UNICEFREP vRT 1978

CONTENTSINTRODUCTION , . . . i

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OFTHE CHILD 3

UN1CEF POLICIES 5

Advocacy for Children 5

Forms of Co-operation 6

Country Approach 6

Focusing on the Child 6

Priority Groups 6

Bringing Things Together . . . 6

Encouraging Innovation 7

Watching Country Costs 7

Training Emphasis 7

Community Involvement 7

Basic Services:A Unifying Policy Theme 9

UNICEF PROGRAMMEASSISTANCE . „ . l l

Expenditures and Commitments 12Child Health \A

Primary Health Care 15

Immunization 16

Responsible Parenthood 17

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation . . 18

Child Nutrition 19

Village-Level Technology . . , 21

Formal and Non-Formal Education . . . . 22

Social Welfare Services for Children . . . .23Urban Services 24

Emergency Relief and Rehabilitation . . .26

UNICEf FINANCES 27Revenue 27

Contributions for Specific Purposes. .27Medium-Term Work Plan 33

Expenditure and Working Capital 34

BACKGROUND INFORMATIONABOUT UNICEF 35

Origins 35

Organization 35

Co-operation with United NationsSystem 36

UNICEF National Committees 37Greeting Cards 37

Relations with Non-GovernmentalOrganizations *, 37

IU\ INTRODUCTION

which infant mortality in developing coun-tries is eight times that of the industrialisedcountries and malnutr i t ion affectsone-quarter of all children in developingcountries.

However, some illustrative calculationsbased on UN1CEF experience indicate thatincreased resources can make a significantdifference. A steady growth in income to the$500 million I just mentioned would, forexample, enable UNICEF to help anestimated 12 percent of the unreachedchildren to get health care and safe water.

Primary responsibility resides, of course,with the individual governments and theyprovide from their own resources manytimes the amount of assistance they receivefrom the international community. Anumber of them are already planning toextend at least some elementary servicescountrywide during the 1980s. But theyneed help.

The stimulation IYC will give such effortsis an important challenge, not only forUNICEF but also for other organizations.UNICEF alone could never presume to pro-vide all the external assistance needed; onlywith increased help—from bilateral agen-

with water for drinking and household use,to improve nutrition, to boost the quantityand better the quality of formal and non-formal education, and to strengthen socialwelfare services and women's activitieswhich bear on children's well-being.

As one step towards increasing its supportand helping to seize these opportunities,the UNICEF Executive Board has set arevenue target for UNICEF of $240 millionfor the year 1980.

Looking further, I believe the scope of theunmet needs of these children is so greatthat UNICEF should try to reach $500million a year in revenue by the mid-1980s.

The needs can hardly be overstated: it isestimated that some 400 million childrenunder six years of age in developing coun-tries have no access to health services, com-pared with the 100 million who do; 300million young rural children have no regularsupply of safe water, compared with the 60million who do; little more than 60 per centof the 360 million children of primaryschool age are actually in school, and almosthalf do not attend long enough to achieveand retain literacy.

These figures are pan of a situation in

This report comes at a significant point inthe history of world concern for the situationof its children.

It is the eve of the International Year ofthe Child, proclaimed by the United Na-tions for 1979 to encourage all countries toreview the situation of their children andtheir policies and programmes for the pro-motion of children's well-being.

Within the United Nations system,UNICEF was designated by the GeneralAssembly as the "lead agency" for the Year.Efforts and activities now being stimulatedfor the Year as such will be covered in moredetail elsewhere in this report.

Let me just say now that I am firmly con-vinced that the activities to be initiated in1979 in observation of the InternationalYear of the Child will have a very importantimpact beyond 1979. With the stimulus ofIYC acting on existing aspirations, manydeveloping country governments will bepreparing programmes in the main fieldsbearing on the well-being of their children.

In this process, opportunities—organiza-tional, technical and financial—are beingcreated by governments and others to ex-tend primary health care, to supply villages

Because of these factors and because ofthe powerful stimulation of IYC, it shouldnow be possible to set in motion plans andprogrammes that will drastically improvethe fate of the new generations of children. 1believe this task is manageable in both scopeand in time. Major progress is possible evenin the next five years and the bulk of theproblem could be solved by the end of thiscentury, if the international communityresponds as it could and should.

cies, other United Nations sources and non-governmental organizations—can nationalservices be extended rapidly.

However, because of its commitment toIYC, it is clearly incumbent on UNICEF tomake a very special effort to give a lead to theinternational community in helping coun-tries carry out the decisions they make dur-ing the Year. UNICEF's input would helptrain national staff, and allow methods to betried and proven on a small scale beforelarger investments are made. There are alsopossibilities of aid consortia for projects insuch fields; many bilateral agencies and in-ternational organizations are increasingtheir attention to health, water, nutritionand education. With enlarged aid fromthese sources, a major impact on the prob-lems affecting children would be possiblewithin the next five years.

Many people—government officials,economists and others—have long believedthat the needs of children in the developingworld were so vast that there was little pointin trying to address them seriously untilsome of the more urgent problems ofeconomic development had been resolved.We in UNICEF do not share this view. We

are convinced that with increased andimaginative efforts, and with investmentswell within current world capacities, it isperfectly possible to make decisive progresswithin the next two decades toward givingchildren a good start in life.

There is growing recognition in the inter-national community not only that this canbe done but that it represents an approachwhich is important, even fundamental, tothe success of development generally.

Strong links exist, for example, betweenthe principles of this approach and some ofthe themes of the New InternationalEconomic Order, such as equity withincountries and self-reliance.

The care, protection and preparation ofchildren is a pre-condition for achievingthese goals. Only then can their potential berealized and their full participation in thedevelopment of their communities andsociety be assured.

We believe there is now greater awarenessof the tragic situation of millions of childrenand new understanding of the fact that thecause of children and that of development

\ <.U2^^C&-L*

Henry R. LabouisseExecutive DirectorUnited Nations Children's Fund

\

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE CHILD

The secretariat is producing anddistributing basic information and corematerial for national IYC commissions,NGOs and the media. It is also meeting re-quests for technical information or supportof specialised meetings, workshops, sym-posia and research in child-relevant areassuch as health, child care services, handi-capped children and children's rights.

The Special Representative of the Year,Dr. Estefania Aldaba Iim, who is directlyresponsible to the Executive Director, hasundertaken visits to Asia, the Middle East,Africa and Latin America to stimulate theestablishment of national commissions or tostrengthen the preparations of those in

The operational costs of the IYCsecretariat for the three years from mid-1977to mid-1980, estimated at $5.2 million, areto be financed by special contributions fromgovernments. By mid-1978 some $) millionof this had been pledged.

Non-governmental organizations inmany countries are preparing for the Year.About 100, including organizations con-cerned with a broad range of issues affecting

Reports to the 1978 session of the Ex-ecutive Board showed that IYC hasgenerated much enthusiasm and a wideresponse, and that considerable progress hasbeen made in preparations for the Year.

By mid-1978, some 70 countries hadestablished national commissions for theYearwith almost 40 more expected to do so.Another 50 or so countries plan active par-ticipation in other forms.

The objective of the Year is for allcountries—developed and developing—tocommit themselves to long-term measuresto improve the situation of their children.

In many countries it is being seen as a realopportunity to identify and analyse in depththe complex, sometimes tragic, problemsaffecting so many of their young and toinstitute programmes of concrete action totackle these problems.

UNICEF, as the organization designatedby the General Assembly to be the UnitedNations system's "lead agency" for theYear, has established a small IYC secretariatwithin the UNICEF administrative structureto handle immediate responsibilities and toprovide a focus for international activities.

the lives of children and representing everygeographic region and different ideologicaland cultural background, are members ofan NGO Committee for IYC led by a smallco-ordinating group with offices in Genevaand New York.

This committee has prepared a compen-dium of NGO activities, with details ofprojects, conferences and programmes; hasset up working groups on different sets ofissues; and has provided guidelines for in-volvement of children in IYC activitiestogether with information on existing ex-perience and sources of professional advice.

UNICEF has allocated $3 million of itsown resources to help developing countrieswith activities preparing for a strengtheningand extension of services benefiting childrenafter 1979.

These preparatory activities includereview of existing policies and services af-fecting children and preparation of plans toimprove them wherever possible. The ef-forts will focus particularly on possibilitiesfor community-based services, the setting ofpriorities and operational objectives and themobilisation of popular support.

By mid-1978 such activities were going onin 56 countries, 20 of them in the "least-developed" category; UNICEF helps withsuch costs as payments for services ofnational experts, contracts with national in-stitutions and costs of seminars, workshopsand documentation.

Because circumstances vary from countryto country there is no uniform pattern tothese preparatory activities.

By mid-1978, more than 20 countries hadinitiated or were envisaging an assessment ofthe situation and needs of their children, oran updating of existing studies of this sort.Others are studying more specificproblems—in health, nutrition, preschooland primary education, assistance to han-dicapped children and providing betterlegal protection for children. Particularissues include parental awareness of nutri-tion problems, the role of the father in rear-ing children, the part played by traditionand community life, the life of nomadicchildren and the access of rural people tohealth care and schools.

These activities, which by mid-1978 in-volved costs to UNICEF totalling an esti-mated $1.5 million, are not tied to currentor future UNICEF assistance. Governmentsare encouraged to take a wide-rangingview of their children's needs in the lightof national policies and priorities.

The action or services which result are tobe essentially financed by the country itself,with support from many outside sources butincluding UNICEF.

#

UNICEF POLICIES

UNlCEF's job is to co-operate in develop-ing country efforts to improve the situationof their children and to give those children agood stan in life.

This is a comprehensive view, having asits goal not only the child's survival but alsothe opportunity to realise his potential, toenjoy the basic rights and privileges em-bodied in the International Declaration ofthe Rights of the Child, and to contribute tohis country's progress and well-being.

In short, UNICEF sees the developmentof children as an essential step in thedevelopment of people and thus ofcountries.

Advocacy for ChildrenOne of the overall goals of UNICEF,

therefore, is that countries formulate long-term national policies for children andyouth as a logical part of their overalldevelopment process.

More immediately, UNICEF seeks tofocus attention on the critical needs ofchildren—and opportunities to meetthem—and tries to secure greater priorityfor national and international efforts forservices benefiting children. This includesche urging of greater deployment of

Breast-feeding side-by-stde in a Togo health centre with bottle-feeding. The spread of bottle-feedingin developing countries, due to urbanization and mothers 'perception of the practice as modern andtherefore superior, has had harmful effects, Bottles not cleaned regularly contaminate their contents,which may also be diluted to make the more expensive breast-milk substitute go further. UNICEFwith WHO u co-operating at country-level to help promote breast-feeding through community-level research and the development of programmes, design of educational materials, and training ofrelevant health personnel.

family and the community of which they arcparr. Sometimes services which workthrough other members of family or com-munity—such as helping mothers to adoptbetter child-rearing practices—are the bestway to help the child.

Priority GroupsThe specific needs of different age and

socio-economic groups are an importantconsideration. Priority is given to the needsof young children, because they are the mostvulnerable, and to children of lower-incomefamilies in, for example, unreached andunderserved rural and urban communities.

Country ApproachThese are the elements but, while rela-

tively more support is given to projects inleast-developed countries, there is nocentrally-decided standard for the pattern ofUNICEF co-operation. In each countryassisted, UNICEF field staff work out withnational planners, officials of relevantministries and administrators the particularprogramme of co-operation which fits thecountry's own priorities, takes advantage ofvarious possibilities for action and is in linewith UNICEF's policies.

resources, both internal and external, forthese services, together with adequate provi -sion for children in country developmentplans, national or zonal.

UNICEF's view is that, since there is nodevelopment without people, planningwhich does not consider and involve the in-terests and concerns of the community andthe family is unlikely to have any lastingbenefit. And that whatever their particularexpression, these interests and concerns willhave at their heart the betterment ofchildren.

Forms of Co-operationHow do UNICEF's policies translate into

action? Co-operation takes three broad

• help for the planning and design of serv-ices benefiting children;

• the delivery of supplementary supplies,equipment and other aid for extendingthese services; and

• funds to strengthen training of nationalpersonnel.

Focusing on the ChildOne of the fundamentals of UNICEF

programme policy is that the co-operationhas to be of direct or indirect benefit tochildren, irrespective of benefits to other agegroups. This criterion equally recognises theparticular vulnerability of children and thefact that a comprehensive view of theirneeds has to be taken if their potential is tobe realised. Implicit in the approach is therecognition that problems of children can-not be tackled in isolation from those of the

Bringing Things TogetherCo-operation should address the long-

term priority problems of children whereaction is possible, preferably as part ofmainstream development efforts, and try totake account of the ways these problems areinter-related in such fields as health services,water supply, family food supply, com-munity development and other socialwelfare services.

UNICEF policy on strengthening the train-ing and orientation of personnel in servicesbenefiting children, and including provi-sion for this in projects wherever possible.

Thus UNICEF co-operation is availablefor pilot and "starter" activities not initiallypart of a country's development plans butoffering promise of evolving into national

This means helping to strengthen notonly the child-related efforts of individualministries but also the links between theseefforts. One key objective is the convergenceof sectoral services at the community level sothat they complement and reinforce each

Community InvolvementProgramme policy also seeks to encourage

community involvement in order todevelop self-reliance, to mobilise acountry's human resources and to promotegreater local participation in, and respon-sibility for, services benefiting children.

This may include support for actioninitiated by local government units, com-munity organizations and leaders, women'sgroups, youth and other non-governmentalorganizations, or even school children.

UNICEF has fostered community in-volvement in various ways for many years. In1975, this experience—combined with thatof a considerable number of developingcountries—led to UNICEF adopting thecommunity-based services approach as anoverall policy theme. UNICEF called thisthe "Basic Services" approach.

Watching Country CostsIn all its assistance, and pre-eminently in

the more innovative approaches, UNICEFpolicy is to evaluate costs to the country, par-ticularly recurring costs beyond the initialperiod of support from external sources.

These costs have to be reasonable enoughto be borne in the future by central and localgovernment budgets and the community.This is a factor bearing not only on continua-tion of the individual project but also on itspossibilities for replication elsewhere in thecountry.

Encouraging InnovationProgramme policies, however, are flex-

ible enough to launch projects aimed atsolving a problem such as, for example, con-trol of endemic goitre. Or to favour"multiplier effect" project elements likelyto increase substantially the coverage andquality of long-term services benefitingchildren—as in, for example, helpingstrengthen relevant capacities atintermediate and local levels of govern-ment, from provincial or district to villageand urban community levels.

Innovative approaches are also within thescope of UNICEF policy, making possiblethe risk-taking involved in testing potential"growing points" in child-related projectdesigns and strategies.

Training EmphasisAllied to consideration of ongoing costs is

the importance of assessing what is likely tohappen after UNICEF assistance ends. Thisis one reason for the major emphasis in

(UNICEF photo ICEF 7726by Hotsi Ccrni)

Boys from the school ofMelena Alta in Bolivia's

Potosi department wash theirfaces in a water puddle. Lackof clean water and had sani-

tation have meant a highincidence of sickness in theircommunity which has been

selected to receive help in thepilot stages of a UNICEF-

assistedprogramme of inte-grated rural development.

BASIC SERVICES:A UNIFYING POLICYTHEME

The Basic Services approach in fact sub-sumes many of the policy principles alreadyoutlined. It is already being applied in vary-ing degrees in a considerable number ofcountries. In a few it has evolved into astrategy for social development, eithercountrywide or in specific development

What it is, Basic Services is an approachaimed at extending a group of simple inter-related services benefiting children intovillages and poor urban areas.

Many of these services, such as maternaland child care, safe water supply and wastedisposal, or measures to meet the basiceducational needs of children and mothershave been assisted by UNICEF for a long

The emphasis in the new approach is ondelivery of mutually-supporting services,with the people of the community involvedfrom the outset in identifying their needs,deciding priorities, choosing from among

themselves the community or primary levelworkers and contributing to the recurring

Why it is needed. Ithas become clear thatin many developing countries it is not possi-ble in the foreseeable future to reach by con-ventional measures the very large numbersof children now poorly served or not servedat all. On the other hand, community basedservices are more responsive to people's

Efforts to bridge the gap have to be made,not only by extending from the centralgovernment levels outward but also byestablishing simple services at the local levelbuilt on the interest and spirit of that com-munity and reaching in turn towards theother levels of government services.

How it works. The strategy is based in thecommunity, village or urban. The people ofthe community choose from amongthemselves those who could be "commu-nity workers": the individual they regard asthe best farmer, for example, or the personthey most trust for health care, or one theynaturally turn to for advice about raisingtheir babies.

These people are given brief, simplespecialised training with other workerschosen from nearby villages orneighbourhoods.

They return to their communities to pro-vide basic services and to help theirneighbours learn new ways of doing things:how to grow more and better food, whichlocal foods would be more nutritious forsmall children, how to dig a well or latrine,why it is important that water be safe andused for keeping the home clean, simplemeasures for preventing and treatingdiseases common in the area.

Other elements of the approach includethe introduction of simple technologies tolighten the daily tasks of women and girls,and educational and social programmes de-signed to improve family and child care andcreate greater opportunities for women'sparticipation in community affairs.

Community workers, however, could notfunction effectively alone. They must bepan of a "system", part of the network ofgovernment services which have beenaugmented by auxiliaries, and reoriented tosupport delivery to the periphery. Com-munity workers are the outer ring of the

national system, the step by which existingservices can be extended to reach all thosethey are intended to serve.

Why it works. The Basic Servicesapproach thus tackles the most pervasiveproblems of children at the same time as itcontributes to national development. Itaims at the poorest, most undeserved com-munities, building self-reliance and na-tional capacity as it contributes to equitywithin the country. It attacks inter relatedproblems at levels where that inter-relationship can hardly be overlooked.

Moreover, the Basic Services approach,being labour-intensive, provides oppor-tunities for the productive use of developingcountry human resources, abundantlyavailable but substantially neglected. Theapproach makes it possible to reach childrenwith essential services, and at long-termrecurring costs the community and nationwill be able to afford, given sufficient out-side aid over a sustained period to help meetcapital costs and launch the process.

# # UNICEF PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE

UNICEF is co-operating in servicesbenefiting children in 104 developing coun-tries; 46 in Africa, 27 in Asia, 21 in the

Americas, 9 in the Eastern Mediterraneanregion and one in Europe. By 1980 these

countries will have an estimated 960 millionchildren 15 years and under.

Countries Having UNICEF-Assisted Projects in 1978*

AFRICA (46)THE AMERICAS (21)**

Bolivia

ColombiaCosta Rica

DominicanRepublic

EASTERN

BahrainDemocratic.

Lebanon

EcuadorEl SalvadorGuatemalaGuyana

HondurasJamaicaMexicoNicaragua

Paraguay

Surinam

MEDITERRANEAN (9)

Yemen SudanSyrian Arab Kcpublic

EUROPE (1) Turkey

EAST ASIA AND PAKISTAN (20)AlgeriaAngola

BotswanaBurundiCape VerdeCentral African

Comoros

DjiboutiEquatorial

GuineaEthiopiaGabonGambia

Guinea-BissauIvory Coast

Lesotho

MadagascarMalawi

MauritaniaMauritiusMoroccoMozambique

NigeriaRwandaSao Tome

and PrincipeSenegalSeychellesSierra LeoneSomaliaSwaziland

TunisiaUgandaUnited Republic

of CameroonUnited Republic

of TanzaniaUpper Voha

Zambia

BangladeshBurmaCook Islands

Gilbert IslandsIndonesiaLao People's

DemocraticRepublic

MalaysiaNew Hebrides

PakistanPapua New Guinea

PhilippinesRepublic of KoreaSamoaSocialist Republic

of Viet NamSolomon IslandsThailand

Tuvalu

SOUTH CENTRAL ASIA (7)

AfghanistanBhutan

Maldives

Mongolia

Sri Lanka

e^^^^^=ss=E%ss

EXPENDITURES ANDCOMMITMENTS

Table 2 shows UNICEF expenditures in1977 by major field of aid. The classificationis made according to the particular govern-ment ministry having predominant respon-sibility for a project. It does not fully reflectthe trend in many countries, encouraged byUNICEF, to provide various services forchildren in an inter-related way at the com-munity level so that they complement andreinforce each other.

Table 3 shows, by region and type of pro-gramme, the balance of commitmentsavailable for use after 1 January 1978, totall-ing $304 million, and the commitments ap-proved by the UNICEF Executive Board in1978 at its May session, totalling $226million. The UNICEF Board makes com-mitments to support projects over a periodof years. About two-thirds of the total com-mitments are planned to be spent in 1978and 1979. and the remainder later.

Expenditure in 1977 Compared with 1976

1976 1977(in millions of US dollais)

'Expenditure for rehabilitation of damagedand destroyed facilities is included infigures for the appropriate programme-sectors. Total expenditure for emergencyaid and rehabilitation amounted to $24.2million in 1976 and $27.3 million in 1977.

'Docs not include expenditure foroperations not directly resulting fromExecutive Board commitments. In 1977.UNICEF also handled donated foods forchildren worth an estimated $33 million,and procured supplies worth $14 millionon a reimbursable basis, bringing the total—in financial terms—of UNICEF"output" for the year to almost $190million. After deducting staff assessment,the net administrative cost of handling thisoutput was $11,4 million, or 6 percent,of the total.

Child healthMaternal and child

health 25.3 359Village water supply 13-5 17.9Responsible parenthood

(mainly funds-in-irustfrom UNFPA forfamily planning) 4.7 5.0

Total child health 43.5 58.8Child nutrition 9.0 8.8Social welfare services

forchildrcn 4.9 7.0Formal education 14.1 19,6Non-formal education 3 3 3.7Emergency relief* -.. 1.1 0.7General 6.4 7.4Programme support services . . . 18.9 21.9

Total assistance 101.2 127-9

Administrative services 11.7 13.8

TOTAL... 112.9 141.7

Balance of Unspent Commitments as of 1 January 1978 and Commitments Approved by the Board in 1978, by Region and Typeof Programme (in thousands of US dollars)

Americas

East Asia

Pakistan

EasternMcditer-

regional

Balance or" unspent commitmentsasofljaimaryl978 _ , , , . . , . 73.556 21,670 103.674 49,633 26,192 29,328 304.053

1978 Board Commitments:Child health 18,263 1.010 40.218 37.004 2,510 15 99.020Child nutrition , 1,778 2.020 2,841 14.587 140 — 21,366SociaJ welfare services forchildrcn 5,627 1,138 1,811 9,519 1,520 — 19.615Formal education - 3,704 154 5,165 5.794 320 — 15.137Non-formal education . . . . . . . . . . ; ; . ;...•; ,,• 3,294 78 4,818 2,170 110 — 10,470Emergency reserve .: — — — — — 1.000 1,000

General 2,098 764 2,488 4,219 450 1,800 11,819

Deficits , 183 59 — — 18 281 541Programme support 7,291 3,264 5,615 3.427 3,819 5.875 29.291Total assistance 42,238 8.487 62,956 76.720 8.887 8.971 208.259

Administrative services • 18.685 18,685Savings (cancellations) (224) — (3.7) — (1) (464) (726)Net increase in commitment in 1978 • 226,218

TOTAL «.. 115,570 30,157 166,593 126,353 35,078 56.520 530,271

CHILD HEALTHChild health is the major area of activity

supported by UNICEF. In 1977, it ac-

(UNICEF photo ICEF 7897byT. S. Saryan)

In 1977 UNICEF:• co-operated in child health

programmes in 100 countries:45 in Africa, 25 in Asia, 20 inthe Americas, 9 in theEastern Mediterranean regionand 1 in Europe.

• provided grants for training andrefresher courses for 72,800health personnel—doctors,nurses, public health workers,medical assistants, midwives andtraditional birth attendants.

• provided technical supplies andequipment for 32,900 healthcentres of various kinds—especially rural health centresand sub-centres.

• supplied medicines and vaccinesagainst tuberculosis, smallpox,diphtheria, tetanus, typhoid,measles, polio and other diseases.

The Corridor of Life, In aTamil Nadu health centre in

India a crowd of mothers wattwith their babies for a check-

up. Supplies of drugs andmedical equipment to motherand child health centres like

this are a major part ofUNICEF assistance,

counted for expenditures of almost $59million, % per cent of the total.

The main goals of UNICEF assistance inthis field are to extend coverage of maternaland child health services; immunization;family planning aspects of family health;safe, sufficient and accessible water supply;adequate sanitation; and health and nutri-tion education.

Primary Health CareUNICEF has been encouraging and co-

operating in the extension of maternal andchild health centres to the local or com-munity level for many years. This has beendone mainly through help for health centresand sub-centres and under-fives' clinics andfor the training of their personnel.

In 1975 it was decided that UNICEFshould work with WHO to advocate andsupport the primary health care (PHC) ap-proach. Pan of the Basic Services approach,PHC is designed to make basic health careaccessible to all children, of whom some 85per cent, mostly in rural and poor urbanareas, are at present unserved.

The PHC approach requires a re-orientation of conventional health service

Young children undergo their regular weighing at a community health and social services centre in avillage in Java, Indonesia. Since the weight and growth-rate of an infant or young child in any societynormally follows a well-defined course, regular weighing and recording of children's weight providesone of the simplest and best ways of ensuring that adiarrhoea/'illness or vitamin deficiency which canlead to malnutrition does not go undetected.

Parental knowledge and understanding of child health and nutrition is also increased by dis-cussions with visiting health workers over the card showing the progress of each child.

1

Increasing the support of other ministrieshas been one emphasis for the InternationalConference on Primary Health Care inAlma Ata, USSR, in September 1978,co-sponsored by WHO and UN1CEF. Theconference involved participation bydevelopment, finance and other officials aswell as those from health ministries

This reflects a growing recognition thathealth promotion is essentially a develop-ment issue, the responsibility of govern-ments as a whole and not just a technicalmatter for Ministries of Health.

The Alma Ata conference is being fol-lowed up by action to promote the exchangeof experience between developing coun-tries, to provide consultants from one coun-try to another and to strengthen attention tospecific problems of implementation ofprimary health care.

Included among these problems are there-orientation of national services sup-porting health, effective ways to de-centralise responsibilities to district andcommunity levels, the training and re-training of personnel at various levels, andlogistical support—including provision of alimited list of essential drugs forcommunities.

ImmunizationImmunization contributes significantly

to the reduction of child mortality and theavoidance of permanent disabilities.UNICEF is co-operating in campaignsagainst common diseases such as diph-theria, pertussis or whooping cough,tetanus, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis andmeasles.

Immunization is an important compo-nent of primary health care which, becauseit is based on the widest possible access tocommunities, presents a unique oppor-tunity to extend coverage.

Moreover, vaccines are now relatively in-expensive and effective, and the difficultyresides in organizing and financing theimmunization campaign.

UNICEF is thus supporting in a numberof countries the WHO "expanded pro-gramme of immunization", which usuallydelivers a number of vaccinationssimultaneously. UNICEF assistance is par-ticularly aimed at strengthening nationalmanagement, training, and technical andlogistics-support systems, includingeffective "cold chains" to protect vaccine

patterns in many developing countrieswhere health care has become pre-dominantly urban-oriented, mostly cura-tive in nature and accessible to only a smallpart of the population.

The approach involves extensive use ofcommunity workers for front-line curative,protective and health-promotion tasks.Community involvement in planning,supporting, staffing and managing thecommunity's health service is an essentialelement.

Once selected by the community,primary health workers are trained todiagnose and treat some four-fifths ofchildren's ailments using simple medicalmethods, techniques and equipment.Other problems are referred to healthcentres and hospitals. The country's healthinfrastructure provides technical policies,advice, supervision, training, referralservices, and administrative and logisticalsupport.

At the same time, the primary health careconcept is made part of other work aimed atthe community 's development—inagriculture, education, public works, hous-ing and communication, for example.

potency throughout the often-lengthydistribution process.

UNICEF is committed to continuingsuch help over a period of years to ensurelasting impact and has also helped nationalefforts to produce vaccines locally.

Responsible ParenthoodAssistance for responsible parenthood is

given to improve child health, welfare anddevelopment, all affected by the spacing ofbirths and by family size.

UNICEF does not approach responsibleparenthood as a separate activity but as apart of programmes for health, nutrition,education and for the advancement ofwomen.

In 1977 UNICEF provided assistanceworth almost $5 million, mainly financedby funds-in-trust from the United NationsFund for Population Activities, for familyplanning in 39 countries, usually as part ofmaternal and child health services.

A child in Upper Voltagetsashot of triple-action DPT vaccine which immunizes against diphtheria,pertussis or whooping cough, and tetanus. As one of the most basic preventive health care measures,immunization is fundamental to primary health care and makes an important contribution to re-ducing child mortality and averting permanent disability. UNICEF is co-operating in the WHO''expanded programme of immunization" which often provides a number of vaccinationssimultaneously.

clean water, allied with proper sanitationand health education, and the health andwelfare of infants and children.

In fact such efforts have proved one of themost effective and economical ways to im-prove the health status of children, having adirect impact on common diarrhoealailments and consequently on mal-nutrition.

There axe also indirect benefits. An ac-cessible water supply lessens the drudgery ofmothers, freeing diem to spend more timeon other activities which benefit their

Rural Water Supplyand Sanitation

UNICEF has been assisting rural watersupply and sanitation projects since 1953,initially on pilot- or demonstration-project

However it has become increasingly clearthat there is a vital link between adequate

In 1977 UNICEF:• co-operated in programmes to

supply safe water and improvedsanitation in 77 countries. Some10 million people (approx-imately 40 per cent of themchildren) benefited from approx-imately 58,000 water supplysystems; these included 56,787wells with handpumps, 976piped systems, and 415 wellswith motor-driven pumps.Almost 1.6 million peoplegained access to better wastedisposal systems.

Children get water from a UNlCEF-suppltedhandpump at a hospital in Bogblan, Afghanistan.Because of the vital link between adequate cleanwater and child health, UNICEF assistance in thisfield—helped by some large special contributions—has increased six-fold over the past decade. In1977, some 10 million people, including fourmillion children, gained access to supplies of cleanwater through this assistance.

(UNICEF photo 1CEF 7720 by Francesco Caracciolo)

CHILD NUTRITIONThe general state of child nutrition in any

country depends not only on national foodsupply and distribution but also on such fac-tors as employment, distribution of landand income, families' knowledge of nutri-tion and their capacity to produce and storefamily foods, and on health and othersocial services.

UNICEF can help in only some of theseareas. But, given the problem's many inter-related aspects, UNICEF seeks solutionswhich recognise these inter-relationships.Thus assistance for child nutrition cuts acrossvarious sectors and is part of efforts to ensuresafe water and sanitation, to expand im-munization, to provide basic health careand nutrition education, and to spreadknowledge of personal hygiene and child

In addition there is specific support for"applied nutrition"—family and com-munity gardens, poultry and small animalor fish production, better family foodstorage and local processing of foods foryoung children—which accounted for ex-penditures of $8.8 million in 1977. UNICEFalso delivered almost 28,000 tons of

children. And, since water is commonly acommunity priority, its supply is often thestarting point for self-reliant local efforts ofthe basic services type.

For such reasons, and with the help ofsome large special contributions, UNICEFassistance in this field has increased six-foldover the past decade. In 1977, wells or otherwater pumps installed with UNICEFsupport brought water to some 10 millionpeople including four million children.

UNICEF assistance, largely in rural areasthough sometimes in poor peri-urbandistricts, has provided drilling rigs, casingsand pumps for wells, and supplied pipes forsimple gravity-fed systems. It has also;helped train national technical staff, oftenon-the-job; strengthened the integration ofhealth education into village water supplyschemes; and promoted community par-ticipation in planning, constructionand—importantly—maintenance stages; aswell as encouraging environmental im-provements through sanitation. In anumber of countries UNICEF promotes andassists local manufacture of equipment andmaterials such as handpumps and water-seallatrine slabs.

In 1977 UNICEF:

• co-operated in nutrition pro-grammes in 61 countries; 25 inAfrica, 16 in Asia, 13 in theAmericas and 7 in the EasternMediterranean.

• helped to expand applied nutri-tion programmes in 78,800villages, equipping nutritioncentres and demonstrationareas, community and schoolorchards and gardens, fish andpoultry hatcheries, and seedproduction units.

• provided stipends to train 17,700village-level nutrition workers.

• delivered some 28,000 metrictons of donated foods (includ-ing wheat flour, rolled oats, skimmilk, special weaning foods andcorn-soy-milk) for distributionthrough nutrition andemergency feeding programmesin 14 countries.

donated supplementary food worth anestimated $33 million.

Particular UNICEF support in this field isalso given to:

• development of national or zonal foodand nutrition policies which take accountof the special needs of infants, young chil-dren and pregnant or nursing mothers;

• national or area systems of monitoringand forecasting of the food and nutritionsituation as it affects children;

• orientation and training for personnelsuch as planners, administrators, auxili-ary and community-level workers inservices with an impact on the food andnutrition situation—health, agriculture,education, community development andco-operatives;

• interventions against nutritional defi-ciency diseases. This includes provisionof large dose capsules of Vitamin A as apreventive measure in areas wherexerophthalmia, causing child blindness,is prevalent; salt iodization in areas ofendemic goitre; iron and folate supple-ments to combat anemia in mothers; andenrichment of food staples;

Mothers in a village in Tamil Nadu state in India learn the nutritional value ojlocal'green-leafvege-tables fivm visiting nutrition workers. The best way to promote better nutrition for children is often amatter of leaching mothers what readily-available foods can supply the correct balance of vitamins,minerals and proteins to supplement an adequate calorie intake. UNICEFprovides stipends for thetraining of village-level nutrition workers—some 17,700 of them last year.

low-cost, indigenously-based "technolo-gies"—ideas, methods, equipment, toolsand ptactices—which help to improve thenutrition, health and daily life of children,and to relieve family-level workloads, par-ticularly of mothers.

The work is now going on in most regionsof the developing world. A particular ex-ample is the Karen Village Technology Unitoutside Nairobi in Kenya. This unitdemonstrates more than fifty simple devicesin the fields of nutrition, water supply,home improvement and food conservation,and has recently begun to provide trainingand equipment-testing and development,and has launched village-level outreachactivities.

VILLAGE-LEVELTECHNOLOGY

UN1CEF in the past few years has begunto assist the development and promotion of

• nutrition in MCH services, policies andactivities promoting breast feeding, withthe addition of weaning foods after theage of 4-6 months, regular weighing ofyoung children, treatment of moderatemalnutrition, rehabilitation of cases ofsevere malnutrition;

• the development and local production,or home preparation, of low-costweaning foods.

In the field of child nutrition UNICEFworks particularly with the technicalguidance of FAO and WHO, with foodassistance from WFP, and in exchanges ofinformation and the development of largerprojects with the World Bank and UNDP.

A sturdy solar gram-dryer, made from materialscheap enough to be used by most village families,is at work in the Karen Village Technology Unit.outside Nairobi, Kenya. UNICEF in the past fewyears has begun helping to develop and promotelow-cost, indigenously-based "technologies"which help to improve (he nutrition, health anddaily life of children, and to lighten mothers'workloads. Karen demonstrates some fifty devicesof this sort, ranging in cost from a few cents to(UNICEF

photo ICEF 7900by Esbcn Thoming)

prepared by their own experiences forchange, self-help and organizing capacity;and an established role for women ineconomic life.

UNICEF is supporting a wide variety ofactivities directly benefiting urban childrenincluding mother and child health services,communicable disease control measures,child feeding, non-formal education pro-grammes and community and day-carecentres. There is also provision for the train-ing of community workers.

In his Note to the Board the ExecutiveDirector outlined certain principles for theadaptation of the community-based or BasicServices strategy to the urban situation:• Services should be planned and carried

out which capitalise on favourable fea-tures of the urban environment andwhich take advantage of the low-incomeurban residents' capacity for self-help.This would also require access to techni-cal and logistical supporting services;

• Community groups and individualsshould be involved and supported bygovernment in identifying problems andi n planning, carrying out and administer-ing community-level action;

URBAN SERVICES

In 1978, the Executive Board considereda consultant's report on the application ofthe Basic Services approach in the urban en-vironment and an Executive Director's Noteon UNICEF assistance to services benefitingchildren in low-income urban areas.Together with a report presented in 1977,they constituted a review of UNICEF's co-operation in this field during the last 7 years.

The latest report estimated that 156million children under 15 live in low-income areas of the developing world andthat, as a result both of birth-rates andmigration, the poor populations in urbanareas are growing twice as fast as total citypopulations.

The report pointed out that despite con-straints such as limited social programmepersonnel, lack of government infrastruc-ture, and the problem of creating links be-tween community and government, therewere distinctive features of the urban situ-ation favouring the community-basedservices strategy.

Some of these: high population density,facilitating delivery of services; populations

In 1977 UNICEF:• co-operated in social services for

children in 64 countries: 29 inAfrica, 13 in Asia, 12 inthe Americas and 10 in theEastern Mediterranean.

• supplied equipment to morethan 5,000 child welfare andday-care centres, 1,000 youthcentres and dubs, and 2,000women's centres or co-operatives.

• provided training stipends toover 6,000 women and girls inchild-care, homecrafts, foodpreservation and income-earning

• provided stipends to train some44,000 local leaders to helporganize basic services in theirown villages and communities.

• provided equipment and sup-plies to 300 training institutionsfor social workers, and trainingstipends for 7,700 childwelfare workers.

• Community-level services should besimple and low-cost with referral servicesavailable when required; and

• Community workers should be selectedby, or with the agreement of, the com-munity and should undergo simple train-ing and have the support of governmentpersonnel and services.

These principles provide the basis fordevelopment of various areas of UNICEFco-operation in the provision of social serv-ices in urban areas, including long-rangecomprehensive programmes undertaken inconjunction with a large funding source,supporting physical improvements; spe-cially-designed programmes of social ser-vices without large-scale physical im-provements; and the extension of nationalprogrammes of MCH services, schools, etc.into low-income urban areas.

All co-operation will be directedtowards strengthening national capacity topromote and support community-basedservices. National support in turn should cryto strengthen the community's capacity toassume responsibility for local services andshould include technical and logisticsassistance.

Simple toys stimulate youngchildren in a school started bya slum community in Carta-gena, Colombia. This' 'School of Benches'' is heldin a slum-dweller's house oryard, the teachers are gen-erally housewives with aprimary -school education,and toys are made of evensuch everyday items as lum-ber scraps, bottle tops orold plastic containers.The school's name derivesfrom the requirement thaistudents bring their ownseating from home, alongwith a pencil, notebook and"ABC"primer. ForaboutUS Si monthly, the childrenare stimulated and preparedfor formal schooling, taughthow to read and write and todo basic arithmetic. UNICEFhelped the ColombianGovernment and Cartagena 'jSlums Rehabilitation Officeto study and meet the funda-mental needs of schools likethis one and has contributedspecially-developed educa-tional materials.

r

Support for longer-term reconstructionand rehabilitation demands a much greaterlevel of UN1CEF resources since this oftencontinues after the main inflow of outsideaid has ended. It is funded in whole or inpart by special contributions.

UNICEF's ability co act swiftly and itsfocus on the special needs of children—needs often overlooked by the general reliefeffort—make its early contribution in emer-gency situations particularly valuable.

UNICEF's network of field offices, itslinks with other agencies—specifically aspart of the United Nations system-widedisaster relief programme—and its stockpileof 300 commonly-needed relief items in thePacking and Assembly Centre (UN1PAC),Copenhagen, all provide scope and flexi-bility when a disaster, natural or man-made,

Often UNICEF staff in the affected coun-try help to assess rapidly the most urgentneeds of children and mothers, and they canarrange to divert UN1CEF supplies alreadyin the country. There is also provision forUN1CEF Representatives to authorise localexpenditures up to a value of $25,000 inthese situations and, if warranted, to getadditional funds from the Executive Direc-tor's Emergency Reserve for which $1million is set aside each year.

UNICEF will further assist in exchange ofexperience within and between countriesamong responsible officials, and will seek toencourage larger-scale investment from ex-ternal aid sources for specific country-levelsituations of which it has knowledge.

EMERGENCY RELIEFAND REHABILITATION

Emergency relief accounts fora small pro-portion of UNICEF assistance, althoughoften its role is vital in the immediatepost-disaster period, Much more UNICEFassistance is provided for medium-termreconstruction and rehabilitation of servicesbenefiting children.

In 1977, relief supplies and other emer-gency help worth $700,000 were sent to adozen disaster or emergency situations. Asnoted in Table 2, total UNICEF assistancefor emergency relief and rehabilitationamounted to $27.3 million in 1977. Re-habilitation is recorded in the respectivefields of health, water, nutrition, etc.

(Lt\ UNICEF FINANCES

REVENUE

UNICEF's revenue comes from voluntarycontributions by governments and individ-uals. It was $164 million in 1977. of which$127 million was for general resources and$37 million for specific purposes.

The revenue came from the followingsources: 71 per cent directly from 133 gov-ernments and territories as regular andspecific-purpose contributions; 14 per centfrom private sources (fund-raising cam-paigns, greeting card profits and individualdonations); and 15 per cent from the UnitedNations system and miscellaneous sources.Table 4 shows UNICEF revenue during theyears 1973-1978 by source.

The 1977 revenue was 21 per cent or $29million higher than in 1976. Of this in-crease, $19 million came from govern-ments. Governmental contributions forgeneral resources increased by $11 million toa total of $92 million, a rise of 14 per cent.Governments also provided $8 millionmore in supplementary funding for specificpurposes compared with 1976. Govern-ment contributions are listed in Table 5.

Revenue for 1978 is estimated at $175

million—$140 million for general resourcesand $35 million for specific purposes. Thefinancial plan of UNICEF estimates revenueof $200 million in 1979 and $240 million in

Table 6 lists, by country, non-govern-mental contributions received in 1977,totalling $23.5 million. In addition to netproceeds from greeting cards, these con-tributions come from fund-raising activitiesof UNICEF National Committees, includ-ing the "Trick or Treat" campaign inCanada and the United States, and variouscollections, campaigns and special eventsorganized by National Committees inEurope, Japan and Australia. Significantsupport also continued to come from othernon-governmental organizations.

Table 7 lists contributions-in-kind madethrough UNICEF in 1977. These consistedmainly of children's foods, medicines andfreight, on which the donors placed an esti-mated value of $33 million; of this amount,commodities contributed by the EuropeanCommunity were valued at more than $29million. Contributions-in-kind are notlisted as income in UNICEF financialaccounts.

Contributions for SpecificPurposes

For some years, UNICEF has appealed togovernments and non-governmentalorganizations for contributions to long-termprojects for which UNICEF's regularresources are insufficient, and for relief andrehabilitation in emergency situations.During the period 1973-1977, about aquarter of the funds committed by UNICEFcame from such specific-purposecontributions.

Projects funded by specific-purpose con-tributions are prepared in the same way asthose funded from general resources. Nearlyall are in countries classified by the UnitedNations as "least developed" or "mostseriously affected".

At its 1978 session, the Executive Board"noted" 31 special assistance projects—thatk, projects to be carried out if and whenspecific contributions are received. Togetherwith "noted" projects previously approved,the total contributions UNICEF seeks forsuch projects is about $108 million? In

"Full information about each of these projects canbe found in the UNICEF publication. Proposals forSupplementary Funding, Volume 5. 1978.

UNICEF Revenue in the Period 1973-1978

W.7 57.9

(in millions of US dolkn)

68.5 80.9 92.0 .05General resources incomeContribut ions from GovernmentsContributions from non-governmental s o u r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . T . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Greeting Card Operation v^:vOrher income •• • • •'•• ••-

Toial available lor regular projects, for programme support servicesand tor administrative costs

Supplementary fundsContributions for specific purposes and fuods-in-tnisi, excluding the UN system"

From Governments.From non-governmental sources •

Funds-in-trust from the UN systemFor long-term projects, funded byUNFPA ;For special assistance and other noted projects including relief and rehabilitation .

Total supplementary funds •Toial revenue available for meeting commitments of the Executive Board -

Breakdown of revenue by source (in millions of US dollars)From Governments - •From non-governmental sources • : i .From the UN system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . ; . , - . .Other income • • - - - •• "

t

, 7 '

'For special assistance and other noted projects including relief" and rehabilitation.

1977 General and Specific-purpose Governmental Contributions(in thousands of US dollar equivalents!

GeneralContributions

(ind. localbudget costs)

Sped Ik-purposeContributiun^

(including)funds- i n. ir ustl

GeneralContributions

(ind. localbudget costs)

Specific-purposeContributions

(including) Totalfumis-in-trust)

2,876.7 4.202.0

4.024.2 10,214.7

Cyprus 0.5Czechoslovakia. 65.4

Democratic Yemen 3.0Denmark 2.619.8Dominican Republic , . . , . . 1.0

Ecuador 2 ) 0Egypt 84.7Ethiopia . . . . ..:. ••• 60.9

Fij i • • . . • ; ; : • : ; . • • - . . . . . , . . • 2 . 0

Finland , , . 766.6France 1.743.6

Gabon 25.7

Gambia 4.9German Democratic Republic . . . . 116.7Germany, Federal Republic o f . . . . 3.418.8Ghana , . T . . . . . : 20.9

Greece , . , . . . . 90.0Guatemala . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . 30.7Guinea , . . . , . . . . . 37.5

Guyana 5.3

Haiti , . , . . . . . , , , . . . . , . 5-0Holy See : ; . . . , ; . ; . . . . ; . . , 1.0Honduras 20.0Hong Kong . ; 19.8Hungary : 14.4

Afghanistan — , . . .

ArgentinaAustralia

BahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelgium

Bhutan ; . . .Bolivia - . - . ; ; . .

Botswana

British Virgin Islands

Bulgaria

Byelorussian SovietSocialist Republic .

ColombiaCosta Rica •

TABLE 5 (continued)

1977 General and Specific-purpose Governmental Contributions(in thousands of US dollar equivalents)

General Specific-purposeContributions Contributions

(ind. local (including) Totalbudget costs) funds-in-trustl

GeneralContributions

(incl. localbudget costs)

17.8

Specific-purposeContributions

(including! Totalfunds-in-trust .1

,7.8

1,008.0

53.9 265.2

Malaysia — 94.4Maldives ; , . . . . 2.0Mali 6.0Malta - . - . : . 4.8Mauritania 6.6Mauritius 4.2Mexico . . . . 263.TMonaco ; . i . 3-0Mongolia • 5.0Morocco . . . , . : ; i 85.0

Nepal 7.2Netherlands 4,374.8New Zealand 673-1Norway 8,312-6

Oman , . , . . . . . 50.0

Pakistan , 216.9Panama ; 22,0Paraguay 10.0Peru . .'. 119.8Philippines 279.3Poland 332.1Portugal . . , 10.0

10,580.6

Iceland . . , „ . . . , , . , . ,India -- . ..•.; ( . . . ; . . . .Indonesia - ., T. •

Ireland . , . . ; .> . .

Ivory Coast ; . . , , . . .

Jamaica . . . ^ ; . . : .

Jordan

Kuwait

Lao People's Democratic Republic.

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . v, - . . . . . . .

Liberia . ; . . . ; .

Libyan Arabjamahiriya . . . . . . . . .

Liechtenstein •.•;

Luxembourg. . . . . .

Madagascar ; . .Malawi

>,OO0.0

GeneralContributions

find, localbudget casts)

Specific-purposeContributions

find uding)fumis-in-trus!)

GeneralContributions

(inci. localbudget costs)

149.2

, . * ) , . ,

'0.000.0

Specirit-purposeContributions

(induding)funds-in-trust)

l,0@).4

35.1

MM

3M.<

6.W9.2

20.000.0

Qatar 200.0

Republic of K o r e a . , . ; ^ . . . . ; . , . 79,4

Romania , , , ; . . , . , r ; . . . . 12.5

Rwanda ,- •. 3.0

St. Kitts-Ncvis-Anguilla 0.7Si. Lucia , . , . ; . 2.6

Saudi Arabia . . . . : . . • . : 1,000.0Senegal 20.7

Seychelles 0.6

Singapore , 10.2

Somalia 14.7

Spain 167.4

Sri Lanka •. 10.6Surinam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0

Swaziland . . ;-j ; . ; ; , , . . ; 7.0Sweden 19,187.4

Switzerland 2.345.1

Syrian Arab Republic , 25.6

Thailand ; . ; . 319.2

Trinidad and Tobago 8.3

Tunisia , 28.8

Turkey _ . . ' 221.4

1,000.0

Uganda

Ukrainian SovietSocialist Republic . . . . . . . . .

Union of Soviet

Socialist Republics

Unired ArabEmirar.es

United Kingdomof Great Britain

and Northern Ireland

United Republic of Cameroon .

United RepublicofTanzania . .

United States of America 20.00O.0

Uruguay . .

Venezuela.

Yugoslavia . *. • ; . . - . . : . . . . . t

Zambia . , . , . . , . 50.6

TOTAL: 92,053-9 24,915.7 116.969.6

TABLE 6L977 Non-Governmental Contributions (m thousands of US dollars)

Countries where non-governmental contributions exceeded $10,000(Figures include proceeds from greeting card sales)

Uruguay 22.8Venezuela. 14.7Yugoslavia 117.9Zambia 10.1

ContributionsunderilO.000' 200.0

PakistanParaguay ,...

Philippines

Ghana 21-6Greece , , . . . 66.1Guatemala 10.0Hungary 21,6India 218.5Indonesia 23.7Iran • • 19 4Ireland •....; 263.5Italy , , . . . . . . 638.5Japan- - - - -• 1,046.7Kenya 11.4Luxembourg 45.0Malaysia . . 12.6Mexico 34.9Morocco 15-4Ncrhcrlands 1.846.7New Zealand 254-3Nigeria 44.yNorway 582.9

ArgentinaAustraliaAustriaBangladeshBelgium

BulgariaCanada

ColombiaDenmark . . . . . . . . .Ecuador.E g y p t • • • • •

FinlandFranceGerman Dem. Rep.Germany,

Fed. Rep.of . . . .

Poland 139.1Romania 113.1Senegal 12.5Spain 1,227.9Sri Lanka 16,6Sweden 760.8Switzerland 1.037.9Thailand 129Turkey 32.1USSR 2,572.3United Kingdom .. 526.1United Rep. of

Tanzania 10.8United States

of America 6,304.4

TOTAL 33.637.0

Less costs ofGreeting

Operations"

Net availablefor UN1CEFassistance • .

•Details of non-governmental contributions under $10,000 are given in UN1CEF document E/ICEF/654, Chapter III. Annex III' 'Costs of producing cards, brochures, freight, overhead

tional tool in planning overall activities andis expected to be a help to donors in fund-ing discussions.

The general context of the plan is the situ-ation and needs of children, the opportuni-ties for action to improve their situation andUNlCEF's goals beyond the plan period.The plan is expected to enable UNICEF toincrease support for programme co-operation over a several-year period, fittingthis to each country's own planning periodwherever possible.

Through its provisionfor annual revision,the plan is expected to preserve UNICEFflexibility. This is necessary becauseUNICEF depends on voluntary contribu-tions for its revenues and at the same timeseeks to work within the context of individ-ual developing country planning cycles.

many cases the country infrastructure andcentral services are already being assistedfrom UNICEF's general resources. Speciiiccontributions extend services to childrenwho would not otherwise be reached.

1977 Contributions in-KindMade Through UNICEF(estimated value Ln ihousaads of US dollars)

MEDIUM-TERMWORK PLAN

The 1978 Executive Board session ap-proved the format of a medium-term workplan for UNICEF, and it is to be presentedfor the first time in 1979.

The plan, which covers the past year, thepresent year and three years ahead, relatesfinancial, budget and personnel planningin a systematic way to revenue and projectassistance forecasts. It replaces the previousthree-year financial plan, the cycle of whichextended two years ahead.

The new plan, to be updated and revisedannually, is designed to help the Board in usresponsibilities for overseeing UNICEtfinancing and assistance policies, for review-ing operations and administration and torapproving new commitments. It will alsoserve the UNICEF secretariat as an opera-

Value oi

modiucs

freight)

1 From Governments

S.::::::::::::::: %%New Zealand - • I**-2

Sweden. " 5 . 0Switzerland IA21.1United States of America . . . 631.9

2. From internationalorganizations

European EconomicCommunity 29.689-7

EXPENDITURE ANDWORKING CAPITAL

Expenditure in 1977 amounted to $142million, 25 per cent or $29 million morethan in 1976. In addition there were $14million in expenditures for reimbursableprocurement and other services, and dona-tions-in-kind valued at $33 million handledby UN1CEF in 1977. bringing the total, infinancial terms, of UMCEF's over-all "out-put '' for the year to about $ 190 million. Thenet administrative cost for handling thisoutput was $11.4 million, 6 per cent.

Since UN1CEF does not hold resources tocover the total of its commitments butdepends on future revenue to cover futureexpenditure, it needs a revolving fund ofworking capital—funds-in-hand. Table 8shows UNICEF's revenue and expenditurefor 1976 and 1977 and that planned for1978-1980, plus funds-in-hand at the year's

TABLES

UNICEF's Annual Revenue, Expenditure and Funds-in-Hand(in millions oi US dollars)

1976 1977

Revenue {table 4) : . . . . . . ; . . 135 164

Expenditure {table 2) 113 142Funds-in-handaridrKcivablcsatycflfcnd" . . . . % 113

' Not including funds-in-mist. which arc not the property of UNICEF.

1978

Planned

1979 1980

BACKGROUND INFORMATIONABOUT UNICEFI I The membership of the Board for the

period lAugust 1978-31 July 1979

AfghanistanBarbados

Byelorussian Soviet Socialist RepublicCanada

GhanaGermany, Federal Republic of

JordanMoroccoNetherlandsNorway-PakistanPhilippinesPolandSenegalSwedenSwitzerlandUnion of Soviet Socialist RepublicsUniced Kingdom of Great Britain and

Northern IrelandUnited Republic of CameroonUnited Republic of TanzaniaUnited States of AmericaVenezuelaYugoslaviaZambia

Board are elected each year for a three-yearterm by the Economic and Social Council ofthe United Nations. The Board meetsannually and is assisted by a ProgrammeCommittee and a Committee on Ad-ministration and Finance. The reports of theBoard are reviewed annual ly by rheEconomic and Social Council and theGenera] Assembly. The Executive Director,who is responsible for the administration ofUN1CEF, is appointed by the Secretary-General in consultation with the Board. TheExecutive Director since June 1965 has beenMr. Henry R. Labouisse.

Officers of the Board for 1978-1979Chairman (Executive Board):

Mrs. Sadako Ogara (Japan)Chairman (Programme Committee):

Dr. Marcos C. Candau (Brazil)Chairman (Committee on Administration and

Finance): Mr, Paal Bog (Norway)First Vice-Chairman.-Dr. Zaki Hasan (Pakistan)Second Vice Chairman:

Dr. Boguslaw Kozusznik (Poland)Third' Vice-ChatrmanM.t.. Mr. Sebastian Chale

(United Republic of Tanzania)Fourth Vice-Chairman:

Mr. Sami I. Gammoh (Jordan)

ORIGINSUNICEF was created by the General

Assembly at its first session on 11 December1946 as the United Nations InternationalChildren's Emergency Fund. For its firstseveral years, the Fund's resources weredevoted largely to meeting the post-waremergency needs of children in Europe forfood, drugs and clothing. In December1950, the General Assembly shifted themain emphasis of the Fund toward pro-grammes of long-range benefit to childrenof developing countries. In October 1953,the General Assembly decided to continueUNICEF indefinitely.

The name was changed to UnitedNations Children's Fund although theacronym "UNICEF" was retained.

ORGANIZATIONUNICEF is an integral pan of the United

Nations but it has a semi-autonomousstatus, with its own governing body andsecretariat. It is governed by a 30-nation Ex-ecutive Board which establishes policies forUNICEF, reviews programmes, and com-mits funds for projects and for the adminis-trative and programme support budgets ofthe organization. Ten members of the

United Nations Department of Interna-tional Economic and Social Affairs, HO,FAO, WHO and UNESCO), provideUNICEF with advice in establishing its pro-gramme policies. A continuous process ofconsultation between the field staff ofUNICEF and these agencies helps achievecomplementary inputs for servicesbenefiting children. In projects that theagencies assist jointly with UNICEF, theirrole is to provide governments withtechnical assistance for preparation, execu-tion and evaluation. UNICEF participatesin the UNDP country programming exer-cises. In the case of emergencies, UNICEFworks closely with UNDRO, other agenciesof the United Nations system, the League ofRed Cross Societies and the InternationalCommittee of the Red Cross.

In addition, UNICEF seeks greater orien-tation toward activities benefiting childrenby other appropriate agencies in the UnitedNations system (including UNDP, UNFPA,WFP, the World Bank, UNEP and theregional economic commissions).

the budget is 7.6 per cent of UNICEF ex-penditure, or 6 per cent if account is taken ofworkload not included in UNICEF expendi-ture, such as handling of contributions-in-kind and reimbursable procurement.

As an important component of UNICEFco-operation, staff in field offices not onlyhelp countries with the preparat ion and im-plementation of assistance projects, butassess the effectiveness of UNICEF aid inrelation to country priorities and to oppor-tunities for improving the situation ofchildren. A programme support budgetprovides for 37 field offices in 1978 serving104 developing countries, with 168 profes-sional and 802 clerical and other generalservice posts. This budget also provides forsupply procurement staff in New York andGeneva, with 37 professional and 83 clericaland other general service posts.

An administrative services budget pro-vides for staff in New York and Geneva forservice of the Executive Board, generaldirection, financial and petsonnel manage-ment, audit, information, and relationswith donor governments and UNICEF Na-tional Committees. The 1978 administra-tive services budget provides for 120professional and 200 clerical and othergeneral service posts. The estimated cost of

CO-OPERATION WITHUNITED NATIONSSYSTEM

A system of co-operative relationships isin effect between UNICEF and variousagencies within the United Nations system.The purpose is to ensure that, in the aid toindividual projects and in over-all policyand planning, there is a systematic exchangeof experience, assessments of priorities, andthe development of co-ordinated operatingprocedures.

The technical agencies (notably the

UNICEF NATIONALCOMMITTEES

UNICEF National Committees in 30countries play an important role in helpingto generate public support for a betterunderstanding of the needs of children indeveloping countries in general and of thework of UNICEF in particular. All the Com-mittees are concerned with increasing finan-cial support for the global work of UNICEF,either indirectly through their educationand information roles or directly throughthe sale of greeting cards and other fund-raising activities. The Committees con-tributed some $20.1 million net to UNICEFresources in 1977. In their work, the Com-mittees usually benefit from widespreadvoluntary help. The Committees provide ameans for thousands of individuals in manycountries to participate directly in an activityof the United Nations.

GREETING CARDSOne of the ways individuals participate in

the support of UNICEF is through the saleof greeting cards. During the 1977/78 cam-paign, UNICEF s Greeting Card Operationsold some 100 million cards. Net income toUNICEF was more than $11 million. Mostof these sales were achieved through a net-work of volunteers, people from all walks oflife who belong to UNICEF National Com-mittees or to non-governmental organiza-tions and who sell UNICEF cards all over the

The Greeting Card Operation, with thetarget of selling 140 million cards in 1979,the International Year of the Child, hopes toopen even more channels of distributionand to attract many more volunteers for this

RELATIONS WITHNON-GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONS

UNICEF has long worked closely withvoluntary agencies concerned with children.UNICEF encourages the use of resourceswhich may be available from non-govern-mental organizations (both locally andthrough outside aid) on projects whichUNICEF is aiding, or in supplementing orcomplementing these projects. Non-governmental organizations also offerUNICEF information and advice basedupon their experience. Many co-operatewith UNICEF or UNICEF National Com-mittees in information and fund-raisingwork. An NGO Committee on UNICEFcomprises over 100 international non-governmental organizations having con-sultative status with UNICEF.

Further information aboutUNICEF and its work may beobtained from UNICEF officesand UNICEF NationalCommittees

UNICEF Regional Offices

UNICEF Headquarters, United Nations,New York 10017UNICEF Office for EuropePalais des Nations, CH 1211. Geneva 10, Switzerland

UNICEF Regional Office for East AfricaP.O. Box 44145. Nairobi, KenyaUNICEF Regional Office for Nigeria and GhanaP.O.Box 12B2, Lagos. Nigeria

UNICEF Regional Office for West AfricaP.O. Box 4443, Abidjan Plateau, Ivory Coast

UNICEF Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la InfanciaOficina Regional para las Americas, Isadora Goyenechea3322, Comuna de las Con tics, Santiago, Chile

UNICEF Regional Office for East Asia and Pakistan,P.O. Box 2-154. Bangkok. ThailandUNICEF Regional Office for the EasternMediterranean; P.O. Box VJ02. Beirut. LebanonUNICEF Regional Office for South Central Asia11 Jorbagh. New Delhi 110003. IndiaUNICEF Office for Australia and New ZealandG.P.O. Box 4045. Sydney, Australia

UNICEF Office for Japan2-1. Ohtcmachi 2-chomeChiyoda-ku. Tokyo

UNICEF National Committees

AustraliaUNICEF Committee of Australia55 York StreetSydney NSW 2000

AustriaOstcrmchisches Komitee fur UNICEFVolksgartermrasse I, (Ecke Hansenstrasse)1010 Vienna

BelgiumComite beige pour 1" UNICEFrue Joseph 11 No. 1 Bte 911)40 Bruxelles

BulgariaBulgarian Committee for UNICEFc/o Ministry of Public Health5 Place Lenine

CanadaCanadian UNICEF Committee/

Comite UNICEF Canada443 Mount Pleasant RoadToronto. Ontario M4S 2L8

CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Committee for Cooperation with

UMCEFTrida W. Piecka c.98120 37Praha 10, Vinohrady

DenmarkDansk UNICEF KomiteBilledvej S, Frihavnen2100-Kobenhavn

FinlandSuomen YK: Lastenapu UNICEF/

Finnish Committee for UNICEFKalevankatu 1200100 Helsinki 10

Comite francais FBE-UNICEF35, rue Felirien David75016. Paris Cedex 16

German Democrat ic RepublicUN1CEF-Naiionaikomit.ee der DeutschenDemcikraiischen RepublikWarschauer Str. 51034 Berlin

Germany,

Federal Republic ofDeuLtches Komitee ftir UNICEFSteintetdergasse 9

GreeceHellenic National Committee for UNICEF5, Sourri Street{Bodossaki Foundation Building)

TunisiaComite tunisien pour 1'UNICEFEscalier D Bureau No, 127.45 Avenue Habib Bourguiba,

Turkiye Milli Komitesi UNICEFAtatiirk Bulvari No. 223/5Kavaklidere, Ankara

Uni ted KingdomUnited Kingdom Committee for UNICEF46-48 Osnaburgh Street-London NW1, 3 PU

Uni ted States of AmericaUnited States Committee for UNICEF331 East 38th StreetNew York, New York 10016

YugoslaviaJugoslovenski Nacionalni Komitet za UNICEF104 Bulevar Avnoj-a Siv II1 L070 Novi-Beograd

HungaryAz Ensz Gyermekalap Magyar Nemzeti BizottsigaBelgrad Rakparc 24Budapest Ve

IrelandIrish Committee for UNICEF12 South Anne StreetDublin 2

Israel National Committee for UNICEFP.O. Box 3489Yerushaiaim/Jerusalem

UNICEF Comitato ItalianoVia Sforza 1400184 Roma

Japan Association for UNICEF, Inc.12 . Azabudai 3-chomeMinato-Ku

LuxembourgComite Iuxembourgeois pour 1'UNICEF

5. rue Nocre-DameLuxembourg

Nether landsStichung Nederlands Comite UNICEFBankastraat 128 (Postbus 83857)2508 CN 's-Gravenhage/The Hague

New ZealandNew Zealand National Committee for UNICEF, Inc.5-7 Wilieston Street, G.PO. Box 122Wellington

NorwayDen Norske UNICEF-KomiteEgedes gate 1

PolandPotski Komitet Wspolpracy z UNICEFul. Mukotowska 14 p. Ill0O561 Warszawa

RomaniaFondul Natiunilor Unite Pentru copiiComitetul National Roman6-8 Rue Onesti7001) Bucharest, 1

Asociacion UNICEF-EspanaMauricio Legendre, 36Apartado 12021Madrid 16

SwedenSvenska UNICEF -Komi ttenSko)grand2, Box 15050104 65 Stockholm 15

SwitzerlandSwiss Committee for UNICEFWerdstrasse 368021 Zurich 1

The following documents andpublications* provide additionalinformation about the needs ofchildren and the work ofUNICEF:

Report of the Executive Board on its 1978J M W O S - C . E, F. R. S (Doc. No, E'ICEF/655)

Annual Progress Report of the Executive Director—E, F, R, S (Doc. No. E/ICEF/654)

Proposals For Supplementary Funding, Volume } —E (UNICEF Doc. No- SA/31)

Lei Carnets de I'Enfance I Assignment Children,a quarterly review published by UNICEF—E. F, S

An Overview of UNICEF Policies, OrganizationAnd Working Methods—E, F, S(Doc. No- E/ICEF/CRP/78-2)

UNICEF News, published quarterly by UNICEF—EFinancial Report and Statement for the year ended

51 Dec. 1977—E. F. R. S(Doc. No. EMCEF/AB/L. 183)

The Human Factor in Development, speech byHenry R, Labouissc (leaflet)

Facts about UNICEF, 1978-1979 (leaflet)—E, F, S

Liaison Offices

CyprusUnited Nations Association of CyprusSub-Committee for UNICEF14 Makarios III Av.Mitsis Bldg. No. 2PC. Box 1108Nicosia

IcelandUNICEF in IcelandStoragerdi 30108 Reykjavik

Por tuga lAmigos Da UNICEFRua Fernao Lopes de Castanheda 5Restelo-Lisboa 3

Union of Soviet Socialist RepublicsAlliance of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies/

Sojuz Obshchestv Krasnogo Kresta i KrasnogoPolumesiatsa

1 Tcheremushkinski Proezd, Dam, No. 5Moskva B-36

'Documents and publications arc available from theUNICEF offices listed above in the languages indicated,O Chinese, E/Engiish. F/.French. R/Russian, S/Spanish,

INDEX TO TABLES1. Countries Having UNICEF-

Assisted Projects in 1978 .112. Expenditure in 1977

Compared with 1976 123. Balance of Unspent Commitments

as of 1 January 1978 andCommitments Approved by theBoard in 1978, by Region andType of Programme 13

4. UNICEF Revenue in thePeriod 1973-1978 28

5. 1977 General and Specific-purposeGovernmental Contributions 29

6. 1977 Non-GovernmentalContributions 32

7. 1977 Contributions-in-KindMade through UNICEF 33

8. UNICEF's Annual Revenue,Expenditure and Funds-in-Hand . . .34