Regional perspective on invasive alien vertebrates in forests · 1 Regional perspective on invasive...

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Regional perspectiveon invasive alien vertebrates in forests

Wojciech SolarzInsititute of Nature Conservation

Polish Academy of SciencesKraków, Poland

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=8bKV5kLCBxcggM&tbnid=a3iN5tAYRUZywM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http://www.e-ogrody.pl/Ogrody/56,113408,12442561,Dab_czerwony__Quercus_rubra_,,6.html&ei=iS9lUvKLMcLetAbfxYGYAg&bvm=bv.54934254,d.Yms&psig=AFQjCNEEBiWrzGnJ-1EMRP23QDunbuuBWg&ust=1382449410954049




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Vertebrates (66 000 species in total) include:

fishes (33 000 spp.)

amphibians (7 500 spp.)

reptiles (10 000 spp.)

birds (10 500 spp.)

mammals (5 500 spp.)

66 000 vertebrate species is a considerable number…

…but among alien species, vertebrates are not the dominant group

How many alien vertebrates in forests?

DAISIE www.europe-aliens.org

Among alien species, vertebrates are not the dominant group






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Among alien species, vertebrates are not the dominant group


DAISIE database includes 270 terrestrial vertebrate species


N of terrestrial alien intvertebrate vs vertebrate species per country


invertebrates vertebrates

plants





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NOBANIS www.nobanis.org

Belarus, Russia (European part), Estonia Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Rep., Austria,Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Ireland, Iceland



Boreal forests: invasive alien species – 50 non invasive alien species – 30invasiveness not known – 50

Mixed forests:invasive alien species – 60 potentially invasive alien species – 52non invasive alien species – 169invasiveness not known – 127

The sum of alien species in boreal and mixed forests is 538 (although some of these species may be counted twice– in each of the two forest types)






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The sum of alien species in boreal and mixed forests is 538

- this number includes all taxa, not only vertebrates

- considering that, in general, the share of alien vertebratesamong all alien species is low, the number of vertebratesin forests among those 538 forest aliens is also low

In conclusion:- estimates of the numbers of alien species in forest are difficultbecause precise data combining taxonomy and habitat are not easily accessible

- however, it can be reliably stated that in forests, alien vertebratesare less of a problem than alien invertebrates, fungi or plants


How do alien terrestrial vertebrates find their way to forests?





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Hulme et al. 2008


Hulme et al. 2008





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classification of introduction pathways according to the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS)

GRIIS www.griis.org


escapesreleases

Biological control

Hunting

pathways relevant for terrestrial alien vertebrates(according to GRIIS):

Zoo

Farmed animals

Fur farms

Pet species

GRIIS www.griis.org





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release for hunting


Sika deer Cervus nipponWhite-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianusWapiti Cervus canadensisFallow deer Dama damaSiberian roe deer Capreolus pygargusMouflon Ovis mussimonCanadian beaver Castor canadensisRaccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoidesRaccoon Procyon lotorAmerican mink Neovison vison

Invasive Alien Species IAS

release for biological control


Vietnamese potbellied pig Sus scrofa bittatus

released for protection of young forest plantations in Poland against root-damaging larvae





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escape (zoos, farms, pets…)


American squirrel Sciurus carolinensisBlack squirrel Sciurus nigerSiberian chimpmunk Tamias sibiricusRing-tailed koati Nasua nasua

Invasive Alien Species IAS

Sika deerWhite-tailed deerWapitiFallow deerMouflonCanadian beaverRaccoon dogRaccoonAmerican mink

(…fur farms)

What is the negative imapct of invasive alien vertebrates in forests?

in terms of monetary value of timber production, impact of invasivealien vertebrates is (probably by orders of magnitude) lower thanthat incurred by alien invertebrates, plants or fungi

the good news is that foresters do not have to be afraid that alienvertebrates will make their forest look like this:

however, their presence in forests is not completely neutral, particularly from the point of view of nature conservation





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impact classification according to the Global Register of Introduced and Invasive Species (GRIIS)

GRIIS www.griis.org


ecosystem-habitat

socio-economic

Damage to forestry

Damage to agriculture

Threatto human health

consequences of impact from terrestrial alien vertebrates(according to GRIIS):

Modificationof succesion

Primary productionalteration

Habitat degradation

Soil erosion

species-population


Native populationsize decline

Native speciesrange change

Alteration of geneticresources

GRIIS www.griis.org





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mechanisms of impact from terrestrial alien vertebrates(according to GRIIS):

Grazing/herbivory/browsingPredation

CompetitionHybridisation

Disease/parasite transmissionPoisoning/toxicityRooting/Digging

Trampling


GRIIS www.griis.org

Examples of invasive alien vertebrates in forests

Grazing/herbivory/browsingHybridisation

Parasite transmissionCompetition

Trampling

Damage to forestryDamage to agriculture

Modification of succesionPrimary production alteration

Alteration of genetic resources

sika deer Cervus nippon





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Hybridisationaffected species:

Red deer C. elaphus

sika deer Cervus nippon

Parasite transmissionAshworthius sidemi

(Asiatic bloodsucking nematode)affected species: European bison,

roe deer, red deer, domestic cattle, sheep

Damage to forestryHerbivory/browsing

CompetitionDisease transmission Native population size decline

Native species range change


Grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis





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Herbivory/browsing


CompetitionDisease transmission:

squirrel pox virusaffected species:

Red squirrel S. vulgaris

Grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis

Native population size decline

Disease/parasite transmissionPredation

Threat to human health


RaccoonProcyon lotor

Raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides

American minkNeovison vison





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Disease/parasite transmissionrabies,

Baylisascaris procyonis


Raccoon Procyon lotor, Raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides, American mink Neovison vison

Predation

Grazing/herbivory/browsingTrampling

Damage to forestryDamage to agriculture

Examples of „non-invasive” alien vertebrates in forests


Because of negative impact, sika deer and grey squirrel are controlled

There are, however, alien species tolerated despite being invasive

Fallow deer Dama dama





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Fallow deer Dama dama

N of Fallow deer in Poland:1990 – 5 400

2014 – 28 000


Habitat degradationSoil erosion

Trampling


Mouflon Ovis mussimon





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Fot. E. Szczęśniak


Mouflon Ovis mussimon

How to mitigate the problem of biological invasions in forests?

Efforts of forestry services towards mitigating the problem of biological invasions are obviuosly focused on alien species affectingtimber production

These efforts are also important from nature conservationperspetive, because alien species that severely affect timberproduction, at the same time usually have detrimental influence also on biological diversity (forests are biodiversity hotspots)

However, it may be more challenging for forestry services, to addressthreats from forest alien species whose impact is only on biodiversity(and not on economy)

The challenge may be insufficient financing and manpower…

…but also insufficient awareness of the problems caused by invasivealien species





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Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Decision VI/23 from 2002

Guiding Principles for the Prevention, Introduction and Mitigation of Impacts of Alien Species That Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or species:

1: Precautionary approach2: Three-stage hierarchical approach3: Ecosystem approach4: The role of States5: Research and monitoring6: Education and public awareness7: Border control and quarantine measures8: Exchange of information9: Cooperation, including capacity-building10: Intentional introduction11: Unintentional introductions12: Mitigation of impacts13: Eradication14: Containment15: Control


Cost-effective solutions to improve implementation of the CBD’sguiding principles in forests:

5: Research and monitoring– extend the scope of monitoring schemes in forests to include

a wider set of species; establish early-warning systems(sometimes just one phone call or email is enough)

6: Education and public awareness– include biological invasions into forest education centers

programmes

10: Intentional introduction– consider biodiveristy interests while cooperating with

hunters on introductions of game species (particulary thatthe level of awareness of the problem among huntershas improved





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Photo credits

https://www.google.pl/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia1.britannica.com%2Feb-media%2F46%2F93546-004-F9C81CA9.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Flist%2F5-vertebrate-groups-&docid=eaHnMO351IOm6M&tbnid=WxH0oWn1fci6jM%3A&w=600&h=300&bih=888&biw=1680&ved=0ahUKEwiWleSyr-7OAhUJiywKHTjGB9oQMwgdKAEwAQ&iact=mrc&uact=8https://www.google.pl/search?q=las+kornik&biw=1680&bih=888&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_tZ3mtPDOAhVDkiwKHcUcBJwQ_AUIBygC&dpr=0.9#imgrc=Zwlc-MNEM4zKOM%3A https://markbutlerblog.files.wordpress.com/2014/05/images-1.jpg http://www.nerjarob.com/nature/grey-squirrels-and-jay-by-the-lake/http://forums2.gardenweb.com/discussions/1734080/squirrels-stripping-my-tulip-tree-bran http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/7842458.stmhttp://www.roeselienraimond.com/species-fallow-deer/ https://www.google.pl/search?q=ashworthius+sidemi&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiagfyuwfbOAhVCFiwKHbI7B1MQ_AUICSgC&biw=1440&bih=783#imgrc=yE9-ae-eCVZR7M%3A http://www.wzsfz.com/jscshow.php?infoid=3186http://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2006/Baylisascariasis/history.htm

Thank [email protected]





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