Renewable Energy Chapter 1

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Dr. Lai Soon Onn

SA Block Ground Floor FGO Office

Email: [email protected]

Consultation hour: Tues. & Wed. 10

12pm

UEMK 3242

RENEWABLE FUEL ENERGY

Lecture : Tuesday 56 pm (DK2B)

Tutorial : Friday 3:305:30 pm

(DK2B)

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1. What was the nameof the documentary

film?

a) An convenient truth

b) An convenient

untruth

c) An inconvenient

truthd) An inconvenient

untruth

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2. What was the nameof the documentary

film?

a) The 10thhour

b) The 11thhour

c) The 12thhour

d) The 24thhour

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3. Who held the world'sfirst underwater cabinet

meeting with the aim of

becoming carbon

neutral in 10 years?

a) The President of India

b) The President of

Maldives

c) The President of

Indonesia

d) The President of Egypt

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4. If humans stopped emitting carbon dioxidetomorrow, what would happen to global

temperatures?

a) They would immediately begin to drop

b) They would begin to rise

c) They would flatten out and then drop

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5. Biodiesel is a natural, renewable fuel which canbe used in diesel engines. Which of the following

can it NOT be made from?

a) Soya beans

b) Used chip fat

c) Carrots

d) Used cooking oil

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6. The amount of energy poured onto the Earth bythe Sun every 15 minutes equivalent to what?

a) The worlds electricity needs for a decadeb) The worlds electricity needs for a year

c) The worlds electricity needs for a month

d) The worlds electricity needs for a day

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7. When ranked by their direct contribution to thegreenhouse effect, the most important

greenhouse gas is:

a) Water vapor (H2O)

b) Carbon dioxide (CO2)

c) Methane (CH4)

d) Nitrous oxide (N2O)e) Ozone (O3)

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8. The goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduceworldwide greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2

percent below base year levels between 2008

and 2012. When was the base year?

a) 1986

b) 1988

c) 1990d) 1992

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9. Which organization is a scientific body under theauspices of the United Nations (UN) to review

and assess the most recent scientific, technical

and socio-economic information produced

worldwide relevant to the understanding ofclimate change?

a) IEA

b) EIA

c) IPEEC

d) IPCC

e) IRENA12


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10. What does 350 mean in www.350.org?

a) 350 is the number that leading scientists say was

the level of carbon dioxide in the pre-industrial era.

b) 350 is the number that leading scientists say is the

targeted level of carbon dioxide to be achieved in

2020.

c) 350 is the number that leading scientists say is thesafe upper limit for carbon dioxidemeasured in

ppm in our atmosphere.

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Thats the last number you need to know, and

the most important As James Hansen of America's National Aeronautics and Space

Administration, the first scientist to warn about global warming more

than two decades ago, wrote:

"If humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which

civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted,

paleoclimate evidence and ongoing climate change suggest thatCO2will need to be reduced from its current 385ppm to at most

350ppm."

That will be a hard task, but not impossible. We need to stop taking

carbon out of the ground and putting it into the air. Above all, thatmeans we need to stop burning so much coaland start using solar

and wind energy and other such sources of renewable energy

while ensuring the Global South a fair chance to develop. If we do,

then the earths soils and forests will slowly cycle some of that extra

carbon out of the atmosphere, and eventually CO2concentrations

will return to a safe level. By decreasing use of other fossil fuels,14


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280

316

40015


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CO2atmospheric levels have been

steadily rising for 200 years,registering around 280ppm at the

start of the industrial revolution and

316ppm in 1958 when the Mauna

Loa observatory started

measurements.

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The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has reached 399.72ppm and is likely to pass the symbolically important 400ppm level for the first

time in the next few daysand this number is rising by about 2 parts per

John Vidal

The Guardian, 29 Apri l

2013

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STERN REVIEW The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate

Change is a 700-page report released for the Britishgovernment on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas

Stern, chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate

Change and the Environment at the London School of

Economics and also chair of the Centre for Climate

Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) at Leeds

University and LSE.

The report discusses the effect of global warming on the

world economy.

The report states that climate change is the greatest and

widest-ranging market failure ever seen, presenting a

unique challenge for economics.

The main conclusion is that the benefits of strong, early20


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Executive Summary, STERN REVIEW: The Econ om ics o f Climate21


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Figure 2 Stabilisation levels

and probability ranges for

temperature increases

- Executive Summary,

STERN REVIEW: The

Econom ics of Cl imate

Change-22


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Li t f RE R l t d W b it


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1. 100 Top Renewable Energy Sites : www.world.org/weo/energy

2. U.S. Energy Information Admistration: www.eia.gov

3. U.S. DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:

www.eere.energy.gov/

4. National Renewable Energy Laboratory: www.nrel.gov/

5. Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century: www.ren21.net

6. International Renewable Energy Agency: www.irena.org

7. Reegle: www.reegle.info

8. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership: www.reeep.org/

9. International Network for Sustainable Energy: www.inforse.org

10. International Renewable Energy Alliance: baringo.invotech.se/

a) International Hydropower Association (IHA)

b) International Solar Energy Society (ISES)

c) International Geothermal Association (IGA)

d) World Wind Energy Association (WWEA)

e) World Bioenergy Association (WBA)

11. International Energy Agency: www.iea.org

12. International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation: www.ipeec.org

13. Renewable Fuels Association: www.ethanolrfa.org/

14. BP Alternative Energy:

www.bp.com/modularhome.do?categoryId=7040&contentId=7051376

List of RE Related Websites

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http://www.map.ren21.net

http://yearbook.enerdata.net/

Maps

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BP Energy Charting Tool

http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-

bp/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013/energy-charting-tool.html

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Course Objective

Introduce the concept of renewable fuel

energies as new and sustainable energyresources by highlighting the energy

form, production, transport, storage, and

their potential role in sustainabledevelopment.

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Course Outcomes

Demonstrate the current situation of energysupply and demand in the world and the roles of

different forms of renewable energies in mitigating

global warming.

Analyze the conversion of solar radiation intosolar energy supply and its collection via solar

thermal and photovoltaics.

Evaluate production, delivery and storage of

hydrogen energy and its application in challenges

in fuel cell.

Compare among different biomass resources,

processing systems and conversion processes to

roduce biofuels.29


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Assessment

Final Exam 60%

Coursework 40%

Midterm test 20%

Assignment 20%

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References

Main Texto Boyle, G. & Godfrey. (2004). Renewable energy:

Power for a sustainable planet. (2nded.).OxfordUniv. Press.

Additional TextoAldo V. Da Rosa. (2005). Fundamentals of

renewable energy processes. Elsevier AcademicPress.

o Sorensen, B. (2005). Hydrogen and fuel cells:emerging technologies and applications.Elsevier/Academic Press.

o Drapcho, C. M., Nhuan, N.P., Walker, T. H. (2008).

Biofeuls engineering process technology. McGraw-Hill.31


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Introduction to Energy Systems

and Resources

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Outline

Global Energy Supply and Demand Fundamentals of energy conversion

Types and impacts of renewable energies

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The tonne of oil equivalent (toe) is the amount of energy released by

burning one tonne of crude oil, approximately 42 GJ. Multiples of the

toeare used, in particular the megatoe (Mtoe, one million toe) and the36


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and Equivalent carbon dioxide

(CO2e)

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) or Equivalent CO2(CO2e)is the concentration of CO2that would cause the

same level of radiative forcing as a given type and

concentration of greenhouse gas. Examples of such

greenhouse gases are methane, perfluorocarbons, andnitrous oxide. CO2e is expressed as parts per million by

volume, ppmv.

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Radiative Forcing

In climate science,

radiative forcingis defined as the

difference of

radiant energy

(sunlight) received

by the Earth and

energy radiated

back to space.

A positive forcing

(more incomingenergy) warms

the system,.

A negative forcing

(more outgoing

energy) cools it.38


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Top FIVE Countries

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BP 2012

bp.com/statisticalreview

BP Statistical Review of World Energy

June 2013

BP 2013


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Oil


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Oil reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears

2012 by region History


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Distribution of proved oil reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012Percentage


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Oil production/consumption by regionMillion barrels daily

Production by region Consumption by region


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Oil consumption per capita 2012Tonnes


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Natural Gas


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Gas reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears



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Distribution of proved gas reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012Percentage


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Gas production/consumption by regionBillion cubic metres

Consumption by regionProduction by region


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Source: Includes data from Cedigaz.

Gas consumption per capita 2012Tonnes oil equivalent


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Coal


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Coal reserves-to-production (R/P) ratiosYears



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Source: Survey of Energy Resources 2010, World Energy Council.

Distribution of proved coal reserves in 1992, 2002 and 2012Percentage


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Coal production/consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent

Production by region Consumption by region


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Coal consumption per capita 2012Tonnes oil equivalent


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Nuclear energy consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent


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Hydroelectricity

H d l t i it ti b i


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Hydroelectricity consumption by regionMillion tonnes oil equivalent


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Renewable energy


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Renewable energy consumption/share of power by region

Other renewables consumption by region

Million tonnes oil equivalent

Other renewables share of power generation by region

Percentage


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Primary energy

P i ld ti


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Primary energy world consumptionMillion tonnes oil equivalent

Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2012


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Primary energy regional consumption pattern 2012Percentage


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Population and income growth underpin

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growing energy consumption

OECD members

Europe: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,

Hungary, Iceland, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,

Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK.

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Population and income growth are the key

drivers behind growing demand for energy. By

2030 world population is projected to reach 8.3billion, which means an additional 1.3 billion people

will need energy; and world income in 2030 is

expected to be roughly double the 2011 level in real

terms.

World primary energy consumption is projected

to grow by 1.6% p.a. from 2011 to 2030, adding

36% to global consumption by 2030.The growth

rate declines, from 2.5% p.a. for 2000-10, to 2.1%

p.a. for 2010-20, and 1.3% p.a. from 2020 to 2030.

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Industrialization and growing power demand


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increase the worlds appetite for primary energy

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Almost all (93%) of the energy consumption growth


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is in non-OECD countries. Non-OECD energyconsumption in 2030 is 61% above the 2011 level, withgrowth averaging 2.5% p.a. (or 1.5% p.a. per capita),

accounting for 65% of world consumption (compared to53% in 2011).

OECD energy consumption in 2030 is just 6% higherthan in 2011 (0.3% p.a.), and will decline in per capita

terms (-0.2% p.a. 2011-30). Energy used for power generationgrows by 49% (2.1%

p.a.) 2011-30, and accounts for 57% of global primaryenergy growth. Primary energy used directly in industrygrows by 31% (1.4% p.a.), accounting for 25% of the

growth of primary energy consumption. The fastest growing fuels are renewables (including

biofuels) with growth averaging 7.6% p.a. 2011-30.Nuclear (2.6% p.a.) and hydro (2.0% p.a.) both growfaster than total energy. Among fossil fuels, gas grows

the fastest (2.0% p.a.), followed by coal (1.2% p.a.), and83

from all sources, conventional and


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unconventional

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Forms of Energy

Kinetic energy Potential energy

Mechanical energy

Chemical energy

Nuclear energy

Thermal energy

Electrical energy

Light (or radiation) energy Sound energy

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Energy Conversions


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Energy Conversions

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Principle of Energy Conversion

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Energy Conversion Efficiency

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Energy conversion efficiency ()is the ratiobetween the useful output of an energy

conversion machine and the input, in energy

terms.

The useful output may be electric power,mechanicalwork, or heat.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efficiency_diagram_by_Zureks.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Efficiency_diagram_by_Zureks.svg


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Hmmmm....

What do you think non-

renewable resourcesare?

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Non-Renewable Resources

A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that

cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to

its consumption.

oil coal natural gasNuclea

r

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Nuclear Energy

Nuclear fusion uses

uraniumto create energy.

Nuclear energy is a non-

renewable resource

because once the uranium

is used, it is gone!

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Coal, Petroleum, and Gas

Coal, petroleum, and natural

gas are considered non-

renewable because they

cannot be replenished in ashort period of time.

These are called fossilfuels.

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Fossil Fuels

The current use of fossil & nuclear fuels hasmany adverse consequences

These include air pollution, acid rain, the depletion

of natural resources and the danger of nuclear

radiation. Global climate change caused by emission of

greenhouse gasses from fossil fuel combustion.

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Natural and Human Activities

The natural greenhouse effect Their cause is essential in maintaining the earths

surface temperature at a level suitable for life at

around 15C.

Since industrial revolution, human activities havebeen adding extra greenhouse gasses to the

atmosphere.

The principal contributor to these increased

emission is CO2from the combustion of fossil fuels.

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T Ri


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Temperature Rise

Scientist estimate (IPCC, 2001) that thesehuman-induced emission caused a rise in the

earths global mean surface temperature of 0.6C

during the 20th century.

The surface

temperature is

predicted to rise

by 1.4 to 5.8Cby the end of

21stcentury.

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Cli t Ch


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Climate Change

Such rises will probably cause an increasedfrequency of climate extremes, such as floods or

droughts and serious disruption to agriculture and

natural ecosystems.

Glaciers and ice-sheets are starting to melt, addingmore water to the oceans

Means sea levels are likely to rise by around 0.5 m

by the end of the century.

And beyond 2100, much greater sea level risescould occur if major Antarctic ice sheets were to

melt

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Carbon Budget


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Carbon Budget

Non-OECD countries account for a rising share of

emissions, although 2035 per capita levels are only

half of OECD.

The 2 C carbon budget is being spent much too103

R d ti f CO E i i


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Reduction of CO2Emission

The threat of global climate change caused byCO2emissions from fossil fuel combustion is one

of the main reasons why there is growing

consensus on the need to reduce such

emissions. Reduction in the range of 60-80% may be needed

by the end of the 21st century

And ultimately, a switch to low- or zero-carbon

energy sources such as renewable.

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enewa eResources


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Resources

Sources that are continuously

replenished by natural processes. Hydropower and solar energy are

two examples of renewable energy

sources

Renewable energy sources areessentially flows of energy,

whereas the fossil and nuclear

fuels are, in essence, stocks of

energy.

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R bl E


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Renewable Energy

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Introduction to Renewable

E


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Energy

Twidell and Weir, 1986 (Authors of RenewableEnergy Resources)

Renewable energy can be defined as energy

obtained from the continuous or repetitive currents

of energy recurring in the natural environment Or, as energy flows which are replenished at

the same rate as they are used

The origin of the earths renewable energy

sources is solar radiation. Power = 1.731017W = 5106t coal J/s produced

by coal

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The Sun


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The Sun Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the difference in

temperature between the ocean surface and the deep waters to

drive a heat engine that produces electricity or synthetic fuels

(e.g., ammonia can be produced by OTEC energy using nitrogen

from air and hydrogen from water).

Solar ponds are pools of saltwater whose surface is exposed to

solar radiation. A gradient of temperature is formed in the ponddue to stratification; the temperature at the pool bottom reaches

up to 90C. The harvested energy can be used for either space or

process heating, desalinization, or electrical power generation.

Solar-driven heat engines can concentrate the solar radiation to

obtain high temperature sources and convert the associated heatinto electricity and lower grade process or space heating, which

is cogeneration.

Photovoltaic technology transforms the incident solar radiation

directly into electricity.109

S l E Di t U


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Solar Energy: Direct Use

Solar radiation can be converted into usefulenergy directly using various technologies.

Solar cells/panels

Solar cells are devices thatconvert light energy directly into electrical

energy.

You may have seen small solar cells on

calculators. Larger arrays of solar cells are used to power

road signs, and even larger arrays are used

to power satellites in orbit around Earth.

Solar cells are also called photovoltaic cells.110

S l E Di t


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Solar Energy: Direct use

Solar radiation can be converted into usefulenergy directly using various technology

Solar heaters

Solar heater are different to solar cells. Solar heaters do not generate electricity.

Instead they heat up water directly.

A pump pushes cold water from a storage tank

through pipes in the solar panel. The water isheated by heat energy from the Sun and

returns to the tank.

They are often located on the roofs of

buildings where they can receive the most

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Concentrating Solar

power (CSP) Plants

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Solar Energy


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Solar Energy

Good

Solar cells dont need

fuel to generate

electricity and oncebuilt require very little

maintenance

Electricity produced is

free and clean. Solarcells dont produce

any chemical pollution

Bad

Solar cells dont

produce much

electricity and it isvery costly to build a

large solar farm

Solar cells work best

in sunny countriesand they arent as

effective in winter. If it

gets cloudy sky, the

power drops!113

Solar Energy (cont )


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Solar Energy (cont.)

Good

Solar cells can vary in

size and as such are

idea for private use totop up a main

electricity supply

Solar cells are easy to

transport and can beused at remote areas

Energy reaching the

earth is incredible

Bad

Solar cells are

expensive to

manufacture Solar farms take up a

lot of space and are

very ugly to look at

Difficult to regulatethe amount of

electricity made

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Solar Energy: Indirect Use


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Solar Energy: Indirect Use

Solar radiation can be converted to useful energyindirectly, via other energy forms.

Hydropower

Wind power

Wave power Ocean thermal energy

Bioenergy

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Hydropower


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Hydropower

A large fraction of theradiation reaching the

earth is absorbed by the

oceans, warming them

and adding water vapourto the air.

The water vapour

condenses as rain to feed

rivers, into which we canput dams and turbines to

extract some of the

energy

It provides about a sixth

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Hydropower


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Hydropower

Good Bad

Hydropower dams

have no fuel costs

They can be run inreverse to pump

water back into the

reservoir to be

released at busytimes when electricity

is in high demand

Building a dam and

its reservoir covers

miles of oftenpicturesque and

occupied uplands. It

can involve the

destruction of farmland, forests and even

whole villages

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Wind Power


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Wind Power

Wind is caused by huge convection currents inthe Earth's atmosphere, driven by heat energy

from the Sun.

2% solar energywind energy

Usable wind energy = 2107

MW The energy in such currents can be harnessed by

wind turbines.

Wind turbines cannot work if there is no wind,

or if the wind speed is so high it would damagethem.

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Wind Power


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Wind Power

The moving air (wind) has huge amountsof kinetic energy, and this can be transferred into

electrical energy using wind turbines.

The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft,

which connects to a generatorand makes electricity.

The electricity is sent through

transmission and distribution

lines to a substation, then on

to homes, business and schools.

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Wind Power


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Wind Power

Good Bad

Wind turbines dont

need fuel to generate

electricity and oncebuilt require very little

maintenance

Wind turbines are

clean and do notproduce ant chemical

pollution at all

A single wind turbine

doesnt produce much

electricity. You need alot of turbines to

match a normal power

station and this can

be an ugly and noisy

issue in picturesque

areas

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Wind Power


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Wind Power

Good Bad

Once built wind

turbines to produce

energy for free Small wind turbines

can be used privately

to top up other

electricity supplies.This can be

particularly useful in

isolated areas such

as the Scottish

It is expensive to build

this many wind

turbines You only get

electricity on windy

days. No wind, no

electricity! It is difficult to

manage the amount

of electricity being

produced

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Wave Power

Earth surface area = 5.1108km2


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Wave Power

Waves are created by the force of the wind overthe water and so can be big or small depending

on the strength and speed of wind.

Wave power turbines harness the kinetic energy

that is in the up and down movement of thewaters surface to make mechanicalor electrical

energy.

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Ocean Thermal Energy


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Ocean Thermal Energy The process of converting the heatcontained in

the oceans water into electrical energy.

The water at the surface of an ocean gets heatedby the heat of the sun and attains a highertemperature than the colder water at deeper

levels in the ocean. This difference is up to 20C. The energy due to the difference in the

temperature of water at the surface of the oceanand at deeper levels can be harnessed through

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)systems.

These systems use the heat in sea water (orthermal energy) to vaporize a fluid, such as

ammonia or to create steam which is used to

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Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

(OTEC)


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(OTEC)

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Is Bioenergy Renewable?


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Is Bioenergy Renewable?

Biofuels are a renewable resource if theconsumption rate is not greater than the re-

growing rate.

Although the combustion of biofuels generates

atmospheric CO2emissions, these should beoffset by the CO2absorbed when the plants are

growing.

Significant emission of other greenhouse gasses

can result if the combustion is inefficient.

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Tidal Power


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Tidal Power

Tides are caused due the gravitational pull of themoon on the water in oceans and seas.

The power of the tides can be harnessed by

building a lowdam or barrage

in which the rising waters are captured and thenallowed to flow back through electricity generating

turbine.

It is possible to harness the power of strong

underwater currents, which are mainly tidal inorigin.

Devices for exploiting this energy source are marine

current turbines.137


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Marine current turbines

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Tidal Power


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Tidal Power

Good Bad

Tidal energy has no

fuel costs

There are nochemical waste

products such as

carbon dioxide or

sulphur dioxide Once built the energy

produced is free

A tidal barrier across

a river mouth is ugly,

an obstacle to boats

and ships and can

affect wildlife

A tidal barrier is

expensive to build

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Tidal Power


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Tidal Power

Good Bad

Tidal water can be

stored up and

released when energy

is in demand. Such as

in the evenings when

people use a lot of

electricity. This is

more versatile than

most renewable

energy sources

The amount ofelectricity generatedis irregular. It depends

on the state of thetide which variesthroughout the day. Itwill generate more

electricity at high tide.This also variesthroughout the yearas the height of hightide increases and

decreases

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Geothermal Energy


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Geothermal Energy

The high temperature of the

interior was originally caused by

gravitational contraction of the

planet as it was formed.

It has been enhanced by the heat

from the decay of radioactive

materials within the earths core.

In some places where hot rocks

are very near the surface.

They can heat water in

underground aquifers to provide

hot water or steam.142

~100 PWh/year


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Geothermal Energy


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gy

Good Bad

Geothermal energy is

very reliable and it is

easy to control the

amount of electricity

produced

Once built geothermal

energy is free toproduce!

Geothermal power

stations require a lot

of maintenance as the

pipes tend to corrode

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Is Geothermal EnergyRenewable?


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Geothermal energy is called a renewable energy

source because the water is replenished by

rainfall, and the heat is continuously produced by

the earth.

If steam or hot water is extracted at a greater ratethan heat is replenished from surrounding rocks,

a geothermal site will cool down

When operated in this way, geothermal energy is

not strictly renewable. It is possible to operate in a renewable mode by

keeping the rate of extraction below the rate of

renewal.147


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Energy Capacity


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gy p y

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Renewable Capacity


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p y

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Primary Energy Sources The fossil fuels


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and nuclear

power supply78% of the worldenergy demand.

Under theassumption that

the population ofmankind does notchangedrastically and itconsumes energy

at the currentlevel, the fossilfuel reserves willbe exhaustedwithin 320 years151

Conclusions


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Renewable Energy Chapter 1

Documents

Transcript of Renewable Energy Chapter 1