Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
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Transcript of Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.
Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Openers
• BASF• Video
• Energy Efficiency Quiz
Core Case Study: Amory Lovins and The Rocky Mountain Institute (1)
• Amory Lovins, energy analyst
• Rocky Mountain Institute• Nonprofit and nonpartisan• Research and consulting on energy, energy efficiency,
and renewable energy• Consults with 80 major corporations and 50 foreign
countries
Core Case Study: Amory Lovins and The Rocky Mountain Institute (2)
• Location: Snowmass, CO (U.S.)
• No conventional heating system
• Heating bills: <$50/year
• How is this possible?
Sustainable Energy: Rocky Mountain Institute in Colorado, U.S.
Fig. 16-1, p. 397
16-1 Why Is Energy Efficiency an Important Energy Resource?
• Concept 16-1 Improving energy efficiency can save the world at least a third of the energy it uses, and it can save the United States up to 43% of the energy it uses.
We Waste Huge Amounts of Energy (2)• Four widely used devices that waste energy
1. Incandescent light bulb2. Motor vehicle with internal combustion engine3. Nuclear power plant4. Coal-fired power plant
Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste
Fig. 16-3, p. 399
16-2 How Can We Cut Energy Waste?
• Concept 16-2 We have a variety of technologies for sharply increasing the energy efficiency of industrial operations, motor vehicles, and buildings.
We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (1)
• Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)• Two forms of energy from same fuel source
• Replace energy-wasting electric motors
• Recycling materials
• Switch from low-efficiency incandescent lighting to higher-efficiency fluorescent and LED lighting
LEDs
Fig. 16-4, p. 401
We Can Save Energy and Money in Industry and Utilities (2)
• Electrical grid system: outdated and wasteful
• Utility companies switching from promote use of energy to promoting energy efficiency• Spurred by state utility commissions
We Can Save Energy and Money in Transportation
• Corporate average fuel standards (CAFE) standards• Fuel economy standards lower in the U.S. countries• Fuel-efficient cars are on the market
• Hidden prices in gasoline: $12/gallon• Car manufacturers and oil companies lobby to prevent
laws to raise fuel taxes
• Should there be a feebate?
Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold in the U.S. and Other Countries
Fig. 16-5, p. 402
More Energy-Efficient Vehicles Are on the Way
• Superefficient and ultralight cars
• Gasoline-electric hybrid car
• Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
• Energy-efficient diesel car
• Electric vehicle with a fuel cell
Solutions: A Hybrid-Gasoline-Electric Engine Car and a Plug-in Hybrid Car
Fig. 16-6, p. 403
We Can Design Buildings That Save Energy and Money
• Green architecture
• Living or green roofs
• Superinsulation
• U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
A Green Roof in Chicago
Fig. 16-8, p. 405
We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (1)
• Conduct an energy survey
• Insulate and plug leaks
• Use energy-efficient windows
• Stop other heating and cooling losses
• Heat houses more efficiently
We Can Save Money and Energy in Existing Buildings (2)
• Heat water more efficiently
• Use energy-efficient appliances
• Use energy-efficient lighting
A Thermogram Shows Heat Loss
Fig. 16-9, p. 406
Individuals Matter: Ways in Which You Can Save Money Where You Live
Fig. 16-10, p. 407
We Can Use Renewable Energy to Provide Heat and Electricity
• Renewable energy• Solar energy: direct or indirect• Geothermal energy
• Benefits of shifting toward renewable energy
• Renewable energy cheaper if we eliminate• Inequitable subsidies• Inaccurate prices• Artificially low pricing of nonrenewable energy
16-3 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Energy?
• Concept 16-3 Passive and active solar heating systems can heat water and buildings effectively, and the costs of using direct sunlight to produce high-temperature heat and electricity are coming down.
We Can Heat Buildings and Water with Solar Energy
• Passive solar heating system
• Active solar heating system
Solutions: Passive and Active Solar Heating for a Home
Fig. 16-11, p. 409
Passive Solar Home in Colorado
Fig. 16-12, p. 410
Trade-Offs: Passive or Active Solar Heating
Fig. 16-14, p. 411
World Availability of Direct Solar Energy
Figure 22, Supplement 8
U.S. Availability of Direct Solar Energy
Figure 23, Supplement 8
We Can Cool Buildings Naturally
• Technologies available• Open windows when cooler outside• Use fans• Superinsulation and high-efficiency windows• Overhangs or awnings on windows• Light-colored roof• Geothermal pumps
Solutions: Solar Cooker in India
Fig. 16-17, p. 412
We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (1)
• Photovoltaic (PV) cells (solar cells)• Convert solar energy to electric energy
• Design of solar cells• Sunlight hits cells and releases electrons into wires
• Benefits of using solar cells
• Solar-cell power plants around the world
Solutions: Solar Cells on Rooftop and for Many Purposes
Fig. 16-18, p. 413
Solar Cell Array in Niger, West Africa
Fig. 16-19, p. 413
Solar-Cell Power Plant in Arizona
Fig. 16-20, p. 414
We Can Use Sunlight to Produce Electricity (2)
• Key problems• High cost of producing electricity• Need to be located in sunny desert areas• Fossil fuels used in production• Solar cells contain toxic materials
• Will the cost drop with• Mass production • New designs• Government subsidies and tax breaks
Trade-Offs: Solar Cells
Fig. 16-21, p. 414
16-4 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Hydropower • Concept 16-4 We can use water flowing over dams,
tidal flows, and ocean waves to generate electricity, but environmental concerns and limited availability of suitable sites may limit the use of these energy resources.
We Can Produce Electricity from Falling and Flowing Water
• Hydropower• Uses kinetic energy of moving water• World’s leading renewable energy source used to
produce electricity
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Micro-hydropower generators
Tradeoffs: Dams and Reservoirs
Fig. 13-13, p. 328
Trade-Offs: Large-Scale Hydropower, Advantages and Disadvantages
Fig. 16-22, p. 415
Tides and Waves Can Be Used to Produce Electricity
• Produce electricity from flowing water• Ocean tides and waves
• So far, power systems are limited
• Disadvantages• Few suitable sites• High costs• Equipment damaged by storms and corrosion
16-5 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Wind Power?• Concept 16-5 When we include the environmental
costs of using energy resources in the market prices of energy, wind power is the least expensive and least polluting way to produce electricity.
Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (1)
• Wind: indirect form of solar energy• Captured by turbines• Converted into electrical energy
• Second fastest-growing source of energy
• What is the global potential for wind energy?
• Wind farms: on land and offshore
World Electricity from Wind Energy
Figure 12, Supplement 9
Solutions: Wind Turbine and Wind Farms on Land and Offshore
Fig. 16-23, p. 417
Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (2)
• Countries with the highest total installed wind power capacity• Germany• United States• Spain• India• Denmark
• Installation is increasing in several other countries
Using Wind to Produce Electricity Is an Important Step toward Sustainability (3)
• Advantages of wind energy
• Drawbacks• Windy areas may be sparsely populated – need to
develop grid system to transfer electricity• Winds die down; need back-up energy• Storage of wind energy• Kills migratory birds • “Not in my backyard”
Trade-Offs: Wind Power
Fig. 16-25, p. 418
United States Wind Power Potential
Figure 24, Supplement 8
16-6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Biomass as an Energy Source
• Concept 16-6A Solid biomass is a renewable resource for much of the world’s population, but burning it faster than it is replenished produces a net gain in atmospheric greenhouse gases, and creating biomass plantations can degrade soil biodiversity.
• Concept 16-6B We can use liquid biofuels derived from biomass in place of gasoline and diesel fuels, but creating biofuel plantations can degrade soil and biodiversity and increase food prices and greenhouse gas emissions.
We Can Get Energy by Burning Solid Biomass
• Biomass• Plant materials and animal waste we can burn or turn
into biofuels
• Production of solid mass fuel• Plant fast-growing trees• Biomass plantations• Collect crop residues and animal manure
• Advantages and disadvantages
Trade-Offs: Solid Biomass
Fig. 16-26, p. 420
We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (1)
• Liquid biofuels• Biodiesel• Ethanol
• Biggest producers of biofuel• The United States• Brazil• The European Union • China
We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (2)
• Major advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel produced from oil1. Biofuel crops can be grown almost anywhere2. No net increase in CO2 emissions if managed
properly3. Available now
We Can Convert Plants and Plant Wastes to Liquid Biofuels (3)
• Studies warn of problems:• Decrease biodiversity• Increase soil degrading, erosion, and nutrient leaching• Push farmers off their land• Raise food prices• Reduce water supplies, especially for corn and soy
Case Study: Is Biodiesel the Answer?
• Biodiesel production from vegetable oil from various sources
• 95% produced by the European Union
• Subsidies promote rapid growth in United States
• Advantages and disadvantages
Trade-Offs: Biodiesel
Fig. 16-27, p. 421
Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (1)
• Ethanol from plants and plant wastes
• Brazil produces ethanol from sugarcane• Environmental consequences
• United States: ethanol from corn • Low net energy yield• Reduce the need for oil imports?• Harm food supply• Air pollution and climate change?
Case Study: Is Ethanol the Answer? (2)
• Cellulosic ethanol: alternative to corn ethanol• Switchgrass• Crop residues• Municipal wastes
• Advantages and disadvantages
World Ethanol Production
Figure 13, Supplement 9
Natural Capital: Rapidly Growing Switchgrass
Fig. 16-29, p. 423
Trade-Offs: Ethanol Fuel
Fig. 16-30, p. 423
16-7 What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy?• Concept 16-7 Geothermal energy has great potential
for supplying many areas with heat and electricity, and it has a generally low environmental impact, but sites where it can be used economically are limited.
Getting Energy from the Earth’s Internal Heat (1)
• Geothermal energy: heat stored in• Soil• Underground rocks• Fluids in the earth’s mantle
• Geothermal heat pump system• Energy efficient and reliable• Environmentally clean• Cost effective to heat or cool a space
Natural Capital: A Geothermal Heat Pump System Can Heat or Cool a House
Fig. 16-31, p. 425
Geothermal Sites in the United States
Figure 26, Supplement 8
Trade Offs: Geothermal Energy
Fig. 16-33, p. 426
16-9 How Can We Make the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future?
• Concept 16-9 We can make the transition to a more sustainable energy future if we greatly improve energy efficiency, use a mix of renewable energy resources, and include environmental costs in the market prices of all energy resources.
Solutions: Making the Transition to a More Sustainable Energy Future
Fig. 16-37, p. 431
Economics, Politics, Education, and Sustainable Energy Resources
• Government strategies:• Keep the prices of selected energy resources
artificially low to encourage their use• Keep energy prices artificially high for selected
resources to discourage their use• Consumer education
What Can you Do? Shifting to More Sustainable Energy Use
Fig. 16-38, p. 432
Three Big Ideas
1. We should evaluate energy resources on the basis of their potential supplies, how much net useful energy they provide, and the environmental impacts of using them.
2. Using a mix of renewable energy sources—especially solar, wind, flowing water, sustainable biofuels, and geothermal energy—can drastically reduce pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity losses.
Three Big Ideas
3. Making the transition to a more sustainable energy future will require sharply reducing energy waste, using a mix of environmentally friendly renewable energy resources, and including the harmful environmental costs of energy resources in their market prices.