REFERENCES AND LITER ATURE CITEDa123.g.akamai.net/7/123/11558/abc123/forestservic... · 2013. 7....

Wilkins Dry Forest Restoration Project Appendix N.

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REFERENCES AND LITERATURE CITED

APPENDIX A. SILVICULTURE Aplet, G.H. and W.S. Keeton. 1999. Application of historical range of variability concepts to

biodiversity conservation. Pages 71-86 in: R. Baydack, H. Campa, and J. Haufler (eds.). Practical Approaches to the Conservation of Biological Diversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C. 313 pp.

Caraher, David L.; Henshaw, John; Hall, Fred [and others]. 1992. Restoring ecosystems in the Blue Mountains: a report to the Regional Forester and the Forest Supervisors of the Blue Mountain forests. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 14 p.

Cochran, P. H.; Geist, J. M.; Clemens, D. L. [and others]. 1994. Suggested stocking levels for forest stands in northeastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. Research Note PNW-RN-513. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 21 p.

Cochran, P.H.; Dahms, W.G. 1998. Lodgepole Pine Development After Early Spacing in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Research Paper PNW-RP-503. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Dillard, D.S. 2007 (June 20). Clarification of May 2nd, 2007, advice on documenting “best available science”, 1920/1950 memorandum to Regional Planning Directors. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 2 p.

Eyre, F.H., editor. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p.

Franklin, Jerry F.; Johnson, K. Norman. June, 2011. Dry forest restoration principles and prescriptions. A presentation to Region 6 vegetation managers. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Ukiah, OR 97880. 11 pages.

Harvey, Alan E.; Geist, J. Michael; McDonald, Gerald I.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Cochran, Patrick H.; Zabowski, Darlene; Meurisse, Robert T. 1994. Biotic and abiotic processes in eastside ecosystems: The effects of management on soil properties, processes, and productivity. Eastside Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment: from Volume III, Assessment. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-323

Hessburg, Paul F.; Smith, Bradley G.; Kreiter, Scott D.; Miller, Craig A.; Salter, Brion R.; McNicoll, Cecilia H.; Hahn, Wendel J. 1999. Historical and current forest and range landscapes in the Interior Columbia River basin and portions of the Klamath and Great


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basins; Part I: Linking vegetation patterns and landscape vulnerability to potential insect and pathogen disturbances. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, General Technical Report PNW-GTR-458. 357 p.

Johnson, Charles Grier, Jr.; Clausnitzer, Rodrick R. 1992. Plant associations of the Blue and Ochoco Mountains. Publication R6-ERW-TP-036-92. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest. 164 p.

Johnson, Charles G., Jr. 1994. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: a plant ecologist’s perspective on ecosystem processes and biological diversity. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-339. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 24 p.

Johnson, K. Norman; Agee, James; Beschta, Robert [and others]. 1995. Forest health and timber harvest on national forests in the Blue Mountains of Oregon: a report to Governor Kitzhaber. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 51 p.

Lehmkuhl, John F.; Hessburg, Paul F.; Everett, Richard L. [and others]. 1994. Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington. Part 1: Vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazards. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-328. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 88 p.

Lowe, John E. 1993. Interim approach for sale preparation, eastside forests. Twenty-one page memorandum with enclosures to forest supervisors of eastside forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

Lowe, John E. 1994. Interim management direction establishing riparian, ecosystem and wildlife standards for timber sales. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Portland, OR.

Martin, Kevin. 2010. Range of variation direction for forest vegetation project planning; file designation 1920-2-1, memorandum to S.O. Staff and District Rangers. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 6 p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office, Pendleton, OR 97801.

Morgan, P.; Aplet, G.H.; Haufler, J.B.; Humphries, H.C.; Moore, M.M.; Wilson, W.D. 1994. Historical range of variability: a useful tool for evaluating ecosystem change. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2: 87-111.

Moeur, M.; Stage, A.R. 1995. Most similar neighbor: an improved sampling inference procedure for natural resource planning. Forest Science. 41(2): 337-359.

Moghissi, A.A.; Love, B.R.; Straja, S.R.; McBride, D.K.; Swetnam, M.S. 2008. Best available science: its evolution, taxonomy, and application. Arlington, VA: Potomac Institute for


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Policy Studies. 93 p.

Mutch, Robert W.; Arno, Stephen F.; Brown, James K. [and others]. 1993. Forest health in the Blue Moun¬tains: a management strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-310. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 14 p.

Oliver, Chadwick D.; Irwin, Larry L.; Knapp, Walter H. 1994. Eastside forest management practices: historical overview, extent of their applications, and their effects on sustainability of ecosystems. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-324. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 73 p.

Putz, F.E.; Parker, G.G.; Archibald, R.M. 1984. Mechanical abrasion and intercrown spacing. American Midland Naturalist. 112(1): 24-28.

Pfister, R.D.; Arno, S.F. 1980. Classifying forest habitat types based on potential climax vegetation. Forest Science 26(1): 52-70.

Powell, David C. 1999. Suggested stocking levels for forest stands in Northeastern Oregon and Southeastern Washington: An implementation guide for the Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton, Oregon: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest, F14-SO-TP-03-99. 300 p.

Powell, David C. 2000. Potential vegetation, disturbance, plant succession, and other aspects of forest ecology. Technical Publication F14-SO-TP-09-00. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest. 88 p.

Powell, David C. 2011. Active management of dry forests in the Blue Mountains: Silvicultural considerations. White Paper F14-SO-WP-Silv-4. Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 128 p.

Powell, David C. 2012a. Historical Vegetation Mapping: Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 39 p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, 2517 SW Hailey Avenue, Pendleton, OR 97801.

Powell, David C. 2012b. Historical range of variability estimates for mid-scale assessments. Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 23 p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, 2517 SW Hailey Avenue, Pendleton, OR 97801.

Powell, David C. 2013. Silviculture Terminology. Umatilla National Forest. Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, Supervisor’s Office. 24 p. On file with: Umatilla National Forest, 2517 SW Hailey Avenue, Pendleton, OR 97801.


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Powell, David C.; Johnson, C. G.; Crowe, E. A.; Wells, A; Swanson, D. K. 2007. Potential vegetation hierarchy for the Blue Mountains section of northeastern Oregon, southeastern Washington, and west-central Idaho. PNW-GTR-709. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR. 87p.

Quigley, Thomas M. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: social and economic perspectives. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-296. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 9 p.

Quigley, Thomas M.; Arbelbide, Sylvia J., technical editors. 1997. An assessment of ecosystem components in the Interior Columbia Basin and portions of the Klamath and Great Basins: volume 2. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-405. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 4 volumes: 337-1055.

Sampson, R. Neil; Adams, David L.; Hamilton, Stanley S. [and others]. 1994. Assessing forest ecosystem health in the inland west. Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 2(1/2):3-10.

Schmitt, Craig L.; Spiegel, Lia. 2009. Technical assistance: Wilkins analysis area proposed units, North Fork John Day Ranger District. La Grande, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Blue Mountains Pest Management Service Center, Wallowa-Whitman National Forest.

Sheehan, K. A. 1996. Defoliation by western spruce budworm in Oregon and Washington from 1980 through 1994. Technical publication R6-NR-TP-04-96. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.

Smith, David M.; Larson, Bruce C.; Kelty, Matthew J.; Ashton, P., Mark S. 1997. The practice of silviculture: applied forest ecology. Ninth edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 537 p.

Swanson, F.J.; Jones, J.A.; Wallin, D.O.; Cissel, J.H. 1994. Natural variability – implications for ecosystem management. In: Jensen, M.E.; Bourgeron, P.S., editors. Volume II: Ecosystem management: principles and applications. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: 80-94.

Tanaka, John A.; Starr, G. Lynn; Quigley, Thomas M. 1995. Strategies and recommendations for addressing forest health issues in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and Washington. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-350. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 18 p.

Tappeiner, J.C.; Maguire, D.A.; Harrington, T.B. 2007. Silviculture and ecology of western U.S. forests. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR. 440 p.

USDA Forest Service. 1991. Blue Mountains Forest Health Report. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Irregular pagination.


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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1995. Revised interim direction establishing riparian, ecosystem and wildlife standards for timber sales; Regional Forester’s Forest Plan Amendment #2. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 14 p.

Weaver, Harold. 1943. Fire As An Ecological and Silvicultural Factor in the Ponderosa Pine Region of the Pacific Slope. Journal of Forestry. 11 p.

Wickman, Boyd E. 1992. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: the influence of insects and disease. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-295. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 15 p.

APPENDIX B. FIRE AND FUELS Anderson, H. E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel models for estimating fire behavior. USDA

Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-122. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT.

Andrews, P. L.; Rothermel, R. C. 1982. Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics. USDA Forest Service. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Ogden, UT.

Andrews, P. L.; Bevins, C. D.; Seli, R. C. 2008. BehavePlus fire modeling system, Version 4.0 Users Guide. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Ogden, UT.

Agee, J.K. 1991. Fire history along an elevational gradient in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon. Northwest Science, 65: 188-199.

Agee, J.K. 1993. Fire ecology of the Pacific Northwest Forest. Washington D.C. Island Press.

Agee, J.K., Skinner, Carl N. 2005. Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecology and Management, 211: Issue 1-2, 83-96.

Belskey, A. Joy, Blumenthal, Dana M. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior west. Conservation Biology, 11 no. 2: 315-327.

Bormann, D.A. 1979. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. New York. Springer-Verlag.

Borman, M.M. 2005. Forest Stand Dynamics and Livestock Grazing in Historical Context. Conservation Biology, 19: 1658–1662.

Brown, H. 2000. Wildland burning by American Indians in Virginia. Fire Management Today,

60(3): 29-39.


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Carey, H. & Schumann, M. 2003. Modifying wildfire behavior- The effectiveness of fuel treatments. Retrieved October 26, 2011 from Forest Guild: http://www.forestguild.org/publications/research/2003/Modifying_Fire_Behavior.pdf

Cooper, W.S. 1913. The climax forest of Isle Royale, Lake Superior, and its development, I, II,

and III. Botanical Gazzette, 1-44, 115-140 and 189-235. Cram, D.; Baker, T.; Boren, J. 2006. Wildland fire effects in silviculturally treated vs. untreated

stands of New Mexico and Arizona. Research Paper RMRS-RP-55. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 28 p.

Everett, R.L.; Schellhaas, D.; Keenum D.; Spurbeck, D.; & Ohlson, P. 2000. Fire history in the

ponderosa pine/douglas-fir forests on the east slopes of the Washington cascades. Forest Ecology and Management, 129: 207-225.

Fernandes Paulo M., Botelho Hermínio S. 2003. A review of prescribed burning effectiveness in fire hazard reduction. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 12: 117–128. Finney, Mark A. 2001. Design of regular landscape level fuel treatment patterns for modifying

fire growth and behavior. Forest Science, 47 (2): 219-228. Finney, Mark A., McHugh, Charles W., Greenfell, Isaac C. 2005. Stand and landscape level

effects of prescribed burning on two Arizona wildfires. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35: 1714-1722.

Finney, M. A. 2006. An overview of FlamMap fire modeling capabilities. Fuels Management- How to Measure Success, pp. 213-220. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fort Collins, CO.

Franklin, J.F.; & Foreman, R.T. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: ecological consequences and principles. Landscape Ecology, 1: 5-18.

Fulé, Peter Z.; Crouse, Joseph E.; Roccaforte, John Paul; Kalies, Elizabeth L. 2012. Do thinning and/or burning treatments in western USA ponderosa or Jeffrey pine-dominated forests help restore natural fire behavior? Forest Ecology and Management, 269: 68-81.

Graetz, D.H.; Sessions, J.; & Garman, S.L. 2007. Landscape Analysis: Projecting the effects of

management and natural disturbances on forest and watershed resources of the Blue Mountains, Oregon, USA. Using stand-level optimization to reduce crown fire hazard. Landscape and Urban Planning, 312-319.

http://www.forestguild.org/publications/research/2003/Modifying_Fire_Behavior.pdf


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Graham, R., McCaffrey, S. and Jain, T. 2004. Science basis for changing forest structure to modify wildfire behavior and severity. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. Rocky Mountain Research Station,

Graham, R.T., Harvey, Alan E., Jain, Theresa B., Tonn, Jonalea R. 1999. The effects of

thinning and similar stand treatments on fire behavior in Western Forests. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. PNW-GTR-463. Pacific Northwest Research Station. Portland, OR.

Hardy, C.C.; Schmidt, K.M.; Menakis, J.P.; & Sampson, R.N. 2001. Spatial data for national fire

planning and fuel management. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 10(4): 353-372. Knight, D.H. 1987. Parasites, lightning and the vegetation mosaic in wilderness landscapes. In

M.G. Turner, Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance, pp. 59-83. New York. Springer. Martinson, Erik J.; Omni, Philip N. 2003. Performance of Fuel Treatments Subjected to

Wildfires. USDA Forest Service Proceedings. RMRS-P-29. Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Mason, Glenn J., Baker, Terrel T., Cram, Douglas S., Boren, Jon C., Fernald, Alexander G., and VanLeeuwen, Dawn M. 2007. Mechanical fuel treatment effects on fuel loads and indices of crown fire potential in a south central New Mexico dry mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 251 (3): 195-204.

Moghaddas JJ, Craggs L. 2007. A fuel treatment reduces fire severity and increases suppression

efficiency in a mixed conifer forest. International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, 673–678.

Mutch, R.W., S.F. Arno, J.K. Brown, C.E. Carlson, R.D. Ottmar, and J.L. Peterson. 1993. Forest health in the Blue Mountains: a management strategy for fire-adapted ecosystems. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-310. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Lemkuhl, J.F.; Hessburg, P.F.; Everett, R.L. & others. 1994. Part 1: Vegetation pattern and insect and disease hazards. In Historical and current forest landscapes of eastern Oregon and Washington. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.

Oliver, C.D. 1980. Forest development in North America following major disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management, 3: 153-168.

Oliver, C.D., & Larson, B.C. 1990. Forest Stand Dynamics. New York. McGraw-Hill.


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Omni, Philip N., Martinson, Erik J. 2002. Effects of Fuels Treatments on Wildfire Severity. Western Forest Fire Research Center. Colorado State University.

Ottmar, R.; Vihnanek, R.E.; & Wright, C.S. 1998. Stereo photo series for quantifying natural

fuels. Volume 1: mixed conifer with mortality, western juniper, sagebrush, and grassland types in the interior Pacific Northwest. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, National Interagency Fire Center, Boise ID.

Peterson, David L.; Johnson, Morris C.; Agee, James K.; Jain, Theresa B.; McKenzie, Donald;

Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2005. Forest structure and fire hazard in dry forests of the Western United States. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report. PNW-GTR-628. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Pickett, S.A. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. New York.

Academic Press. Pollet Jolie, Omi Philip N. 2002. Effect of thinning and prescribed burning on crown fire severity in ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11: 1–10. Powell, David C. 2011. Active Management of Dry Forests in the Blue Mountains. Unpub. Rep.

Pendleton, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest. 107 p. http://fsweb.f14.r6.fs.fed.us/natural-resources/forest-ecology.shtml

Powell, David C.; Johnson, C.G.; Crowe, E.A.; Wells. A.; Swanson, D. K. 2007. Potential vegetation hierarchy for the Blue Mountains section of Northeastern Oregon, Southeastern Washington, and West-Central Idaho. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report. PNW-GTR-709. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Rothermel, R.C. 1991. Predicting fire behavior and size of crown fires in the northern Rocky Mountains. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Reasearch Station, Research Paper INT-438, 46 pp.

Rothermel, R. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. USDA

Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Scott, Joe H., Reinhardt, Elizabeth D. 2001. Assessing crown fire potential by linking models of

surface and crown fire behavior. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Research Paper RMRS-RP-29, 66 pp.

http://fsweb.f14.r6.fs.fed.us/natural-resources/forest-ecology.shtmlhttp://fsweb.f14.r6.fs.fed.us/natural-resources/forest-ecology.shtml


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Stephens, Scott L.; Collins, Brandon M.; Roller, Gary. 2012. Fuel treatment longevity in a Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 285: 204-212.

Stephens, Scott L.; McIver, James D.; Boerner, Ralphe E. J.; Fettig, Christopher J.; Fontaine,

Joseph B.; Hartsough, Bruce R.; Kennedy, Patricia L.; and Schwilk, Dylan W. 2012. The effects of forest fuel-reduction treatments in the United States. BioScience, 62: 549-560.

Stratton, R.D. 2004. Assessing the effectiveness of landscape fuel treatments on fire growth and

behavior. Journal of Forestry, 103(7): 32-40. Turner, M.G.; & Bratton, S.P. 1987. Landscape heterogeneity and disturbance. New York.

Springer. Van Wagner, C.E. 1977. Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire. Canadian Journal of

Forest Research, 7: 23-34. Van Wagner, C.E. 1993. Prediction of crown fire behavior in two stands of Jack pine. Canada

Journal of Forest Research. 23-34. Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. 1996. Landscape Strategies for Forest Fuel Management. Sierra

Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Ch. 43, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1155-1166.

Weaver, H. 1943. Fire as an ecological and silvicultural factor in the ponderosa pine region of the Pacific Slope. Journal of Forestry, 41: 7-14.

Weatherspoon, C. Phillip, Skinner, Carl N. 1996. Landscape Level Strategies for Forest Fuel

Management. Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final report to Congress, vol. II, Ch. 56, Assessments and scientific basis for management options. Davis: University of California, Centers for Water and Wildland Resources, 1471-1492.

Williams, Mark A., Baker, William L. 2012. Comparison of the higher severity fire regime in historical (A.D. 1800s) and modern (A.D. 1984-2009) montane forests across 624,156 ha of the Colorado Front Range. Ecosystems. 15: 832-847.


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APPENDIX C. SOILS Amaranthus, M. P., D. Page-Dumroese, A. Harvey, E. Cazares, and L. Bednar, 1996. Soil

compaction and organic matter affect conifer seedling nonmycorrhizal and ectomcorrhizal root tip abundance and diversity, USDA Forest Service, PNW-RP-494.

Archuleta, 1997. Unpublished study of impacts from loader logging on the Umpqua National

Forest. Lake view Timber Sale. Beschta et. al. 1995. Wildfire and Salvage Logging: Recommendations for Ecologically Sound

Post Fire Salvage Management and Other Post-Fire Treatments on Federal Lands in the West.

Bennett, K.A. 1982. Report to the Siuslaw National Forest. Effects of slash burning on surface soil erosion rates in the Oregon Coast Range.

Bouwman, Alex. F. and Leemans, R. 1995. The Role of Forest Soils in the Global Carbon

Cycle. Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Mcfee and Kelly Editors. Copyright, Soil Science Society of America.

Choromanska and DeLuca. 2001 Microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in forest mineral

soils following heating: evaluation of post-fire effects, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Volume 34, Issue 2, February 2002, Pages 263-271 doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00180-8

Elliot, W. J., and D. E. Hall, 1997. Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) forest applications.

General Technical Report INT-GTR-365. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.

Elliot, W. J., Robichaud, P. R. and D. E. Hall, Cuhaciyan, C. O., Pierson F. B., Wohlgemuth, P.

M. 2001. A Probabilistic Approach To Modeling Erosion For Spatially Varied Conditions, Presentation to American Society of Agriculture Engineers, Sacramento, California.

Elliot, W.J.; Robichaud, P.R. 2001. Comparing Erosion Risks from Forest Operations to

Wildfire. In: Peter Schiess and Finn Krogstad, editors, Proceedings of The International Mountain Logging and 11th Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium: 2001 - A Forest Engineering Odyssey. Seattle, WA: College of Forest Resources, U of W and Inter. Union of Forestry Research Org. 78-89. The International Mountain Logging and 11th Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium 2001, December 10--12, 2001, Seattle, WA

Goetz J. N., Guthrie R.H., Brenning A. 2011. Integrating physical and empirical landslide

susceptibility models using generalized additive models. Geomorphology 129 376–386. Heninger, R., Scott, W., Dobkowski, A., Miller, R., Anderson, H., and Duke, S. 2002. Soil

disturbance and 10-year growth response of coast Douglas-fir on nontilled and tilled skid trails in the Oregon Cascades. Can. J. For. Res. 32: 233–246.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00180-8http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0038-0717(01)00180-8


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Jones, M. and Paulson, D. 1990. Umpqua National Forest, Standard and Guideline Procedures for Watershed Cumulative Effects and Water Quality

Jurgensen, M. F., A. E. Harvey, R. T. Graham, D. S. Page-Dumroese, J. R. Tonn, M. J. Lasen,

and T. B. Jain. 1997. Impacts of timber harvesting on soil organic matter, nitrogen, productivity and health of Inland Northwest forest. For. Sci. 43: 234-251

Kimmins, J. P. 1996. Forest Ecology, A Foundation for Sustainable Management. 2nd ed.

Prentice-Hall. NJ. p 61. Lal, R. 2005. Forest soils and carbon sequestration. Forest Ecology and Management 220 242–

258. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.08.015 Luce, C. 1997. Effectiveness of Road Ripping in Restoring Infiltration Capacity of Forest

Roads. Restoration Ecology Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 265–270 Martin, D.A. and Moody, J.A., 2001 Comparison of soil infiltration rates in burned and

unburned watersheds. Hydrol. Process. 15, pp2893-2903. McIver, James D. and Lynn Starr. Tech eds. 2000. Environmental effects of post-fire logging:

literature review and annotated bibliography. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-486. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 72p.

Nijjer, S.Rogers W.E., AND Siemann E. 2010. The Impacts of Fertilization on Mycorrhizal

Production and Investment in Western Gulf Coast Grasslands. American Midland Naturalist. 163:124–133

Powers, Bob. 2004. Communication related to an abstract, THE NORTH AMERICAN LONG-

TERM SOIL PRODUCTIVITY EXPERIMENT: COAST-TO-COAST FINDINGS FROM THE FIRST DECADE

Page-Dumroese, D. and Jergensen, M.H. 2002 Fire and Fire Suppression Impacts on Forest Soil

Carbon. Rocky Mountain Research Library (Unpublished Final Report #00-JV-11222062-550)

Robichaud, P. R.; Brown, R. E. 1999. What Happened After the Smoke Cleared: Onsite Erosion

Rates After a Wildfire in Eastern Oregon. Proceeding of the Annual Summer Specialty Conference (Track 2: Wildland Hydrology), 419-426. June 30-July 2, 1999, Bozeman, MT.

Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association. Spears, J.D.H.; S.M. Holub, and K. Lajtha. 2003. The influence of decomposing logs on soil

biology and nutrient cycling in an old-growth mixed coniferous forest in Oregon, U.S.A. Can. J. For. Res. 33: 2193–2201 (2003)


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USDA- FS 2009. Page-Dumroese, D., Abbott, A.M., and Rice T. 2009 . Gen. Tech. Report

WO-82B. Forest Soil Disturbance Monitoring Protocol. Volume II Supplementary Methods, Statistics and Data Collection.

Wei, X. Kimmons, J.P. and Zhou, G. 2003. Disturbances and the sustainability of long-term site

productivity in lodgepole pine forests in the central interior of British Columbia––an ecosystem modeling approach. Ecological Modeling, Volume 164, Issues 2-3. Pages 239-256

APPENDIX D. HYDROLOGY Ager, Alan A. and Caty Clifton. April, 2005. Software for Calculating Vegetation Disturbance

and Recovery by Using the Equivalent Clearcut Area Model. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-GTR-637. Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.

Belt, George H, Jay O'Laughlin, and Troy Merrill. June 1992. Design of Forest Riparian Buffer Strips for the Protection of Water Quality: Analysis of Scientific Literature. Idaho Forest, Wildlife and Range Policy Analysis Group Report No. 8.

Beschta, Robert L and William J Ripple. 2012. The role of large predators in maintaining riparian plant communities and river morphology; Geomorphology, 157-158 (2012) 88-98.

Beschta, RL, RE Bilby, GW Brown, LB Holtby, and TD Hofstra. 1987. Stream temperature and aquatic habitat: Fisheries and forestry interactions. Pp191-232. In: E.O. Salo and T.W. Cundy (eds.), Streamside Management: Forestry and Fishery Interactions. University of Washington, Institute of Forest Resources, Contribution No. 57, 471 pp.

Black, Thomas and Charles Luce. 1999. Changes in Erosion from Gravel Surfaced Forest Roads Through Time. in: Proceedings of the International Mountain Logging and 10th Pacific Northwest Skyline Symposium. editors John Sessions and Woodam Chung. Department of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University and International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Corvallis, OR.

Burroughs, E.R. Jr and J.G. King. 1989. Reduction of Soil Erosion on Forest Roads. General Technical Report INT-264. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.

Camas Eco-System Analysis. 1995. On file at USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Ukiah, OR.

Clean Water Act (1972) and amendments. http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/cwatxt.txt

Clifton, Catherine F. 2008. Personal communication on file at USDA Forest Service, Umatilla National Forest, North Fork John Day Ranger District, Ukiah, OR.

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APPENDIX K. RECREATION U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Landscape Aesthetics: A Handbook for Scenery Management. Agriculture Handbook #701. December 1995.

APPENDIX L. RANGE U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region; Land and Resource

Management Plan for the Umatilla National Forest (FEIS), 1990.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region; North Fork John Day Ranger District Range Monitoring Data, NFJD RD Feb 2003.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region; Environmental Assessment for the Continuation of Permitted Grazing for the F.G. Whitney Allotment, and the associated Allotment Management Plan. June 1995; 1998.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region; Ecosystem Analysis of Seven Watersheds in the North Fork John Day Subbasin, Cams Analysis Area, (Camas Ecosystem Analysis) April 1995.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region; North Fork John Day Ranger District Range Allotment Files (AOI’s, 2210’s), NFJD RD Feb 2003.

APPENDIX M. TRANSPORTATION U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1992. Motorized access and travel management environmental assessment. North Fork John Day Ranger District. Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest, North Fork John Day, OR.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2004. Umatilla Forest-Scale Roads Analysis Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 2012. Western Route Transportation Action Plan. North Fork John Day Ranger District. Pacific Northwest Region, Umatilla National Forest.

References and Literature citedAppendix A. SilvicultureAppendix B. Fire and FuelsAppendix C. soilsAppendix D. HydrologyAppendix E. FisheriesAppendix F. WildlifeAppendix K. Recreationappendix L. RangeAppendix M. transportation

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