Refer to page 496 to 497 - Mrs. Tran's Biology...
Transcript of Refer to page 496 to 497 - Mrs. Tran's Biology...
Refer to page 496 to 497
Group
practice
Individual practice
Classification
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How long would it take you to find an outfit?
How are the clothing grouped together?
What are some
groups you see
here?
What is Classification?
•Classification is when we place organisms into organized groupsbased on their similarities•Classification is also known as taxonomy.•Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms
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Why Classify?
•Give organisms a universally accepted name, eliminates confusion from using common names
•Groups numerous & diverse (different) organisms into logical order
Carolus Linnaeus1707 – 1778
•Called the “Father of Taxonomy”
•Classified organisms by their similar structures & appearance
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Today’s Taxonomic System is based on
1. Physical Appearance2. Evolutionary Relationships3. DNA Similarities(Genetic sequence- do they share a commonancestor?)4. Molecular clock- allows scientist to compare DNA sequences from two species to estimate how long it has been since they diverged from a common ancestor
Classification Groups•Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a categoryinto which related organisms are placed•There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species
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CATEGORIES OF TAXONOMY (OR TAXONS)• Domain- Broadest group, few traits in common
• Kingdom- 2nd Broadest group, few traits in common
• Phylum- make-up a kingdom
• Class- make-up a phylum
• Order- make-up a class
• Family- make-up a order
• Genus- make-up a family
• Species- smallest, most specific group, with many traits in common.
DumbKing
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Grape
Soda!copyright cmassengale 13
Which taxon has the most organisms included?
Which taxon has the fewest organisms?
Which 2 organisms are most closely related? How do you know?
_____________
___________
________
_____________
Kingdom
Species
Grizzly and Black bear,
most levels in common
The more
specific
you get,
the more
options
you have.
(3)
(6)
(32)
(90)
(493)
(5,404)
(94,240)
(953,434)
Hierarchical Systemof Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• From general
to more
specific
Scientific Names
•Accurately & uniformly names organisms
•Uses same language (Latin) for all names
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Sea”horse”??
Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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Carolus Linnaeus
•Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature
•Two-word name (Genus & species)
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Binominal Nomenclature(Scientific Name)
•2 words using the GENUS & the SPECIES
•Genus is CAPITALIZEDex. Canis
•Species is lower caseex. lupus
•Both Genus & species is underlinedor italicized
ex.: Canis lupus or Canis lupus = Wolf
Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens = Human
Binomial Nomenclature
copyright cmassengale 23Which TWO are more closely related? Why?__________Same genus
Brainpop! video: taxonomy
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Dichotomous Keying•Used to identify organisms•Characteristics given in pairs•Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4
3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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Classify
this
frog
2. Which 2 organisms are more closely related?
3. Which 2 organisms are more closely related?
Classification of Living Things
Domains (Notice the domains on the chart)
• Most inclusive category
• Larger than a kingdom
• There are 3
– Eukarya – includes the kingdoms
» Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals
– Bacteria – corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria
– Archaea – corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria
How Many Kingdoms?6Kingdoms
Kingdoms
• (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) Prokaryotes, with or without peptidoglycan in cell walls
• Protista – Eukaryotes, diverse, not fungi, plants, or animals
• Fungi – Eukaryotes, multicellular (except yeasts), heterotrophic, chitin in cell walls
• Plantae – Eukaryotes, multicellular, autotrophic, cell wall containing cellulose
• Animalia – Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell wall
Kingdom -Eubacteria
• Common name: Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes
• Peptidogylcan in cell wall
• Ecologically diverse
• Basic shapes are cocci, bacilli, spirilla
• Reproduce both sexually and asexually
Bacillus anthracis(spores can live in soil
for years)
Streptococcus mutans(can cause endocarditis
and dental caries)
Kingdom -Archaebacteria• Cell wall does not contain
peptidoglycan
• Unicellular Prokaryotes
• Cell membrane contains unusual lipids not found in other organisms
• Live in extreme environments:
– Brine (high salt) pools
– volcanic hot (thermal) springs
– Acidic pools
– black organic mud
– anaerobic (no oxygen)
Archaea
first detected in extreme
environments, such as volcanic hot
springs.
Kingdom Protista• Eukaryotes
• A classification problem – consists of organisms that cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
• Most unicellular, some colonial and some multicellular
• Autotrophic and heterotrophic
• Some move with flagella, pseudopods or cilia
• Animal-like, plant-like and fungus-like groups
• Reproduce by mitosis and meiosisEntamoeba histolytica
Kingdom Fungi• Eukaryotes
• Heterotrophic decomposer: most feed on dead, decaying organicmatter by secreting digestive enzymes into their food source then absorbingit into their bodies
• Cell walls of CHITIN
• Most multicellular; some unicellular (yeast)
Boletus zelleri(Edible, but often infected with fly
larvae)
Epidermophyton floccosum
(one of the causes of athlete's foot)
Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryotes
• All Multicellular
• Non motile – cannot move from place to place
• Cell wall with cellulose
• Mostly photosynthetic autotrophs
Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota
Ginkgo bilobaGinkgos are often very
long-lived. Some specimens are thought to be more than 3,500
years old.
Kingdom Animalia• Eukaryotes
• All Multicellular
• Heterotrophic consumers
• Most have mobility
• No cell walls or chloroplasts
• Incredible diversity
Hymenoptera Dialictus zephrum
Txodes scapularisDeer tick
Ecotherms vs Endotherms
•Ectotherm, Any so-called cold-blooded animal; that is, any animal whose regulation of body temperature depends on external sources, such as sunlight or a heated rock surface. The ectothermsinclude the fishes, amphibians, reptiles, and invertebrates.
•Endotherm, so-called warm-blooded animals; that is, those that maintaina constant body temperature internally-independent of the environment. The endotherms primarily include the birds and mammals.
Hierarchical Systemof Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• From general
to more
specific