Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power...

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Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13

Transcript of Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power...

Page 1: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Renewable Energy and Conservation

Chapter 13

Page 2: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Renewable Energy Resources

• Biomass• Hydroelectric power• Geothermal• Solar—passive and active• Wind generation• Hydrogen power

Page 3: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Array of solar panels in rural Kenya. Silicon photovoltaic panels can be made of crystalline or amorphous silicon.

Crystalline one is more efficient-that is it can convert a larger fraction of solar energy to electricity. Amorphous silicon is less efficient, costs far less to produce. The panels shown here convert solar energy to electricity, which can be stored in a battery and used to run a small appliance.

Page 4: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Overview of Chapter 13• Direct Solar Energy

– Heating Buildings and Water– Solar Thermal Electric Generation– Photovoltaic Solar Cells

• Indirect Solar Energy– Biomass Energy– Wind Energy– Hydropower

• Other Renewable Energy Sources– Geothermal Energy– Tidal Energy

• High and Low Technology Energy Solution– Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

• Energy Efficiency

Page 5: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Direct Solar Energy• Varies with latitude, season, time of day, and

cloud cover

Areas at lower latitudes-closer to the equator receive more solar radiation annually Than do latitudes closer to the North and South Poles.More sun is received during summer than during winter because the sun is directly overhead in the summer and lower on the horizon in winter. Solar radiation is moreIntense when the sun is high in the sky (noon) than when it is low in the sky (dawn orDusk)Clouds scatter incident light andAbsorb some of the sun’s energy,Thereby reducing its intensity.The South Western U.S, with itsLack of cloud cover and lower Latitude, receive the greatest amountOf solar radiation annuallyWhereas the Northeast receivesThe least.

Page 6: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Solar Cookers

• O.5 million people in rural areas of Africa, Central America, India, and china are currently using solar cookers. Solar cookers transmit solar light into the cooker, and the glass cover does not transmit the infrared wavelengths

(heat) that would normally escape our of the cooker. pots containing food are placed inside the box on a black metal

Plate. The solar cooker can reach a Temperature of 177 C and can boil, �Bake, and saute foods. In averageSunlight, a person can cook a full mealIn two to four hours.

Page 7: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Heating Buildings and Water

• Passive solar energy– system of putting the sun’s energy to use without requiring

mechanical devices to distribute the collected heat • Certain design features can enhance passive solar

energy’s heating potential– South facing windows (in N. hemisphere)– Well insulated buildings– Attic vents– Overhangs and solar sunspaces– it costs bit more initially than do traditional designs homes.

Page 8: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Several passive designs are incorporated into this home.

Page 9: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Solar sunspace

• Utilizes passive solar energy to heat and cool homes

• Can be added to existing homes

Page 10: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Heating Buildings and Water• Active Solar Energy– System of collecting and absorbing the sun’s energy,

and using pumps or fans distribute the collected heat

o Most common• Series of collection

devices on roofs or in fields

• Typically a black panel or plate

o Used to heat water

Page 11: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Heating Buildings and Water

• Solar Thermal Electric Generation– Means of producing electricity in which the sun’s

energy is concentrated by mirrors or lenses to either heat a fluid filled pipe or drive a Stirling engine

• More efficient than other solar technologies• Benefits– No air pollution– No contribution to global warming or acid

precipitation

Page 12: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Solar Thermal Electric Generation

The world’s largest solar thermalSystem is currently operating inThe Mojave Desert in SouthernCalifornia.

Refer page number 285-286

Page 13: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Photovoltaic Solar Cells

• A wafer or thin film of solid state materials, such as silicon or gallium arsenide, that is treated with certain metals, so that they generate electricity-that is flow of electrons-when they absorb solar energy.

o Convert sunlight directly into energy

o No pollution and minimal maintenance

o Used on any scale• Lighted road signs• Entire buildings

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Photovoltaic Solar Cells• Can be incorporated into building materials

– Roofing shingles– Tile– Window glass

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Cost of Electrical Power Plants

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Indirect Solar Energy• Biomass– Plant materials used as fuel

• Ex: wood, crop wastes, saw dust wood chips algal crops sawdust, and animal wastes

– Contains energy from sun via photosynthesizing plants• Renewable when used no

faster than it can be produced

• Firewood –burned• Animal dung –and peat

(partly decayed plant matter)o Can convert to biogas or liquids

• Ethanol and methanol

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass

• Advantages– Reduces dependence on fossil fuels– Often uses waste materials– If trees are planted at same rate biomass is combusted, no net increase in

atmospheric CO2

– Low levels of sulfur and ash

• Disadvantages– Requires land, water and energy– Compete with the growing of food crops– Removal of crop residues would deplete the soil of minerals– Can lead to

• Deforestation• Desertification• Soil erosion

Biogas is mixture of gases mostly methane and is a clean fuel. In U.S it accounts for 3% of total U.S. Energy Production. The solid remains are used as fertilizer. Liquid biomass is ethanol and methanol. Biodiesel made from pant or animal oils.

Page 18: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Indirect Solar Energy

• Wind Energy– Electric or mechanical energy

obtained from surface air currents caused by solar warming of air

– World’s fastest growing source of energy

• Wind results from sun warming the atmosphere– Varies in direction and magnitude

• New wind turbines harness wind efficiently

• Denmark, one of the world leaders in wind power produces 21% of its electricity using wind energy.

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Wind Energy

– Kills birds and bats• No waste- clean

source of energy• Biggest constraints– Cost – Public resistance

o Most profitable in rural areas with constant wind (islands, coastal areas, mountain passes, grassland

o Few environmental problems

Germany currently leads the world as the top producer of wind energy.

Page 20: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Indirect Solar Energy

• Hydropower– Form of renewable

energy reliant on flowing or falling water to generate mechanical energy or electricity

• Sun’s energy drive hydrologic cycle

• Most efficient energy source (90%)

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Hydropower

• Generates 19% of world’s energy• The potential energy of water held back by a dam is

converted to kinetic energy as the water falls down and turns turbines to generate electricity.

• It is the most widely used forms of solar energy.• New technology– May be able to utilize low flow waterways– Refer to table 13.2: Advantages and Disadvantages of

Dams– The three Gorges Dam in China on the Yangze river and

its impact

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Impacts of Dams– Changes natural flow of rivers– A dam causes water to back up, flooding large areas of land and forming a

reservoir, which destroys plant and animal habitats.– Native fishes are susceptible to dams because the original river ecosystems is

altered.– Disrupts migratory fish patterns– Potential dam breaks– Natural beauty of the countryside is affected, and certain forms of wilderness

recreation ar made impossible.– Reservoir induced seismicity.– Greater water loss by evaporation resulting in increased salinity.– Schistosomiasis, which damage the liver, urinary tract, and lungs may spread.

(Egypt due to Aswan Dam built on the Nile River)– Wild and Scenic Rivers Act prevents the hydroelectric development of certain

rivers.

• A dam has a limited life span for 50-200 years. It traps silt which affects agricultural lands downstream.

Page 23: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Other Indirect Solar Energy

• Ocean waves– Produced by winds– Has potential to turn a turbine- and create electricity

• Ocean Temperature Gradients– Use difference in temperature of surface and deep water to

create electricity. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) would take advantage of the temperature difference between the warm surface water and the cold deep waters to produce electricity or to cool buildings.

– The first commercial OTEC plant is under construction at the National Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority on the Island of Hawaii.

Page 24: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Geothermal Energy

• From hot, dry rock• Geothermal heat

pumps– Use difference in

temperature between surface and subsurface

– Great for heating buildings

– Expensive installation

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Geothermal energy

• Steam separated from hot water pumped from underground turns a turbine and generates electricity. After its use steam is condensed and pumped back into the ground. By reinjecting spent water into the ground, geothermal energy remains a

renewable energy source because the cooler reinjected watercan be reheated and used again.

Page 26: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Geothermal energy

• The United States is the world’s largest producer of geothermal energy. California, Nevada, Utah, and Hawaii.

• The world’s largest geothermal power plant is The Geysers, a geothermal field in northern California.

• Geothermal plants are also there in Philipines, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Indonesia, and Iceland.

• Geothermal energy emits hydrogen sulfide• Surrounding lands may subside or sink as the water

from the hotspring and underground water is removed.

Page 27: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Heating and cooling buildings with geothermal energy.

• Geothermal Heat Pumps (GHPs) take advantage of the difference in temperature between Earth’s surface and subsurface.

• Installation of GHPs can beexpensive.• Benefits.• Low operating costs.• Efficient heating system• Lowest carbon dioxide emissions

Page 28: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Tidal Energy

• Tides, the alternate rising and falling of the surface waters of the ocean and seas that generally occur twice each day, are the result of gravitational pull of the moon and sun.

• The difference in water level between high and low tides is about 0.5 m. Certain coastal regions with narrow bays have extremely large differences in water between high and low tides.

• The Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia has the largest tides in the world, with 16m difference between high and low tide.

• Water at high tide contain enormous potential energy compared to low tide. This energy can be captured and converted into electricity.

• Location of tidal power plants: France, Russia, china, and Canada.

Page 29: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Energy conservation and Energy Efficiency

• Energy conservation: Using less energy, as for example, by reducing energy use and waste. This would include carpooling and lowring driving speeds.

• Energy efficiency: Using less energy to accomplish a given task, as for example with new technology.

• Both achieve same goal: Saving Energy• Reduce air pollution, acid precipitation.

Read A starring role in Energy Efficiency

Page 30: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Hydrogen as a Fuel Source

• Advantages to Hydrogen as a fuel source– Very high energy density– Can be produced from any electrical source• Electrolysis (see illustration on next slide)

– No greenhouse gases and few other pollutants– Can be use in vehicles

• Disadvantages to Hydrogen as a fuel source– Highly volatile (requires special storage)– Relatively inefficient (much of electricity is wasted

in production of Hydrogen)

Page 31: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Hydrogen as a Fuel Source-Electrolysis

Page 32: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

• Fuel cell– Device that directly converts chemical energy into

electricity • Requires hydrogen

from a tank and oxygen from the air

o Similar to a battery, only the reactants are supplied from outside source

Page 33: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Future Applications of Fuel Cells

• Vehicles– Not yet commonly

available– Hydrogen is not yet readily

available as a fuel source• Batteries in cells phones or

laptops• Iceland plans to build the

world’s first fleet of fuel cell buses, obtaining its hydrogen from geothermal and hydroelectric resources.

Page 34: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Energy Consumption Trends and Economics

A country’s total energy consumption per unit of its gross domestic product in purchasing power parity (GDP PPP) gives one measure of its energy intensity. Lower energy intensity means that the economy is more energy efficient and does not mean a lower standard of living.

Page 35: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Energy-Efficient Technologies

• The National Appliance Energy conservation Act (NAECA) sets national efficiency standards fro refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, clothes dryers, dish washers, room air conditioners, and ovens.

Page 36: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Energy Efficient Technologies

• Super-insulated buildings (right)

• Energy efficient appliances

• Automobiles• Aircraft technology

o Compact Fluorescent light bulbso Condensing furnaces

Page 37: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

A Superinsulated office building in Toronto, Canada

It has south facing windows with insulating glass. The building is so well insulated that it uses no furnace.

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Cogeneration

• Production of two useful forms of energy from the same fuel

Page 39: Renewable Energy and Conservation Chapter 13. Renewable Energy Resources Biomass Hydroelectric power Geothermal Solar—passive and active Wind generation.

Energy Savings in Commercial Buildings

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What does this cartoon imply about the relevance of energy efficiency in automobile purchasing decisions? Do you think attitudes will change? Why/why not?

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You can Make a DifferenceVery important

Read page number 304 in your Text Book.