Resistance breeding against major diseases

of common bean in Ethiopia

K. Tumsa, K. Negash, B. Amsalu ,G. Ayana, Y. Rezene and D. Tsegaye

Ethiopian Institutes of Agricultural Research (EIAR), National Bean Research Program (NBRP)

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Introduction…

Legumes are the major components of cropping system in Ethiopia

Common bean are largely contributes to the national economy (commodity and employment) and as a source of food and cash income.

In 2014/15, out of total land allocated for legume crops (1.5m ha), 323326 ha was allocated for common bean production (both white and red) (CSA 2015)

The total production obtained was 513724.7 ton and this is 40.5 % of the total area and 20.7% of the total production.

The average productivity 16.02 Q/ha for white and 15.81 Q/ha for red.

Trend in production (t)

211347

138422

222701 241418

329775

362890 340280

387802

455115

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

500000

2004/5 2005/6 2006/7 2007/8 2008/9 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2013/14

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Export volume and revenue

0

40000

80000

120000

160000

200000

2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

Volume (tones) Export(FOB value, 000'USD)Volu

me (

tone

s) or

Expo

rt FO

B va

lue (

‘000

USD)

Figure 1: Export volume of white pea bean (tons) and Export FOB value (000’USD) (Source: EPOSPEA, 2015)

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Although the crop is significantly contribute to the income of the farmers and the national economy, there are yield gaps because of several production constraints.

Among the major constraints, diseases are playing the major role

CBB, ALS, WB, Rust, HB and FLS and BCMV are the major diseases identified to cause yield reduction in Ethiopia (Habtu, 1987).

Causing yield loss 4-100 % in different agro ecology

Introduction…

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Major diseases and their occurrence SH1/SH2/M1/H1-2(Southern zone). The

southern zone that consists of Sidama, Wolaita and Gofa zone

CBB, HB, rust, ALS and Anth. are common

A2/SM1/SH2/M2 (Eastern zone). The eastern zone constitute mainly of the Hararghe highlands and lowlands

CBB and Rust are major diseases

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Major diseases and their occurrence SH1/SH2/H2 Western

zone). This includes Wellega, Jima, and llubabur which account for 17.6% of land area occupied by lowland pulses.

CBB, ALS, Anth., WB, Rust, HB and AsB are common

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Major… M1(North western zone). This includes Benishangul Gumze and Parts of Hawi zone CBB, ALS, WB, HB and AsB are common SM1/SM2 (Northern zone). This includes Wolo, South Tigray and Gojam areas CBB, is the major one

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Key 1 Melkassa 2 Areka

3 Awassa 4 Jima

5 Bako 6 Gambella

7 Adet 8 Alamata

9 Sirinka 10 D/Berhan

11Haramaya 12 Ambo

13 Pawe 14 Mieso

15 Yabelo 16 Asossa

17 Sinana 18 Jijiga

Locations of bean research centres

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9

14 11

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Host resistance as strategy of mgmt.

Cultivar resistance is the most effective strategy, and is pivotal to all other control measures

High levels of resistance would minimize yield losses,

reduce use of chemicals and production costs, and facilitate integrated disease management and the production and distribution of pathogen-free seed.

Lack of high level of disease resistance in common bean

has contributed to the difficulty of controlling CBB worldwide (Gilbertson and Maxwell, 1992).

Efforts to develop bean varieties highly resistant to CBB with acceptable quality and other desirable characteristics have been very challenging (CIAT, 1998).

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Research attempts and achievements Introduction of germplasms of different market classes

Testing across different agro ecologies in which different

diseases are prevailing

Targeting their reaction against the major diseases as top parameters

Multiple disease resistance

So far 58 varieties released under different market, most of them are resistant to one or more diseases

Improved small white pea bean varieties currently under production

Awash 1 Awash Melka

Argane Chore

Dimtu Nasser Dinknesh

Batu Dame ACOS Red

Some of improved common bean varieties of different market classes that can be used for food as well as export market

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Research attempts and achievements

Official Name Local Name Year of release Yield (T/ha) Resistant/tolerant to Roba-1 Roba-1 1990 2 1.6 Anth, ALS and CBB G-2816 Gofta 1997 2.4-40 1.5-3.0 CBB, and Rust GLPX 92 Ayenew 1997 2.0-35 15-2.8 CBB and Rust PAN-182 Awash Melka 1999 3 2.4 Anth, rust and CBB ICS-15541 Gobe Rasha-1 1999 2.1 1.8 ALS Dicta-105 Nasir 2003 3.0 2.3-2.7 Anth, rust and CBB Tibe 2004 2.2 1.8 Anth, ALS and CBB EMP-376 Anger 2005 2.3 1.7 ALS XAN-310 Dinknesh/ Bobe-red 2006 2.5-3.2 2-2.5 Anth and Rust RAB-484 Melka Dima 2006 2-2.3 1.8-2 Anth, rust and CBB STTT-165-92 Chore 2006 2.3-2.5 1.9-2.2 Anth, rust and CBB G-843 Haramaya 2006 2.5-3.5 1.8-2.2 CBB and Rust STTT-165-96 Chercher 2006 2.2-3.0 1.5-2.5 CBB and rust VAX-2 Gabisa 2007 2.4 2.5 CBB SUG131 Deme 2008 1.9-2.0 1.8-2.2 Anth, ALS and CBB SNNPR-120 Hawassa Dume 2008 2.5 2 ALS, CBB, HB AFR-716 Loko 2009 2.1 1.8 ALS and Anth Fedis 2012 2.3-3.6 1.5-3.0 CBB Babile 2012 2.3-2.6 1.5-3.0 CBB and Rust Hirna 2012 1.5-3.0 1.6-3 CBB and Rust KAT-B1 Ada 2013 1.9-3.3 1.7-2.5 CBB KATB69 Dandesu 2013 2.2-3 1.9-2.3 CBB Awash-2 Awash-2 2013 2.8-3.1 1.8-2.2 Rust SER-125 SER-125 2014 3.2 2.5 CBB, ALS, Rust and HB

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Research attempts and achievements Different research reports and publications have been

reported

EMP-233, EMP-212, G-10843, DICTA-65 are identified to be resistant to ALS (Fikre and Abush-2005)

The three year research at Haramaya University identified multiple disease resistant common bean materials and cultivars

The research identified 26 genotypes are resistant to three major diseases (CBB, ALS and Anth.) prevailed in the area (Fininsa and Tefera 2010)

Out of which two of the are released (resistant to ALS and moderately tolerant to CBB)

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Three research activities

1. Evaluation of introduced entries for CBB and other disease tolerance /resistance

2. Evaluation of introduced entries for ALS and other diseases tolerance /resistance

3. Crossing of commercial cultivar (Awash-1) with VAX-2 and VAX-3

Research attempts and achievements …

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Research attempts and achievements …

Two sets of germplasms have been received from CIAT, Colombia

One set: for ALS resistance

Second set: is for CBB resistance

Tested at Nursery level at Melkassa and 16 (ALS) and 25 (25) best performing lines are identified for tested across hot spots

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Research attempts and achievements …

No Genotype Yield (kg/ha) CBB ALS Anthracnose

Areka Metu Bako Mean Areka Metu Bako Mean Arek

a Metu Bako Mean Metu Bako Muea

n 1 MAB 87 1437 3746 1035 2073 3.0 5.0 2.5 3.5 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.6 1.0 2.5 1.8 2 MAB 88 1623 4285 1351 2420 2.0 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.0 3.0 2.0 2.3 1.0 2.7 1.8 3 MAB 89 1290 2669 1107 1689 2.7 5.7 2.5 3.6 2.7 2.3 1.8 2.3 4.3 2.3 3.3 4 MAB 344 1652 4459 1829 2647 1.7 3.7 2.5 2.6 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.5 5 MAB 348 2072 5542 2135 3250 1.0 3.7 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.7 1.0 2.5 1.8 6 MAB 349 1868 5757 2139 3255 2.3 3.7 3.3 3.1 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.0 3.0 2.0 7 MAB 350 1716 5277 1312 2769 2.0 4.3 3.2 3.2 1.7 3.0 1.8 2.2 1.0 2.5 1.8 8 MAB 351 1729 3773 1155 2219 1.3 4.3 2.3 2.7 1.0 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.0 2.7 1.8 9 MAB 352 1970 4227 1570 2589 1.3 5.0 2.7 3.0 1.7 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.8

10 MAB 353 1886 4712 1867 2822 1.7 3.0 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 2.2 1.6 11 MAB 354 1460 4955 1542 2652 1.7 3.0 2.5 2.4 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.3 1.0 2.2 1.6 12 MAB 355 1792 3846 982 2207 1.7 3.0 2.8 2.5 1.3 1.0 2.0 1.4 1.0 2.2 1.6 13 MAB 356 1407 1681 2026 1705 2.7 3.0 2.8 2.8 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.6 1.0 2.2 1.6 14 MAB 357 1862 4137 1527 2509 2.7 3.7 2.7 3.0 2.0 3.0 1.5 2.2 1.0 2.8 1.9 15 MAB 484 1970 4604 2036 2870 2.3 3.7 2.5 2.8 1.7 1.0 1.8 1.5 1.0 2.3 1.7 16 Nasir 1813 4850 1620 2461 2.3 4.3 2.7 3.1 1.7 4.3 1.8 2.6 1.0 2.7 1.8 Mean 1722 4283 1577 2527 2.0 3.9 3 2.8 1.6 1.7 2 1.7 1.2 2 1.8

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Research attempts and achievements …

No Genotype Yield CBB ALS

Mlk

Mie

HU

Srk

Jm

Ass

Mea

n Mlk

Srk

Ass

Mea

n Jm

HU

Mea

n

1 SEC 12 2366 1581 3372 1316 2332 2861 2305 2.3 3.7 1.7 2.8 1.0 3.0 2.0 2 SEC 20 2491 1367 3253 1077 2501 2795 2247 2.0 4.3 1.0 2.6 1.7 3.0 2.3 3 SEC 21 2666 1407 2934 1030 2399 3129 2261 2.7 5.7 1.0 3.1 1.0 3.0 2.0 4 SEC 22 2837 1235 2882 1135 2488 3113 2282 1.7 3.7 1.0 2.3 1.0 3.0 2.0 5 SEC 23 3013 1471 3241 1227 2086 2093 2189 2.0 4.3 1.7 2.8 1.0 3.0 2.0 6 SEC 24 2882 1402 2843 1187 2258 2287 2143 2.3 5.0 1.7 3.0 1.0 3.7 2.3 7 SEC 25 1919 1417 3057 1464 2411 1312 1930 2.0 4.3 1.7 2.8 1.0 5.1 3.0 8 SEC 26 2872 1384 3354 1042 2628 2710 2332 1.3 3.7 1.7 2.4 1.0 3.0 2.0 9 SEC 27 2510 1459 2173 1131 814 1133 1537 2.3 3.7 4.3 3.5 3.7 3.0 3.3

10 SEC 28 1800 1204 1200 951 676 754 1098 2.3 5.0 4.3 3.8 4.3 3.0 3.7 11 SEC 29 1725 1133 2139 871 677 855 1233 3.0 5.0 5.0 4.2 4.3 3.0 3.7 12 SEC 30 1713 1198 1049 1187 747 835 1122 3.0 4.3 5.0 4.2 2.3 4.1 3.2 13 SMC 16 1674 1627 2746 1402 1907 1750 1851 2.0 3.7 5.0 3.4 5.7 5.7 5.7 14 SMC 17 1974 1491 3027 1397 1623 1679 1865 1.7 3.0 4.3 3.5 5.7 5.0 5.3 15 SMC 18 2128 1618 2424 1216 1301 1577 1711 2.3 3.0 4.3 3.2 5.7 7.0 6.3 16 SMC 21 2869 1533 2704 1382 2106 2172 2128 1.3 3.0 3.7 3.1 4.3 6.3 5.3 17 SMC 22 2295 1582 3044 1541 1682 2313 2076 1.3 1.7 3.7 2.8 3.7 5.7 4.7 18 SMC 23 2516 1480 3397 1066 1595 2342 2066 2.0 3.7 3.0 2.9 3.7 5.0 4.3 19 SMC 24 2014 1765 2239 1180 1945 1558 1784 1.7 3.0 5.0 3.3 5.7 5.0 5.3 20 SMC 25 3290 1457 2862 1292 1434 1826 2027 1.7 2.3 3.7 3.0 5.7 5.0 5.3 21 ICABUNSI Cr-87 2319 1683 3064 1431 1748 1575 1970 2.3 6.3 3.0 4.2 1.7 3.0 2.3 22 ICABUNSI Cr-1 1699 1103 2821 1467 1880 720 1615 2.7 6.3 3.7 4.1 1.7 3.1 2.4 23 Navey line 47 1369 1234 1056 1147 1796 443 1174 2.3 7.7 6.3 5.0 1.0 4.1 2.5 24 Awash Melka 3509 1623 3970 1743 1815 2045 2451 2.7 2.3 3.7 2.9 3.7 3.0 3.3 25 Chercher 2845 1069 3495 1328 2063 1492 2049 2.7 3.0 3.7 3.4 3.7 4.3 4.0

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Research attempts and achievements … Crossing has between Awash-1 (small white and popular)

as female parent and VAX-3 as male parent to improve the resistance of Awash-1 to CBB.

467 sergeant population has been obtained

In 2014 cropping season, the F-2:6 populations have been evaluated under Melkassa condition for the reaction to CBB.

Awash Melka was used as resistant check and Mexican-142 was susceptible check

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X

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Research attempts and achievements …

Level Number of lines

Yield advantage over checks

Susceptible (above 7) 125 less than susceptible checks

Intermediate/tolerant (4-5) 300

up to 21% compared to susceptible

Resistant (2-3) 42 More than 21-57%

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Future direction • Evaluation of introduced and targeted germplasms for

different diseases prevailing in different agro ecologies

• Study of diversity for both host (beans) and pathogens (phenotyping and genotyping (molecular bases)

• Identification of source of resistance for further utilization

• Creating variability using sources of resistance for different diseases

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Challenges Facilities: screening houses, green houses, laboratory facilities Techniques and skills: basic molecular level research Source of resistance: for some diseases

Thank you !