Renewable Energy Systems - Home - Springer978-1-4614-5820-3/1.pdf · ROBERT A. MEYERS, RAMTECH...

Renewable Energy Systems

This volume collects selected topical entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology

(ESST). ESST addresses the grand challenges for science and engineering today. It provides unprecedented,

peer-reviewed coverage of sustainability science and technology with contributions from nearly 1,000 of the

world’s leading scientists and engineers, who write on more than 600 separate topics in 38 sections.

ESST establishes a foundation for the research, engineering, and economics supporting the many

sustainability and policy evaluations being performed in institutions worldwide.

Editor-in-Chief

ROBERT A. MEYERS, RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, CA, USA

Editorial Board

RITA R. COLWELL, Distinguished University Professor, Center for Bioinformatics and Computational

Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

ANDREAS FISCHLIN, Terrestrial Systems Ecology, ETH-Zentrum, Zurich, Switzerland

DONALD A. GLASER, Glaser Lab, University of California, Berkeley, Department of Molecular & Cell

Biology, Berkeley, CA, USA

TIMOTHY L. KILLEEN, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA

HAROLD W. KROTO, Francis Eppes Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,

The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

AMORY B. LOVINS, Chairman & Chief Scientist, Rocky Mountain Institute, Snowmass, USA

LORD ROBERT MAY, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK

DANIEL L. MCFADDEN, Director of Econometrics Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

THOMAS C. SCHELLING, 3105 Tydings Hall, Department of Economics, University of Maryland, College

Park, MD, USA

CHARLES H. TOWNES, 557 Birge, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

EMILIO AMBASZ, Emilio Ambasz & Associates, Inc., New York, NY, USA

CLARE BRADSHAW, Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

TERRY COFFELT, Research Geneticist, Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA

MEHRDAD EHSANI, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College

Station, TX, USA

ALI EMADI, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago,

IL, USA

CHARLES A. S. HALL, College of Environmental Science & Forestry, State University of New York,

Syracuse, NY, USA

RIK LEEMANS, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen,

The Netherlands

KEITH LOVEGROVE, Department of Engineering (Bldg 32), The Australian National University,

Canberra, Australia

TIMOTHY D. SEARCHINGER, Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA

Martin Kaltschmitt, Nickolas J. Themelis, Lucien Y. Bronicki, Lennart Soder andLuis A. Vega (Eds.)

Renewable Energy Systems

With 1193 Figures and 290 Tables

EditorsMartin KaltschmittGerman Biomass Research CentreLeipzig, GermanyandInstitute of Environmental Technology and EnergyEconomicsHamburg University of TechnologyHamburg, Germany

Nickolas J. ThemelisEarth Engineering CenterColumbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA

Lucien Y. BronickiOrmat Technologies, Inc.Reno, NV, USA

Lennart SoderRoyal Institute of TechnologyElectric Power SystemsStockholm, Sweden

Luis A. VegaHawaii Natural Energy InstituteSchool of Ocean And Earth Science And TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonolulu, HI, USA

ISBN 978-1-4614-5819-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-5820-3 (eBook)ISBN 978-1-4614-5862-3 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5820-3Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012953387

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically therights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodology now knownor hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or materialsupplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in itscurrent version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at theCopyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, servicemarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence ofa specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editorsnor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express orimplied, with respect to the material contained herein.

This book consists of selection from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers, published bySpringer New York in 2012.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

http://www.springer.com

Editors

Renewable Energy From Biomass

MARTIN KALTSCHMITT

German Biomass Research Centre

Leipzig

Germany

and

Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy

Economics

Hamburg University of Technology

Hamburg

Germany

Waste to Energy

NICKOLAS J. THEMELIS

Earth Engineering Center

Columbia University

New York, NY

USA

vi Editors

Geothermal Power Stations

LUCIEN Y. BRONICKI

Ormat Technologies, Inc.

Reno, NV

USA

Wind Power

LENNART SODER

Royal Institute of Technology

Electric Power Systems

Stockholm

Sweden

Ocean Energy

LUIS A. VEGA

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute

School of Ocean And Earth Science And Technology

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Honolulu, HI

USA

Sections

Geothermal Power Stations

Editor: Lucien Y. Bronicki

Engineered Geothermal Systems, Development and Sustainability of

Geothermal Energy Utilization

Geothermal Energy, Geology and Hydrology of

Geothermal Energy, Nature, Use, and Expectations

Geothermal Field and Reservoir Monitoring

Geothermal Power Capacity, Sustainability and Renewability of

Geothermal Power Conversion Technology

Geothermal Power Economics

Geothermal Power Stations, Introduction to

Geothermal Resources Worldwide, Direct Heat Utilization of

Geothermal Resources, Drilling for

Geothermal Resources, Environmental Aspects of

Hydrothermal Systems, Geochemistry of

Reservoir Engineering in Geothermal Fields

Ocean Energy

Editor: Luis A. Vega

Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Environmental Challenges

Ocean Energy, Introduction

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Offshore Wind Energy Technology Trends, Challenges, and Risks

Tidal Energy

Renewable Energy From Biomass

Editor: Martin Kaltschmitt

Algae, a New Biomass Resource

Biodiesel

Bioethanol from Celluloses

Bioethanol from Starch

Bioethanol from Sugar: the Brazilian Experience

Biofuels: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Comparison

Biofuels: Upgraded New Solids

Biogas for Electricity Generation, Hi-tech Applications

Biogas Production and Energy crops

Biogas Production, Developing Countries

viii Sections

Biogas Substrates from Municipalities and Industries

Biomass as Renewable Source of Energy, Possible Conversion Routes

Biomass Combustion for Electricity Generation

Biomass Energy Heat Provision for Cooking and Heating in Developing Countries

Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Large-Scale Systems

Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems

Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems

Biomass Gasification for Electricity and Fuels, Large Scale

Biomass Gasification for Rural Electrification, Small Scale

Biomass Production

Biomass Provision and Use, Sustainability Aspects

Biomass Pyrolysis

Biomass Resources, Worldwide

Biomass to Liquid (BtL), Concepts and Their Assessment

Biomass Use on a Global Scale

Biomethane from Anaerobic Processes

Biosynthetic Natural Gas

Co-combustion of Wood in Coal-Fired Large-Scale Power Plants

Hydrogen from Biomass

Lignocellulosic Energy Crops, Production and Provision

Plant Oil Fuels Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Renewable Energy from Biomass, Introduction

Solid Biofuels, Fuels and Their Characteristics

Waste to Energy

Editor: Nickolas J. Themelis

Gasification and Liquefaction Alternatives to Incineration in Japan

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction by Waste-to-Energy

Hitachi Zosen Inova Technology

Incinerator Grate Combustion Phenomena

Life Cycle Comparison of Waste-to-Energy to Sanitary Landfill

Martin Waste-to-Energy Technology

Plasma-Assisted Waste-to-Energy Processes

Thermal Treatment of Waste: Key Element for Sustainable Waste Management

Waste Management for Sustainable Society

Waste-to-Energy Ash Management in Europe

Waste-to-Energy Ash Management in the United States

Waste-to-Energy Facilities as Power Plants

Waste-to-Energy for District Heating

Waste-to-Energy Using Refuse-Derived Fuel

Waste-to-Energy, Introduction

Waste-to-Energy: Decreasing the Entropy of Solid Wastes and Increasing Metal Recovery

Waste-to-Energy: Energy Resource in Solid Wastes

Waste-to-Energy: Fluidized Bed Technology

ixSections

Wind Power

Editor: Lennart Soder

Electricity Generation with Small Wind Turbines

Global Wind Power Installations

Meterology and Wind Power

Offshore Wind Power

Wind Power Balancing

Wind Power Generator Systems and Local Power System Interconnection

Wind Power Grid Integration: Transmission Planning

Wind Power, Aerodynamics and Blade Technology

Wind Power, Introduction

Wind Power: Basic Challenge Concerning Social Acceptance

Wind Power: Economy, Market, Subsidies, Payment Mechanisms, and Capacity Credit

Wind Turbine Noise Emissions

Table of Contents

Algae, a New Biomass Resource

Cinzia Formighieri, Roberto Bassi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Biodiesel

Martin Mittelbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Bioethanol from Celluloses

Mats Galbe, Guido Zacchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Bioethanol from Starch

Anton Friedl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Bioethanol from Sugar: The Brazilian Experience

Suani Teixeira Coelho, Regiane Gorren, Patricia Guardabassi, Renata Grisoli, Jose Goldemberg . . . . . . . 86

Biofuels: A Technical, Economic and Environmental Comparison

Franziska Mueller-Langer, Stefan Majer, Anastasios Perimenis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

Biofuels: Upgraded New Solids

Marco Klemm, Ralf Schmersahl, Claudia Kirsten, Nadja Weller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

Biogas for Electricity Generation, Hi-tech Applications

Frank Scholwin, Michael Nelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Biogas Production and Energy Crops

Christoph Strauß, Armin Vetter, A. Von Felde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Biogas Production, Developing Countries

Heinz-Peter Mang, Zifu Li, Martina de Mantopi Porres Lebofa, Elisabeth-Maria Huba,

Dishna Schwarz, Roland Schnell, Nguyen Gia Luong, Christopher Kellner, Johannes Selke . . . . . . . . . . . 218

Biogas Substrates from Municipalities and Industries

Ulrike Seyfert, Daniela Thran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Biomass as Renewable Source of Energy, Possible Conversion Routes

Martin Kaltschmitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Biomass Combustion for Electricity Generation

Andreas Wiese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Biomass Energy Heat Provision for Cooking and Heating in Developing Countries

Ralph P. Overend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Large-Scale Systems

Ingwald Obernberger, Friedrich Biedermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

Biomass Energy Heat Provision in Modern Small-Scale Systems

Hans Hartmann, Volker Lenz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382

Biomass Energy Small-Scale Combined Heat and Power Systems

Daniel Buchner, Volker Lenz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Biomass Gasification for Electricity and Fuels, Large Scale

Hermann Hofbauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

xii Table of Contents

Biomass Gasification for Rural Electrification, Small Scale

Marco Klemm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

Biomass Production

Michaela Ernst, Achim Walter, Ulrich Schurr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Biomass Provision and Use, Sustainability Aspects

Daniela Thran, Marek Gawor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522

Biomass Pyrolysis

Andreas Hornung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Biomass Resources, Worldwide

Andre Faaij . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Biomass to Liquid (BtL), Concepts and Their Assessment

Franziska Mueller-Langer, Niels Jungbluth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620

Biomass Use on a Global Scale

Ausilio Bauen, Raphael Slade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644

Biomethane from Anaerobic Processes

Frank Scholwin, Jorgen Held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656

Biosynthetic Natural Gas

Michael Seiffert, Stefan Ronsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

Co-combustion of Wood in Coal-Fired Large-Scale Power Plants

Egbert Broßmann, Martin Kaltschmitt, Marc Koch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680

Electricity Generation with Small Wind Turbines

G. J. W. van Bussel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696

Engineered Geothermal Systems, Development and Sustainability of

Roy Baria, L. Mortimer, G. Beardsmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714

Gasification and Liquefaction Alternatives to Incineration in Japan

Kunio Yoshikawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728

Geothermal Energy Utilization

John W. Lund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

Geothermal Energy, Geology and Hydrology of

William E. Glassley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761

Geothermal Energy, Nature, Use, and Expectations

Barry Goldstein, Gerardo Hiriart, Jeff Tester, Luis Gutierrez-Negrin, Ruggero Bertani

Christopher Bromley, Ernst Huenges, Arni Ragnarsson, Mike Mongillo, John W. Lund,

Ladislaus Rybach, Vladimir Zui, Hirofumi Muraoka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 772

Geothermal Field and Reservoir Monitoring

Trevor M. Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Geothermal Power Capacity, Sustainability and Renewability of

Subir K. Sanyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804

Geothermal Power Conversion Technology

Lucien Y. Bronicki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818

Geothermal Power Economics

Subir K. Sanyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924

xiiiTable of Contents

Geothermal Power Stations, Introduction to

Lucien Y. Bronicki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936

Geothermal Resources Worldwide, Direct Heat Utilization of

John W. Lund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

Geothermal Resources, Drilling for

John T. Finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966

Geothermal Resources, Environmental Aspects of

Trevor M. Hunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1002

Global Wind Power Installations

Thomas Ackermann, Rena Kuwahata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1020

Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction by Waste-to-Energy

Bernd Bilitewski, Christoph Wunsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039

Hitachi Zosen Inova Technology10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_398

Craig Kedrowski, Peter Chromec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1060

Hydrogen from Biomass

Ralf Schmersahl, Marco Klemm, Ruth Brunstermann, Renatus Widmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100

Hydrothermal Systems, Geochemistry of

David Nieva, Rosa Marıa Barragan, Vıctor Arellano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118

Incinerator Grate Combustion Phenomena

J. Swithenbank, Vida N. Sharifi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

Life Cycle Comparison of Waste-to-Energy to Sanitary Landfill10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_409

P. Ozge Kaplan, Joseph F. DeCarolis, Morton A. Barlaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1155

Lignocellulosic Energy Crops, Production and Provision

Iris Lewandowski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1181

Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy Environmental Challenges

Andrea E. Copping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192

Martin Waste-to-Energy Technology

Johannes J. E. Martin, Ralf Koralewska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1201

Meterology and Wind Power

Erik Lundtang Petersen, Peter Hauge Madsen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249

Ocean Energy, Introduction

Luis A. Vega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1271

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Luis A. Vega . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273

Offshore Wind Energy Technology Trends, Challenges, and Risks

James F. Manwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306

Offshore Wind Power

Goran Dalen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1339

Plant Oil Fuels Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Klaus Thuneke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1360

Plasma-Assisted Waste-to-Energy Processes

Nickolas J. Themelis, Armelle M. Vardelle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377

xiv Table of Contents

Renewable Energy from Biomass, Introduction

Martin Kaltschmitt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393

Reservoir Engineering in Geothermal Fields

Enrique Lima, Hiroyuki Tokita, Hideki Hatanaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1397

Solid Biofuels, Fuels and Their Characteristics

Hans Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1422

Thermal Treatment of Waste: Key Element for Sustainable Waste Management

Paul H. Brunner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453

Tidal Energy

Ian G. Bryden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1466

Waste Management for Sustainable Society

Brian Bahor, Michael Van Brunt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1475

Waste-to-Energy Ash Management in Europe

Juergen Vehlow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493

Waste-to-Energy Ash Management in the United States

Floyd Hasselriis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510

Waste-to-Energy Facilities as Power Plants

M. A. J. (Marcel) van Berlo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532

Waste-to-Energy for District Heating

Lasse Tobiasen, Bettina Kamuk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1542

Waste-to-Energy using Refuse-Derived Fuel

Floyd Hasselriis, Patrick F. Mahoney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561

Waste-to-Energy, Introduction

Nickolas J. Themelis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604

Waste-to-Energy: Decreasing the Entropy of Solid Wastes and Increasing Metal Recovery

Helmut Rechberger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1615

Waste-to-Energy: Energy Resource in Solid Wastes

Dieter O. Reimann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1627

Waste-to-Energy: Fluidized Bed Technology

Franz P. Neubacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1640

Wind Power Balancing

Lennart Soder, Hannele Holttinen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663

Wind Power Generator Systems and Local Power System Interconnection

Torbjorn Thiringer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1700

Wind Power Grid Integration: Transmission Planning

Dale Osborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1740

Wind Power, Aerodynamics and Blade Technology

Martin O. L. Hansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1769

Wind Power, Introduction

Lennart Soder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1780

xvTable of Contents

Wind Power: Basic Challenge Concerning Social Acceptance

Maarten Wolsink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1785

Wind Power: Economy, Market, Subsidies, Payment Mechanisms, and Capacity Credit10.1007/978-1-4419-

0851-3_89

Michael Milligan, Lori Bird, Suzanne Tegen, Kevin Porter, Sari Fink, Brendan Kirby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1822

Wind Turbine Noise Emissions

Karl Bolin, Mats Abom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843

List of Contributors

MATS ABOM

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-The Marcus

Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration

Research

Stockholm

Sweden

THOMAS ACKERMANN

Energynautics GmbH

Langen

Germany

VICTOR ARELLANO

Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas

Cuernavac, Morelos

Mexico

BRIAN BAHOR

Covanta Energy Corporation

Morristown, NJ

USA

ROY BARIA

EGS Energy Ltd

Penance Cornwall

UK

MORTON A. BARLAZ

Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, NC

USA

ROSA MARIA BARRAGAN


Cuernavac, Morelos

Mexico

ROBERTO BASSI

Dipartimento di Biotecnologie

Universita di Verona

Verona

Italy

AUSILIO BAUEN

Centre for Energy Policy and Technology

Imperial College

London

UK

G. BEARDSMORE

Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd

South Yarra, Victoria

Australia

RUGGERO BERTANI

Enel

Rome

Italy

FRIEDRICH BIEDERMANN

Bios Bioenergiesysteme GmbH

Graz

Austria

and

BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH

Graz

Austria

BERND BILITEWSKI

Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated

Site Treatment

Technical University of Dresden

Pirna

Germany

xviii List of Contributors

LORI BIRD

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Golden, CO

USA

KARL BOLIN

KTH Royal Institute of Technology, KTH-The Marcus

Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration

Research

Stockholm

Sweden

EGBERT BROßMANN

Vattenfall Europe Warme AG

Berlin

Germany

CHRISTOPHER BROMLEY

GNS Science

Wairakei Research Centre

Taupo

New Zealand

LUCIEN Y. BRONICKI

Ormat Technologies, Inc.

Reno, NV

USA

PAUL H. BRUNNER

Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste

Management

Vienna University of Technology

Vienna

Austria

RUTH BRUNSTERMANN

Department of UrbanWater andWasteManagement

University of Duisburg-Essen

Essen

Germany

IAN G. BRYDEN

Head of Institute for Energy Systems, School of

Engineering

The University of Edinburgh

Edinburgh

UK

DANIEL BUCHNER

German Biomass Research Centre (DBFZ)

Leipzig

Germany

G. J. W. VAN BUSSEL

Aerospace Engineering Section Wind Energy

Delft University of Technology

Delft

The Netherlands

PETER CHROMEC

Hitachi Zosen Inova U.S.A. LLC

Norcross, GA

USA

SUANI TEIXEIRA COELHO

CENBIO – The Brazilian Reference Center o Biomass

University of Sao Paulo

Sao Paulo

Brazil

ANDREA E. COPPING

Marine Sciences Laboratory

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Seattle, WA

USA

GORAN DALEN

WPD Scandinavia AB

Stockholm

Sweden

JOSEPH F. DECAROLIS

Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, NC

USA

MICHAELA ERNST

IBG-2: Plant Science

Forschungszentrum Julich

Julich

Germany

xixList of Contributors

ANDRE FAAIJ

Copernicus Institute, Department of Science,

Technology and Society

Utrecht University

Utrecht

The Netherlands

JOHN T. FINGER

Sandia National Laboratories, retired

Albuquerque, NM

USA

SARI FINK

Exeter Associates

Columbia, Maryland

USA

CINZIA FORMIGHIERI

Dipartimento di Biotecnologie

Universita di Verona

Verona

Italy

ANTON FRIEDL


Vienna

Austria

MATS GALBE

Department of Chemical Engineering

Lund University

Lund

Sweden

MAREK GAWOR


Leipzig

Germany

WILLIAM E. GLASSLEY

Energy Institute

University of California

Davis, CA

USA

and

Geologisk Institut

University of Aarhus

Aarhus

Denmark

JOSE GOLDEMBERG



Sao Paulo

Brazil

BARRY GOLDSTEIN

Pirsa Petroleum Group

Adelaide, SA

Australia

REGIANE GORREN



Sao Paulo

Brazil

RENATA GRISOLI



Sao Paulo

Brazil

PATRICIA GUARDABASSI



Sao Paulo

Brazil

LUIS GUTIERREZ-NEGRIN

Mexican Geothermal Association

Mexico

MARTIN O. L. HANSEN

DTU Mechanical Engineering

Technical University of Denmark

Lyngby

Denmark

xx List of Contributors

HANS HARTMANN

Technologie- und Forderzentrum im

Kompetenzzentrum fur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe

(TFZ)

Straubing, Bavaria

Germany

FLOYD HASSELRIIS

Hasselriis Associates

Forest Hills, NY

USA

HIDEKI HATANAKA

West Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc

Chuou-ku, Fukuoka

Japan

JORGEN HELD

Swedish Gas Centre

Malmo

Sweden

GERARDO HIRIART

Energıas Alternas

Estudios y Proyectos

Mexico

HERMANN HOFBAUER

Institute of Chemical Engineering


Vienna

Austria

HANNELE HOLTTINEN

Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT

VTT

Finland

ANDREAS HORNUNG

European Bioenergy Research Insitute – EBRI

Aston University

Aston Triangle, Birmingham

UK

ELISABETH-MARIA HUBA

Technologies for Economic Development

Maseru

Lesotho

ERNST HUENGES

GFZ-Potsdam

Germany

TREVOR M. HUNT

GNS Science

Wairakei Geothermal Research Centre

Taupo

New Zealand

NIELS JUNGBLUTH

ESU-services

Uster

Switzerland

MARTIN KALTSCHMITT


Leipzig

Germany

and

Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy

Economics

Hamburg University of Technology

Hamburg

Germany

BETTINA KAMUK

Ramboll Energy – Waste-to-Energy

København S

Denmark

P. OZGE KAPLAN

National Risk Management Research Laboratory,

Office of Research and Development

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park, NC

USA

CRAIG KEDROWSKI

Hitachi Zosen Inova U.S.A. LLC

Norcross, GA

USA

xxiList of Contributors

CHRISTOPHER KELLNER

Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia

Lusaka

Zambia

BRENDAN KIRBY


Golden, CO

USA

CLAUDIA KIRSTEN


Leipzig

Germany

MARCO KLEMM


Leipzig

Germany

MARC KOCH

Vattenfall Europe Warme AG

Berlin

Germany

RALF KORALEWSKA

Martin GmbH fur Umwelt- und Energietechnik

Munich

Germany

RENA KUWAHATA

Energynautics GmbH

Langen

Germany

VOLKER LENZ


Leipzig

Germany

IRIS LEWANDOWSKI

Department of Biobased Products and Energy Crops

Institute for Crop Science, Hohenheim University

Stuttgart

Germany

ZIFU LI

Centre for Sustainable Environmental Sanitation

University of Science and Technology

Beijing

China

ENRIQUE LIMA


Chuou-ku, Fukuoka

Japan

JOHN W. LUND

Geo-Heat Center

Oregon Institute of Technology

Klamath Falls, OR

USA

NGUYEN GIA LUONG

Biogas Technology Centre (BTC) of the Vietnam

Union of Science and Technology Association

(VUSTA)

Hanoi

Vietnam

PETER HAUGE MADSEN

Wind Energy Division, Risø DTU National Laboratory

for Sustainable Energy


Roskilde

Denmark

PATRICK F. MAHONEY

Energy Answers International, Inc.

Albany, NY

USA

STEFAN MAJER

German Biomass Research Centre Non Profit

Research Company (DBFZ)

Leipzig

Germany

HEINZ-PETER MANG

German Society for sustainable Biogas and

Bioenergy Utilization

Freudenberg-Boxtal, Baden-Wuerttemberg

Germany

xxii List of Contributors

JAMES F. MANWELL

Department of Mechanical and Industrial

Engineering

University of Massachusetts

Amherst, MA

USA

JOHANNES J. E. MARTIN

Martin GmbH fur Umwelt- und Energietechnik

Munich

Germany

MICHAEL MILLIGAN


Golden, CO

USA

MARTIN MITTELBACH

Institute of Chemistry

Karl-Franzens-University of Graz

Graz

Austria

MIKE MONGILLO

GNS Science

Wairakei Research Centre

Taupo

New Zealand

L. MORTIMER

Hot Dry Rocks Pty Ltd

South Yarra, Victoria

Australia

FRANZISKA MUELLER-LANGER

German Biomass Research Centre gGmbH (DBFZ)

Leipzig

Germany

HIROFUMI MURAOKA

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and

Technology

Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment

(GREEN)

Tsukuba, Ibaraki

Japan

MICHAEL NELLES

Department Waste Management

University of Rostock

Rostock

Germany

FRANZ P. NEUBACHER

UV&P Environmental Engineering M.S. Chemical

Engineering (T.U. Graz) M.S. Technology &

Policy (M.I.T)

Vienna

Austria

DAVID NIEVA


Cuernavac, Morelos

Mexico

INGWALD OBERNBERGER

Bios Bioenergiesysteme GmbH

Graz

Austria

and

BIOENERGY 2020+ GmbH

Graz

Austria

and

Institute for Process and Particle Engineering

Graz University of Technology

Graz

Austria

DALE OSBORN

Midwest ISO

Columbus, OH

USA

RALPH P. OVEREND

Golden, CO

USA

ANASTASIOS PERIMENIS

German Biomass Research Centre Non Profit

Research Company (DBFZ)

Leipzig

Germany

xxiiiList of Contributors

ERIK LUNDTANG PETERSEN

Wind Energy Division, Risø DTU National Laboratory

for Sustainable Energy


Roskilde

Denmark

MARTINA DE MANTOPI PORRES LEBOFA

Technologies for Economic Development

Maseru

Lesotho

KEVIN PORTER

Exeter Associates

Columbia, Maryland

USA

ARNI RAGNARSSON

Iceland GeoSurvey

Reykjavık

Iceland

HELMUT RECHBERGER

Institute of Water Quality, Resource and Waste

Management


Vienna

Austria

DIETER O. REIMANN

Confederation of European Waste-to-Energy Plants

(CEWEP)

Bamberg

Germany

STEFAN RONSCH

German Biomass Research Centre (Deutsches

BiomasseForschungsZentrum gemeinnutzige

GmbH)

Leipzig

Germany

LADISLAUS RYBACH

Geowatt AG

Switzerland

SUBIR K. SANYAL

GeothermEx, Inc

Richmond, CA

USA

RALF SCHMERSAHL

Deutsches BiomasseForschungsZentrum GmbH


Leipzig

Germany

and

Institute of Agricultural Engineering Bornim e.V.

(ATB)

Potsdam

Germany

ROLAND SCHNELL

Graskraft Ltd

Berlin

Germany

FRANK SCHOLWIN

University Rostock

Germany

ULRICH SCHURR

IBG-2: Plant Science


Julich

Germany

DISHNA SCHWARZ

Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale

Zusammenarbeit GmbH

Eschborn

Germany

MICHAEL SEIFFERT

German Biomass Research Centre (Deutsches

BiomasseForschungsZentrum gemeinnutzige

GmbH)

Leipzig

Germany

xxiv List of Contributors

JOHANNES SELKE

International Biogas & Bioenergy Centre of Expertise

(IBBK GmbH)

Stuttgart

Germany

ULRIKE SEYFERT


Leipzig

Germany

VIDA N. SHARIFI

Energy and Environment Engineering (EEE)

Sheffield University

Sheffield

UK

and

EEE Group, Chemical and Biological Engineering


Sheffield

UK

RAPHAEL SLADE

Centre for Energy Policy and Technology

Imperial College

London

UK

LENNART SODER

Royal Institute of Technology, Electric Power Systems

Stockholm

Sweden

CHRISTOPH STRAUß

Plant Production and Agricultural Ecology

Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture

Dornburg

Germany

J. SWITHENBANK

Energy and Environment Engineering (EEE)


Sheffield

UK

SUZANNE TEGEN


Golden, CO

USA

JEFF TESTER

Energy Institute, Cornell University

Ithaca, NY

USA

NICKOLAS J. THEMELIS

Earth Engineering Center

Columbia University

New York, NY

USA

TORBJORN THIRINGER

Department of Energy and Environment, Division of

Electric Power Engineering

Chalmers University of Technology

Goteborg

Sweden

DANIELA THRAN


Leipzig

Germany

and

Helmholtz–Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)

Leipzig

Germany

KLAUS THUNEKE

Technologie- und Forderzentrum im

Kompetenzzentrum fur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe

(TFZ)

Straubing

Germany

LASSE TOBIASEN

Ramboll Energy – Waste-to-Energy

København S

Denmark

xxvList of Contributors

HIROYUKI TOKITA


Chuou-ku, Fukuoka

Japan

M. A. J. (MARCEL) VAN BERLO

Free University of Amsterdam and AEB-Amsterdam

Amsterdam

The Netherlands

MICHAEL VAN BRUNT

Covanta Energy Corporation

Morristown, NJ

USA

ARMELLE M. VARDELLE

Laboratoire Sciences des Procedes Ceramiques et de

Traitements de Surface

University of Limoges

Limoges Cedex

France

LUIS A. VEGA

Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, School of Ocean And

Earth Science And Technology

University of Hawaii at Manoa

Honolulu, HI

USA

JUERGEN VEHLOW

Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Institute for

Technical Chemistry

Karlsruhe

Germany

ARMIN VETTER

Plant Production and Agricultural Ecology

Thuringian State Institute for Agriculture

Dornburg

Germany

A. VON FELDE

Energy Plants

KWS SAAT AG

Einbeck

Germany

ACHIM WALTER

IBG–2: Plant Science


Julich

Germany

and

ETH Zurich

Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem

Sciences, Professorship of Crop Science

Zurich

Switzerland

NADJA WELLER


Leipzig

Germany

RENATUS WIDMANN

Department of UrbanWater andWasteManagement

University of Duisburg-Essen

Essen

Germany

ANDREAS WIESE

Energy Division

Lahmeyer International GmbH

Bad Vilbel

Germany

MAARTEN WOLSINK

Department of Geography, Planning and

International Development Studies

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam

The Netherlands

CHRISTOPH WUNSCH

Institute of Waste Management and Contaminated

Site Treatment

Technical University of Dresden

Pirna

Germany

xxvi List of Contributors

KUNIO YOSHIKAWA

Frontier Research Center

Tokyo Institute of Technology

Yokohama

Japan

GUIDO ZACCHI

Department of Chemical Engineering

Lund University

Lund

Sweden

VLADIMIR ZUI

Belarusian Research Geological Prospecting Institute

Belarus

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