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Renewable Energy Project Analysis Course - Module 1Renewable Energy Project Analysis Course - Module 1
Status of Renewable Energy Status of Renewable Energy TechnologiesTechnologies
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Passive Solar Home
Photo Credit: McFadden, Pam DOE/NREL
Photo Credit: Nordex Gmbh
Windfarm
ObjectivesObjectives
• To increase awareness about To increase awareness about renewable energy technologies (RETs)renewable energy technologies (RETs) Markets
Typical applications
PV Lighting Solar Water Heating Collectors
Photos Credit: NREL PIX
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Reasons for RE TechnologiesReasons for RE Technologies
• EnvironmentalEnvironmental Climate change
Local pollution
• EconomicEconomic Life-cycle costs
Fossil fuel depletion
• SocialSocial Employment generation
Reduced drain of local $$$
Growth in energy demand (x3 by 2050)
Declining Costs (Wind Energy)
0
10
20
30
40
1980 1990 2000
Years
Source: National Laboratory Directors
for the U.S. Department of Energy (1997)
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
DefinitionsDefinitions
• Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency
Using less energy resources to meet the same energy needs
• Renewable Energy Renewable Energy Using non-depleting natural resources to meet energy needs
Super Insulated Passive Solar HomePhoto Credit: Jerry Shaw
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Common Characteristics of Common Characteristics of Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
• Relative to conventional energy:Relative to conventional energy:
Typically higher initial costs
Generally lower operating costs
Environmentally cleaner
Often cost effective on life-cycle cost basis
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Cost of an Energy SystemCost of an Energy System
• Total costTotal cost
• Total costTotal cost
+ + annual fuel and O&M costsannual fuel and O&M costs
+ + major overhaul costsmajor overhaul costs
+ + decommissioning costsdecommissioning costs
++ financing costs financing costs
++ etc. etc.
purchase costpurchase cost
== purchase costpurchase cost
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Initial Cost vs. Simple PaybackInitial Cost vs. Simple Payback
OIL OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
OIL
+ Cumulative Fuel+ Cumulative Fuel ConsumptionConsumption
Simple Payback
0 1 2 3 4
OIL
OIL
OIL
Diesel GeneratorDiesel Generator(base case)
Wind Energy Wind Energy (proposed case)
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Renewable EnergyRenewable EnergyHeating & Cooling Heating & Cooling TechnologiesTechnologies
Biomass Heating
Solar Air Heating
Passive Solar Heating
Ground Source Heat Pumps
Solar Water Heating
Photo Credit: Waterloo Green Home Photo Credit: Grove Wood Heat
Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering Photo credit: TN Conseil
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Renewable Energy Electricity Renewable Energy Electricity Generating TechnologiesGenerating Technologies
Small HydroPhotovoltaics
Photo Credit: SNC-LavalinPhoto Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
Photo Credit: Middelgrunden Wind Turbine Co-operative
Wind Energy
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Wind EnergyWind EnergyTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
• Need good windsNeed good winds (>4 m/s @ 10M) Coastal areas, hilltops & valleys
• Applications:Applications:
Off-Grid Isolated-Grid
Central-Grid
DOE/NREL Photo Credit: Green, Jim Photo Credit: Rodger, Elliot
Photo Credit: NEG-MICON
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Wind Energy Market Wind Energy Market
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
MW
Source: Danish Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association & BTM Consult
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Annual Wind Turbine Installations Worldwide (MW)
0
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2,000
1,000
6,000
5,000
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 24,000 MW(~ 12.6 million homes @ 5,000 kWh/home and 30% wind capacity
factor)
8,100 MW Germany 3,175 MW Spain4,240 MW U.S. 2,417 MW Denmark
45,000 MW predicted by 2005
Small HydroSmall HydroTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
• Project types:Project types:Dam Run of riverDiversion
• Applications:Applications:Central-gridIsolated-gridOff-grid
Francis Turbine
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Small Hydro MarketSmall Hydro Market
• Most mature form of renewable energyMost mature form of renewable energy
• 19% of world electricity produced by large & small hydro19% of world electricity produced by large & small hydro
• 45,000 existing small hydro45,000 existing small hydro
plants in China (19,000 MW)plants in China (19,000 MW)
• 1,600 MW small hydro 1,600 MW small hydro
to develop in Canadato develop in Canada
• 4,500 MW small hydro 4,500 MW small hydro
to develop in Europeto develop in Europe
Small Hydro Power Plant
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Photovoltaic (PV)Photovoltaic (PV)Technology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
Photo Credit: Tsuo, Simon DOE/NREL
Photo Credit: Strong, Steven DOE/NREL
Household PV System
PV Water PumpingGrid-tied Building Integrated PV
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Photovoltaic MarketPhotovoltaic Market
Source: PV News
0
100
200
300
MWp
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Worldwide installed capacity (2001): 1,650 MW(~ 660,000 homes @ 5,000 kWh/home)
Growth in 2001: 350 MW
Worldwide PV installations (MWp)400 400
300
200
100
0
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Passive Solar HeatingPassive Solar HeatingTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
• Supplying energy in the Supplying energy in the heating seasonheating season
• Solar gains available Solar gains available through equator facing through equator facing windowswindows
• Store heat within Store heat within building structurebuilding structure
• Can reduce heating Can reduce heating cost to less than halfcost to less than half
Photo Credit: Parsons, Dave DOE/NREL
Passive and Active Solar Home
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Passive Solar Heating MarketPassive Solar Heating Market
• Use of efficient windows Use of efficient windows is actually passive solar - is actually passive solar - standard practice todaystandard practice today
• For new construction - no For new construction - no to low cost increaseto low cost increase Higher efficiency windows Building orientation Proper shading
• Cost competitive Cost competitive for new buildings for new buildings and retrofitsand retrofits
Commercial Buildings
Residential Buildings
DOE/NREL Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren
Photo Credit: Vadim Belotserkovsky
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Water HeatingSolar Water HeatingTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
• Glazed and un-glazed collectorsGlazed and un-glazed collectors
• Water storage (tank or pool)Water storage (tank or pool)
Commercial/Institutional Buildings and Pools Aquaculture - Salmon Hatchery
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Water Heating MarketSolar Water Heating Market
• More than 30 million mMore than 30 million m22 of of collectors worldwidecollectors worldwide
• Strong world market for solar Strong world market for solar swimming pool heatersswimming pool heaters
• Law requires solar water heatingLaw requires solar water heatingin Israelin Israel
• European community goal European community goal (2010): 100 million m(2010): 100 million m22 of of collectors (35 % growth rate)collectors (35 % growth rate)
Photo Credit: Chromagen
Residential Buildings
Residential Buildings and Pools
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Air HeatingSolar Air HeatingTechnology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
• Cold air is heated Cold air is heated as as it passes through it passes through small holes in thesmall holes in themetal absorber metal absorber plate (Solarwallplate (SolarwallTMTM) )
• A fan circulates thisA fan circulates thisheated air throughheated air throughthe buildingthe building
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
• Space heating of Space heating of buildings with large buildings with large ventilation requirements ventilation requirements
• Also for crop dryingAlso for crop drying
• Cost competitive Cost competitive for new buildings or major for new buildings or major renovationsrenovations
Industrial Buildings
Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering
Solar Crop Drying
Photo Credit: Conserval Engineering
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Solar Air Heating MarketSolar Air Heating Market
Biomass HeatingBiomass HeatingTechnology & Applications Technology & Applications
Wood Chipping
Heating Plant
Single Buildings and/or District Heating
Photo Credit: Wiseloger, Art DOE/NREL
Photo Credit: Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Biomass Heating MarketBiomass Heating Market
Photo Credit: Wiseloger, Art DOE/NREL
Wood Stove
Wood Fuel Supply
• 6% of global primary energy is fuelwood6% of global primary energy is fuelwood 6% of Canada, 13% of Austria’s and 17% of
Sweden’s energy supplies
• In some countries, biomassIn some countries, biomassaccounts for over 50% ofaccounts for over 50% ofenergy demand, usually forenergy demand, usually forcookingcooking
• Biomass fuel typesBiomass fuel types Wood, agricultural, municipal wastes, sewage, etc.
• Cost competitive with Cost competitive with conventional fuelsconventional fuels
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Ground-Source Heat Pump Ground-Source Heat Pump Technology & ApplicationsTechnology & Applications
• Space/water heating Space/water heating and coolingand cooling
• Cost competitiveCost competitivefor new/retrofit for new/retrofit applicationsapplications
Horizontal Ground-Loop
Vertical Ground-Loop
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Ground-Source Heat Pump Ground-Source Heat Pump MarketMarket
30,000+ ground-source heat 30,000+ ground-source heat pumps in residences in pumps in residences in CanadaCanada
3,000+ units in industrial 3,000+ units in industrial and commercial buildings in and commercial buildings in CanadaCanada
Commercial, Institutional Industrial Buildings
Photo Credit: Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium (GHPC) DOE/NREL
Residential Buildings
Photo Credit: DOE/NREL
More than 800,000 ground-source More than 800,000 ground-source heat pumps in Europeheat pumps in Europe
European objectives to double European objectives to double current installed capacity by 2010current installed capacity by 2010
45,000+ units installed in the US 45,000+ units installed in the US (2000)(2000)
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Other Commercial Other Commercial RE TechnologiesRE Technologies
• Biomass: heat and powerBiomass: heat and power• Bio-gas: cooking, electricity, shaft powerBio-gas: cooking, electricity, shaft power• Geothermal: heat and powerGeothermal: heat and power• Landfill gas: heat and powerLandfill gas: heat and power• Fuels: ethanol and Fuels: ethanol and
bio-dieselbio-diesel
Photo Credit: David and Associates DOE/NREL
Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren DOE/NREL
Biomass Co-generation
Agriculture Waste Fuel Supply
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
Emerging RE TechnologiesEmerging RE Technologies
• Solar-thermal powerSolar-thermal power
• Ocean-thermal powerOcean-thermal power
• Tidal powerTidal power
• Ocean current powerOcean current power
• Wave powerWave power
• etc.etc.
Photo Credit: Gretz, Warren DOE/NREL
Photo Credit: Sandia National Laboratories DOE/NREL
Parabolic-Trough Solar Power Plant
Central Receiver Solar Power Plant
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
• Cost-effective Cost-effective opportunities existopportunities exist
• Some past failuresSome past failures
• Many success storiesMany success stories
• Growing marketsGrowing markets
• Renewable energy Renewable energy resources are availableresources are available
Photo Credit: Ross, Michael
Photo Credit: Price, Chuck
Parks Canada PV-Wind Hybrid System (Arctic at 81°N)
PV PhonePhoto Credit: Nordex Gmbh
600 kW Wind Turbine installation
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.
ConclusionsConclusions
QuestionQuestions?s?
© Minister of Natural Resources Canada 2001 – 2002.