Reference to definite kinds - Dimitra Lazaridou-Chatzigoga · El dodó {blanco, de la isla...
Transcript of Reference to definite kinds - Dimitra Lazaridou-Chatzigoga · El dodó {blanco, de la isla...
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Referencetodefinitekinds
Thegenericnotebook:currentapproachesto
genericity.June2,2017
1Grants.MINECOFFI2014-52015-P,2014SGR1013,IcreaAcademia
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Goal
• Definitekinds• Spanish,Russian,BrazilianPortuguese(1)EldodóvivióenlaislaMauricio.‘ThedodolivedintheislandofMauriWus.’Borik&Espinal(2015),TheLinguis:cReview.Borik&Espinal(2017a,b),submiZed.Cyrino&Espinal(2015),NLLT.
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Claims
• Definitekinds(DKs)denotethekinditself,andaretheexpressionofD-genericityinRomance(Spa,Cat,BrP).ExtensiontoRussian
• Atthesyntax-semanWcsinterfaceDKsarenumberlessDPs,composedbyapplyingaiotaoperator(themeaningencodedbythedefinitearWcle)tothemeaningofnouns(properWesofkinds,oftype<ek,t>),conceivedasintensionalenWWes
• Avoid:‘singulardefinitegenerics/kindterms’ 3
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English[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
(2) a. Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.b. Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.
Carlson(1977,2011)• Bothsubjectsrefertokinds• Definitegenerics(2a)havearestricteddistribuWonwrtbarepluralkinds(2b)(Krihaetal.1995,Dayal2004)
• FocusonBPls.Defaultwaytorefertokinds4
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English[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
(2) a. Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.b. Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.
TwodifferentsemanWctypesofkindreferringexpressions:• Thedefinitesubjectin(2a)isderivedbymeansoftheιoperator
• TheBPlsubjectin(2b)isaresultoftheapplicaWonofthespecialnom/∩operator
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Ourclaims
• BPlsarenotthedefault,mostcommon,orstandardwaytorefertokindscrosslinguisWcally
• DKsarethedefaultwaytoexpressD-genericityinRomance(Spanish,BrazilianPortuguese)
• DKsalsoexistinlanguageswithoutarWcles(Russian)• DKsnamethekindorspecies(Jespersen1927),whereaspluralsubjectsrefertoa(maximal)sumofrepresentaWvesofthekind
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Spanish
(3) a. El búho es común / estáportodas partes/ theowl is common/ is at all parts/ desaparece rápidamente/amenudo es inteligente. disappears rapidly/ oeen is intelligent ‘Theowliscommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.’
b. *(Los)búhossoncomunes/ están portodas partes/ theowls arecommon/ are at all parts/
desaparecenrápidamente/amenudo son inteligentes.disappear rapidly oeen are intelligent
‘Owlsarecommon/widespread/fastdisappearing/oeenintelligent.’
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Maincontrasts
English(2a)–(2b)
Spanish(3a)–(3b)
definiteness ✓ ✕
number ✓
✓
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FundamentalquesWon• Whatisexactlytheroleofdefinitenessandnumberinreferencetokinds(andtoothergenericexpressions)?
• Wearguethat:– CommonnounsdenoteproperWesofkinds– ThedefinitearWcleturnsthisdenotaWonintoaDK– Numbershouldbeanalysedasarealiza:onoperator(Carlson1977,Déprez2005),whichwhenappliedtoacommonnounyieldsproperWesofobjects
– DKsdonorefertoanyinstanWaWonofthekind,duetotheabsenceofnumber
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• OpWonA– commoncountnounsdenoteproperWes(Partee1987;Chierchia1984,1998;Kriha2004)
• OpWonB-commoncountnounsdenoteakindofthing(Carlson1977,Zamparelli1995)
• OpEonC– commoncountnounsdenoteproperWesofkinds(Espinal&McNally2007,2011;Espinal2010;Dobrovie-Sorin&PiresdeOliveira2008)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:
1. RestricWonsonmodificaWon.AmodifiedBNinobjectposiWonofHAVE-predicatesdenotesanintersecWonofproperWesofkinds.Espinal(2010)
(4)a. Té parella estable/formal.
haspartner stable formal ‘(S)hehasalong–termpartner.’b. *Téparella alta/ malalta. haspartner tall illc. Té unaparella alta/malalta. hasa partner tall ill
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:2. Property-typeanaphoraenvs.object-level
anaphoraelinCatalan.Espinal&McNally(2011)
(5)a.Porta rellotge.En/ #el porta cada dia.wears watch PROP it.ACC.SGwears every day‘(S)heiswearingawatch.(S)hewearsoneeveryday.’
b.Excepcionalmentahirala tarda vaportarrellotge.
excepWonally yesterdayin theaeernoonPASTwear watch#En/ el va portar fins a la nit.
PROP it.ACC.SGPASTwear unWl to thenight‘ExcepWonally,yesterdayaeernoon(s)heworeawatch.(S)heworeitunWlnighyall.’
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• ThreeargumentsinsupportofOpWonC:3. NumberneutralinterpretaWonofcountBNsin
argumentposiWon.Catalan.Espinal(2010)(6)a.L’ ametller té flor.
the almond–tree hasflower‘Thealmondtreehasbloomed.’(Itcouldhaveoneflower,ormorethanone)
b.Tinc compte corrent al DeutscheBank.have accountchecking at.the DB‘IamaclientoftheDB.’(Imayhaveoneaccount,ormorethanone)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofN
• FormalrepresentaWonofthemeaningofacommonnoun:
(7) !N"=λxk[P(xk)]
whereP=propertycorrespondingtothedescripWvecontentofNxk∈K(domainofkinds)
• Wereconciletwopopularviews:– TheoneaccordingtowhichanounhasapropertydenotaWon(Partee,i.a.)
– TheoneaccordingtowhichthedenotaWoncomacommonnounrelatestokindsratherthantoobjects(Carlson,Zamparelli)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk
• Thisapproachpresupposesthatnounsareconceivedasintensionalen::es:intensionalitydoesnothavetobebroughtinbyanyspecialoperator(nom/∩,^,ι,GEN)
• AssumethattherearetwodomainsinoursemanWcontology:thedomainofobjectsandthedomainofkinds.
• Commonnounsrangeoverkinds:aNdodolooksforenWWesthatshareadodo-property,butinthedomainofkinds
• Assumethatkindsareabstractsortalconcepts(Mueller–Reichau2011):mentalrepresentaWonsthatareusedtocategorizeobjects
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk
• Kindsareuniqueen::es,withnointernalstructure,whichnametypesandclassesofthings– Conceptualizingakindthiswaydoesnotleadtoakindbeing
intrinsicallylinkedtothenoWonofplurality.Kindsarearesultofgeneralizingovervariousinstances,buttheproductofthisgeneralizaWonabstractsawayfrominstanWaWon,andsemanWcallybehaveslikeanenWtywithoutanyinternalstructure
• Kindsareintegralen::es:donotformpartofastandardquanWficaWonaldomainforindividualsrepresentedbyala~cestructure(Link1983)– Thus,kindscanbeconjoined(thedodoandthepinkpigeon),but
cannotbepluralized(thedodos,thesedodos)orcombinedwithanyquanWfier(everydodo)
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TheoreWcalproposalI:themeaningofNàpropertyofk
• IfnounsstartoutasproperWes,theyhavetocombinewithafuncWonthatcanturnaproperty-typeexpressionintoanargument-typeexpression,inordertobeabletocomposewithapredicatethatselectsforit
(8)a. *(El)dodó fue exterminado.K-levelpredicates
thedodo wasexterminated b.*(El)agua se encuentra portodaspartes.
thewater CL finds by everypart
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• ThedefinitearWclerepresentsanecessaryfuncWontoturnproperWesofkindsintoakind
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TheoreWcalproposalII:themeaningofthedefinitearWcle
• Partee(1987):thedefinitearWclecorrespondstoanoperaWonthatmapsanyproperty<e,t>ontoanindividualdenotaWon<e>
(9) ι:P→ιx[P(x)]
• Sharvy(1980)andLink(1983)extendedthesemanWcsofthe
definitearWclesothatitcoulduniformlyapplytosingularandpluralnouns
• Weassumethattheiotaoperatorexpressesmaximality:it
selectsthemaximal/uniqueen:tythatsaWsfiesthepropertydenotedbythenoun 18
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TheoreWcalproposalII:themeaningofthedefinitearWcle
• ThedefinitearWclealwayshasthesamesemanWccontribuWon.Noambiguity
• InthecasethedefinitearWclecombineswithanounwhose
meaningistodenoteproperWesofkinds,theiotaoperatorselectsthemaximalspeciesitself
(10)a. [DPel[NPdodó]] -NointervenerbetweenDandN
b. !eldodó"=ιxk[dodó(xk)] -ιbindsvariablesofkinds(xk)
• Output:definitekind• Advantage:withoutextramachineryweaccountfortheDK
interpretaWonassociatedwiththedefinitearWcleasappliedtoanycommonnoun(acountnouneldodó,amassnounelagua,anabstractnounlasemán:ca)
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DKsinSpanish(11) a. El dodóseexWnguió en el siglo XVII. K-level
thedodoCLexWnguished in thecenturyXVII ‘ThedodowasexWnctintheXVIIcentury.’b. El dodó vivió en la islaMauricio. i-level thedodo lived in theisleMauriWus ‘ThedodolivedintheislandofMauriWus.’
• ThekindreadingoftheDPsubjectkeepstheintensionalityof
thenoundodó,sincethedefinitearWclesimplyselectsthemaximal/uniqueenWtythatreferstotheclassitself,butdoesnotmakethedenotaWonrestrictedtoagivenworld
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DKsinSpanishArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:1. ThedefinitearWcleisobligatorynotonlywithcount
nounsdenoWngspecies(12)a. *(El) iPod fueinventado por SteveJobs.
(the) iPod wasinvented by SteveJobs ‘TheiPodwasinventedbySteveJobs.’b. *(El) agua se encuentra portodas partes. the water refl found for all parts ‘Waterisfoundeverywhere.’c. *(La) Lingüís:ca es el estudio del lenguaje. the linguisWcs is the study of.the language ‘LinguisWcsisthestudyoflanguage.’
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DKsinSpanish
ArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:2. UseofDKsincontextswherenewlydiscoveredthings
havetobenamed.(13) a. ThomasAlvaEdisondescubrió,entreotrascosas,la bombilla
ThomasAlvaEdisondiscoveredamongotherthingsthebulb y el fonógrafo. andthephonographb. AlexanderFleming inventóla penicilina. AlexanderFleming inventedthepenicillin
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DKsinSpanish
ArgumentsforthestatusofDKsasthedefaultwaytorefertokindsinSpanish:3. DescripWvegeneralizaWons(Kriha2012),whichare
formulatedoverkinds(14)a. La mosca de la fruta es �pica del verano.
the fly of the fruit is typical of.the summer ‘Fruitfliesaretypicallyfoundinthesummer.’b. La drosophilamelanogaster es �pica del verano. the drosophilamelanogaster is typical of.the summer ‘Drosophilamelanogasteristypicallyfoundinthesummer.’
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DKsinSpanish4. ModifiedDKs.Restrictedkindswithclassifyingexpressions(15)a.Eldodó {blanco,de la islaReunión} sólo se conoce
thedodo white from the isle Reunion only CL knowsaparWrdedibujos y descripciones.from drawings and descripWons‘The{whitedodo,SolitaireofReunion}isonlyknownfromdrawingsand descripWons.’
b.!eldodóblanco"=ιxk[(blanco(dodó))(xk)]
• Modifiedkindswithclassifyingexpressionsmaintaintheabilityoftheunmodifiedexpressioneldodótorefertoakind
• Builtbyapplyingkindmodifiers(oftype<<ek,t>,<ek,t>>)toproperWesofkinds(oftype<ek,t>) 24
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NextquesWon
• WhatcanwesayforalanguagewithoutarWcles(Russian)andforalanguagethatcanomitthearWcle(BrazilianPortuguese)?
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Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
• Bothsgandplnominalexpresionscanhaveagenericreference(Chierchia1998,Doron2003,Dayal2004)
(16)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.
panda.NOM.SG is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’b. Pandy naxodjatsja na grani isčeznovenija. pandas.NOM.PL are.found on verge exWncWon.GEN
‘PandasareonthevergeofexWncWon.’
• Pluralgenericsareconsideredasmorenaturalandpreferable
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Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
• Giventhat(16a)isgrammaWcalandnatural,ananalysisofitisneededinthetheoryofgrammarinanycase
• Goal:toproposeanexplicitanalysisforcomposingDKsfrombarenominalsinRussian.WeprovideindependentempiricalsupportforthedefinitenessofapparentbarenominalsinargumentposiWonofkind-levelpredicatesandarguethatdefinitenessistobeassociatedwithanullD,interpretedastheiotaoperator
• Hypothesis:DKs,eveninalanguagewithoutarWcles,encodedefinitenesssemanWcallyandsyntacWcally
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Russian[commonassumpWonsfromtheliterature]
• Thecorrespondencebetweentheso-calledEnglishdefinitegenericandtheRussianbarenominalwithakindreferenceinterpretaWonin(16a)isusuallyassumedtoholdmerelyonthebasisoftheirapparentsingularnumbermorphology(Dayal2004)
(16)a. Pandanaxoditsjanagraniisčeznovenija. ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’
• But,whatappearstobeamorphologicallysingularkindexpressionis,infact,anumberlessnominalphrase– Wesupporttheclaimthatnumbermorphologydoesnotalwaysget
interpretedsemanWcally(Pereltsvaig2011,2013,amongothers);andarguethatthesyntacWcrepresentaWonandthedenotaWonofthe“singular”kindnominalexpressionin(16a)doesnotincludemorphosyntacWcNumber 28
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DKsinRussian
• SyntacWcstructureandmeaning:
(17)a. [DPD[NPN]]b. !DefN"=ιxk[P(xk)] wherePcorrespondstothedescripWvecontentofanounN, andxk∈K(i.e.,thedomainofkinds)
• DKsaresyntacEcallyandsemanEcallynumberless• (IntherepresentaWonofgenericpluralslike(16b)
morphosyntacWcnumberispresent)(16)b. Pandy naxodjatsjana grani isčeznovenija.
pandas.NOM.PL are.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘PandasareonthevergeofexWncWon.’
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DKsinRussian(16)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.
panda.NOM.SG is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘ThepandaisonthevergeofexWncWon.’
• Recall:theanalysisofSpanish(andEnglish)DKsincludes
theiotaoperatorinthesemanWcrepresentaWon• ιisstandardlyassumedtocorrespondtothedefinite
arWcle
• IntheabsenceofarWclesinRussian,weshouldbeabletofindindependentevidencethattheiotaoperatorispresentinthesemanWcrepresentaWonofthesubjectargumentin(16a)
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DKsinRussian
ArgumentsforsemanWcdefiniteness:1. UseandinterpretaWonoftheseexpressionsina
contextthatrequiresdefiniteness(18)Context:Inabiologylesson,theteacherexplainsvariousthingsabout
mammals.Sheexplainsthattherearemanyendangeredspeciesintheworld,thensaysthefollowing:Kit, naprimer, naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.whale.NOM for.instance is.found on verge exWncWon.GENThewhale/#Thiswhale/#Onewhale,forinstance,isonthevergeofexWncWon.
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DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? • Commonlybelievedthatwithk-levelpredicatesindefiniteDPscan
onlybeinterpretedtaxonomically(i.e.,asreferringtoasubkindratherthantoakind).Thisisnotthereadingweobtainin(18)
• WefollowMueller-Reichau’s(2011)difference:– K-levelpredicatesliketobeex:nct.Familiararguments– K-levelpredicatesliketoinvent.Novel,non-familiararguments
• ItisdifficulttobecomeexWnctforsomethingthathasnotexistedbefore.Therefore,tobeex:nctrequiresfamiliarenWWes.PresupposiWonofexistenceofinstancesofthekindx,asknowntothehearerèdefiniteness
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DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? (19)a. Odin kit naxoditsja na grani
One.NOM.SG whale.NOM.SG is.found on verge isčeznovenija. exWncWon.GEN ‘OnewhaleisindangerofexWncWon.’b. Fredizobrel odnu sčetnuju mašinu. Fredinvented one.ACC.SG calculaWng.ACC.SG machine.ACC.SG ‘Fredinventedamechanicalcalculator.’
(19a)– subkindofwhale(19b)– newkindofmechanicalcalculator
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DKsinRussianCouldkitin(18)beindefinite? (18)Context:Inabiologylesson,theteacherexplainsvariousthingsabout
mammals.Sheexplainsthattherearemanyendangeredspeciesintheworld,thensaysthefollowing:Kit, naprimer, naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.whale.NOM for.instance is.found on verge exWncWon.GEN
• Shouldthesubjectof(18)beindefinite,itwouldnecessarilyyieldasubkindreading,butitdoesnot
(20)!kit"=ιxk[kit(xk)]• TheiotaoperatorsimplyselectstheuniqueenWtythatreferstothe
classitself(i.e.,theclassdescribedbythenounkit),butdoesnotmakethedenotaWonrestrictedtoagivenworld
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DKsinRussian
ArgumentsforsemanWcdefiniteness:2. Ramchand&Svenonious(2008):Dheadisneeded
inRussianforreasonsofsemanWcuniformity<e,t>à<e>(Dheadshouldbeunderspecifiedforfeatureslike(in)definiteness,(un)specificity,etc.,whicharedeterminedcontextually)
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DKsinRussianDKsinRussianareDPs• WeassumeastrictcorrespondencebetweensyntacWcand
semanWcrepresentaWonsatthesyntax-semanWcsinterface:inthecaseofDKstheoperatorthatturnsthemeaningofacommonnounintoakindexpressionistheiotaoperator,whichneedstoberepresentedsyntacWcally(unlesswewanttoassumethatallnounsarestructurallyambiguous)
(21)[DPD[NPN]]• TheDlayerispresentinthesyntacWcrepresentaWonofDK
argumentseventhoughthereisnoovertrealizaWonoftheD-projecWon
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DKsinRussian• Pereltsvaig(2006):nominalargumentscandifferinsize,they
cansyntacWcallycorrespondtofullDPsortosmallernominals(NPs,NumPs,QPs)
• DPsubjectsobligatorilyagreewiththeverbalpredicate,whereassmallnominalsdonot
(22)a.Vètom fil’me igrali [pjat’izvestnyx aktërov].inthis film played.PL fivefamous actors.PL.GEN‘Fivefamousactorsplayedinthisfilm.’b.Vètom fil’me igralo [pjat’izvestnyx aktërov].inthis film played.SG.NEUT fivefamous actors.PL.GEN‘Fivefamousactorsplayedinthisfilm.’
• Agreeingsubjectsallowanindividuated/aspecificinterpretaWon,anon-isomorphicwidescopereading,theymaycontrolPROandbeantecedentsofanaphors,whereasnon-agreeingsubjectsdonot
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DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:1. ControlofPRO.Non-agreeingsubjectscannotbecontrollersof
PROininfiniWvalclauses,whileagreeingsubjects,beingfullDPs,can.DKsubjectscanalsocontrolPROofapurposeclause
(23)[Pjatbanditov]i pytalis’/*pytalos’[PROi ubit’Džemsa Bonda]
fivethugs.PL.GENtried.PL/*tried.SG.NEUT to.killJames Bond‘FivethugstriedtokillJamesBond.’
(24)Pandai imeet neobyčnye perednijelapy čtobypanda.SG.NOMhas.SG unusual front paws in.order.to PRO uderživat’ stebli bambuka.PROi hold stems bamboo‘Pandahasunusualfrontpawstoholdbamboostems.’
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DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
2. Antecedentsofreflexivepronouns.Agreeingsubjectscanlicensereflexivepronouns.DKspaZernlikewise.
(25)[Pjatbanditov]i prikryvali/*prikryvalo sebjai ot pul’
fivethugs.PL.GENshielded.PL/*shielded.SG.NEUTself from bulletsDžemsaBondaJames Bond‘FivethugsshieldedthemselvesfromJamesBond’sbullets.’
(26)Tigri znaet kak zaščiWt’ sebjai ot napadenija.Wger.SG.NOMknows.SGhow defend self from aZacks‘TheWgerknowshowtoprotectitselffrombeingaZacked.’
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DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
3. PronominalsubsWtuWon.ThirdpersonpronounscanbeusedtosubsWtutefullDPs,butnotQPsorNPs,whichcanonlybesubsWtutedbyother(quanWficaWonaland/orpronominal)elements
(27)a.Pjatpar tancevali/tancevalo tango.
fivecouples.PL.GEN danced.PL/danced.SG.NEUTtango‘Fivecouplesdancedtango.’
b.Oni tancevali/*tancevalo tango.they.PL.NOM danced.PL/*danced.SG.NEUT tango‘Fivecouplesdancedtango.Theydancedatango’.
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DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
TheDKagreeingsubjectin(28)canonlybereplacedbyathirdpersonpronounona‘she’,thussupporWngalsotheclaimthatDKsareDPs
(28)a. Panda naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija.
panda.SG.NOMis.found.SGon verge exWncWon.GENb. Ona naxoditsja na grani isčeznovenija. she.SG.NOM is.found.SG on verge exWncWon.GEN ‘Thepanda/SheisonthevergeofexWncWon.’
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DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:
4. DistribuWonofrelaWveclauses(29)a. Petja xoditv galstuke,(*kotoryj delaet egosmešnym).
Petja goeswith We.OBL.SGwhichmakes himfunny ‘PetjaisaWe-wearer(ItcouldoneormorethatoneWe).’b. Katya nosit jubku, (*kotorujuonavsegdapokupaetsama). Katya wear.IMPskirt.ACC.SG which shealwaysbuys.IMPself ‘Katyaisaskirt-wearer.’(Itcouldbeoneormorethanoneskirt)c. Katya nosit mini-jubku, (*kotorujuonavsegdapokupaetsama). Katya wear.IMPmini-skirt[ACC.SG]which shealwaysbuys.IMPself ‘Katyaisamini-skirtwearer.’(Itcouldbeoneormorethanonemini- skirt)
(29)– barenominalobjectsunspecifiedforsynt.andsem.number 42
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DKsinRussian
SyntacWcargumentsforaDPstructure:(30)Amurskij:gr, kotoryj očen’opasen, obitaetna jugo-vostokeRossii.
SiberianWger which verydangerous live on south-east Russia.‘TheSiberianWger,whichisextremelydangerous,livesinthesouth-eastpartofRussia’.
• DKstakerelaWveclausesandtheserelaWveclausescanonlybeinterpretedasnon-restricWve;theyprovideaddiWonalinformaWonaboutanalreadyestablishedreferent
• Non-restricWverelaWveshavebeenclaimedtohaveaDPantecedent(Jackendoff1977,Demirdache1991,DeVries2006,ArsenijevićandGračanin-Yuksek2016)
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DKsinRussian
• Conclusions:– foranarWclelesslanguagelikeRussiankindunitsunspecifiedforsyntacWcnumberexpresssemanWcdefiniteness
– thesyntacWcrepresentaWonofDKsinvolvesanullD,whichistranslatedastheiotaoperator
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BrazilianPortuguese• Bothsgandplnominalexpressionscanhaveageneric
reference,precededornotbyadefinitearWcle(Muller2002,Dobrobie-Sorin&PiresdeOliveira2008)
(31)a. O brasileiro é trabalhador. the.SG Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiros sãotrabalhadores the.PL Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’c. Brasileiro é trabalhador. Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’d. Brasileiros sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
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• VariaWoninnumberagreement(Scherre1994,Scherre&Naro1998a,b,Costa&FigueiredoSilva2006,Naro&Scherre2013,amongothers)
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BrazilianPortuguese
• DS&PO(2008):twowaysofreferringtokinds:– Baresingulars(brasileiro)àkinddenoWngBPlsinEnglish– Definitesingulars(obrasileiro)àkinddenoWngdefinite‘singulars’inEnglish
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BrazilianPortuguese
• Ouranalysis:– Baresingulars(brasileiro)
Ø DKØ Maximalsumofindividuals(intensionalizedandcoercedbytheV)
– Definitesingulars(obrasileiro)
Ø DKØ Atomicindividual
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BrazilianPortuguese• BNsinBrPmayhaveagenericinterpretaWon(inpreverbal
posiWon),associatedwitheitheradefinitekindtermoramaximalsum
(31)c. Brasileiro é trabalhador.(Müller2002:280,ex.(4))
Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• TheEnglishtranslaWonsthatareusuallygivenforthistypeofexamples(namely,bareplurals)donotreflectthemeaningofBNsappropriatelyand,furthermore,haveinfluencedtheanalysisthatlinguistshaveprovidedforthemintheliterature
• Example(31c)isagenericsentenceinwhichani-levelpredicatecombineswithagenericargumentthatcaneitherreferto‘theBrazilian’kindtermorthemaximalsumofalltheindividualsofthisclass:‘theBrazilians’
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BrazilianPortuguese
• RelevantquesWonsinBrP:– Isbrasileiroin(31c)bareinthesyntacWcrepresentaWon?– IsthereopWonalityoftheD?– ArepreverbalBNssemanWcallydefinite?
• Wearguethat:– Brasileiroisnotbare– TheopWonalityofDisonlyapparent.ThecategoryDisrequiredfor
canonicalargumenthoodinRomance.(OnlyobjectsofHAVE-predicatescanbesmallerthanDPs)
– Subjectsofcategoricaljudgments
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BrazilianPortuguese• BrPpaZernswithotherRomancelanguagesinrequiringDfor
argumenthood(Longobardi1994,1999,2000;Ghomeshietal.2009)
• ADisnecessary,eitherovertorcovert,asanargumentcreatorandasabearerofdefiniteness
• NumberencodingonD(32)a. Os brasileiro é trabalhador.
the.PL Brazilianis hardworking.SG ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiro são trabalhadores. the.PL Brazilianare hardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’c. *O brasileiros é trabalhadores. the Brazilian.PL is hardworking.PL
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BrazilianPortuguese• WithoutanullDhypothesisitwouldbedifficulttoexplainthe
licensingoftheenWty-typeanaphoraele‘it’.ThispronounimposesstrongrestricWonsontheantecedentitmayhave.ItcanonlyrefertoanenWty-denoWngexpression
(33)a. Osbrasileiroétrabalhador.Nestafábricanóscontratamos
eles/*eletodososmeses. ‘Braziliansarehardworking.Inthisfactorywehirethemeverymonth.’ b. Brasileiroétrabalhador.Nestafábricanóscontratamoseles/*ele todososmeses. ‘Braziliansarehardworking.Inthisfactorywehirethemeverymonth.’
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BrazilianPortuguese• PreverbalBNsexpressthesubjectofcategoricaljudgments• BriZo(1998,2000)postulatesthatcategoricaljudgmentsinthis
languagearebuiltbymeansofleedislocatedconstrucWonswithafullDPcontaininganovertdeterminerinatopicposiWon,takenbackbyaresumpWvethirdpersonpronoun
(34)a. Brasileiro ele é trabalhador.
Brazilian he is hardworkingb. Brasileiro eles sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian they arehardworking.PLc. Brasileiro pro é trabalhador. Brazilian is hardworking
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BrazilianPortuguese
• PreverbalBNswithi-levelandk-levelpredicates(35)a. Brasileiro é trabalhador.(Müller2002:280,ex.(4))
Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
b. Nãohá umproblemadeexWnção.Pandaécomumna China. not hasa problemofexWncWonpandaiscommonin.theChina ‘ThereisnotaproblemofexWncWon.PandasarecommoninChina.’
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BrazilianPortuguese• PreverbalBNswithi-levelandk-levelpredicates• TheDPnamesakindofthing,withnoreferencetothemembers
ofthekind.DKinterpretaWon(36)a. [TOP[DPø[NPbrasileiro]][IPproétrabalhador]]b. [TOP[DPø[NPbrasileiro]][IPeleétrabalhador]](37) ιxk[brasileiro(xk)∧trabalhador(xk)] • PluraldefiniteDP.GenericdefinitepluralinterpretaWon:
maximalsumofindividualsoftheBraziliankind.V-drivengenericity
(38)a. [TOP[DPø[NumPø[NPbrasileiro]]][IPproétrabalhador]]b. [TOP[DPø[NumPø[NPbrasileiro]]][IPelesétrabalhador]](39) ^ιxo∃xk[brasileiro(xk)∧R(xo,xk)∧xo∈Sum∧trabalhador(xo)]
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BrazilianPortuguese
• Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)a. O brasileiro é trabalhador.
the.SG Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• OvertdefiniteDPwithtwostructures:
– OnewithnoNumberàDKinterpretaWon– OnewithNumberàatomicinterpretaWon(onlyavailableforthistype
ofgenericsentencesincontrasWvecontexts)
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BrazilianPortuguese
• Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)c. Brasileiro é trabalhador.
Brazilian is hardworking ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• CovertdefiniteDPwithtwostructures:
– SimplerDPwithnoNumberàDKinterpretaWon– FullDPwithNumberàmaximalsuminterpretaWon(theBrazilians)
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BrazilianPortuguese• Doalltheexamplesin(31)havethesamemeaning?(31)b. Os brasileiros sãotrabalhadores
the.PL Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’d. Brasileiros sãotrabalhadores. Brazilian.PL arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
(32)a. Os brasileiro é trabalhador. the.PL Brazilian is hardworking.SG ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’b. Os brasileiro são trabalhadores. the.PL Brazilian arehardworking.PL ‘Braziliansarehardworking.’
• ThepresenceorabsenceofapluralarWcleisnottobeassociatedwithdifferentmeanings
• DPstructure.Dnecessarilyspecifiedforpluralnumber.MaximalsuminterpretaWon
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Generalconclusion
• BothinlanguageswithandwithoutarWclesreferencetokinds,conceivedofasintegraluniqueenWWes,encodedefiniteness
• DKsarethedefaultwaytoexpressD-genericityinRomance
• DKsaresyntacWcallyandsemanWcallynumberless
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Thankyou!!
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