ADINDA ZURICHA PITALOKA

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MAJOR REFERENCING STYLES

ACS (American Chemical Society)

The style manual of the American Chemical Society is now in its third edition. It is widely used in chemistry and related disciplines.

The ACS manual gives instructions for numbered referencing and also for in-text (Harvard style) referencing.

Example:

Book: Schwarzenbach, R. P.; Gschwend, P. M.; Imboden, D. M. Environmental Organic

        Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, N. J., 2003.

Journal articles: Hu, S.; Neckers, D. C. Photochemically active polymers containing pendant ethyl phenylglyoxylate. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 322-327.

Standards: ASTM D790. Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. Plastics(1) 1982, Vol 08.01.

AGLC (Australian Guide to Legal Citation)

This is now the standard Australian guide for referencing in Law. It is a footnote style and includes detailed provisions for referencing statutes, case reports and other legal materials.

Example:

Book: Brendan Sweeney, Jennifer O'Reilly and Andrew Coleman, Law in Commerce (LexisNexis Butterworths, 4th ed, 2010).

Journal articles: Belinda Bennett, Terry Carney and Caroline Saint, 'Swine flu, doctors and pandemics : is there a duty to treat during a pandemic?' (2010) 17 Journal of Law and Medicine 736.

AGPS/AGIMO

This is the standard Australian style manual. It has been published in various editions over many years. Originally it was published by the Australian Government Publishing Service, and now it is published for the Australian Government Information Management Office. The latest edition (2002) was prepared by the consultants Snooks & Co.

This manual is widely used by Australian publishers. It forms the basis for the UQ Library Harvard style. The manual also contains provisions for numbered reference lists and footnote referencing.

Example:

Book: Flexer, RW, Baer, RM, Luft, P & Simmons, TJ 2008, Transition planning for secondary students with disabilities, 3rd edn, Pearson, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Journal articles: Wong, K 2009, 'Rethinking the hobbits of Indonesia', Scientific American, vol. 301, no. 5, pp. 66-73.

Web documents: Anderson, J (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2000, CASA approves avgas contamination test, media release, 23 January, Department of Transport and Regional Services,Canberra, viewed 7 February 2000, <http://www.dotrs.gov.au/media/anders/archive/2000/jan_00/al6_2000.htm>.

AMA (American Medical Association)

This style is widely used in medicine, especially in journals published by the American Medical Association.

Guides to the AMA style can be found at various sites on the web:

o Shafer Library, University of Findlay o School of Pharmacy, Samford University

o Ball State University Library

o Florida International University

APA (American Psychological Association)

This is the standard style used in Psychology, but it is also widely used in other

disciplines, especially in the Social Sciences. It is one of the many variants of the Harvard style.

Example:

Books: Mezey, M. D., Cassel, C. K., Bottrell, M. M., Hyer, K., Howe, J. L., & Fulmer, T. T. (Eds.). Ethical patient care: A casebook for geriatric health care teams. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Journals: Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.

Magazines and newspapers: von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., ...Peters, G. (2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific [Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style is the most widely consulted of all style manuals. It includes provisions for footnote referencing, numbered reference lists and author-date referencing.

The Chicago Manual's footnote referencing system is widely used in the arts and humanities. Its author/date referencing provisions are also widely used, and constitute one of the many variants of the Harvard style.

Example:

Books: Geis, Gilbert, and Ivan Bunn. 1997. A Trial of Witches: A Seventeenth-Century Witchcraft Prosecution. London: Routledge.

Articles: Liker, Andras and Tamas Szekely. 1997. "Aggression Among Female Lapwings, Vanellus vanellus. Animal Behaviour. 54 (3): 797-802.

CSE (Council of Science Editors)

The manual of the Council of Science Editors (CSE) is now in its seventh edition. It was first issued in 1960 by the Council of Biology Editors and is still sometimes referred to as the CBE manual. It is widely used in the life sciences, and its provisions are applicable to other scientific disciplines also.

The CSE manual recommends a numbered referencing system, where the reference list

is arranged alphabetically by author and numbered accordingly.

Harvard

Harvard is a generic term for any style which contains author-date references in the text of the document, such as (Smith 1999). There will also be a list of references at the end of the document, arranged by authors' names and year of publication. There is no official manual of the Harvard style: it is just a generic term for the many styles which follow that format.

The UQ Library Harvard Style is based on the AGPS/AGIMO style manual. The latest edition of that manual is the 6th edition (2002).

Example:

Books: KEARNEY, R. and RAMUSSEN, D. (eds.) (2001) Continental Aesthetics –Romanticism to Postmodernism: An Anthology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Journal articles: LU, H. and MIETHE, T.D. (2002) Legal representation and criminal processing inChina. British Journal of Criminology, 42 (2), pp. 267280.

Newspaper: BROWN, P. (2002) New foot and mouth outbreak suspected. Guardian, 27th Feb, p. 1.

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

The IEEE is the major professional body and publisher in the fields of electrical engineering and computer science. Their style manual is widely used in those disciplines. It uses a numbered reference list.

The IEEE Computer Society has its own style manual, which is based on the IEEE manual but differs in some respects.

MLA (Modern Language Association of America)

The MLA style is widely used in the fields of modern literature and linguistics.

MLA referencing uses Harvard-style references in the text of the document, but without the year of publication.

The MLA style is published in two different publications: MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing and MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. These two

publications contain identical guidelines for referencing.

Vancouver

Vancouver is a generic term for a style of referencing widely used in the health sciences, using a numbered reference list.

There is no official manual of the Vancouver style, but the US National Library of Medicine's style guide is now considered the most authoritative manual on this type of referencing.

Example:

Journals: Leurs R, Church MK, Taglialatela M. H1-antihistamines: inverse agonism, anti-inflammatory actions and cardiac effects. Clin Exp Allergy. 2002 Apr;32(4):489-98.

Books: Beers MH, Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkwits M, editors. The Merck manual of diagnosis and therapy. 18th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; 2006.