kh kcya~ k ck~dk~ cal hk r~uonk io hk cuhrk ioh r~ajosàlkh

kcyuklyo,

c) Aialyahadåk

Hk anh`dkc`ól io has aialyóhadas os ksè`hknho k ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykia({uo s` nòl hk kikrykc`ól io ulk r~óyos`s iolykh caerhoyk ~o{uò~o

calacèòlyas osroc`khos p owro~òlc`k( ruoio ioc`~so {uo so y~kyk io ulk

yk~ok io r~ah`mìki p rkcòlc`k( {uo ol rk~yo khckl}k su anmoy`za eoi`klyo oh

r~acoièòlya io ‘olskpa p o~~a~―( p ra~ ay~a hkia( la gkp iuik io {uo

eài`ca p rkcòlyo osyël io kcuo~ia ol {uo oh ~osuhykia iono sky`sjkco~

~o{uo~èòlya julcàlkhos k hk zo} {uo osyày`cas, ;>

^`ck~ia Hu`s Ha~ol}oyy`( yken`àl ik khdulas omoerhas san~o hk `lchus`ól

io hks anh`dkcàlos eài`cks ol oh olya~la io has ~osuhykias=

So gk ìoly`j`ckia ol oh caly~kya eài`ca khdulas y`ras io r~osykc`ól

owchus`zkeolyo yàcl`ck {uo la so caerh`ck cal oh khok p {uo sal io ~osuhykia6

cuklia so y~kyk io eocël`ck p la io eoi`c`lk= y~klsjus`ól sklduålok6 oe`s`ól

io i`cyëeolos p co~y`j`ckias( klëh`s`s chål`cas skhza {uo sokl owy~oekikeolyo

ioh`ckias6 r~óyos`s iolykhos6 sue`l`sy~as io r~óyos`s 'so i`sy`lduo oh sue`l`sy~a

io hk kikrykc`ól( {uo os io eoiàs) '…) Oly~o ay~as suruosyas( so kj`~ek( oh

khok osyë i`se`luìk p gkp ul ~osuhykia= `lyo~zolcàlos {u`~ý~d`cks eola~os

'jèas`s( keådikhks) sòer~o {uo so ~okh`col ol c`~culsyklc`ks la~ekhos, Ha

cò~ya os {uo ~osuhyk i`jåc`h osyknhoco~ cuëhos sal ‘hks `lyo~zolcàlos io khok

i`se`luìk―, Rk~k khdulas( has klosyos`syks osyël ol osyk s`yukc`ól( ruosya {uo

‘la rk~oco ras`nho ckh`j`ck~hks caea anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs ra~{uo la gkp khoks

d~kzos p ra~{uo la os eës {uo ul eàyaia caerhoeolyk~à io hk c`~udåk ykl

osyo~oay rkia( gap j~ocuolyo p solc hha( {uo oh ~osuhykia r~ozkhoco

`liuiknhoeolyo san~o cukh{uò~ ay~k calsìo~kc`ól― Yken`àl khdulas olyòliol

{uo has c`~umklas caer~aeoyol anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykia, '…);3

Sèrhoeolyo sal khdulas omoerhas( k{uå so rai~åkl `lchu`~ eucgas

ay~as( pk {uo oh jkcya~ caeýl io has kcyas eài`cas {uo kie`y`~åkl

;> SKDK^LK( Jo~lklia oy, ëh, Ar, C`y, rr, >9;%>?;;3 HAÔL]OYY@( ^`ck~ia, Ar, C`y, r, ;3>




anh`dkcàlos ra~ ~osuhykias osyk~åk calsy`yuìa ra~ hk dk~klyåk {uo aj~oco

hk còlc`k eài`ck io raio~ khckl}k~ cal co~yo}k ha {uo oh rkcòlyo p su

skhui ~o{uò~ol a ol yaia cksa ra~ hk solc`hho} io ioyo~e`lkia kcya

eài`ca,

@Z, R~oyolsàlos anmoy`zkia~ks

Ckno r~odulyk~las kga~k {uà os ha {uo gk èruhskia k hk iacy~`lk p

mu~`sr~uiolc`k k krh`ck~ osyk chks`j`ckc`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos k hks

kcy`zìkios r~ajosàlkhos( p ol osrocåj`ca k hk kcy`zìki eài`ck,

Ha~ol}oyy` ~osralio hk `lyo~~adklyo=

Os cal oh su~dèòlya io hks ~osralskn`hìkios r~ajosàlkhos {uo so kcyukh`}k hk

i`sy`lc`ól 'io eoiàs p ~osuhykias)( ra~{uo kh un`cë~sohks ol oh yo~~ola

caly~kcyukh so `lyolyó louy~kh`}k~ hk cuhrk {uo èro~knk ol àso ckera, Io

`lkizo~yìa rkskmo~a ol oh y~ol mu~åi`ca rksó k caeklik~ hks casks( p hk ~okhìki

las euosy~k {uo hk i`sy`lc`ól anoioco k ulk cuki~åcuhk kwàhód`ck= ~os`sy`~ oh

oenkyo caly~k hks r~ajosàlos, ;9

Ra~ su rk~yo Ek~à ]klk c`ykia ra~ Aholfk Taahcayy soûkhk= ‘hks

~ojhowàlos san~o hk `lco~yìuen~o io has ~osuhykias io hk r~osykc`ól

r~ajosàlkh so iosr~oliol io hk kly`duk yoliolc`k k kyoluk~ oh ~`da~

ol has mu`càs io ~osralskn`hìki `lyolykias caly~k has

r~ajosàlkhos `lyohocyukh( ol osroc`kh( caly~k has eài`cas― ;?

Osyk r~oyols`ól io hk iacy~`lk p hk mu~`sr~uiolc`k io ~os`sy`~ oh oenkyo

caly~k hks r~ajosàlos yòlo su a~`dol ol oh ck~ëcyo~ cks` skd~kia {uo

~ozosyåk hk eoi`c`lk, Kså ha ~oskhyk oh cahaen`kla T`hsal ûå}=

;9 Åioe, r, ;34;? TAAHCAYY( Aholfk, Ar, C`y, r, 9:2,




Hk zo~iki os {uo has dkholas so gkl sucoiìa iu~klyo s`dhas hodklia su

`leulìki( kul{uo hks owcorcàlos gkpkl ow`sy ia p sokl lueo~asks,

G`syó~`ckeolyo( sóha gkl osykia saeoyìas k hks ~odhks io hk ày`ck r~ajosàlkh p k

su calcòlc`k p ol cksa io {uon~klyk~hks sóha osyknkl sumoyas k hk colsu~k

sac`kh, Oh mu~keolya g`rac~ëy`ca kså ha calj`~ek kh owr~osk~ {uo ‘S` anso~za e`

mu~keolya cal jìohìki( sàkleo calcoiìas da}k~ rholkeolyo e` zìk p e`

r~ajos`ól( gal~kia sòer~o oly~o has gaen~os( s` has {uon~klya p sap ro~mu~a(

ck`dk san~o eå hk suo~yo caly~k~`k―, Os ioc ~( s` cuerho cal sus aj càs

yo~kràuy`cas so~ë ~ozo~olc`kia caea ul skco~iayo a caea ul iàs zo~ikio~a6

ro~a s` la os kså( rksok~ë su zo~døol}k klyo hk sacòiki, ;:

Cal oh rksa io has kûas hk r~ajos`ól eài`ck juo ro~iòlia osk ku~k io

i`z`lìki o `leulìki( `ld~osklia kh zkhho io hëd~èks {uo gkn`ykeas

yaias has ea~ykhos( ialio raioeas so~ anmoya io yaik chkso io

èruykcàlos io ~osralskn`hìki, S`l oenk~da( gap ra~ gap( ohha la gk

{uoikia kgå( pk {uo k has eài`cas la sóha so hos gk èruykia

~osralskn`hìki sunmoy`zk( s`la {uo so gk nusckia èruyk~

~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk, Osya k ~kå} io ulk ca~~òlyo {uo zòlo iosio oh

s`dha rkskia( hk e`sek {uo os krulykik ra~ oh I~, Oudolà Hhkeks

Raena=

'…) suoha kj`~ek~( rhësy`ckeolyo( {uo ol hk sodulik e`yki ioh s`dha WW goeas

ks`syìa k ul ckenà io r~aykdal`syk ioly~a ioh yoky~a io hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h=

oh ‘r~èo~ kcya~― pk la os 'caea ol oh k~y, ;02> ioh Cói`da C`z`h VOsrkûahU;4) ‘oh

{uo ckusk ikûa k ay~a―( l` ykeraca 'caea ol oh k~y, ;;2;) ‘has {uo `lcu~~ol ol

iaha( lodh`dolc`k a ea~asìki…―( s`la r~oc`skeolyo oso ‘ay~a― {uo os zåcyèk io

ul ikûa caly~kcyukh a owy~kcaly~kcyukh( io eklo~k {uo èra~yk raca ra~ {u`àl a

ra~ {uà eay`za so zk k kj~alyk~ hk `lioel`}kc`ól io oso ikûa( cal ykh io {uo

i`cgk ~ork~kc`ól so r~aiu}ck, Oh r~aykdal`syk os kga~k hk zåcyèk( io eklo~k

{uo hk ja~euhkc`ól io has r~ocoryas luchok~os io luosy~a s`syoek io

~osralskn`hìki c`z`h rai~åk so~ eup i`sy`lyk( rk~k soûkhk~ {uo ‘yaia k{uoh {uo

;: ^_Å]( T hsal, Hk ~osralskn`hìki eài`ck ol Cahaen`k, Calsuhyk= ;7 io Ek~}a >2;;, 8

gyyr=!!ttt,rum,oiu,ca!nkllo~s!HKQÔSRALSKN@H@IKI,rij < r, 3,;4 Ol oh Ro~ý osyë ~oduhkia ol oh k~yåcuha ;0:0 ioh Cói`da C`z`h= ‘Oh {uo ra~ iaha acuhrk ckusk ul ikûa k ay~a osyë anh`dkia k `lioel`}k~ha,―

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suj~o ul ikûa kly`mu~åi`ca yòlo io~ocga k so~ `lioel`}kia―( a khda rk~ocìa, Kså(

ha ~ohozklyo gap la os hk kly`mu~`cìki 'k zocos `low`syolyo) io hk caliucyk {uo

ckusk oh ikûa( s`la hk kly`mu~`cìki ioh ikûa e`sea, P ra~ osa( ckno gknhk~ io ul

'~ohky zkeolyo luoza) r~`lc`rà dolo~kh io luosy~a Io~ocga( {uo rai~åk

ja~euhk~so caea oh jkza~ z`cyèko a r~`lc`rà r~a ikelkya {uo ol rkhkn~ksosc~`yks ra~ Iåo}%R`ck}a ol ;040 'pk olyalcos so cuosyàlknk oh ekosy~a ‘Hk

~osralskn`hìki c`z`h gap―) olcò~~k ulk ~odhk dolo~kh ra~ hk {uo ‘yaias has

ro~mu`càs p ~òsdas {uo hk zìk sac`kh acksàlk ionol ik~ hudk~ k ~osk~cèòlya(

skhza {uo ulk ~k}ól owcorcàlkh anh`duo k iomk~ kh ikûkia saha j~olyo kh ikûa, ;7

Os cal oh kjël io krh`ck~ 'k zocos `lcalscòlyoeolyo) oh r~`lc`rà klyos

osna}kia( {uo ol oh Ro~ý so gkl ikia khdulks solyolc`ks ul yklya

owy~kûks( ra~ ioc`~ ha eolas, Kså yoloeas ulk Ckskc`ól ioh 3; io

Acyun~o io ;00:( {uo osyknhoco {uo hk aro~kc`ól r~kcy`ckik ra~ oh

eài`ca os calsìo~k caea kcy`zìki ~òsdask p {uo klyo hk r~aiucc`ól

io ul ikûa la os locosk~à ioyo~e`lk~ hk cuhrk a iaha ioh kdolyo(

rui`àliaso kj`~ek~ {uo ow`syo ulk osrocò io ‘cuhrk z`~yukh― ra~ oh

gocga io hk uy h }kc`ól io hk kcy`zìki ~òsdask, Oh I~, Osr`la}k

Osr`la}k( caeolyklia osyk ckskc`ól( soûkhk=

Hhkek raio~askeolyo hk kyolc`ól oh ~ochkea k hk iolae`lkik ‘cuhrk z`~yukh―(

j`du~k {uo su~d`ó ol hk mu~ sr~uiolc`k j~klcosk p {uo gk sìa suro~kik

kerh`keolyo ol hk kcyukhìki( ra~ cuklya ulk cuhrk {uo so r~osueo p j~olyo k hk

cukh la ckno ioeasy~k~ hk kusolc`k io hk e`sek( so calzò~yo( sodýl su joh`}

owr~os`ól kcuûkik ra~ kuya~`}kik iacy~`lk `ykh`klk( ol ul ow{u`s`ya 'o `lýy`h)

‘gaeolkmo eo~keolyo zo~nkh k hk y~ki`c`ól―, Cal ohha( sèrhoeolyo ‘so i`sj~k}kulk yolykc`ól anmoy`z`syk {uo la {uò~o caljosk~so, ;0

Osyk ken`c`ól anmoy`z`syk io hk ~osralskn`hìki eài`ck yken`àl gk sìa

iolulc`kik ol hk iacy~`lk k~doly`lk ra~ oh I~, Du`hho~ea Muhà Na~ik=

;7 HHKEKS RAENA( Oudolà, ôjhowàlos san~o io~ocga io ikûas= cksas p ar`làlos, R~èo~k Oi`c`ól,Eki~ì= Hk Hop( >2;2, r,99,;0 OSR@LA]K OSR@LA]K( Mukl, Io~ocga io hk ôsralskn`hìki C`z`h , [u`lyk oi`c`ól, Hèk= DkcoykMu~åi`ck, >224, r, :94,




Gkp {uòlos sasyòlol {uo os io krh`ckc`ól kh yoek ha osykyuìa ra~ oh k~yåcuha

V;U;;3 io luosy~a Cói`da VK~doly`laU>2( calja~eo oh cukh iono ~ork~k~so oh ikûa

acksàlkia cal casks ~òsdasks a z`càsks,

Krh`ck~ osyo c~`yo~à la sóha os d~kzoeolyo `lmusya( s`la {uo kioeës os

roh`d~asa, ±Cóea rai~ë kcyuk~ ul c`~umkla s` oh ohoeolya èr~osc`li`nho rk~k

raio~ `lyo~zol ~ {u`~ý~d`ckeolyo os oh n`syu~å1 Caea soûkhk Na~ik ‘±ruoio

calcon`~so khda eës ~òsdasa( eës roh`d~asa {uo oh n`syu~å1 Io kcoryk~so ykh

yos s has ikûas {uo so a~`d`lol kh rkc olyo gk~ël sòer~o ~osralsknho kh

c`~umkla,>;

Hk chks`j`ckc`ól {uo las acurk ol osyo y~knkma io `lzosy`dkc`ól la gk

sìa kmolk k osyk yoliolc`k anmoy`zkia~k io hk ~osralskn`hìki eài`ck(

eay`za ra~ oh cukh gkl su~dìa ulk so~ò io kcy`zìkios eài`cks {uo sal

calsìo~kiks caea anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykias, Kså ha ~oskhyk Ha~ol}oyy`

kh `li`ck~= ‘S`l oenk~da( hk yos`s so gk zuohya eucgks zocos ol caly~k io

has r~ajosàlkhos kh calsìo~k~has caea j~ocuolyos iouia~os io

anh`dkcàlos osrocåj`cks io ~osuhykias,―>>

ôsuhyk `lyo~osklyo ohjolóeola ozahuy`za io osyk chks`j`ckc`ól,

Ckno gkco~ ulk r~oc`s`ól klyos io caly`luk~, Hk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykia

sòer~o osyë h`dkik k ulk èruykc`ól anmoy`zk io hk ~osralskn`hìki6

eòly~ks {uo hk anh`dkc`ól io eoià osyë ~ohkcàlkik cal ulk

èruykc`ól sunmoy`zk, Kså ha soûkhk Nuo~os c`ykia ra~ Ha~ol}oyy`=

>2 K~y, ;;;3 ioh Cói`da K~doly`la= Hk anh`dkc`ól ioh {uo gk ckuskia ul ikûa so owyòlio k has ikûas {uockusk~ol has {uo osyël nkma su ioroliolc`k( a ra~ hks casks io {uo so s`~zo( a {uo yòlo k su cuìkia,'Rë~~kja kd~odkia ra~ Hop ;4,4;;)Ol has suruosyas io ikûas ckuskias cal hks casks( oh iuoûa aduk~i`ël( rk~k owè`~so io ~osralskn`hìki( iono~ë ioeasy~k~ {uo io su rk~yo la guna cuhrk6 ro~a s` ohikûa gunò~o sìa ckuskia ra~ oh ~òsda a z`cà io hk cask( sóha so owè`~ë yaykh a rk~c`kheolyo io~osralskn`hìki kc~oi`yklia hk cuhrk io hk zåcyèk a io ul yo~co~a ra~ {uòl la iono ~osralio~, S` hk caskgunòso sìa uskik caly~k hk zahulyki owr~osk a r~osulyk ioh iuoûa a duk~i`ël( la so~ë ~osralsknho,>; M_H@A NAÎK( Du`hho~ea oy, ëh, ôsralskn`hìki C`z`h io has eài`cas ol ekyo~`k io ikûas― –@lsy`yucàlos io Io~ocga R~`zkia, Yaea ?, R~èo~k Oi`c`ól, Hèk= D~`mhop( >22:, r, >2:>> HAÔL]OYY@( Ar, C`y, r, ;34




Kd~odk Nuo~os {uo s` ol hks io ~osuhykia so ro~s`duo ul j`l r~oc`sa p

ioyo~e`lkia p la gkp ras`n`hìki io owè`~so easy~klia hk jkhyk io cuhrk( so

y~kyk io ulk èruykc ól anmoy zk io ~osralskn hìki, Io eaia {uo hks

anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykia ikl hudk~ k ul ~àdèol io èruykc`ól anmoy`zk(

cal hk sahk owèolyo ioh cksa ja~yu`ya( eòly~ks {uo hks io eoiàsr~osuralol ulk èruykc`ól sunmoy`zk( cal hk owèolyo io jkhyk io cuhrk p

cksus, >3

Gocgk hk r~oc`s`ól raioeas caly`luk~, Hk iacy~`lk ol osyo yoek io

eoiàs p ~osuhykias( ol nkso k hk i`sy`lc`ól oly~o eoi`c`lk yo~kràuy`ck p

eoi`ck sky`sjkcy`zk( gk i`cga=

Os y~ki`càlkh i`sy`ldu`~ ol hk kcy`zìki eài`ck k{uohhks `lyo~zolcàlos ol hks

cukhos la so ruoio dk~kly`}k~ hk oj`ckc`k ioh ~osuhykia 'caea sal la~ekheolyo

hks io c`~udåk yo~kràuy`ck a cu~ky`zk( p ol dolo~kh( ol ha {uo so ik ol hhkek~

eoi`c`lk ks`syolc`kh) io k{uohhks ol hks {uo hk dk~klyåk io hk oj`ckc`k ol oh

~osuhykia os calyolìa io hk r~osykc`ól ionìk 'eoi`c`lk sky`sjkcy`zk( p

soûkhkikeolyo hks `lyo~zolcàlos io c`~udåk osyày`ck( a oenohhocoia~k), Ol

yà~e`las eup dolo~khos( ckno ioc`~ {uo ol hks r~èo~ks so kcyýk san~o ul

cuo~ra oljo~ea( eòly~ks {uo ol hks soduliks hks cali`càlos sal eup i`sy`lyks

ruos oh rkcòlyo sóha so saeoyo k ohhks s` so ho ksodu~k ul ro~joccàlkeòlya

jås`ca( p hk `lyo~zolc`ól eài`ck la os `loz`yknho, _lk yos`s io yklyk sèoy~åk

hhozk~åk k ioc`~( sèrh`j`cklia hks casks( {uo ol oh r~èo~ cksa ow`syo ul caly~kya

io so~z`càs eài`cas( p ol oh sodulia ul caly~kya io an~k, Io osyo eaia( oh

os{uoek r~ankya~à yoó~ ca so~åk àsyo= y~kyëliaso io anh dkcàlos io

~osuhykia( kh kc~ooia~%rkcòlyo ho nksyk cal r~ank~ hk la anyolc`ól ioh j`l

ýhyèa ow`d`nho( ikya àsyo chk~keolyo calsykyknho( {uo ozìolc`k oh`lcuerhèòlya 'kul la sknoeas s` èruyknho) p {uo kcyýk caea gocgas

calsy`yuy`za io hk r~oyols`ól io ~osk~cèòlya6 kcya soduìa( oh iouia~%

eài`ca `lyolyk~ë ra~ eoià io hk r~uonk io hk ~uryu~k ioh lowa ckuskh(

ioiuc`~ {uo oso `lcuerhèòlya la ho os èruyknho6 Vol ckenàU s` so y~kyk

io ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs a kcy`zìki '`lyo~zolc`ól {u`~ý~d`ck k ca~k}ól

knò~ya p io r~alósy`ca `lcò~ya)( la gkn~ë osas ìokhos r~ùs p rasyo~ùs

r~ankya~às( ruos s` hk r~osykc`ól cals`syåk r~oc`skeolyo ol ulk kcy`zìki

i`h`dolyo( os èrolsknho {uo ruoik kiohklyk~so oh kc~ooia~ ioeasy~klia hk

kcy`zìki la i`h`dolyo 'cal ha {uo pk gkn~åk r~ankia oh `lcuerhèòlya

>3 Åioe, r, ;>?




èruyknho) p {uo k caly`lukc`ól ruoik oh iouia~ caly~kr~ank~

ioeasy~klia hk kusolc`k io cuhrk 'cal ha {uo {uoik~åk chk~a( la {uo guna

ul `lcuerhèòlya `lèruyknho( s`la ul ojocy`za cuerhèòlya io hk

anh`dkc`ól),>9

Ksè`sea( Ek~coha Hóro} Eosk so r~alulc`k ol sè`hk~ solyìa=

Hk locosìki yo~kràuy`ck os oh ohoeolya {uo ro~e`yo i`sy`ldu`~ ias ckeras io hk

eoi`c`lk= k) oh io hk eoi`c`lk yo~kràuy`ck a cu~ky`zk p n) oh io hk eoi`c`lk

ro~jocy`zk( sky`sjkcy`zk a oenohhocoia~k,

Hk locosìki yo~kràuy`ck os hk ow`dolc`k io ~okh`}k~ ioyo~e`lkik r~ëcy`ck rk~k

eklyolo~ hk zìk a nuolk skhui ioh rkcòlyo, P suoho ohhk ioj`l`~so ra~ hk

lodky`zk( cuklia ol cksa io la ~okh`}k~so osk r~ëcy`ck hk zìk ioh rkcòlyo

rai~åk ro~io~so a ro~io~ àsyo ulk julc`ól a zo~ laya~`keolyo kd~kzkia su

osykia io skhui( olyalcos ow`syo locosìki yo~kràuy`ck io ~okh`}k~ ykh r~ëcy`ck,

Hk locosìki yo~kràuy`ck nal`j`ck oh kcya eài`ca, Cuklia hk gkp( ul eài`ca

ksueo anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs( ikia {uo muodk khhå su anh`dkc`ól ioalyahód`ck p

hodkh io r~oso~zk~ hk skhui o `lyod~ìki io hk zåcyèk,

Hk jkhyk io locosìki yo~kràuy ck kd~kzk hk ~osralskn`hìki ioh eài`ca ol

k{uohhas suruosyas ol {uo kcaeoyo y~kykeòlyas {uo la o~kl èr~osc`li`nhos l`

i ~`dìas k rkh`k~ ulk iaholc`k p has ~osuhykias anyolìas la juo~al has

osro~kias, '…) Os `li`scuy`nho {uo cuklia la gkp locosìki yo~kràuy`ck( p ra~

olio ykeraca u~dolc`k( ha ýl`ca {uo zkhìk hk `lyo~zolc`ól ioh jkcuhyky`za os hk

zahulyki ioh rkcòlyo, S` ohhk la ow`syò~k a osyuzò~k z`c`kik( ykh kcya so~åk( s`l

eës( kly`mu~åi`ca,>?

Ol oh ëen`ya ro~ukla oh I~, Mukl Osr`la}k Osr`la}k las i`co=

>9 P][_@OÎA YAHSKIK( Ek~`kla, Hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h eài`ca%skl`yk~`k kh caeòl}a io ul luoza

s`dha, Has iadeks c~oånhos p has `lc~oånhos io hks mu~`sr~uiolc k, Calsuhykia= ;2 io Ek~}a >2;;,gyyr=!!i`khloy,ul`~àmk,os!so~zhoy!k~y`cuha1cai`da53;444>: r, 9>? HÓRO] EOSK( Ek~coha, Oh eài`ca p hk lkyu~kho}k io sus anh`dkcàlos , Calsuhykia= >? io Ek~}a ioh>2;; 8gyyr=!!ttt,kckio~c,a~d,k~!iacy~`lk!k~y`cuhas!oh%eoi`ca%p%hk%lkyu~kho}k%io%sus%anh`dkcàlos< rr, 3%9

http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3177726

http://www.acaderc.org.ar/doctrina/articulos/el-medico-y-la-naturaleza-de-sus-obligaciones

http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=3177726

http://www.acaderc.org.ar/doctrina/articulos/el-medico-y-la-naturaleza-de-sus-obligaciones




Oh eaioha mu~åi`ca {uo coly~k hk lkyu~kho}k io hk anh`dkc`ól cal r~osykc`ól io

so~z`càs r~ajosàlkhos eài`cas ol ulk io eoiàs os( s`l hudk~ k iuiks(

i`scuy`nho( ra~ cuklya( `lchusa( ulk c`~udåk osyày`ck '{uo iono~åk osyk~ saeoyìk

nkma ulk ~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk( ol cuklya hhozk åls`yk hk ~okh`}kc`ól io ul

~osuhykia)( {uoik~åk ~oduhkik nkma has r~`lc`ràs io hk ~osralskn`h ikisunmoy`zk,>:

Oh e`sea Osr`la}k Osr`la}k c`yk mu~ sr~uiolc`k kie`l`sy~ky`zk kh

~osrocya=

K l`zoh kie`l`sy~ky`zk( hk Cae`s`ól io R~ayocc ól kh Calsueìa~( eoi`klyo

ôsahuc`ól J`lkh L² ;:0%>22>%CRC( ioh 2:,23,2>( gk r~oc`skia {uo=

Ol oh cksa io r~osykc`ól io so~z`càs io c`~udåk osyày`ck( a k{uohhas ol has cukhos

so ~okh`}kl `lyo~zolcàlos ol oh cuo~ra guekla iosy`lkiks k su

oenohhocèòlya( ul calsueìa~ ~k}alknho så osro~k {uo kh sah`c`yk~ i`cgas

so~z`càs so ho ksodu~o ul ~osuhykia( oh cukh la sahkeolyo os r~oz`s`nho(

s`la {uo calsy`yupo oh j`l r~ëcy`ca ra~ oh cukh so gkl caly~kykia i`cgas

so~z`càs, Os kså {uo ul calsueìa~ ~k}alknho calsìo~k~ë cuerhìk hk

anh`dkc`ól( cuklia so gkpk had~kia oh ~osuhykia r~aeoyìa ra~ oh eài`ca a

hk ro~salk olck~dkik, Ol osyo suruosya rk~y`cuhk~ oh rk~ëeoy~a io hk ionìk

i`h`dolc`k os `~~ohozklyo k ojocyas io hk ky~`nuc`ól a la io hk ~osralskn`hìki

anmoy`zk ioh r~azooia~6 ro~a so~ë yolìa ol cuolyk rk~k d~kiuk~ hk sklc`ól, >4

Oljackias osrocåj`ckeolyo ol hk c`~udåk osyày`ck( zoeas caea hk

i`sy`lc`ól( {uo ol ul r~`lc`rà juo uy`h`}kik rk~k gkco~ ~oy~acoio~ hk~osralskn hìki anmoy`zk io has eài`cas( kga~k s`~zo rk~k yaia ha

caly~k~à, Osyk i`z`s`ól io anh dkcàlos io eoiàs p ~osuhykias s`l

gknà~soha r~aruosya so gk kh`lokia cal hks yoliolc`ks anmoy`zkia~ks io

hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h klyos klaykik,

>: OSR@LA]K OSR@LA]K( Mukl, Ar, C`y, r, :97>4 @nìoe,




Z, S`yukc`ól kcyukh ol oh Ro~ý= Hod`shkc`ól p Mu~`sr~uiolc`k,

Os eaeolya io klkh`}k~ {uo os ha {uo rksk ol oh Ro~ý, Iosio oh rulya

io z`syk hod`shky`za( yoloeas ias hopos io suek èra~yklc`k rk~k hk

cuosy`ól= Hk Hop Dolo~kh io Skhui 'Hop >:79>) 'io kga~k ol kiohklyo(

HDS)6 p caea la raiåk so~ io ay~k ja~ek( oh Cói`da C`z`h io ;079 'ol

kiohklyk( C,C),

Hk Hop Dolo~kh io Skhui osyknhoco ol su K~y, 3: {uo ‘Has r~ajosàlkhos(

yàcl`cas p kuw`h`k~os k {uo so ~ojò~o osyo Ckråyuha( sal ~osralsknhos ra~

has ikûas p ro~mu`càs {uo acksàlol kh rkcòlyo ra~ oh omo~c`cà

lodh`dolyo( èr~uiolyo o èro~`ya io sus kcy`zìkios,― R~èk jkcò( las

olcaly~keas {uo hk hop dolo~kh io skhui osyknhoco ulk ~osralskn`hìki

sunmoy`zk, Ra~ yklya( sòer~o {uo so acksàlo khdýl ikûa a ro~mu`cà

gkn~ë {uo gkco~ ul klëh`s`s io hk cuhrk cal hk {uo kcyuó oh eài`ca(

ioz`lòlia kså ol `lýy`h hk i`z`s`ól {uo zolèas klkh`}klia( pk {uo s`

yoloeas ol cuolyk hk r~oc`s`ól {uo klayà ol oh krk~ykia klyo~à~ ol hk

cukh soûkhà( {uo ckik zo} {uo las ~oj`~keas k ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoià

osyk~oeas klyo ~osralskn`hìki sunmoy`zk 'gkp {uo zo~`j`ck~ oh osyëlik~(

hk i`h`dolc`k ioh eài`ca)6 eòly~ks {uo ckik zo} {uo las olcaly~oeas

klyo ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykia osyk~oeas klyo ulk ~osralskn`hìki

anmoy`zk,

S`l oenk~da i`cga k~yåcuha k rosk~ io so~ la~ek io a~iol rýnh`cacalja~eo kh k~yåcuha @W ioh Yåyuha R~ohè`lk~ >7( la osyë owolyk io so~

i`scuyìk,

S` calsìo~keas( caea i`co oh I~, Du`hho~ea Muhà Na~ik( {uo= ‘So gk

sasyolìa iu~klyo eucga yòera( p kýl gap( ro~a ol eola~ eoiìk( {uo

hk ~osralskn`hìki eài`ck os io ck~ëcyo~ owy~kcaly~kcyukh6 ro~a osyo

>7 K~yåcuha @W io hk Hop Dolo~kh io Skhui= ‘ Hk la~ek io skhui os io a~iol rýnh`ca p ~oduhk ekyo~`kskl`yk~`k( kså caea hk r~ayocc`ól ioh kenòlyo rk~k hk skhui p hk ks`syolc`k eài`ck rk~k hk ~ocuro~kc`ól p~ogkn`h`ykc`ól io hk skhui io hks ro~salks, Lkiò ruoio rkcyk~ ol caly~k io ohhk,―




c~`yo~à gk ro~iìa z`dolc`k p kså raioeas ioc`~ {uo os ekpa~`yk~`k

hk ras`c`ól iacy~`lk~`k p mu~`sr~uiolc`kh {uo sasyòlo {uo osykeas

j~olyo k ulk ~ohkc`ól caly~kcyukh( skhza cksas owcorcàlkhos ,― >0

olyalcos las ik~oeas cuolyk {uo ol hk ekpa~åk io kcyas eài`cas las

olcaly~keas klyo ulk r~osykc`ól oeklkik io ul caly~kya eài`ca {uo

s`l iuik yòlo ck~kcyo~åsy`cks osroc`khos( p ra~ yklya hk ~osralskn`hìki

{uo so io~`zk io ohhk os ulk io ck~ëcyo~ caly~kcyukh,

Ol nuolk cuolyk( yklya eài`ca caea rkcòlyo cohon~kl ul caly~kya( {uo

nòl ruoio so~ ul caly~kya io an~k a nòl ula io hackc`ól io so~z`càs(

osya ol nkso kh k~yåcuha ;4?? ioh Cói`da C`z`h {uo osyknhoco= ‘Ra~ hk

r~osykc`ól io so~z`càs so calzòlo {uo àsyas a su ~osuhykia sokl

r~ara~càlkias ra~ oh r~osykia~ kh cae`yolyo,― Ol oso solyìa( hks rk~yos

kh cohon~k~ osyo caly~kya 'pk sok zo~nkh a ra~ osc~`ya) ruoiol ioyo~e`lk~(

gkcòlia omo~c`cà io su kuyalaeåk r~`zkik( has khcklcos io i`cga

caly~kya( osyknhocòlia oh calyolìa io hk anh dkc`ól, Olyalcos( oh

eài`ca ruoio anh`dk~so k khckl}k~ ul ~osuhykia a( ol yaia cksa( ruoio

sèrhoeolyo anh`dk~so k r~osyk~ sus so~z`càs cal hk ekpa~ i`h`dolc`k

ras`nho 'dolo~klia kså ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykia a io eoiàs(

~osrocy`zkeolyo),

Ro~a( ±[uà sucoio s` oh eài`ca so caer~aeoyo k khckl}k~ ul

~osuhykia1 ±Yken`àl gkn~åk {uo klkh`}k~ hk cuhrk 'lodh`dolc`k( èro~`c`k

a èr~uiolc`k) a ohha ~osuhyk~åk `~~ohozklyo1

Hk iacy~`lk mu~`sr~uiolc`k ioh y~`nulkh io @lsy`yuya io Iojolsk io hk

Caeroyolc`k p io hk R~aròiki @lyohocyukh '@LIOCAR@) eoi`klyo

~osahuc`ól L² 22::%>223!YIC%@LIOCAR@( io ;9,23,23 gk soûkhkia {uo=

'…) s` nòl ul calsueìa~ ~k}alknho olyolio~ë( k jkhyk io osy`ruhkc`ól

owr~osk( {uo hk anh`dkc`ól io ul eài`ca os io eoiàs( ohha la èrìo {uo

ul r~ajosàlkh eài`ca ruoik aj~oco~ a kca~ik~ cal ul calsueìa~

ioyo~e`lkias ~osuhykias( sòlia ol osyo cksa ~osralsknho ra~ hk jkhyk io

>0 M_H@A NAÎK( Du`hho~ea( Ar, C`y, r, >22




cuerhèòlya, Ol oso cksa( oh calsueìa~ iono~ë ioeasy~k~ {uo so ho aj~oc`ó ul

~osuhykia ioyo~e`lkia p la sóha ul y~kykeòlya,

S`l ro~mu`cà io ha klyo~à~( hk Skhk calsìo~k {uo hk owrocyky zk io ul

calsueìa~ ~k}alknho zk~`k~ë ol cksa io {uo oh so~z`cà aj~ocìa ra~ oh eài`ca

la juoso oh y~kykeòlya io ulk oljo~eoiki( s`la ulk aro~kc`ól io c`~udåkosyày`ck i`~`dìk k eoma~k~ oh ksrocya io ulk ro~salk cal ul ~asy~a a j`du~k

la~ekh,

Ol osyo cksa( oh calsueìa~ la kcuio kh eài`ca rk~k {uo ho n~`lio ul

y~kykeòlya i`~`dìa k cu~k~ ulk oljo~eoiki( s`la k anyolo~ ulk eoma~k~

calc~oyk ol su ksrocya jås`ca,

Ra~ ay~a hkia ul eos iosruàs eoi`klyo ôsahuc`ól L² 92;%>223%CRC

ioh 20,29,23 @LIOCAR@ soûkha ol ay~a cksa( ~oja~}klia ha soûkhkiakco~ck io {uo hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs zkl krk~omkiks k ulk

~osralskn`hìki sunmoy`zk( eòly~ks {uo hks anh`dkcàlos io ~osuhykias

yòlol caea ~ojhoma ulk ~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk=

'…) iono ~oca~ik~so {uo ol klyo~ a~os r~alulc`keòlyas( hk Cae`s`ól gk

i`jo~olc`kia hk r~osykc`ól io k{uohhas so~z`càs eài`cas {uo `lzahuc~kl ulk

anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs cal k{uohhas {uo `lzahuc~kl ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykias,

Kså( hk owrocyky`zk {uo yoldk oh calsueìa~ ioh so~z`cà n~`likia( iorolio~ëjulikeolykheolyo ioh y`ra io anh`dkc`ól kh {uo so olcuoly~k sumoya oh

r~ajosàlkh,

'…) So~z`cà eài`ca sumoya k ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykias= ol osyo cksa( ul

calsueìa~ ~k}alknho osro~k {uo kh sah`c`yk~ i`cgas so~z`càs so ho ksodu~o ul

~osuhykia( oh cukh la sahkeolyo os r~oz`s`nho( s`la {uo calsy`yupo ul j`l r~ëcy`ca

ra~ oh cukh so gkl caly~kykia i`cgas so~z`càs, Os kså {uo ul calsueìa~

~k}alknho calsìo~k~ë cuerhìk hk anh dkc`ól( cuklia so gkpk had~kia oh

~osuhykia r~aeoyìa ra~ oh eài`ca a hk ro~salk olck~dkik, Ol osyo suruosya( oh

rk~ëeoy~a io hk ionìk i`h`dolc`k os `~~ohozklyo k ojocyas io hk ky~`nuc`ól a

la io hk ~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk ioh r~azooia~,

Caea zoeas( ol has cksas {uo ow`syk ul caly~kya oly~o eài`ca p

rkcòlyo( ra~ yklya ulk ras`c`ól iouia~ – kc~ooia~( a caea i`co oh

y~`nulkh io @LIOCAR@( r~azooia~ – calsueìa~( ckno {uo hks rk~yos

ioyo~e`lol oh khcklco io hk anh`dkc`ól ioh eài`ca, Ra~ yklya( s` oh

eài`ca so anh`dk k ul ~osuhykia( la ckn~åk krh`ck~ oh k~yåcuha 3: io hk HopDolo~kh io Skhui( ionìa k {uo so~åk `~~ohozklyo oh klëh`s`s io hk cuhrk




'lodh`dolc`k( èro~`c`k a èr~uiolc`k) rk~k ioyo~e`lk~ hk

~osralskn`hìki eài`ck,

Osyk sahuc`ól zòlo sòlia krh ckik ol oh ek~ca ioh io~ocga

la~yokeo~`ckla= ‘Ol Osykias _lìas( s` nòl la so uy`h`}k oh i`sy`lda

caea ykh( gkp ca`lcìolc`k ol {uo oh eài`ca( skhza ul caly~kya osroc`kh(

la r~aeoyo oh àw`ya io hk aro~kc`ól a y~kykeòlya6 sóha ksodu~k {uo àh

rasoo calacèòlyas p k~yo caea oh r~aeoià io sus cahodks p {uo ha

krh`ck~ë cuìkiaskeolyo, Oh eài`ca ruoio osrocåj`ckeolyo caly~kyk~ ul

~osuhykia p ~osralio cuklia àh la so anyòlo,―32

Kga~k nòl( ±[uà sucoio ol has cksas {uo oh kcya eài`ca so khomo ioh

calcorya io ‘caly~kya―1 ±[uà sucoio ol suruosyas caea hks

s`yukcàlos io oeo~dolc`k1

Oh k~yåcuha 3 io hk HDS osyknhoco= ‘Yaik ro~salk yòlo io~ocga k ~oc`n`~(

ol cukh{uò~ osyknhocèòlya io skhui( kyolc`ól eài`ca – {u`~ý~d`ck io

oeo~dolc`k cuklia ha locos`yo p eòly~ks suns`syk oh osykia io d~kzo

~òsda rk~k su zìk a skhui―

Oh k~yåcuha 30 io hk e`sek hop osyknhoco= ‘Has osyknhocèòlyas io skhui(

s`l owcorc`ól( osyël anh`dkias k r~osyk~ kyolc`ól eài`ca%{u`~ý~d`ck io

oeo~dolc`k( k {uòl hk locos`yk p eòly~ks suns`syk oh osykia io d~kzo

~òsda rk~k su zìk a skhui,―

Kh ~osrocya( ol ar`l`ól ioh I~, Nk~cg`=

Hk Hop Dolo~kh io Skhui( èralo ulk ~ohkc`ól anh`dkya~`k oly~o oh

osyknhocèòlya io skhui cal hk ro~salk {uo so olcuoly~o ol s`yukc`ól io

oeo~dolc`k6 ol ay~ks rkhkn~ks( kenas so zol `leo~sa ol ulk ~ohkc`ól

mu~åi`ck sè`hk~ k hk {uo gkn~åk c~okia ul caly~kya( s`l su zahulyki p kul

caly~k su zahulyki,―'…)‘Ol ay~ks rkhkn~ks( oh hod`shkia~( k y~kzàs ioh io~ocga

io caly~kyas( ~ocalsy~upo oh ‘caly~kya ro~jocya― ol k{uohha san~o ha {uo hks rk~yos

32 HAÔL]OYY@( Ar, C`y, r,;>;




la so gkl ruosya io kcuo~ia k calsocuolc k io has khyas casyos io

y~klskcc`ól,3;

Olyalcos( osyk~åkeas j~olyo k ulk ‘~ohkc`ól anh`dkya~`k goyo~ólaek― k hk

cukh så ho os krh`cknho hk ~oduhkc`ól ioh io~ocga io caly~kyas( s`l

oenk~da( ol osyo suruosya hk anh`dkc`ól {uo so dolo~k ra~ rk~yo ioh

eài`ca la os ulk io ~osuhykias( s`la sòer~o so~ë io eoiàs( ra~ yklya

så so~åk krh`cknho ol k~yåcuha 3: io hk HDS( pk {uo os eolosyo~ gkco~ ul

klëh`s`s ioh iosoeroûa eài`ca nkma oh osyëlik~ io hk cuhrk, Kh la

gkno~so omo~cìa hk kuyalaeåk r~`zkik rk~k ~oduhk~ has ojocyas p

khcklcos ioh caly~kya( olyalcos surhoya~`keolyo so krh`ck hk hop( ol osyo

cksa oh K~y, 3: io hk HDS,

Kga~k {uo zoeas {uo d~kl rk~yo io has suruosyas io ~osralskn`hìki

eài`ck so olcuki~kl ioly~a ioh ëen`ya caly~kcyukh 'p la ruoio so~ io

ay~k ja~ek( pk {uo oh omo~c`cà io hk eoi`c`lk la zk ra~ kgå ~ork~yòlia

ikûas( caea så ha gkco ul kuyaeóz`h6 s`la {uo ol hk ekpa~åk io cksas

so ik r~ozà kcuo~ia oly~o eài`ca p rkcòlyo) os locosk~à ~oz`sk~ hks

la~eks io `lomocuc`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos 'olyoliìk ol solyìa kerhà(

pk {uo kså ha iolae`lk yåyuha @W( io hk socc`ól Sodulik( ioh H`n~a Z@) ioh

Cói`da C`z`h Ro~ukla,

Oh k~yåcuha ;3;9 ioh Cói`da C`z`h osyknhoco {uo= ‘[uòl kcyýk cal hk

i`h`dolc`k a~i`lk~`k ~o{uo~ìk( la os èruyknho ra~ hk `lomocuc`ól io hk

anh`dkc`ól a ra~ su cuerhèòlya rk~c`kh( yk~iåa a iojocyuasa― Ra~ su

rk~yo oh k~yåcuha ;3>0 C,C osyknhoco {uo= ‘So r~osueo {uo hk `lomocuc`ólio hk anh`dkc`ól( a su cuerhèòlya rk~c`kh( yk~iåa a iojocyuasa( anoioco

k cuhrk hozo ioh iouia~,― J`lkheolyo( rk~k caerhoyk~ oh ek~ca hod`shky`za(

oh k~yåcuha ;4:> CC `li`ck= ‘S` hk r~osykc`ól io so~z`càs èrh`ck hk

sahuc`ól io ksulyas r~ajosàlkhos yàcl`cas io osroc`kh i`j cuhyki( oh

r~osykia~ io so~z`càs la ~osralio ra~ has ikûas p ro~mu`càs( s`la ol

cksa io iaha a cuhrk `lowcusknho,―

3; NK^CG@( Ar, C`y, rr, 0%;;




Ckno gkco~ ulk r~oc`s`ól ol osyo rulya( ol oh cksa ioh eài`ca( p ol

osrocåj`ca ioh yoek {uo osykeas y~kyklia( la yòlo solyìa gknhk~ io hk

`lomocuc`ól io hk anh`dkc`ól ol solyìa osy~`cya 'olyoliìk caea

`lcuerhèòlya yaykh io hk r~osykc`ól)( caea sasyòlo oh I~, J~kl}al`=

Io kcuo~ia k ha owruosya( so sasyòlo {uo oh kc~ooia~ io ulk anh`dkc`ól io

eoiàs iono kra~yk~ hk r~uonk io {uo oh iouia~ la gk iosk~~ahhkia ulk

caliucyk calja~eo kh osyëlik~ ~o{uo~ìa, So r~oc`sk( k caly`lukc`ól( {uo

yaia ohha os zo~iki( cal hk cali`c`ól io {uo oh iouia~ gkpk cuerhìa io

eaia `lowkcya( p la( ra~ oh caly~k~à( ol hk g`róyos`s ol {uo hk r~osykc`ól

{uoik~k( sèrhoeolyo( s`l so~ ~okh`}kik, Os chk~a {uo s` oh knadkia la

r~oi`srusa iojolsk( l` s`{uò~k hk iojolsk `l c`kh( a s` oh c`~umkla la so

olcaly~knk ol oh gasr ykh rk~k aro~k~( ck~oco~åk io soly ia i`sy`ldu`~ hk

lkyu~kho}k( io eoiàs a io ~osuhykias( io hks anh`dkcàlos, Oh `lcuerhèòlya

yaykh knk~ck ulk p ay~k osrocò( p ik hudk~ k hk krh`ckc`ól ioh k~y, ;>;7 C,C3>( s`l

{uo so rhklyoo( ol eaia khdula( oh r~anhoek io hk i`h`dolc`k, Ol has ias

omoerhas r~aruosyas( os oh iouia~ {uòl iono r~ank~ oh gocga ras`y`za {uo gk

èroiìa hk omocuc`ól io hk r~osykc`ól( nkma sklc`ól io ~osralskn`hìki,33

Os ioc`~( {uo sóha yaek~ë ~ohozklc`k osyk chks`j`ckc`ól cuklia so gkpk

`l`c`kia hk r~osykc`ól, Kså oh I~, J~kl}al` `li`ck= ‘I`jo~olyo os oh

suruosya ioh cuerhèòlya `lowkcya, '…) Nòl z`syks hks casks( ol cksa

io cuerhèòlya `lowkcya( hk jkhyk io anyolc`ól ioh ~osuhykia os oh rulya

io ~ojo~olc`k k so~ yolìa ol cuklyk ol kenks chks`j`ckcàlos,―39

Ra~ yklya( hk chks`j`ckc`ól sóha rai~ë yolo~so r~osolyo cuklia osyoeas

r~`lc`rkheolyo klyo ul suruosya io cuerhèòlya iojocyuasa a `lowkcya

caea i`co oh I~, J~kl}al`,

Gocgk hk r~oc`s`ól p ~oyaeklia has k~yåcuhas klyos eolcàlkias( las

ikeas cuolyk {uo oh s`syoek io `lomocuc`ól io hks anh`dkcàlos 'ol

solyìa kerhà) las ~ocaliuco sòer~o k hk ~osralskn`hìki sunmoy`zk(

3> Cói`da C`z`h @ykh`kla K~y, ;>;7= ‘Oh iouia~ {uo la cuerho owkcykeolyo hk r~osykc`ól ionìk osyëanh`dkia kh ~osk~cèòlya ioh ikûa( k eolas {uo r~uono {uo oh `lcuerhèòlya a oh ~oykia gk sìaioyo~e`lkia ra~ èras`n`hìki io hk r~osykc`ól io~`zkik io ckusk k àh la èruyknho,―33 J^KL]AL@( Ekssèa oy, ëh, Osyuiàs san~o osralskn`hìki C`z`h , R~èo~k oi`c`ól, Hèk= K~k Oi`ya~os(>22;, r, 347,39 Åioe, r, 340




ol oh cukh os locosk~à `lzosy`dk~ sòer~o oh eay`za {uo èrì`ó kh

iouia~ cuerh`~ cal su anh`dkc`ól( `lzosy`dkc`ól {uo so~ë nkma hk hurk io

hk cuhrk, Ro~a {uà sucoio s` oh eài`ca so caer~aeoy`ó k khckl}k~ ul

~osuhykia, Luozkeolyo so~åk `~~ohozklyo hk èruykc`ól sunmoy`zk( pk {uo

oh K~y, ;3;4 CC osyknhoco= ‘Oh iouia~ la ~osralio io has ikûas p

ro~mu`càs ~osuhyklyos io hk `lomocuc`ól io hk anh`dkc`ól( a io su

cuerhèòlya rk~c`kh( yk~iåa a iojocyuasa( ra~ ckusks la èruyknhos(

skhza {uo ha caly~k~à osyà r~oz`sya owr~oskeolyo ra~ hk hop a ra~ oh

yåyuha io hk anh`dkc`ól,― Ol osyo cksa( kýl s`l cuhrk a iaha( kh so~ ulk

anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykias {uo oeklk ioh yåyuha io hk anh`dkc`ól( oh eài`ca

~osralio~åk,

Ol cuklya k hk ck~dk io hk r~uonk( p sóha rk~k has cksas io anh`dkcàlos

io eoiàs( so i`co {uo ol oh cksa io {uo ow`syk ul cuerhèòlya

iojocyuasa so r~osueo hk cuhrk hozo( olyalcos {uoik k ck~da ioh

kc~ooia~ kd~kzk~ hk cuhrk p k ck~da ioh iouia~ iosz`~yuk~hk, Ra~ su rk~yo(

oh CC las `li`ck {uo ol cksa io ksulyas yàcl`cas io osroc`kh i`j`cuhyki

sóha so ~osralio ra~ cuhrk `lowcusknho a iaha, Ol osyo cksa( oh eài`ca

kul ~osralio~ë ra~ cuhrk hozo 's` la had~k iosz`~yuk~ hk r~osulc`ól)

cuklia so y~kyo io ul ksulya {uo la ~oz`syk osroc`kh i`j`cuhyki( ro~a s` oh

ksulya ojocy`zkeolyo ~oz`syo ulk i`j`cuhyki ekpa~ {uoik~ë k ck~da ioh

iouia~ – rkcòlyo kc~oi`yk~ hk cuhrk `lowcusknho a iaha, Os ioc`~( {uo hk

ck~dk r~ankya~`k la zòlo ikik yklya ra~ hk chks`j`ckc`ól s`la ra~ hk hop,

Ha {uo {uò~a ioc`~ cal yaia osya( os {uo hk chks`j`ckc`ól io eoiàs p

~osuhykias( la os ykl ýy`h rk~k ioyo~e`lk~ hk ck~dk io hk r~uonk( caea så

ha os rk~k ioyo~e`lk~ oh calyolìa io hk anh`dkc`ól, Hk i`z`s`ól

eoiàs!~osuhykias so~ë ýy`h rk~k ~osralio~ {uo y`ra io cuerhèòlya

guna= s` juo ul cuerhèòlya yaykh 'rkda) a ul cuerhèòlya `lowkcya, P

caea calsocuolc`k io ohha ioyo~e`lk~ hk lkyu~kho}k io hk

~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk!sunmoy`zk, J~kl}al` os io osyk ras`c`ól=

Hk calacìk i`sy`lc`ól ruoio so~ eklyolìk( cal uy`hìki( s` so oerhok hkckyoda~åk io hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs rk~k hk ioyo~e`lkc`ól ioh




calyolìa io hks r~osykcàlos ojocy`zkeolyo caer~aeoyìas, La yklya rk~k

ioj`l`~ oh ~àdèol io hk ~osralskn`hìki ioh iouia~ –anmoy`za ol hks anh`dkcàlos

io ~osuhykia( sunmoy`za ol hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs% s`la rk~k osyknhoco~ k {uà

cask so olcuoly~k anh`dkia ioh iouia~ io ulk anh`dkc`ól ioyo~e`lkik,3?

Kga~k nòl( oh anmoya io ul lodacà mu~åi`ca 'caly~kya eài`ca) la ruoio

so~ èruosyk ra~ hk hop( skhza ol oh cksa io ulk r~osykc`ól eài`ck io

oeo~dolc`k caea so gk z`sya rë~~kjas k~~`nk( la~ekheolyo oh calyolìa

io hk anh`dkc`ól zoli~ë kca~ikik ra~ hks rk~yos( ol osyo cksa oh eài`ca

rai~ë dk~kly }k~ ul ~osuhykia 'cal oh ~osrocy`za `lc~oeolyo io sus

gala~k~às( ra~ suruosya( pk {uo oh ~òsda os ekpa~) a ol yaia cksa

rai~ë caer~aeoyo~so k krh`ck~ yaias sus calacèòlyas io hk eklo~keës i`h`dolyo rk~k khckl}k~ hk skhui ioh rkcòlyo ro~a s`l dk~kly`}k~hk(

k{uå oh `lyo~às ýhyèa ioh rkcòlyo la so~ë dk~kly`}kia, Ol oh r~èo~ cksa

osyk~oeas gknhklia io ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykias p ol oh sodulia

ulk ~osralskn`hìki io eoiàs,

Ol oh cksa io {uo la so rkcyo( c~oa {uo os locosk~à krh`ck~ hk ~odhk(

ra~ hk cukh so krh`{uo surhoya~`keolyo oh k~yåcuha 3: io hk Hop Dolo~kh io

Skhui( {uo osyknhoco chk~keolyo ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoià eës la ulk

io ~osuhykia,

Z@, Calchusàlos

Z@,; Cuklia las ~ojo~èas k ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs hk ìok

io ~osralskn hìki sunmoy`zk zòlo h`dkik k ohhk6 eòly~ks {uo

cuklia las ~ojo~èas k ulk anh`dkc`ól io ~osuhykias hk

oerk~omkeas k ulk ~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk,

Z@,> Hk i`z`s`ól {uo ol ul r~`lc`rà s`~z`ó rk~k r~ayodo~ k has

r~ajosàlkhos( gap so gk calzo~yìa ol ul `lsy~ueolya eës io hk

ca~~òlyo anmoy`zkia~k ioh io~ocga io ikûas,

3? J^KL]AL@( Ekssèa, Ar, C`y, r, 37>




Z@,3 Hk uy`hìki io hk chks`j`ckc`ól la os yklya hk ioyo~e`lkc`ól

io hk ck~dk io hk r~uonk( hk e`sek {uo zòlo ioyo~e`lkik ra~ hop(

s`la {uo os hk kpuik {uo las n~`lik rk~k ioyo~e`lk~ oh anmoya io hk

anh`dkc`ól( kså caea hk ~osralskn hìki k hk {uo osyë sumoya oh

iouia~,

Z@,9 So iono osyknhoco~ caea ~odhk {uo klyo yaia iono r~èk~

hk zahulyki io hks rk~yos rk~k ioyo~e`lk~ k {uà y`ra io anh`dkc`ól so

osyël saeoyòlia( s` os ulk ol hk {uo so olcuoly~o dk~kly`}kia oh

~osuhykia a( ol yaia cksa( s` os ulk ol hk {uo so gk~ë yaia ha ras`nho

ra~ khckl}k~ oh ~osuhykia ro~a s`l dk~kly`}k~ha,

Ol cksa la so rkcyo osya( so olyolio~ë {uo hks rk~yos gkl arykia

ra~ hk krh`ckc`ól surhoya~`k io hk Hop Dolo~kh io Skhui( ra~ yklya

so~ë ulk anh`dkc`ól io eoiàs p la io ~osuhykias, Ra~ yklya

~osralskn`hìki sunmoy`zk p la anmoy`zk,

Ohha cal oh anmoya io la cko~ ol hk yolykia~k ca~~òlyo anmoy`zk ol hk

~osralskn`hìki eài`ck( pk {uo ra~ ~odhk dolo~kh yaik kcy`zìki

eài`ck iono so~ z`syk nkma oh e`c~ascarà io hk cuhrk,




N@NH@AD^KJÅK

H`n~as=

;, OSR@LA]K OSR@LA]K( Mukl

>224 Io~ocga io hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h , [u`lyk oi`c`ól,

Hèk= Dkcoyk Mu~åi`ck,

>, J^KL]AL@( Ekssèa oy, ëh,

>22; Osyuiàs san~o hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h , Hèk= K~k

Oi`ya~os,

3, M_H@A NAÎK( Du`hho~ea oy, ëh,

>22: @lsy`yucàlos io io~ocga r~`zkia, Yaea ?, Hèk=

D~`mhop,

9, HHKEKS RAENA( Oudolà

>2;2 ôjhowàlos san~o io~ocga ikûas= cksas p

ar`làlos, Eki~ì= Hk Hop,




?, HAÔL]OYY@( `ck~ia

>222 ôsralskn`hìki c`z`h io has eài`cas, Hèk= D~`mhop,

:, TAAHCAYY APKD_K( Aholfk

>22> Hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h io has r~ajosàlkhos, Hèk=

K~k Oi`ya~os,

Rëd`lks Ton=

4, NK^CG@ ZOHKACGKDK( Huc`kla

ôsralskn hìki c`z h ol hk kyolc`ól eài`ca%

{u`~ý~d`ck io oeo~dolc`k,

8gyyr=!!ttt,sìoeo,a~d!iacy~`lk!k~y`cuhas!k~y22;2%

ro,gye<

7, CKSY@HHA JÔPÔ( Ek~à oy, ëh,

Oh yoek julikeolykh io hks anh`dkcàlos io eoiàs

p io ~osuhykias j~olyo k hk ~osralskn`hìki c`z`h,

8gyyr=!!ttt,cksy`hhaj~op~o,cae<

0, OSR@LA]K OSR@LA]K( Mukl

±Hk euo~yo ioh ‘calsueìa~ ~k}alknho― p oh

lkcèòlya io hk ~osralskn`hìki anmoy`zk knsahuyk

ioh r~azooia~1 Klëh`s`s io hk Hop Caerhoeolyk~`k

ioh S`syoek io R~ayocc`ól kh Calsueìa~,

8gyyr=!!ttt,yohohop,cae!~oz`sykro~uklk!osr`la}k%

:4,rij <

;2,DK^CÅK G_KPKEK( Mukl Ck~has

ôsralskn`hìki c`z`h io has eài`cas,



http://www.castillofreyre.com/

http://www.teleley.com/revistaperuana/espinoza-67.pdf




http://www.castillofreyre.com/






8gyyr=!!ttt,io~ocgapckenàsac`kh,cae!~oz`syk2>;!~

osralskn`hìki/>2c`z`h/>2io/>2has

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;;,HÓRO] EOSK( Ek~coha

Oh eài`ca p hk lkyu~kho}k io sus anh`dkcàlos,

8gyyr=!!ttt,kckio~c,a~d,k~ <

;>,^_Å]( T`hsal

Hk ~osralskn`hìki eài`ck ol Cahaen`k,

8gyyr=!!ttt,rum,oiu,ca!nkllo~s!HKQÔSRALSKN@H@

IKI,rij <

;3,P][_@OÎA YAHSKIK( Ek~`kla

Hk ~osralskn`h iki c`z`h eài`ca%skl`yk~ k kh

caeòl}a io ul luoza s`dha, Has iadeks c~oånhos p

has `lc~oånhos io hk mu~`sr~uiolc`k,

8 gyyr=!!ttt,kms,os!iatlhakis!zah202;?,rij <

http://www.derechoycambiosocial.com/revista021/responsabilidad%20civil%20de%20los%20medicos.pdf



http://www.acaderc.org.ar/




http://www.ajs.es/downloads/vol09015.pdf







http://www.ajs.es/downloads/vol09015.pdf

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