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Chapter 9: Development

The Cultural Landscape:

An Introduction to Human Geography

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Development

• The process of improving the material

conditions of people through the

diffusion of knowledge and technology

• More developed countries (MDCs)

– AKA developed countries

• Lesser developed countries (LDCs)

– AKA emerging or developing countries

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Why Does Development Vary

Between Countries?

• Economic indicators of development

– The Human Development Index (HDI)

• Four factors used to assess a country’s level of

development:

– Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per

capita

– Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education

– Demographic = (4) life expectancy

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Human Development Index

Figure 9-1

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Why Does Development Vary

Among Countries?

• Economic indicators of development

– Types of jobs

• Primary sector

• Secondary sector

• Tertiary sector

– Productivity

• Measured by the value added per capita

• MDCs are more productive than LDCs

– Consumer goods

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Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

Figure 9-4

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Why Does Development Vary

Among Countries?

• Social indicators of development

– Education and literacy

• The literacy rate

– Health and welfare

• Diet (adequate calories)

• Access to health care

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Students Per Teacher, Primary School

Figure 9-6

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Why Does Development Vary

Among Countries?

• Demographic indicators of development

– Life expectancy

• Babies born today in MDCs have a life

expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in

the 60s

– Other demographic indicators:

• Infant mortality

• Natural increase

• Crude birth rate

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Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?

• More developed regions

– North America and Europe

– Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia,

Japan, Australia, and New Zealand

• Less developed regions

– Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs

– Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central

Asia = similar HDI

– South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low

levels of development

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More and Less Developed Regions

Figure 9-10

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Where Does Level of Development

Vary by Gender?

• Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

– Compares the level of women’s development with

that of both sexes

– Four measures (similar to HDI):

• Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per

capita incomes

• Number of females enrolled in school compared to the

number of males

• Percent of literate females to literate males

• Life expectancy of females to males

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Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

Figure 9-17

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Demographic Indicator of Gender

Difference: Life Expectancy

Figure 9-21

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Where Does Level of Development

Vary by Gender?

• Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

– Compares the decision-making capabilities of men

and women in politics and economics

– Uses economic and political indicators:

• Per capita female incomes as a percentage of male per

capita incomes

• Percentage of technical and professional jobs held by

women

• Percentage of administrative jobs held by women

• Percentage of women holding national office

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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

Figure 9-22

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Economic Indicator of Empowerment:

Professionals

Figure 9-23

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Progress Toward Development

Figure 9-26

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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to

Development?

• Development through self-sufficiency

– Characteristics:

• Pace of development = modest

• Distribution of development = even

• Barriers are established to protect local

business

– Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas,

and (3) restricting the number of importers

• Two major problems with this approach:

– Inefficient businesses are protected

– A large bureaucracy is developed

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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to

Development?

• Development through international trade

– Rostow’s model of development

– Examples of international trade approach

• The “four Asian dragons”

• Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states

– Three major problems:

• Uneven resource distribution

• Increased dependence on MDCs

• Market decline

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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to

Development?

• International trade approach triumphs

– The path most commonly selected by the

end of the twentieth century

– Countries convert because evidence

indicates that international trade is the

more effective path toward development

• Example: India

– World Trade Organization

– Foreign direct investment

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Triumph of International Trade Approach

Figure 9-27 Figure 9-28

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Foreign Direct Investment

Figure 9-30

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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to

Development?

• Financing development

– LDCs require money to fund development

– Two sources of funds:

• Loans

– The World Bank and the IMF

– Structural adjustment programs

• Foreign direct investment from transnational

corporations

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Debt as a Percentage of Income

Figure 9-31

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Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to

Development?

• Fair trade approach

– Products are made and traded in a way

that protects workers and small businesses

in LDCs

– Two sets of standards

• Fair trade producer standards

• Fair trade worker standards

– Producers and workers usually earn more

– Consumers usually pay higher prices

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Core and Periphery Model

Figure 9-32

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The End.

Up next: Agriculture