Renewed Interest in Blueberry N Sources for North Carolina Production
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Transcript of Renewed Interest in Blueberry N Sources for North Carolina Production
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Renewed Interest in Blueberry N Renewed Interest in Blueberry N Sources for North Carolina Sources for North Carolina
ProductionProduction
David H. HardyDavid H. Hardy
NCDA&CS Agronomic NCDA&CS Agronomic DivisionDivision
SERA 6 Annual Meeting
June 14, 2010
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Today’s PresentationToday’s Presentation General overview of productionGeneral overview of production
Standard fertilizer program Standard fertilizer program
Fertility interests to pursueFertility interests to pursue
Challenges in blueberry fertilityChallenges in blueberry fertility
Overview of 2009 studyOverview of 2009 study
Future workFuture work
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N.C. Blueberries
4,200 acres $3.7 million in 2007 4th largest producer in U.S. 5th highest yield in U.S.—
5430 lb/A
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N.C. Highbush & Rabbiteye
— 80% Highbush
concentrated in Bladen, Pender Duplin, & Sampson counties
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Preferred Soil pH Levels
Highbush 4.0–5.0 Rabbiteye 4.5–5.3
Dr. George Cummings, 2005 N.C. Blueberry Council Proceedings
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Soil types in southeastern NC may vary greatly
and have a major fertility impact.
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Nitrogen and phosphorusare the two
most importantnutrients.
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The micronutrient copper is often deficient.
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Standard Fertilizer ProgramStandard Fertilizer Program
14-28-14 @ bud break about14-28-14 @ bud break about mid-March mid-March– 100 to 150 lb per acre100 to 150 lb per acre
14-28-14 in early May14-28-14 in early May– 75 lb per acre75 lb per acre
18-46-0 (DAP) in late July or early 18-46-0 (DAP) in late July or early AugustAugust– 50 lb per acre50 lb per acre
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Standard Fertilizer ProgramStandard Fertilizer Program
Developed from work of CummingsDeveloped from work of Cummings
– Older varietiesOlder varieties
Successful and well adopted Successful and well adopted
Fertilizer relatively inexpensive Fertilizer relatively inexpensive
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Grower Interest in FertilityGrower Interest in Fertility
Newer variety responses to fertilizerNewer variety responses to fertilizer
– Star, Duke, Reveille, O’NealStar, Duke, Reveille, O’Neal
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Grower Interest in FertilityGrower Interest in Fertility
Newer variety responses to fertilizerNewer variety responses to fertilizer
– Star, Duke, Reveille, O’NealStar, Duke, Reveille, O’Neal
Possible benefit from N during Possible benefit from N during fruitingfruiting
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Grower Interest in FertilityGrower Interest in Fertility
Newer variety responses to fertilizerNewer variety responses to fertilizer
– Star, Duke, Reveille, O’NealStar, Duke, Reveille, O’Neal
Possible benefit from N during fruitingPossible benefit from N during fruiting
Better use of liquid vs. dry fertilizerBetter use of liquid vs. dry fertilizer
– 5-10-5 liquid5-10-5 liquid
– 6-12-6 liquid6-12-6 liquid
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Challenges in Fertility WorkChallenges in Fertility Work
Blueberry is a perennial plantBlueberry is a perennial plant– Plant takes up N in one seasonPlant takes up N in one season– Response may take several seasonsResponse may take several seasons
Application of fertilizer during fruiting Application of fertilizer during fruiting may dislodge berries from plantmay dislodge berries from plant– Slow release N to avoid thisSlow release N to avoid this
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Challenges in Fertility WorkChallenges in Fertility Work
Blueberries are grown on mineral and Blueberries are grown on mineral and organic soilsorganic soils– Range of N from organic matterRange of N from organic matter
LeonLeon
Lynn Lynn Haven Haven
MurvilleMurville
PamlicoPamlico
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Challenges in Fertility WorkChallenges in Fertility Work
Low soil pH may Low soil pH may affect soil N affect soil N reactionsreactions
– Conversion to Conversion to nitratenitrate
– Where does N go???Where does N go???
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Blueberry N Use & SourceBlueberry N Use & Source
Fairly inefficient in using NFairly inefficient in using N
Ammonium (NHAmmonium (NH44++) preferred over ) preferred over
nitrate (NOnitrate (NO33--))
Mostly ammonium N in 14-28-14 Mostly ammonium N in 14-28-14
Studies showing higher yields with Studies showing higher yields with sulfur-coated ureasulfur-coated urea
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Research Objective in 2009
Evaluate plant nutrition and overall plant growth
– Standard dry and liquid grower fertilizers
– Slow-release N products
Mixed with P and K Mixed with P and K sources to give similar sources to give similar rates of all nutrientsrates of all nutrients
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Research 2009Research 2009
Castle Hayne StationCastle Hayne Station
7 fertility treatments per row 7 fertility treatments per row – (6 plants / treatment)(6 plants / treatment)
Duke, O-Neal, Star varietiesDuke, O-Neal, Star varieties– 2 rows of each variety for total of 6 rows2 rows of each variety for total of 6 rows– Variety / row = replicationsVariety / row = replications
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Research in 2009 Research in 2009 (7 (7 treatments)treatments)
1.1. Control Control (no fertilizer)(no fertilizer)
2.2. Standard fertility Standard fertility (dry 14-28-14 & 18-46-0)(dry 14-28-14 & 18-46-0)
3.3. 5-10-5 liquid 5-10-5 liquid (increase efficiency by placement)(increase efficiency by placement)
Slow-release N treatmentsSlow-release N treatments (potential increase in N availability during fruiting)(potential increase in N availability during fruiting)
4.4. UreaUrea
5.5. Sulfur-coated ureaSulfur-coated urea6.6. Nitamin 30L Nitamin 30L (urea polymer, triazone, liquid N)(urea polymer, triazone, liquid N)
7.7. Florikan (Florikan (13-13-17, 92% 13-13-17, 92% polymer-coated NH4+ & NO3
-)
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FertilizersFertilizersUrea
Sulfur-coated Urea
Florikan
14-28-14
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Research 2009Research 2009
Soil sampled for nitrate and fertilitySoil sampled for nitrate and fertility– 4 times (Mar 26, May 4, Jun 26, Aug 5)4 times (Mar 26, May 4, Jun 26, Aug 5)
Plant tissue sampled Plant tissue sampled – Jun 26Jun 26
GrowthGrowth– Oct 29 Oct 29 — measurements (H × W)— measurements (H × W)– Dec 22 Dec 22 — pictures— pictures
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Results
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Soil Fertility in Top 12 InchesSoil Fertility in Top 12 Inches
HMHM W/VW/V CECCEC pHpH BSBS KK PP%% g/ccg/cc meq/100 meq/100
cccc%% --mg dm--mg dm-3--
0.680.68 1.261.26 2.92.9 5.05.0 4747 3131 119119
0.680.68 1.281.28 2.72.7 5.25.2 5555 2323 8080
Appears to be no differences in treatments for a given depth
Note P differences between depths
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Treatment N P K Ca Mg
---------------------------%---------------------------
Grower Std (14-28-14) 1.51 a 0.13 ab 0.48 a 0.68 b 0.18 b
5-10-5 Liquid 1.53 a 0.13 ab 0.49 a 0.66 b 0.18 b
Urea-N 1.58 a 0.13 ab 0.47 a 0.63 b 0.17 b
Sulfur-coated Urea 1.6 a 0.13 ab 0.45 a 0.62 b 0.17 b
Nitamin 1.58 a 0.14 ab 0.47 a 0.62 b 0.17 b
Florikan (13-13-17) 1.64 a 0.15 a 0.47 a 0.67 b 0.19 b
Check 1.46 a 0.12 b 0.40 b 0.86 a 0.23 a
Plant Nutrient LevelsPlant Nutrient Levels
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Sufficiency Plant Nutrient Sufficiency Plant Nutrient LevelsLevels
Source N P K Ca Mg
-------------------------------------%--------------------------------------------
SERA 6- Rab 1.20 – 1.70 0.08 – 0.20 0.35 – 0.60 0.25 – 0.70 0.14 – 0.20
UGA- High 1.8 - 2.1 0.12 - 0.4 0.35 - 0.65 0.40 - 0.80 0.12 - 0.25
UGA- Rab 1.2 - 1.7 0.08 - 0.20 0.35 - .60 0.25 - 0.70 0.14 - 0.20
Pl. An. Hdbk II
High- Prod.
1.45 - 2.20 0.10 - 0.40 0.40 - 0.90 0.35 - 0.80 0.12 - 0.40
Pl. An. Hdbk II
High- Res.
1.44 - 1.65 0.09 - 0.11 0.44 - 0.72 0.62 - 0.73 0.15 - 0.27
2009
Study Average
1.57 0.14 0.47 0.65 0.18
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Growth as Affected by Growth as Affected by TreatmentTreatment
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
GrowerStd.
GrowerStd.-Liquid
Urea- Gr.Std.
SCUrea-Gr. Std.
Nitamin-Gr. Std.
Florikan Contol
Treatment
Pla
nt
Vo
lum
e (L
iter
s)
bcabc abc a ab
abc c
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Replications of Star Replications of Star
Gr. StdDry
Gr. StdLiquid
Urea S-CoatedUrea
Nitamin Florikan Check
Gr. StdDry
Gr. StdLiquid
Urea S-CoatedUrea
Nitamin Florikan Check
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Replications of O’Neal Replications of O’Neal
Gr. StdDry
Gr. StdLiquid
Urea S-CoatedUrea
Nitamin Florikan Check
Gr. StdDry
Gr. StdLiquid
Urea S-CoatedUrea
Nitamin Florikan Check
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Replications of DukeReplications of Duke
Gr. StdDry
Gr. StdLiquid
Urea S-CoatedUrea
Nitamin Florikan Check
Gr. StdDry
Gr. StdLiquid
Urea S-CoatedUrea
Nitamin Florikan Check
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Thoughts on the Study One-year of data
– No conclusions can be drawn
Considerable variability in plant growth – Treatments look promising– Differences may become more pronounced
over the next few years
Soil nitrate data puzzling– Soil heavily amended with pine bark
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Further StudiesFurther Studies
Expand this study to grower fields on Expand this study to grower fields on different soil typesdifferent soil types
Implement incubation studies in Implement incubation studies in glass flasks with sampling intervals glass flasks with sampling intervals to determine N reactions at low pHto determine N reactions at low pH
Study rock phosphateStudy rock phosphate
– Potential slow release of P on organic Potential slow release of P on organic soilssoils