Reproductive system Notes
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Mr. Hildebrandt
The Reproductive SystemAnatomy & Physiology
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Reproductive System FunctionsReproductive System Functions Ensure the continuation
of the human species
Designed to produce, store & transport gametes
(sex cells).
Gonads (sex organs) carry out meiosis to produce gametes:
Testis – Male gonads produce sperm Ovaries – Female gonads that produce
eggs
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Reproductive System DevelopmentReproductive System Development Sexual Dimorphism (differentiation)
begins soon after fertilization
Dependant upon the development of endocrine & urinary systems
Puberty marks reproductive maturity
Gamete production slows when there is a reduction in sex hormones:
Males – Andropause Females - Menopause
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Male External GenitaliaMale External Genitalia Scrotum: divided sac that maintains testes
at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm viability
Penis: Shaft: contains three
areas of erectile tissue Glans penis (enlarged tip) Prepuce (foreskin)
Folded cuff of skin around proximal end Often removed by circumcision
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Male Gamete ProductionMale Gamete Production Spermatogenesis
(sperm production) begins in the testis and takes 64-72 days
Each lobule of the testis contains 1-4 seminiferous tubules
Interstitial cells in testis produce androgens such as testosterone
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Sperm Cell – The male gameteSperm Cell – The male gamete
The only human flagellated cell
DNA is found in the head
Are produced from puberty until death
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Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System Testis – male gonad
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
Urethra
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SemenSemen – designed to survive the – designed to survive the female reproductive tractfemale reproductive tract
Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Advantages of additive secretions: Fructose provides energy for sperm cells
Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication
Elements of semen enhance sperm motility
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Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System
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Female External GenitaliaFemale External Genitalia
Vaginal orifice
Vestibule
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora
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Female Gamete ProductionFemale Gamete Production Oogenesis (egg production) takes place
in the ovaries The total supply of eggs
are present at birth Ability to release eggs
begins at puberty Reproductive ability
ends at menopause Oocytes (female gamete) are matured
in developing ovarian follicles
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Ovarian Follicle StagesOvarian Follicle Stages Primary follicle – contains an immature
oocyte
Graafian (vesicular) follicle – growing follicle with a maturing oocyte
Ovulation – when the egg is mature the follicle ruptures Occurs about every 28
days Ruptured follicle transforms
into corpus luteum
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Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Cervix
Vaginal canal
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Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System
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Menstrual (Uterine) CycleMenstrual (Uterine) Cycle Pituitary gland secretes follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) into bloodstream.
Ovaries recognize FSH & produce a follicle (egg & supportive cells).
Follicle secretes estrogen into bloodstream.
Estrogen leads is recognized by: Pituitary gland which stops secreting FSH Uterus which begins to thicken its lining
Pituitary gland now secretes lutenizing hormone (LH) into bloodstream.
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More of the Menstrual CycleMore of the Menstrual Cycle The ovary recognizes LH and releases an
ovum – ovulation.
Supportive cells left behind in the ovary (now called the corpus luteum) secrete
progesterone into the bloodstream.
Progesterone is recognized by: Pituitary gland which stops secreting LH Uterus which rapidly thickens its lining
If no fertilization occurs, corpus luteum breaks down & stops making progesterone
Without progesterone, the extra uterine lining is shed - menstruation
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine CyclesCycles
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Sexual ReproductionSexual Reproduction Requires sexual dimorphism A certain amount of arousal is necessary Copulation is the transfer of sperm to
the female reproductive tract Fertilization takes place in the female
fallopian tubes Embryo implants in the female uterus Embryogenesis is comprised of the 23
Carnegie stages of development
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Human FertilizationHuman Fertilization The oocyte is viable for 12 to
24 hours after ovulation Sperm are viable for 12 to 48
hours after ejaculation Sperm cells must make their
way to the uterine tube for fertilization to be possible
The membrane of the oocyte does not permit a second sperm head to enter
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Human FertilizationHuman Fertilization
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Childbirth (Partition)Childbirth (Partition) Labor – the series of events that expel
the infant from the uterus
Initiation of labor: Estrogen levels rise Uterine contractions begin The placenta releases
prostaglandins Oxytocin is released by the
pituitary These hormones produce
contractions
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Human Mammary GlandsHuman Mammary Glands Modified sweat glands:
Alveolar glands – clusters of milk producing glands within lobules
Lactiferous ducts – connect alveolar glands to nipple
Present in both sexes, but only function in
females Stimulated by sex
hormones (mostly estrogens) to increase
in size