Resilience of Coal Transport on the Three Rivers Waterway System

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Resilience of Coal Transport on the Three Rivers Waterway System

Ryan S. Engel, LCDR, USCG

TJ Clement, MAJ, USA

Naval Postgraduate SchoolOA4202 – Network Flows and Graphs

Course ProjectNovember 2011

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Background - Pittsburgh

PITTSBURGH

• 2nd Largest Inland Port in the U.S.

• 20th Largest Port in the U.S.

• Produces 25% of U.S.’s steel

• $9 Billion of goods annually

• 200 River Terminals

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Commodities through Pittsburgh

• 50% of the U.S. electricity comes from Coal

• Steel Production Requires Coal Coke

• Power Plants use Coal Lignite

• 13.6 Million TONS of Coal Annually

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Multi-Modal Coal Transport

Transport Mode: National Cost: **

Barge $.005 / ton-mile

Rail $.05 / ton-mile

Truck $.10 / ton-mile

** To be visited later

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Cargo Capacity Comparison

Source: Port of Pittsburgh website

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Study Area

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Study Area

Pittsburgh

Alleghen

y Rive

r

Monongahela River

Ohio River

Braddock Lock & Dam

Emsworth Lock & Dam

Lock & Dam 2

DemandSupply

Supply

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Supplies and Demands

Terminals: Tons of Coal / week Supply/Demand Gulf Materials (Mon) 14.0K Demand

Neville Island (Ohio) 10.7K Demand

Rivers:

Allegheny: In: 30.0K DemandOut: 0.62K Supply

Net 29.4K Demand

Monongahela In: 101.5K DemandOut: 137.4K Supply

Net: 36.90K Supply

Ohio: In: 112.9K DemandOut: 123.6K Supply

Net: 10.7 Supply

* Assumption: 1 Commodity

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Study Area

Pittsburgh

Alleghen

y Rive

r

Monongahela River

Ohio River

Braddock Lock & Dam

Emsworth Lock & Dam

Lock & Dam 2

Demand = Supply = Lock and Damn =

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Normal Operation• Coal primarily moves by barge (least expensive)

• Movement is constrained by capacities

• River segments

• Locks and dams

• Terminal crane and lift operations

• System flow is driven by supply and demand

• Objective of System:

• Minimize overall transit cost

• Meet demand for coal

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What Can Go Wrong• Blockage on river segment

• Loss of function at Lock or dam

• Contingencies

• Move Coal by rail

• Subject to

• Offloading capacities at terminals

• Increased distances and costs

• Objective: To minimize overall cost

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How to Model• Min cost flow problem: Use a mixed integer linear program

• Quantify Costs: **

• Barge = distance x 1

• Rail = distance x 2.5

• Truck = infeasible

• Quantify Capacities **

• Terminal offload = 1 million tons a year• Railroad offload = 4.25 million tons / year• Waterway = f(distance, bridge delay, shipment size)

• Objective: To minimize overall cost given attacks on system

** To be revisited

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Original Network Diagram

EMLSD

NISI

MRIE

GTS1

CSXBO

FPB

MRHB

OCRB

WEHB

PTPT

OHIOS OHIOD

FDHB

RDHB

7SHB

9SHB

NSRB

VMB

16HB

URAB

CPB

31HB

CSXBA

40HB

62HB

AZCN

LD2

ALLD ALLS

FPHB

SSHB

PATB

LHB

10HB

BHB

HMHB

GHB

HGHB

CSXB1 CSXB2

URB

RHB

GTC

JS BCBT TURR

BRDLD BRDLD

EMLSD

LD2

MONS

MOND

SOURCE

DESTINATION

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHT

NISI

GTS1

MRIEPTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

MONT

JS

TURRGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

AZCN

BLM2

BLM1

Network Model

River RouteRailroad RouteRiver NodeLand Node

(6.2, 4536)

(12.1, 4536)

(35, 81.7)

(47.8, 81.7)

(5,81.7)

(47.8, 81.7)

(35, 81.7)

(46.3, 81.7)

(46.3, 81.7)

(5,81.7)

(5,81.7)

(7, 4536)

(1, 4536)

(0, 336)

(1, 4536)

(0, 336)

(0, 336)

(0, 1134)

(0, 1134)

(1, 4536)

(1, 4536)

(0, 19.2)

(0, 19.2)

(1, 4536)

(1, 4536)20.8

14.4

10.5

-35

-10.7

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHT

NISI

GTS1

MRIEPTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

MONT

JS

TURRGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

AZCN

BLM2

BLM1

Normal Operations

River RouteRR RouteRiver NodeLand Node

Cost 452

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHT

NISI

GTS1

MRIEPTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

MONT

JS

TURRGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

AZCN

BLM2

BLM1

#1 Worst 1-Arc Attack

River RouteRR RouteRiver NodeLand NodeArc Attack

Cost 1026

ALLE

JS


Cost 1022


ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHT

NISI

GTS1

MRIEPTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

AZCN

MONTGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

BLM2

BLM1

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Comparing 1-Arc Attacks

PTPT-->ALLT

MONT-->PTPT

LD22-->LD21

LD21-->ALLE

ALLT-->LD22

OHT-->PTPT

BLM1-->BLM2

BLA1-->BLA2

ELM1-->ELM2

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Cost

1026 1022

483 456 452452483 483 452 452

PTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

JS

AZCN


Cost 1026

MONTGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

BLM2

BLM1

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHTGTS1

MRIE

NISI


PTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

JS

AZCN

River RouteRR RouteRiver NodeLand NodeArc AttackArc Defense

Cost 1026

MONTGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

BLM2

BLM1

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHTGTS1

MRIE

NISI


PTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

JS

AZCN


Cost 1934

MONTGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

BLM2

BLM1

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHTGTS1

MRIE

NISI


PTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

JS

AZCN


Cost 1263

MONTGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

BLM2

BLM1

ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHTGTS1

MRIE

NISI


ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHT

NISI

GTS1

MRIEPTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

MONT

JS

TURRGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

AZCN

BLM2

BLM1


Cost 25,838


ELM1

ELM2

ELA1

ELA2

OHIO

OHT

NISI

GTS1

MRIEPTPT

LD22

LD21

ALLT

ALLE

MONT

JS

TURRGTC

BCBT

BLA2

BLA1

MON

AZCN

BLM2

BLM1


Cost 2337


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Cost vs. Number Attacks

0 1 2 3 40

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Attacks

Cost

452 1026 1026 1934

25,837

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Cost vs. Simultaneous Attacks

25,837

0 1 2 3 40

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Undefended

Defended

Attacks

Cost

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Cost vs. Simultaneous Attacks

2340

0 1 2 3 40

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Undefended

Defended

Attacks

Cost

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Things to be RevisitedAssumptions:

• Use of net flow for the locks and dams

- Coal in and out is not distinguishable

Option: Use a multi-commodity for each river

• Timeline = 1 Week

• Other timelines may have varying delays in the arc. Attacks would need to be recalculated

• Costs: Railway 2.5 times more expensive in our model.

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SummaryNotable Results:

• 1 Attack on the waterway doubles the cost

• 4 Attacks on system has enormous economic impact

• Coast Guard defends most critical 4 arcs: The system is resilient

Future Study:

• Validate assumptions

• Implement multi-commodity flow

• Broaden study area

Resilience of Coal Transport on the Three Rivers Waterway System

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