Circulatory and Respiratory System

Breana Hull

and

Denzel Drennon

Intro to Circulatory System

The main purpose of the circulatory system is:• Transport gas,

nutrients and hormones

• Carry away excretion products (waste)

• Stabilize pH• Maintain body

temperature

5 Animals

We researched 5 Animals of the

Animal Kingdom. The flat worm,

starfish, house fly, sponge and frog

5 Chordates

• We researched the circulatory systems in 5 animals from the phyla Chordata. The shark, newt, lizard, pigeon and human.

• In lab, we got to look at and dissect the shark, pigeon, fish, shark, cat and a sheep’s heart

3 types:

• No Circ• Open Circ• Closed Circ

• 2 chamber• 3 chamber• 4 chamber

No Circulatory System

• sponges, which have no true tissues; all nutrients are passed from water, through pores and moved by cilia

• Others include all NONE CEOLOMATES.. Like Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes , Echinoderms

Open Circulatory System

• Heart to blood vessels then leaves into body cavities tissues, a body cavity and more complex structures like organs

• In this system blood is a mixture of plasma and cells called hemolymph that flows freely throughout the cavity, bathing the organs, in and around them.

• The blood it close enough to contact with the air that they can also use that for oxygen transfer.

• Arthropods and mollusks

Closed Circulatory System

• Most efficient, no open in cavity; vertebrates• Blood enclosed in heart, vessels, veins, arteries, valves and

capillaries • Blood cells= cells and plasma=hemoglobin• that help better cover a bigger surface area, flow more blood

throughout the body and lungs and to maintain a higher amount of energy

Under a closed system there is a greater detail of evolution that differs between vertebrates in heart structure

• 2 chamber …• 3 chamber …• 4 chamber … Hea

rt

2 Chamber

• one atrium and one ventricle• blood directly pumps to all the body, lungs

or gills• requires lower blood pressure because of

their lower body activity

Boney Fish

• Cold blooded• 2 chamber/closed• (no oxy) Heart to gills (get oxygen) to body to heart• runs from nose to tail to all organs including the brain,

muscles, liver, gills, guts and gonads • Blood cells are made in three organs, the spleen, the epigonal

organ and the leydig organ. • blood also has plasma in it with ions, sugars and fatty acids

dissolved within the erythrocytes and leukocytes.

Structure and Anatomy

3 Chamber

• with 2 atria and 1 ventricle• With the development of lungs, the circulatory

system had evolved into 2 separate circulation pathways for lungs and body

• advantageous with a higher pressure in vessels that lead to both the lungs and body

Amphibians

• has a highly developed vascularization of body surface

• heart having one ventricle and two atria • The heart is located in the pericardia cavity • pumps blood throughout the body.

Reptiles

• cold blooded, so must regulate its temperature by its external environment

• has a three chambered heart with two atria and a partitioned ventricle.

• ventricle mixes the oxygenated blood with the deoxygenated blood; atria keep separate.

• The heart directs blood and carries it to body and lungs for better thermoregulation

Structure and Anatomy

4 Chamber

• 2 atria and 2 ventricles; 2 separate pumps

• Since the blood pressure is derived from the ventricle push of blood to the body, these animals needed another ventricle to help in a higher blood pressure requiring more energy at a higher activity level.

• This carries a higher rate of oxygen-rich blood flow that is needed to enable and maintain

Birds

• avian heart is a strong muscle; large with a fast beat • four chambers; has arteries and veins like

those of mammals• thick atria to withstand higher pressure

Mammals

• most detailed and extensive • four chambered heart, two atria and two ventricles. • arteries lead away from the heart and distributing

oxygenated blood throughout the body. • veins carry blood back to the heart and gather the

carbon dioxide produced and take it to the lungs where it can be released.

Structure and Anatomy

Pathway of Blood in the Heart

The cardiac cycle of a human heart enters the right atria from the superior vena cava, the upper parts of the body, and the inferior vena

cava, the lower part of the body. From the right atria the blood passes through the tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle. The

pulmonary valve opens to the pulmonary artery and distributes throughout the lungs. The blood becomes oxygen-rich and enters the left atria via the pulmonary vein. The blood travels through the mitral

valve into the left ventricle and opens the aortic valve to enter the aorta. The oxygenated blood travels throughout the body,

distributing oxygen to the cells and comes back to the heart from the superior and inferior vena cava.

Electrical Stimuli

Blood pumps through the heart by a starting electrical pulse causing the chamber to contract as

the electrical impulse moves through it. This activates a bundle of specialized cells called the Sino atrial, or sinus node, in the right atria. The

‘pacemaker’ causes the heart to beat and generates electrical impulses at a given rate to complete a

constant heart beat.

Regulating temperature…

• When hot, capillaries under the surface of the skin open wider for more heat to be released

• When cold, capillaries under the surface of the skin grow thinner to conserve the most heat

• Blood will travel from hot places of the body to cold places to maintain 98.6 ° F

Blood pressure…

• Caused by the strength exerted by the ventricles pushing blood out

• Does not hurt capillaries

Intro to Respiratory System

• The respiratory system is the means by which an organism performs an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in its internal with its environment.

5 Chordates

• The respiratory system in humans takes in O2 and releases waste CO2. The diaphragm contracts causing the lungs to expand and take in air. The nasal passage where O2 is taken in and filtered of any irritants that may be lingering. Air is passed down through the pharynx larynx and trachea. The trachea keeps dust and debris from getting farther in to the system. The trachea divides into too two bronchus which lead to the lungs and are lined with mucus to keep dirt and dust from getting into the lungs. The lungs are split into lobes, the right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2. Oxygen is pumped from the longs to the alveoli which pump oxygen into capillaries and the circulatory system.

• In birds the important organs are the lungs, anterior air sacs, and the posterior air sacs. The bird’s air sacs expand and air is taken into the lungs of the bird through the trachea. In the lungs birds have parabronchi which allow air flow to the bird’s atria which are connected to capillaries where the gases are exchanged

Continued

• In fish water is sucked in through their mouths and pushed over the gills. The gills have a network of filaments which contain capillaries. The capillaries are used to pump fresh oxygen into the circulatory system and get rid of waste carbon dioxide. Gills push the oxygen depleted water out through the opening on the fish’s larynx.

• Frogs have a thin skin which aids in respiration. When a frog submerges under water, it can get its oxygen directly from the water. Blood vessels are very close to the surface of the frog’s skin, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. When in dry land frogs can breathe using their lungs. Frogs take in oxygen through their nostrils, the throat of the frog puffs out and then it uses its mouth to force the air down into its lungs.

Continued

In snakes, at the back of the mouth they have a covering to the trachea called the glottis. When the glottis is open, air can flow through the trachea to the bronchi. The left bronchus leads to the left lung which is nonfunctioning. The right bronchus leads the right lung which is elongated all the way to the tail. The first half of the lung contains blood vessels which conduct the gas exchange. The second half of the lung is used to assist in maintain the pressure inside the snake’s body cavity.

5 Animals

• Worms respiratory consists of their skin through which the take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide.

• Starfish get their oxygen from their papillae lined bodies. The papillae get oxygen from the water and distribute it throughout the body if the starfish.

• In lobsters gills are used for getting oxygen. Lobsters have 20 pairs of gills in their brachial chambers on the cephlathothorax. Water flows over the gills where oxygen is extracted from the water and shot out taking dirt with it cleaning out the chambers.

Continued

• In mollusks such as clams they have a gill or a few with cilia covering them. The cilia conduct the flow of water over the gills. The gills are connected to the heart of the animal by a blood vessel.

• Jellyfish have no respiratory system, oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange is done through contact with the jellyfish’s thin membrane like skin.

Evolutionary Trends

• The trend in respiratory systems is to get more complex as time passes. The earth’s atmospheric composition changed over time and a need for different ways of conducting respiration evolved. This is proven by looking at a phylogenetic tree, starting back with the first organisms that had no respiratory systems. These organisms included phyla such as porifera, cnidarians, and ectoprocta which respired through direct contact with their moist skin. Gills were the next innovation in respiratory systems, this evolved in chondrichthyes and actinistia. Gills gave the ability to take oxygen directly from water. Then came the most complex system which is the lungs that evolved in reptiles and mammals. This is a complex system the consists of lobed lungs that get oxygen to the rest of the body through the blood stream.

Respiration thru skin

When submerged under water, oxygen can be taken directly

from the water. Blood vessels are very close to the

surface of the skin, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are

exchanged.

Tracheal System

• Many invertebrates do a gas exchange through the use of a tracheal system.

• Small holes on the invertebrates body called spiracles are used to conduct this exchange.

• Spiracles are opened and closed by a muscle and are filtered by fine hairs on the invertebrate.

CONTINUEDOnce air enters the spiracle t flows through the tracheal tubes to every part of the invertebrates body.

Gills

• Two types of gills, internal and external gills.

• In internal gills fish suck water in through their mouth and force it over the gills which are in a series of layers.

• Blood flow in the gill capillaries flows the opposite way of the water creating a counter current flow.

• This flow helps force the oxygen out of the water and in to the blood

Gills Continued

• The external gills perform the same tasks as the internal gills, but they are exposed.

• They are usually found by the head.

• They are supported by thin stalks and contain mainly capillaries for gas exchange.

Book Lungs

• Book lungs are lungs found in most spiders, and resemble the pages of a book.

• Each part of the book lung is filled with hemolymph which is spider blood.

• These parts remain open to maximize gas exchange with the environment.

Bird’s Lungs

Air flows down the trachea and splits into the two primary

bronchi which lead to the bird’s lungs. Secondary bronchi at the lower end of the longs sends air

to the abdominal air sacs and anterior air sacs. Capillaries are

attached to tertiary bronchi which is responsible for the gas

exchange between the blood and air system.

Continued

• The reason for the air sacs of the bird is to percent the change of volume in the lungs. The air sacs force air in and out of the body without changing the volume of the lungs.

• If the volume of the lungs were to change during flight it could cause altitude fluctuations.

Lungs

• Air enters the body through the trachea, splits between the 2 bronchi, and goes to the lungs.

• In each lung the individual bronchi splits into many bronchioles.

• The bronchioles send air to the alveoli which are air sacs lined with capillaries to conduct the gas exchange.

Continued

• Oxygen molecules oxidize the iron in the hemoglobin of red blood cells and can be carried throughout the body.

Aquatic Vertebrae

• One reason fish increase blood flow to their gills when water temperature is elevated is to get more oxygen. Oxygen levels diminish when water reaches high temperatures, and to accommodate for this loss in oxygen content, blood flow increases in the gills to get more oxygen.

• Another reason for this increased blood flow is because of the fish increased metabolism at higher temperatures. This increase in metabolism spawns a need for more oxygen.

Hemoglobin

• Hemoglobin is a metal containing oxygen carrying protein in red bloods cells. They give red blood cells the ability to carry oxygen and their red color. It has the ability to carry oxygen because of the iron bonded each of its four sub units. Oxygen molecules oxidize the iron in the hemoglobin and can be carried throughout the body. Hemoglobin changes shape each time it bonds with oxygen so it is better suited to carry more.

• Hemoglobin is released at the proper times due to partial pressures. The partial pressure in the lungs is high there for hemoglobin bond with oxygen, and in the capillary bends the pressure is low because of lack of oxygen and hemoglobin release oxygen.

Oxygen Dissociative Curve

• Is a graph that shows the percent saturation of hemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen.

• At higher partial pressures hemoglobin binds with oxygen forming oxyhemoglobin. (In Lungs)

• At lower partial pressures oxyhemoglobin release oxygen forming hemoglobin.

Questions for the Class…

Respiratory• What is the purpose of Hemoglobin?• How do air sacs help a bird’s flight?

Circulatory• Describe the pathway of the blood through the heart.• Which animals do no have a circulatory system?

References

• http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/mole00/mole00765.htm• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/1999/Dickens/Oxygendissociation.htm• http://books.google.com/books?id=dPG_-

2in8kIC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=high+water+temperatures+and+gills&source=bl&ots=15FoCtCrR5&sig=EyE5mP7Xn-VZZ2Fmf19l9fXBYsE&hl=en&ei=P8OQTaT-OsKcgQe-8OXOCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&sqi=2&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=high%20water%20temperatures%20and%20gills&f=false

• http://www.holar.is/aquafarmer/node18.html#SECTION00356050000000000000• http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20system/

circulat.htm• http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/respirat.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog• http://animal.discovery.com/guides/reptiles/snakes/anatomy_02.html• http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99907.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish• http://www.parl.ns.ca/lobster/overview.htm• http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/Tracheal_Breathing.html• http://www.google.com/imgres?

q=Lungs&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&rlz=1R2ADFA_enUS381&biw=1345&bih=555&tbm=isch&tbnid=1QT9_ilyKB8olM:&imgrefurl=http://www.thechildrenshospital.org/wellness/info/kids/10657.aspx&ei=vvKdTcbwLMTAgQeS3smyBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=129&oei=vvKdTcbwLMTAgQeS3smyBA&page=1&tbnh=121&tbnw=125&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0&tx=44&ty=33

• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=tracheal+system&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1R2ADFA_enUS381&biw=1345&bih=555&tbm=isch&tbnid=CtWfXrFJll2znM:&imgrefurl=http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookrespsys.html&ei=hvOdTeuYMMXJgQeb2cHJBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=116&oei=hvOdTeuYMMXJgQeb2cHJBA&page=1&tbnh=89&tbnw=173&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0&tx=89&ty=39

References cont…

• http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/respirat.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_anatomy• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog• http://animal.discovery.com/guides/reptiles/snakes/anatomy_02.html• http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bio99/bio99907.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish• http://www.parl.ns.ca/lobster/overview.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca• http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/mole00/mole00765.htm• http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/anphys/1999/Dickens/Oxygendissociation.htm• http://books.google.com/books?id=dPG_-

2in8kIC&pg=PA100&lpg=PA100&dq=high+water+temperatures+and+gills&source=bl&ots=15FoCtCrR5&sig=EyE5mP7Xn-VZZ2Fmf19l9fXBYsE&hl=en&ei=P8OQTaT-OsKcgQe-8OXOCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&sqi=2&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=high%20water%20temperatures%20and%20gills&f=false

• http://www.holar.is/aquafarmer/node18.html#SECTION00356050000000000000• http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/circulatory%20system/

circulat.htm• http://www.spoon-news.co.cc/gill-structure-diagram.html• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=bird

%27s+respiratory+system&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1R2ADFA_enUS381&biw=1345&bih=555&tbm=isch&tbnid=HxMQMQko_YL6iM:&imgrefurl=http://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/Lecture-10.htm&ei=b_WdTfepGYbQgAflnYGuBA&zoom=1