Research (nature characteristics of research)
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Plenary Session 2 :
Nature andCharacteristics of
ResearchSpeaker: JENNIFER REJUSO-JOVITA
SST – IIII, Caraga Regional Science High School
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WHY DO WE ASK QUESTIONS?
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RESEARCH
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Definition of RESEARCH
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It is searching for a theory, for testing theory, or for solving a
problem.
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It is to search again, to take another more
careful look, to find out more (Selltiz, et.al.,
1976).
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It is a systematic quest for undiscovered truth
(Leedy, 1974).
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It is a systematic
attempt to provide answers
to questions (Tuckman, 1972).
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According to John W. Best: “Research may be defined as the
systematic and objective analysis and recording of controlled observations
that may lead to the developments of generalizations, principles, or theories,
resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control or events.”
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Research fills in...
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Types of research
Based on
inquiry
Based on
purpose Based on
method
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Based on inquiry
Rationalistic
Naturalistic
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Begin with an existing theoryFormal instruments are usedFindings are generalizedProblem is converted into dependent and
independent variables after which the researcher develops strategies and instruments to control relationships between and among naturally occurring variables.
Rationalistic
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State that we must understand the framework within which the subjects under study interpret their environment to be able to understand human behavior
The individual’s thoughts, values, perceptions and actions are studied.
Naturalistic
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Naturalistic involves observing subjects in their natural environment.
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Naturalistic
This type of research is often utilized in situations where conducting lab research is
unrealistic, cost prohibitive or would unduly affect the subject’s
behavior.
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Naturalistic
Data Collection Methods :• Tally counts• Observer narratives• Audio or video recordings
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Basic/ fundamental
/ pure
Applied/ action
Develop-mental
Based on purpose
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Basic/ fundamental
/ pure
* is intended to add to the body of scientific knowledge by exploring the unknown to extend the boundaries of knowledge as well as to discover new facts, and learn more accurately the characteristics of known without any particular thought as to immediate practical utility.
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…seeks to discover basic truths or principles.
BASIC RESEARCH
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Also known as action researchDirected towards the practical application of knowledgeTheory may be supported, modified or revised.New theory may even be provided.involves seeking new applications of scientific
knowledge to the solution of a problem such as the development of new system or procedure, new device, or new method, in order to solve the problem.
Applied/ action
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…produces knowledge of practical use to man.
APPLIED RESEARCH
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This is a decision-oriented research involving the application of the steps of the scientific method in response to an immediate need to improve existing practices.
Often used in engineering and technology areas
Develop-mental
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Based on
method
Evaluation
Formative
summative
Descriptive
Qualitative
Case study
Ethnography
content
QuantitativeSurvey
Cross-sectional
longitudinal
Ex-post facto
Correlational
historical
experimental
Field experimental
Quasi experimental
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Historical ResearchCritical investigation of events,
developments and experiences of the past, the careful weighing of evidence of the validity of sources of information on the past and the interpretation of the weighed evidence (Kellinger, 1972)
Data are gathered through the collection of original documents or interviewing eye witnesses.
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Descriptive ResearchDescribes the population’s
characteristicsA study where the major emphasis is
on the discovery of ideas and insights (Selltiz, et.al., 1979)
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Correlational ResearchInvolves the collection of two or
more sets of data from a group of subjects with the attempt to determine the subsequent relationship between those sets of data (Tuckman, 1972)
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Ex Post Facto Research“After the Fact”A systematic empirical inquiry in
which the researcher does not have direct control of the independent variables
Also known as Causal-Comparative Research
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Causal-Comparative vs Correlational
Causal-comparative studies attempt to identify cause-effect relationships, correlational studies do not.
Causal-comparative studies involve comparison, correlational studies involve relationship.
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Evaluation Research
Judges the value, worth or merit of an existing program
Formative and summative evaluation are applied in training programs, textbooks, manuals or curricula.
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Experimental ResearchA study conducted in the
laboratoryInvolves two groups:
Experimental groupControl group
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Values of
Research
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For the quality of life to progress
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To provide solutions to problems
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For scientific and technological advancement of the new
millennium
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Characteristics of
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Research is Empirical, Logical ,
and Cyclical.
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Research is analytical and
critical.( a systematic and accurate
investigation)
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Research gathers new knowledge and data from primary and
secondary sources.
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Primary data are the data collected by the researcher themselves, i.e.
• interview• observation• action research• case studies• life histories• questionnaires• ethnographic research• longitudinal studies
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Secondary sources are data that already existsPrevious research :
• Official statistics• Mass media products• Diaries• Letters• Government reports• Web information• Historical data and information
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Research is methodical and
replicable.
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Research endeavors to organize data in
quantitative (measurable) terms if possible and to
express these data in numerical measures.
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Researchers require
courage.
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Research is carefully
recorded and reported.
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Qualities of a Good Researcher
Research Oriented
Efficient
Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful
Creative
Honest
Economical
Religious
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