*Aural rehabilitation is accomplished through and educational and clinical program*Children with more severe hearing impairments were far more difficult to understand, and the vowel and consonant quality of their speech was affected*Those with milder hearing impairments were easier to understand but often had trouble with sounds such as : “s, sh, f” *Children with more severe hearing impairments often had a different quality to their voiceQu:How did the children specific hearing losses impact their speech? -It had to do with the degree of hearing loss and the frequencies that were affected

Examines the anatomical-physiological prerequisites sites for speech and hearing, in particular the functional adequacy of all structures that are a portion of the speech process

• It translates data from anatomy and physiology to their special prerequisites for the speech process

• In it, the emphasis remain an anatomical and physiological factors related to the secondary functions of speech mechanism serves in speech production

Each individual with dysarthria may demonstrate various types and degrees of problems with all or several of the 4 system

It’s a motor speech disorder

Fibers are in opposite direction

*Diaphragm during rest position resembles the shape of an inverted bowl

*Posterior muscular attachment of the diaphragm are much lower than those in the front of the body

*The shape of the diaphragm is affected by the organs of the abdominal cavity upon which it rests (specially the liver)

*Muscular portion of the diaphragm contracts

*this contraction, pulls the central tendon down & forward

*The vertical up-and-down dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase, the contents of the abdominal cavity are compressed*Contractions of the external and internal intercostal elevate the entire rib cage

During respiration, lungs must increase and decrease their volume*Lungs contain very little muscles

*This process is mediated by external force “Pleural linkage”

The 2 membranes are airtight, fused to each other, producing small amount of fluid that provides smooth, lubricated movement of the lungs during respiration

There is an powerful negative pressure between the 2 pleural membrane, links the costal & visceral membranes so closely that the lungs cohere to the thoracic wall

Movement of the thoracic cavity Movement of the lungs Dimension of the thoracic cavity increase, Lungs enlarge

That area below the vocal folds

Speech production necessitate a regulated amount of sub-glottal pressure over a wide range of volumes

The space between the vocal folds

Opened glottis

The equalization of various lung volumes and pressure levels is done by an interplay between inspiratory and expiratory muscles

To maintain a consonant loudness level during the whole utterance, the outflow of the air must somehow be equalized

Most important part

When contracted, the infrahyoids pull the entire larynx down, while contraction of the suprahyoids elevates the entire larynx (occur during swallowing)

*Rarely do individual muscles act to execute a movement.

*They work in pairs or in a group to produce a delicate interplay of various muscle actions producing an appropriate movement

*The average number of glottal openings per second is known as person’s fundamental frequency

*One’s fundamental frequency is related to his perceived vocal pitch*Females have a higher range of fundamental frequencies than males

*Changes in tension of the vocal folds are primarily responsible for variations in fundamental frequency

*Changes in vocal loudness result from variations in subglottal air pressure, which varies the amplitude of the vocal folds’ vibratory cycle

*Vibration of the vocal folds is also important for the voiced-voiceless oppositions of speech sounds

*The consistent cyclic vibration of the vocal folds also plays a role in the quality or timber of the voice

*Timber refers to the tonal quality the differentiates 2 sounds of the same pitch, loudness, and duration

*If vocal folds vibrate aperiodically, we perceive this as an abnormal voice quality

*Regular cyclic, periodic vocal folds vibration and functional unity between the respiratory and phonatory systems are necessary for a vocal timber that is

considered to be within normal limits

*Some abnormal vocal folds conditions (caused by vocal abuse) can lead to changes in the fundamental frequency

*The vocal folds may become thickened, characterized typically by a lowering of the fundamental frequency

*Polyps and nodules can also cause changes in fundamental frequency

*Individuals who use and possible abuse their voice a lot, may develop these abnormal vocal folds conditions