Research Methods Psych 402 LECTURE 14 – APA Format
Transcript of Research Methods Psych 402 LECTURE 14 – APA Format
Research MethodsPsych 402
LECTURE 14 – APA Format
VHS Mind #3 – Nocebo or VH514 E2 (#11 Causation - smoking)
Journal Papers Assignment“Research chain”
Print out (no PDF, no electronic) copy of 3 journal articles. Topic is EEG or fMRI for psychiatric conditions
depression, bipolar, anxiety, OCD, PTSD,schizophrenia, autism, personality disorders
1 point per paper, 1 point for citing one of the papers in another5 point maximum
I need a cover sheet where you provide the 3 citations, and also inform me which citation contains link to other papersHighlight (yellow marker or underline) those citations in the reference section of the paper
Your nameResearch: EEG and depression
• Tops M, Wijers AA, van Staveren AS, Bruin KJ, Den Boer JA, Meijman TF, & Korf J. (2005). Acute cortisol administration modulates EEG alpha asymmetry in volunteers: relevance to depression. Biological Psychology, 69, 181-93.
• Bruder GE, Tenke CE, Warner V, & Weissman MM. (2003). Electroencephalographic measures of regional hemispheric activity in offspring at risk for depressive disorders. Biological Psychiatry., 57, 328-35.
• Itil TM, Polvan N, & Hsu W. (1998). Clinical and EEG effects of GB-94, a "tetracyclic" antidepressant (EEG model in discovery of a new psychotropic drug). American Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 14, 399-413.
• Itil et al (1998) and Bruder et al (2003) are both cited in Tops et al (2005)
APA Format
-- Title Page-- Abstract (new page)
-- Introduction (new page - repeat title - no heading)
-- Method (Participants, Materials, Procedure)
-- Results-- Discussion-- References (new page)
-- Tables (each on a new page)
-- Figure Caption (new page)
-- Figure (each on a new page, no running head or page#)
Title page 1”+ margins (bottom too)
page header (1st 2 or 3 words)
page #
Prosocial Behavior 1
Running head: ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR
running head Prosocial Behavior in Adolescents is Related to
Characteristics of Both the Situation
and the Individual
title Jane Doe author
Rochester Institute of Technology affiliation
1st page of main text 1”+ margins (bottom too)
page header
page #
Prosocial Behavior 3
title Prosocial Behavior in Adolescents is Related to
Characteristics of Both the Situation
and the Individual
The extent of prosocial behavior that adolescents double
exhibit to peers has been shown to be related to their spacing
gender (Banyon, Hector, & Slachter, 1993), as well as to all
their age (Harrelson, 1992). In addition, it has been … lines
APA Format
-- Title Page-- Abstract (new page)
-- Introduction (new page - repeat title - no heading)
-- Method (Participants, Materials, Procedure)
-- Results-- Discussion-- References (new page)
-- Tables (each on a new page)
-- Figure Caption (new page)
-- Figure (each on a new page, no running head or page#)
Method Section 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
Sub-headings page header in italics page #
Prosocial Behavior 5
to examine this hypothesis in greater detail.
Method centered
Participants
Two hundred participants recruited from under-
graduate psychology courses completed the question-…
Materials
The Personal and Situational Prosocial Behavior
Questionnaire was used to ….
Procedure
After completion of the informed consent form
each participant completed the ...
APA Format
-- Title Page-- Abstract (new page)
-- Introduction (new page - repeat title - no heading)
-- Method (Participants, Materials, Procedure)
-- Results-- Discussion-- References (new page)
-- Tables (each on a new page)
-- Figure Caption (new page)
-- Figure (each on a new page, no running head or page#)
Results 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
page header page#
Prosocial Behavior 7
after which the participants were excused.
Results
The age, gender and ethnic background of this
sample is summarized in Table 1. There was a positive
relationship between scores on the Personal subscale
of the PSPB and the number of prosocial behaviors
centered reported by participants, r(298) = .43, p = .001. There
was no positive correlation between Situational
subscale and prosocial behavior, r(298) = .09, p = .43.
As shown in Figure 1, more prosocial behaviors
were reported in the “friendly” than in the “unfriendly”
situation, F(1,298) = 4.32, p = .003 ...
Statistical symbols in italics - r, X2, F, MSE, p
APA Format
-- Title Page-- Abstract (new page)
-- Introduction (new page - repeat title - no heading)
-- Method (Participants, Materials, Procedure)
-- Results-- Discussion-- References (new page)
-- Tables (each on a new page)
-- Figure Caption (new page)
-- Figure (each on a new page, no running head or page#)
Discussion 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
page header page#
Prosocial Behavior 8
hypothesized, there was a relationship between gen-
der and preferred type of helping situation, X²(1) =
4.45, p = .023. Table 2 shows that, as expected, fe-
males preferred situations involving people they know,
centered however, contrary to the hypothesis, males had no
preference between the two situations.
Discussion
The results generally supported the hypotheses
derived from consideration of both personal and sit-
uational attributes when predicting prosocial behavior.
While there was no correlation between the Situation ...
Statistical symbols in italics
APA Format
-- Title Page-- Abstract (new page)
-- Introduction (new page - repeat title - no heading)
-- Method (Participants, Materials, Procedure)
-- Results-- Discussion-- References (new page)
-- Tables (each on a new page)
-- Figure Caption (new page)
-- Figure (each on a new page, no running head or page#)
Citing
• Do not quote from scientific papers; instead, paraphrase and summarize
• Citing work in text:– Kaiser and Jobs (2004) found….– ..showed no differences (Kaiser & Jobs, 2004)
reference page 1” + margins (bottom too)page header
page #
Prosocial Behavior 11
References
Banyon,I. P., Hector, L., & Slachter, R. V. (1993). On correlates of
italics adolescent prosocial behavior. Personality and Social Psychology,
43, 212-219.
Harrelson, G. L. (1992). Age differences in adolescent prosocial behavior.
Adolescent Bulletin, 2, 112-129.
Reference includes: Author (in order with initials), data, title of article, title of publication (italics), volume number (for journals -- italics), page numbers.
First line of reference is flush with the left margin, all subsequent lines are indented 4 spaces -- everything is double-spaced.
Table 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
page header page#
Prosocial Behavior 12
Table 1
italics Summary of Age, Gender and Ethnic Background
__________________________________________
Variable Univariate Summary
__________________________________________
Age M = 20.23 S = 2.15
Gender male 120 (40%)
female 180 (60%)
Ethnic African-American 90 (20%)
Asian-American 90 (20%)
European-American 180 (40%)
Hispanic-American 90 (20%)
__________________________________________
Statistical symbols in italics - M, S
Table 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
page header page#
Prosocial Behavior 13
Table 2
italics Relationship of Gender and Preferred Situation
__________________________________________
Situation
Gender Known Persons Strangers
___________________________________________
Female 160 20
Male 55 65
___________________________________________
Figure 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
Caption page header page#
Prosocial Behavior 14
centered Figure Caption
Figure 1. Mean number of prosocial behaviors for
each type of situation.
Figure 2. Mean number of prosocial behaviors as a
function of gender.
italics
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Familiar Unfamiliar
Mea
n N
umbe
r of
Pro
soci
al A
cts
Backside of figure
TOP
Figure #
Running Head
Abstract 1”+ margins (bottom too) all double-spaced
page header Do not page # indent
Prosocial Behavior 2
Abstract
Relationships between characteristics of the individual,
the situation, and prosocial behavior were investigated.
The Personal and Social Prosocial Behavior Question-
naire was completed by 300 undergraduates. Results
replicated the common finding that personal attributes
are related to the likelihood of performing certain
prosocial behaviors, p<.05. In addition, it was found ...
APA Abbreviations
• Hour = hr• Minute = min• Second = s• Millisecond = ms• Inch = in.• Mile = mi• Meter = m• Centimeter = cm
• e.g. = for example• i.e. = that is• et al. = and others• cf. = compare
Numbers v Numerals• Use numerals in the following cases
1. all numbers 10 or above (13 responses, 108 examples)All numbers below 10 grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above4 out of 10 dentists BUT four out of five dentists
2. Numbers immediately preceding a unit of measurement3. Statistical or mathematical functions, decimals, percentages, ratios
multiplied by 6, a ratio of 16:1,4. Time, dates, ages, sample size, specific number of subjects, scores and points on a scale,
exact sums of money 2 weeks ago, 1 hr 34 min, 12:30 a.m, 9-year olds, 4-point scales, 2 participants, etc.
5. Numbered series, parts of books or tables, or in list of four or more numbersTrial 3 , Table 4; 1, 3, 4 and 7 words, respectively
6. All numbers in the Abstract
Write out all other cases (three responses, eight examples ) and override use of numeral rules (above) when:1. The number starts sentence (Thirty subjects were…) 2. Common fractions (one-half, two-thirds)3. Universally accepted usage (Ten Commandments)4. Extremely large values, mix numeral and words (2 million)
Example published paper
• Different to manuscript on some format issues, but not content issues