Research Methods: Multifactorial Design
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Transcript of Research Methods: Multifactorial Design
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Factorial Designs
Brian J. Piper, Ph.D.
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Goals
• Main Effect(s)
• Interaction
• graph & statistics comparison
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Terminology
• ceiling effects:
• floor effects:
• factorial design: more than 1 independent variable– 2 x 3
– 3 x 4
– 2 x 5 mixed (2 between group, 5 within groups)
• factorial matrix (2 x 2) with 4 cells (conditions)
• main effect: overall effect of an IV (sex or drug)
Males Females
Drug 1st 2nd
Placebo 4th 3rd
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Terminology
• Ceiling effects: mean score near maximum
• Floor effects: mean score near minimum
• factorial design: more than 1 independent variable– 2 x 3
– 3 x 4
– 2 x 5 mixed (2 between group, 5 within groups)
• factorial matrix (2 x 2) with 4 cells (conditions)
• main effect: overall effect of an IV (sex or drug)
Males (A1) Females (A2)
Drug (B1) 1st 2nd
Placebo (B2) 4th 3rd
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Main Effect (Intuition)
Main Effect of Type of Training Main Effect of Presentation rate
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Examining Main Effects
• Main Effects (continued)
– Calculations row and column means
– For hypothetical data:
• Row mean #1 mean of 17 and 23 (= 20)
• Row mean #2 mean of 12 and 18 (= 15)
• Column mean #1 mean of 17 and 12 (= 14.5)
• Column mean #2 mean of 23 and 18 (= 20.5)
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Main Effects
• Male and Female college students (N=89) were assigned to different encoding intervals (3, 6, 9, 12, or 15) with the Novel Faces and Places (NFAP) test.
• This design is _____ x _____
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Main Effects: Intuitive
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Main Effects: Statistical
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Main Effects: Statistical
• Between Groups degrees of freedom = #groups - 1
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More Main Effects
• Attractiveness rating at different times among bar patrons
Mickey Gilley (1 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e2qsnHVAo4&feature=fvst
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More Main Effects
• Attractiveness rating at different times among bar patrons
Mickey Gilley (1 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2e2qsnHVAo4&feature=fvst
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Interaction
• The effect of one IV (A) depends on the level of another IV (B)
• Possibilities:
A B A x B
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Interaction (but no main effect) Example #1
• Interactions
– IVs course emphasis and student major
– No main effects (row and column means all equal 75)
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Guideline
• Parallel Lines: main effect
• Non-parallel lines: interaction
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Self-Test
• Rats were exposed to MDMA or Saline during adolescence (age 35 to 60) and locomotoractivity tested at age 65
• Time Main Effect: ?
• Drug Main Effect: ?
• Interaction: ?
Piper et al. (2007) Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 145-157.
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Example
• Rats were exposed to MDMA or Saline during adolescence (age 35 to 60) and locomotoractivity tested at age 65
• Time Main Effect: Yes
• Drug Main Effect: No
• Interaction: Yes
Piper et al. (2007) Developmental Psychobiology, 47, 145-157.
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Emotional Labeling
• Participants (N=32) are asked to label emotions of faces
Anger Fear
Direct
Averted
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
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Emotional Labeling
• Participants (N=32) are asked to label emotions of faces
• Response time recorded (ms)Anger Fear
Direct 862.3 (23.5) 944.5 (27.5)
Averted 914.1 (25.6) 891.2 (24.4)
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
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Guess
• Main effect of direction: ?
• Main effect of expression: ?
• Interaction: ?
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Guess
• Main effect of direction: No
• Main effect of expression: Yes
• Interaction: ?
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
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Guess
• Main effect of direction: No
• Main effect of expression: Yes
• Interaction: Yes
Adams & Kleck (2003) Psychological Science, 14, 644-647.
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Statistical Output
Further Factorial Example (12 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EgVmfryCAkU
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Decision Times
A Main Effect of Sex: Main Effect of Type:Sex x Type Interaction:
Waller & Linn (2012) J Student Research.
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Decision Times
A
Waller & Linn (2012) J Student Research.
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A: X axisB: red versus blue groups
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Data Collection Guidelines
• Be early
• Be organized
• Pilot (including coding data)
• Be consistent
• Be appreciative
• Be conservative