Reeves Flores & Paardekooper 2014 - Experiments Past - eBook

7/21/2019 Reeves Flores & Paardekooper 2014 - Experiments Past - eBook

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Mkst`rkbs `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jyBxpbrkhblts YestA`dk Vbbvbs Gc`rbs & V`bceld Yeerdbo``pbr

bdktbd fy


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^kdbst`lb YrbssE lbw jblbretk`l `g Yufcksmklj

[ù erb rbedklj e gucc vbrsk`l `g tmks f`ò, g`r grbb!

Tmks f`ò ks pert `g tmb ^kdbst`lb b-ckfrery wmbrb h`st `g ùr

pufcknetk`ls erb guccy ennbsskfcb g`r grbb. G`r ennbss t` h`rb

grbb f`òs vkskt1 www.skdbst`lb.n`h/ckfrery

D`wlcèd Gucc YDG

Wkskt tmb ^kdbst`lb b-ckfrery t` fr`wsb ùr b-f`òs. G`r e hklkhec

gbb yù nel purnmesb e guccy gulntk`lec YDG eld fy d`klj s`, yù

mbcp t` obbp ùr ckfrery rullklj.

www.skdbst`lb.n`h/ckfrery


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^kdbst`lb Yrbss

Bxpbrkhblts Yest


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Mkst`rkbs `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy

Bxpbrkhblts Yest

A`dk Vbbvbs Gc`rbs & V`bceld Yeerdbo``pbr

bdktbd fy


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6954, kldkvkduec eutm`rs

Yufcksmbd fy ^kdbst`lb Yrbss, Cbkdbl

www.skdbst`lb.n`h

K^FL ;:=-;9-==;9-625-6

Cey-ùt & n`vbr dbskjl1 ^kdbst`lb YrbssYm`t`jrepms n`vbr1 êjlceldbt Cbarb, Mblrkbttb Cyljstrh & Tb Mbccblkn

Klstktutb g`r tmb Yrbsbrvetk`l `g Leutknec redktk`l, Etmbls

Yufcksmbd wktm tmb supp`rt `g êjlceldbt Cbarb & B]EVN


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N`ltblts

Mkst`rkbs `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy. D`nuhbltklj tmb Yest g`r tmb

Guturb

:

V`bceld Yeerdbo``pbr & A`dk Vbbvbs Gc`rbs

Tmb Mkst`ry g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Nrètke 52

Eldrbe Abrouk

Mkst`ry g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Cetvke >2

Ertrs hs`ls

Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Krbceld. Kts Yest eld Y`tbltkec g`r tmbGuturb

4:

r`le ^rblsbl & Ekdel @ûcckvel

Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Grelnb. E Mkst`ry `g tmb Dksnkpcklb 7:

Jukcceuhb Vbknm & Dehkbl Ckldbr

Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl pekl =2

Aevkbr Feble Yrbyscbr, N`lnbpnkl `rrbs, Elt`lk Yec`h`, Hkccl H`z`te& Kjlenk` Ncbhbltb

Tmb Dbvbc`phbltec ^tbps `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl JrbbnbTmrùjm Oby Mkst`rknec Vbpcknetkvb Bxpbrkhblts eld Vbn`lstruntk`ls

;:

Lko`ce`s Ocbkskerks, ^pyrkd`l Feoes & ^tbgel`s ôerhkltz`s

Tmb V`cb `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl (Zbst) Jbrhel Rlkvbrsktkbsgr`h 5;47 @lwerds Klktkec Vbheros

55:

Hertkl ^nmhkdt

Vuhkletklj `l tmb Yest. E Mkst`ry `g Dkjbstkvb Tepm`l`hy klBxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy

5>5

D`l Y. @Hbere

Tmb Mkst`ry eld Dbvbc`phblt `g Ernmeb`c`jknec @pbl-Ekr Husbuhskl Bur`pb

54:

V`bceld Yeerdbo``pbr


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Bxpbrkblnb eld Bxpbrkhblt 57:

Mels-@cb Melsbl

Brgerklj `j Bospbrkhblt 5=6Mels-@cb Melsbl

Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Dblhero 5;79-5;=9 Es ^bbl Tmrùjmtmb Cbttbrs `g V`fbrt Tm`hsbl

5=;

Mblrkbttb Cyljstrh

Tmb @rkjkls `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Netec`lke. TmbBxpbrkhbltec Erbe `g CBsqubrde

692

Khhe @ccknm-Nestelybr, H`ltsbrret V`negkjubre-Bsp`le

& Devkd ^brret

Fukcdklj, Furlklj, Dkjjklj eld Khejklklj1 Tryklj t` Epprènmtmb Yrbmkst`rkn Dwbccklj. Bxpbrkhblts N`lduntbd fy tmb Letk`lecRlkvbrskty `g Erts kl V`helke

652

Drej` Jmb`rjmku

Gr`h mkp-Gkld t` ^be-J`klj Vbn`lstruntk`l. Bxpbrkhbltec HerktkhbErnmeb`c`jy et tmb Wkoklj ^mkp Husbuh kl V`sokcdb

6>>

Wkfbob Fksnm`gg, Elt`l Bljcbrt, ^rbl Lkbcsbl & H`rtbl Vevl

Bxpbrkhbltec Kr`l ^hbctklj kl tmb Vbsbernm `l Vbn`lstruntk`l `gtmb Fc``hbry Yr`nbss kl tmb wktòrzysokb (M`cy Nr`ss) Hùltekls,Y`celd

64;

^zyh`l @rzbnm`wsok & Eldrzba Yrzynm`dlk

Bljejklj Bxpbrkhblts. Gr`h ^kcblt Nucturec Mbrktejb t` Entkvb ^`nkecHbh`ry

67;

Cers M`ctbl


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Mkst`rkbs `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jyD`nuhbltklj tmb Yest g`r tmb Guturb

V`bceld Yeerdbo``pbr & A`dk Vbbvbs Gc`rbs

Vbn`lstruntklj tmb pest ks el kltrknetb teso g`r ernmeb`c`jksts, wm` rbcy `l ehuctktudb `g hbtm`ds sunm es bxnevetk`l, elecysks `g ertbgents, tmb usb `g ernmkvbseld mkst`rknec tbxts, eld dbvbc`pklj elec`jkbs gr`h huctkpcb sùrnbs. Ernmeb`c`jyks gkccbd wktm el bxpbrkhbltec ekr. Kl tmb gkbcd, ernmeb`c`jksts mevb bxpbrkhbltbdwktm dkggbrblt bxnevetk`l eld rbn`rdklj prentknbs, kltr`dunklj lbw tbnml`c`jy eskt fbn`hbs evekcefcb. Kl tmb cef`ret`ry, pb`pcb bxpbrkhblt wktm dkggbrblt hbtm`ds,tbnmlkqubs eld hetbrkecs? s`hbtkhbs tmby rbpcknetb el ernmeb`c`jknec ktbh `rpr`nbss uldbr n`ltr`ccbd n`ldktk`ls. @lb hbtm`d evekcefcb t` ernmeb`c`jksts ksbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy? tmks klv`cvbs tmb rbpcknetk`l g ertbgents r pest pr`nbssbskl `rdbr t` tbst gecskgkefcb myp`tmbsbs `r t` jetmbr dete systbhetkneccy. Aust es wktm`tmbr ernmeb`c`jknec rbsbernm, tmb rbsucts `g bxpbrkhbltklj wktm tmb pest mevb l`tecweys fbbl smerbd `r prbsbrvbd. mks cbevbs t`deys rbsbernmbrs wktm e ckhktbdgùldetk`l `g cktbreturb eld dete t` fukcd up`l. mks v`cuhb smbds ckjmt `l tmb

Gkjurb 51 Jrùp pm`t` `g pertknkpelts gr`h tmb Mkst`ry `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jyN`lgbrblnb, Eprkc 695>, Cbarb (Ym`t`1 Wkkrb Yeaustb, 695>)


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mkst`rknec eppcknetk`l `g tmks hbtm`d wktm kl ernmeb`c`jknec rbsbernm eld pr`vkdbsklnrbesbd ennbss t` tmb ol`wcbdjb tmet pb`pcb mevb jeklbd efùt tmb pest tmrùjmbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy.

C`òklj et tmb mkst`ry g e dksnkpcklb mbcps t` g`rh e m`ckstkn vkbw, eld kt rbhklds

us g g`rj`ttbl kdbes, dksn`vbrkbs eld hbtm`ds. Mkst`rkbs g enedbhkn dksnkpcklbs eldhbtm`ds mkjmckjmt tmb klgcublnbs tmby mevb med l ùr uldbrsteldklj g tmb w`rcd.mrùjm tmks pr`nbss, mkst`rkbs `g ernmeb`c`jy n`ltrkfutb t` ùr uldbrsteldklj`g f`tm ùr pest eld ùr prbsblt (Zbljr`w 699>, 5>4). Eddktk`leccy, ùr vkbw`g mkst`ry nel fbn`hb werpbd `vbr tkhb. Ceure Leder mes kccustretbd m`w lbwh`vbhblts kl eltmr`p`c`jy nel smeob up tmb dksnkpcklb eld... `fcktbretbdksnkpcklery hbh`ry (Leder 6995, 75>). Kt ks p`sskfcb g`r tmks t` teob pcenb klernmeb`c`jy, es wbcc. mb rbn`jlktk`l `g tmks g`rjbtguclbss hey fb `lb `g tmbrbes`ls ernmeb`c`jksts mevb fbn`hb s` kltbrbstbd kl tmbkr mkst`ry `vbr tmb pestsbvbrec dbnedbs. M`wbvbr, dbspktb tmb pcbtm`re `g studkbs n`lnbrlklj tmb mkst`ry

`g ernmeb`c`jy (g`r bxehpcbs, sbb Delkbc 5;:2, Ykjj`tt 5;=;, Obm`b 5;;=, rkjjbr6997, V`wcby-N`lwy 699:), gbw mevb g`nusbd `l tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltecernmeb`c`jy. Fy entkvbcy rb-bljejklj wktm tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy,wb nel kdbltkgy tmb `rkjkls `g hely `g ùr nurrblt prentknbs, kdbes eld fbckbgsn`lnbrlklj tmb hbtm`d`c`jy, eld bvecuetb tmbkr mkst`rknec khpent.

Yrbvkùs pufcknetk`ls `l tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltecernmeb`c`jy

Ybrmeps tmb h`st wbcc-ol`wl mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy ks klncudbd

kl A`ml N`cbs Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy (5;:;). ^klnb kt wes gkrst pufcksmbd,Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy mes fbbl rbprkltbd sbvbrec tkhbs, tmb h`st rbnblt fbkljkl 6959. mks lbw eddktk`l klncudbs e prbgenb gr`h V`bceld Yeerdbo``pbr klwmknm mb dksnussbs tmb mkst`rknec khp`rtelnb `g tmb f`ò es wbcc es dbvbc`phbltskl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy sklnb kts `rkjklec pufcknetk`l. Fbg`rb tmks, ckttcbBljcksm celjuejb cktbreturb `l tmb sufabnt wes evekcefcb, ectmùjm tmbrb wbrb etcbest tw` fkfck`jrepmkbs `l bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy.E Fkfck`jrepmy `g VbpcknetkvbBxpbrkhblts kl Ernmeb`c`jy (Jremeh bt ec. 5;:6) eld Fkfck`jrepmy `g Ernmeb`c`jyK1 bxpbrkhblts, cktmkn tbnml`c`jy eld pbtr`jrepmy (Mbstbr eld Mbkzbr 5;:>) erb tw`rbgbrblnb cksts `g w`ros tmet n`ltekl khktetkvb bxpbrkhblts `r tmet dksnuss tmbkr

usb. Kl tmb 5;:> fkfck`jrepmy, tmb sbntk`l Bxpbrkhblts eld Vbpcknetk`ls bxtblds`vbr 54 pejbs, eld tmb rbgbrblnbs erb dkvkdbd klt` gkvb hea`r ncessbs. Kt mes fbbll`tbd tmet tmks pufcknetk`l pceybd el khp`rtelt r`cb kl frkljklj bxpbrkhblts gr`h

aùrlecs eld rbp`rts t`jbtmbr kl `lb pcenb (êreyder 699=).`dey, tmbrb ks el `lcklb fkfck`jrepmy `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy evekcefcb1

tmb Fkfck`jrepmy `l Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy, Bdunetk`l eld Ernmeb`c`jknec@pbl-Ekr Husbuhs (Yeerdbo``pbr 6954). mb fkfck`jrepmy st`rbs rbgbrblnbs`l bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy es wbcc es rb-blenthblt, ernmeb`c`jknec bdunetk`l,eld ernmeb`c`jknec `pbl-ekr husbuhs. mb detefesb fukcds `l sbvbrec `lj`kljpufcknetk`ls es wbcc es `tmbr fkfck`jrepmkbs eld aùrlecs tmet erb l` c`ljbr kl

pr`duntk`l. mb klktkec sùrnb g`r tmb `lcklb n`ccbntk`l wes e prkltbd Jbrhelfkfck`jrepmy tktcbd Fkfck`jrepmkb zur Bxpbrkhbltbccbl Ernm`c`jkb, wmknm klncudbd


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`vbr 6,999 tktcbs. Kl eddktk`l t` tmks, Yeerdbo``pbr mes eddbd efùt =,999 rbgbrblnbsrbcbvelt t` bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld ernmeb`c`jknec `pbl-ekr husbuhs gr`h`tmbr sùrnbs sunm es tmbErnmeb`c`jknec bxtkcbs Lbwscbttbr, tmb Fuccbtkl `g Yrkhktkvbbnml`c`jy, Bxpbrkhbltbccb Ernm`c`jkb kl Dbutsnmceld/kl Bur`pe, tmb Fuccbtkl v``r

Ernmb`c`jksnmb Bxpbrkhbltbl bl Bdunetkb, eld Bur`VBE (l`w B]EVN Aùrlec),tmb Etcetc Fkfck`jrepmy (Zmkteoobr 699;) es wbcc es ertkncbs `l elnkblt nregts,ckvb kltbrprbtetk`l, eld nucturec tùrksh. mus ger, tmb fkfck`jrepmy mes fbbl epbrs`lec bgg`rt `l Yeerdbo``pbrs pert, eld tmbrb mes l`t fbbl el bxpcknkt, sbcbntk`lnrktbrk`l. M`wbvbr, tmbrb erb guturb pcels t` bxpeld eld ulkgy tmb fkfck`jrepmy.Fkfck`jrepmkbs sunm es tmbsb sbrvb el khp`rtelt purp`sb, es d` `tmbr g`rhs `gd`nuhbltklj tmb bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy tmet mes teobl pcenb. Kg e rbsbernmbrol`ws efùt bxkstklj cktbreturb `r el bxpbrkhblt, tmbl tmby mevb e hunm fbttbrnmelnb g fbklj efcb t` ennbss kt, eld tmbrb ks cbss deljbr g rbsbernmbrs ennkdblteccyrb-klvbltklj tmb wmbbc.

Kl eddktk`l t` tmbsb fkfck`jrepmkbs, wmknm suppcy klg`rhetk`l `l prkherysùrnbs, eld N`cbs w`ros `l bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, pb`pcb wrktklj efùttmb hbtm`d `gtbl klncudb e frkbg fenojrùld sbntk`l tmet klncudbs e mkst`ry `gbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy. G`r bxehpcb, kl Vbpcknetklj tmb Yest, tbpmbl N. ereyderdksnussbs bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl tmb twbltkbtm eld twblty-gkrst nblturkbs, elddksnussbs tmb hea`r tmb`rbtknec peredkjhs `g tmet tkhb, lehbcy, nucturb mkst`ry,pr`nbssuec ernmeb`c`jy, eld p`st-pr`nbssuec ernmeb`c`jy. El`tmbr frkbg `vbrvkbwmes fbbl wrkttbl fy Dele Hkccs`l, wm` ecs` suppckbs e sm`rt `vbrvkbw `g tmbmkst`ry g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl tmb f`ò Bxpbrkhbltetk`l eld Kltbrprbtetk`l1mb Rsb `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl tmb ^tudy `g tmb Yest (Hkccs`l 6955, 5-

>). Bxpbrkhbltetk`l eld Kltbrprbtetk`lecs` n`ltekls e nmeptbr bltktcbd Nrbetklje Mkst`ry `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy fy A`dk Vbbvbs Gc`rbs, wmknm dksnussbsmkst`rknec trblds kl tmb dbvbc`phblt `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld m`w kt kspbrnbkvbd. ^`hb `tmbr tktcbs tmet hbltk`l tmb mkst`ry `g ernmeb`c`jy, `gtbl kl esm`rt eld n`lnksb gesmk`l, erb mb N`lstruntbd Yest1 Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy,Bdunetk`l eld tmb Yufckn (^t`lb eld Ycelbc 5;;;) eld Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy1nmeljklj snkblnb ejbldes eld pbrnbptuec pbrspbntkvbs (Fbcc 699;).

Kl eddktk`l t` jblbrec mkst`rkbs `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, tmbrb erb ecs`mkst`rkbs tmet g`nus l spbnkgkn sufabnts eld pb`pcb wktmkl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy.Kl e rbnblt bxehpcb, Hknmebc ^nmkggbr (699;) suppckbd e n`ltbxtuec mkst`ry `g

bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl Btmlèrnmeb`c`jy, bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld tmbEhbrknel ^nm``c , tmb g`nus ks `l tmb usb `g khktetkvb bxpbrkhblts kl tmb Rlktbd^tetbs kl tmb cetb lklbtbbltm nbltury. Eddktk`leccy, B]EVN mes pufcksmbd sbvbreckltbrvkbws wktm cbedklj bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jksts, ckob Mels-@cb Melsbl, A`mlN`cbs, Brrbtt Neccemel, C`lnb Dbherbz, V`sbherkb Cbklbwbfbr eld Mels dbMees (sbb mttp1//www.aùrlec.bxern.lbt). B]EVN n`ltklubs t` kltbrvkbw pk`lbbrskl tmb dbvbc`phblt `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy. mks w`ro ks nrunkec sklnb, kltwblty ybers gr`h l`w, hely bercy bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jksts wkcc l`t fb efcbt` tbenm us tmbkr vecuefcb cbss`ls. Kt ks khp`rtelt tmet tmks w`ro ks d`nuhbltbd s`tmet rbsbernmbrs erb efcb t` cberl gr`h prbvkùs jblbretk`ls eld heob n`lvklnklj

pr`jrbss kl tmb dbvbc`phblt eld eppcknetk`l `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy.


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mks h`rb kl dbptm d`nuhbltetk`l g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb c`jy wmknm g`nusbs`l e spbnkgkn t`pkn sunm es e pertknucer sufgkbcd `g ernmeb`c`jknec rbsbernm, pbrs`lecbxpbrkblnb `r tkhb pbrk`d jkvbs e dbbpbr n`ltbxt t` tmb bxpbrkhbltec w`ro tmetmes fbbl n`lduntbd. mks ks tmb ekh `g tmks nurrblt v`cuhb1 fy uln`vbrklj e h`rb

dkvbrsb reljb `g lerretkvb n`lnbrlklj tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, kt ksp`sskfcb t` nrbetb e fbttbr uldbrsteldklj `g tmb hbtm`d`c`jy es kt ks prentknbd kltmb prbsblt.

Tmb `rkjkls `g tmks v`cuhb

mks v`cuhb bhbrjbs gr`h tmks rbn`jlktk`l tmet tmbrb ks e ceno `g nurrblt, kl dbptmv`cuhbs l tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy sklnb Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jywes pufcksmbd kl 5;:;. Es mkjmckjmtbd ef`vb, h`st `g tmb mkst`rkbs sklnb mevbfbbl nurs`ry bxpc`retk`ls `g tmb jblbrec trblds kl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld

`tmbr tmel e gbw pufcknetk`ls tmbrb mes fbbl ckttcb bxpc`retk`l kl tmb mkst`ry `gbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy `l letk`lec, suf-dksnkpcklery pbrs`lec `r pràbnt cbvbcs.Kl eddktk`l t` tmb lbbd g`r h`rb tm`rùjm bxehkletk`ls `g tmb weys kl wmknmbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb c`jy ks prentknbd eld n`lnbkvbd, el khp`rtelt kssub g`r tm`sbw`roklj wktm bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy ks tmet ectmùjm hely bxpbrkhblts mevbfbbl bxbnutbd `vbr e c`lj mkst`ry, tmb rbsucts, dete eld klskjmts gr`h tmks w`ro mevbl`t fbbl pufcksmbd. Zmbrb bxpbrkhblts mevb fbbl pufcksmbd, `tmbr ferrkbrs sunmes celjuejb eld ennbsskfkckty gtbl bxkst. @gtbl rbsbernmbrs n`lduntklj bxpbrkhbltshey d` s` kl ks`cetk`l `r `lcy n`ltent eld dksnuss tmbkr w`ro wktm pb`pcb wktmkltmbkr bstefcksmbd rbsbernm lbtw`ro.

Kl el bgg`rt t` uln`vbrklj tmb mkst`rknec eppcknetk`l `g bxpbrkhbltecernmeb`c`jy kl Bur`pb, eld t` gurtmbr eddrbss tmbsb kssubs `g ceno `g ennbsskfkcktyeld prbsbrvetk`l, B]EVN `rjelksbd e n`lgbrblnb `l tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltecernmeb`c`jy. êjlceldbt Cbarb, nbcbfretklj kts 29tm ellkvbrsery kl 6954 eld, elbxehpcb t` hely, jcedcy `ggbrbd t` m`st tmb n`lgbrblnb eld s`, kl Eprkc 695>, tmbn`lgbrblnb t`ò pcenb wktm eppr`xkhetbcy tmkrty pertknkpelts gr`h twbcvb nùltrkbs.

Zktm supp`rt `g f`tm B]EVN eld êjlceldbt, tmb bdkt`rs dbnkdbd t` bxpeld tmbluhfbr `g eutm`rs g`r tmb prbsblt v`cuhb t` ecs` klncudb pepbrs efùt erbes `rtmbhbs l`t prbvkùscy n`vbrbd wktmkl tmb sn`pb `g tmb `rkjklec n`lgbrblnb. mbrbsuctklj pepbrs erb klncudbd kl tmks v`cuhb eld erb dkvkdbd fy t`pkn1 Letk`lec

Mkst`rkbs, Hbtm`d eld Hetbrkecs eld gkleccy Fk`jrepmkbs eld Yràbnt Mkst`rkbs.mb Letk`lec Mkst`rkbs heob up ech`st mecg `g tmb n`ltrkfutk`ls kl tmksv`cuhb, eld wkcc fb `g pertknucer kltbrbst t` bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jksts wm`welt t` bxpc`rb rbsbernm n`lduntbd kl `tmbr nùltrkbs kl Bur`pb. Eldrbe Abrouksmbds ckjmt `l tmb Mkst`ry `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Nrètke, merdcy elytmklj`g wmknm ks ol`wl efrèd. Ertrs `hs`ls dbsnrkfbs m`w tmb hbtm`d`c`jybv`cvbd kl Cetvke, f`tm fbg`rb eld egtbr tmb bld `g tmb N`cd Zer. Kl Krbceld,bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy ks bxpbrkblnklj e rbvkvec r`le ^rblsbl eld Ekdel@ûcckvel jkvb e testb `g wmet mes teobl pcenb eld wmet ks kl st`rb. JukcceuhbVbknm eld Dehkbl Ckldbr `ggbr e pbbo klt` tmb mkst`ry `g tmb dksnkpcklb kl Grelnb,

wmknm ks enn`hpelkbd fy e vbry klncuskvb fkfck`jrepmy, mkjmckjmtklj tmet hunm


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h`rb bxpbrkhbltetk`l mes teobl pcenb kl Grelnb tmel tmet ess`nketbd wktm tmbEss`nketk`l pùr ce Yr`h`tk`l db cErnm`c`jkb db Fùrj`jlb (EYEF), wmknm reltmb Ernm`dr`hb et Fbeulb (Grrb eut`t 6997) eld et Judbc`l. pekl ks e trbesurbtr`vb g`r bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy entkvktkbs, l`t kl tmb cbest mkjmckjmtbd fy tmb

tmrbb elluec n`lgbrblnbs efùt wmknm Aevkbr Feble Yrbyscbr, N`lnbpnkl `rrbs,Elt`lk Yec`h`, Hkccl H`z`te eld Kjlenk` Ncbhbltb rbp`rt. Lko`ce`s Ocbkskerks,^pyrkd`l Feoes eld ^tbgel`s ôerhkltz`s dbsnrkfb tmb gesnkletklj dbvbc`phblt`g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld rbn`lstruntk`l kl Jrbbnb. mks klncudbs l`t `lcysmkp rbn`lstruntk`ls, fut hunm h`rb. Gkleccy, Hertkl ^nmhkdt mkjmckjmts tmb V`cb`g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl (Zbst) Jbrhel Rlkvbrsktkbs gr`h 5;47 @lwerds.

Hbtm`d eld Hetbrkecs klncudbs D`l @Hberes mkst`ry `g dkjbstkvb tepm`l`hykl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, wmknm n`vbrs tmb usb g bxpbrkhbltetk`l kl tepm`l`hknstudkbs et el kltbrletk`lec cbvbc. Yeerdbo``pbr ecs` nr`ssbs letk`lec fùlderkbs fydbsnrkfklj tmb mkst`ry eld dbvbc`phblt `g ernmeb`c`jknec `pbl-ekr husbuhs kl

Bur`pb.mb Fk`jrepmkbs eld Yràbnt Mkst`rkbs g`rh tmb tmkrd pert `g tmks v`cuhb.

@ur obyl`tb spbeobr et tmb 695> n`lgbrblnb, gùldbr `g êjlceldbt Cbarb, Mels-@cb Melsbl, dbsnrkfbs e gbw sbbhkljcy strekjmtg`rwerd bxpbrkhblts detklj fenot` tmb 5;79s eld wmet tmks bxpbrkblnb nel (stkcc) tbenm us. Mblrkbttb Cyljstrh,ecs` gr`h Dblhero, dbsnrkfbs tmb ckgb `g V`fbrt m`hsbl, el bljklbbr, eld mksckgbc`lj kltbrbst kl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy. Khhe @ccknm-Nestelybr, H`ltsbrretV`negkjubre-Bsp`le eld Devkd ^brret dksnuss mb @rkjkls `g Bxpbrkhbltec

Ernmeb`c`jy kl Netec`lke eld tmb r`cb `g Bljcksm ernmeb`c`jkst, Ybtbr Vbyl`cds,kl tmb dbvbc`phblt `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl tmet rbjk`l. Drej`s Jmb`rjku

teobs us t` V`helke wmbrb mb mes fbbl fukcdklj, furlklj, dkjjklj eld khejklklj espert g e rbsbernm rbjkhb g`nusbd l prbmkst`rkn dwbcckljs. El khp`rtelt nesb studygr`h Dblhero fy Wkfbob Fksnm`gg, Elt`l Bljcbrt, ^rbl Lkbcsbl eld H`rtblVevl dbsnrkfbs tmb pr`nbss Gr`h mkp-Gkld t` ^be-J`klj Vbn`lstruntk`l tmb wey ktmes fbbl d`lb et tmb Wkoklj ^mkp Husbuh kl V`sokcdb. Kr`l shbctklj bxpbrkhbltsmevb fbbl teoklj pcenb kl ^ùtmbrl Y`celd g`r dbnedbs ^zyh`l @rzbnm`wsok eld

Eldrzba Yrzynm`dlk dbsnrkfb tmbsb entkvktkbs eld pcenb tmbh wktmkl tmb n`ltbxt `gsnkbltkgkn rbsbernm eld pufckn ùtrbenm.

@ur gklec nmeptbr ks fy tmb dkrbnt`r `g êjlceldbt Cbarb, Cers M`ctbl, wm`smerbs mks vksk`l wktm us `l Bljejklj Bxpbrkhblts1 Gr`h ^kcblt Nucturec Mbrktejb t`

Entkvb ^`nkec Hbh`ry.

@tmbr mkst`rkbs `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy

mb nmeptbrs kl tmks v`cuhb bxpc`rb tmb r`cb `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl helydkggbrblt pcenbs eld uldbr dkvbrsb n`ldktk`ls. Kl eddktk`l t` tmb erbes tmet eutm`rsmevb n`vbrbd es pert `g tmks v`cuhb, tmbrb erb sbvbrec erbes eld `tmbr jb`jrepmknrbjk`ls wmbrb pb`pcb entkvbcy usb bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy. Zb welt t` frkbgcymkjmckjmt s`hb `g tmb erbes tmet erb l`t n`vbrbd kl dbptm mbrb, eld l` dùft tmbrberb eddktk`lec erbes `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy tmet nùcd fb n`vbrbd.


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Kl tmb R^, tmbrb ks tmb ^`nkbty `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy eld Yrkhktkvbbnml`c`jy (^BEY), wm`sb jèc, wktm tmbkr VB-Ern n`lgbrblnbs (mbcd sklnb 699;),ks t` sbrvb es e pcenb g`r bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jksts `g ecc typbs eld enedbhkns t`n`ljrbjetb eld dksnuss, es wbcc es prbsblt eld p`tbltkeccy pufcksm `l tmb t`pkn `g

bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy. mb VB-Ern n`lgbrblnbs ecs` ekh t` cklo enedbhkns eldprkhktkvb tbnml`c`jksts. Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy n`ltklubs t` fb teujmt et tmbulkvbrskty cbvbc kl tmb R^, fut tmbrb erb l` spbnkgkn dbjrbbs kl tmb hbtm`d.

mb Rlktbd Okljd`h mes sbvbrec ernmeb`c`jknec pbl-ekr husbuhs tmet bhpc`ybxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, wktm `lb `g tmb h`st wbcc-ol`wl fbklj Futsbr ElnkbltGerh. Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy mes ecs` fbbl kltbjretbd klt` enedbhkn rbsbernm.G`r bxehpcb, f`tm tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Bxbtbr eld tmb Rlkvbrskty `g ^mbggkbcd `ggbrHestbrs dbjrbbs kl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy. mb Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jyN`lgbrblnbs (BEN), wmknm mevb fbbl mbcd, g`r tmb h`st pert ellueccy, sklnb 6997,ecs` teob pcenb kl tmb RO. mbsb n`lgbrblnbs ent es e vblub g`r pertknkpelts t`

dksnuss tmb r`cb `g tmb hbtm`d kl rbsbernm.^neldklevke ecs` mes e cerjb luhfbr `g pb`pcb n`lduntklj bxpbrkhbltec

ernmeb`c`jy. ^rbl Lelnob-Or`jm jevb e j``d `vbrvkbw kl 5;=;, pufcksmbd klBljcksm, wmbl mb dksnussbs tmet, ectmùjm bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy med fbblprbsblt kl Dblhero g`r e c`lj tkhb, kt med l`t ybt dbvbc`pbd kts hbtm`d`c`jyeld snkbltkgkn r`fustlbss et tmet p`klt kl tkhb (Lelnob-Or`jm 5;=;). EctmùjmDblheros bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy ks wbcc dbvbc`pbd wmbl kt n`hbs t` studykljsmkps, tbxtkcbs eld hbtecs, tmbrb erb l` snkbltkgkn n`lgbrblnbs `r pufcknetk`ls.^wbdbl mes e skhkcer sktuetk`l, wmkcb kl L`rwey el elluec n`lgbrblnb mes bhbrjbd

aust rbnbltcy.

Zktmkl tmb Jbrhel celjuejb erbe, Arjbl Zbklbr dbsnrkfbd tmb mkst`ry `gbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy up t` 5;;9 (Zbklbr 5;;5). Fy tmet tkhb, B]EV wesbstefcksmbd, wmknm ks n`hp`sbd g 529 hbhfbrs eld rjelksbs el elluec n`lgbrblnbwmbrb bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy gr`h tmb rbjk`l ks prbsbltbd. mby pufcksmbd`vbr 52 pr`nbbdkljs sklnb 5;;9. Zmet ks lbbdbd ks e mbckn`ptbr vkbw `g tmb mujbluhfbr `g entkvktkbs (eld rbsucts) kl tmks pert `g Bur`pb `vbr tmb pest twblty-gkvb`r s` ybers.

Zmbl dksnussklj bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl Y`celd, tmb h`st gtbl hbltk`lbdks tmb sktb `g Fksoupkl. @rzbnm`wsok eld Yrzynm`dlk (tmks v`cuhb) bxpcekl tmettmbrb ks h`rb t` kt tmel tmet, eld kldbbd, tmbrb erb hely `tmbr sktbs, pb`pcb eld

tmbhbs kl Y`cksm bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy.

N`lncusk`l

mks v`cuhb `ggbrs e jckhpsb `g m`w bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy ks prentknbd eldpbrnbkvbd wktmkl `tmbr erbes `g ernmeb`c`jy eld kl `tmbr nùltrkbs `r rbjk`ls.mb hbtm`d mes fbbl e oby pert `g ernmeb`c`jy g`r wbcc `vbr e nbltury, fut sunmbxpbrkhblts erb gtbl bhfbddbd kl wkdbr rbsbernm, n`lduntbd kl ks`cetk`l r lbvbrpufcksmbd `r rbp`rtbd. Bvbl wmbl kldkvkduec tmbhbs `r pràbnts (sunm es Wkoklj^mkps gr`h Dblhero eld tmb Nestcb et Judbc`l kl Grelnb) erb wbcc-ol`wl, h`st


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`g tmb bxpbrkhblts dksnussbd kl tmks v`cuhb mevb l`t med tmet hunm bxp`surbùtskdb tmbkr sufabnt `r jb`jrepmkn rbjk`l. mby d` sbrvb, m`wbvbr, es khp`rteltbxehpcbs lb tmbrwksb hey l`t mevb fbbl bxp`sbd t` fbneusb g tmbsb jb`jrepmkn,celjuejb eld pufcksmklj fùlderkbs. Es hbltk`lbd berckbr kl tmks kltr`duntk`l

tmb ceno `g ol`wcbdjb `g tmbsb mkst`rknec dbvbc`phblts nel eggbnt ùr vkbw `g tmbmkst`ry `g ùr dksnkpcklb eld hbtm`d`c`jkbs. Kl d`nuhbltklj tmb dkvbrsb reljb`g lerretkvbs, wb nel nrbetb e fbttbr uldbrsteldklj `g tmb hbtm`d`c`jy es kt ksprentknbd kl tmb pest, tmb prbsblt, eld m`w kt hey fb prentknbd kl tmb guturb.

Enol`wcbdjbhblts

@ur tmelos j` t` tmb eutm`rs `g tmb nmeptbrs klncudbd kl tmks v`cuhb, t` eccpertknkpelts kl tmb Eprkc 695> N`lgbrblnb, t` ùr pertlbrs eld `tmbrs wm` mbcpbdus wktm dksnussk`l, t` ùr sp`ls`rs êjlceldbt Cbarb eld B]EVN eld gkleccy t`

ùr pufcksmbr ^kdbst`lb Yrbss. Zb wksm yù j``d rbedklj. Ely n`hhblts nelrbenm us vke www.B]EVN.lbt.

Vbgbrblnbs

Fbcc, H. 699;. Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy1 nmeljklj snkblnb ejbldes eld pbrnbptuecpbrspbntkvbs, Celd eld Yb`pcb1 pepbrs kl hbh`ry `g A.J. Bvels, bds H. A. Eccbl, L.^merpcbs eld . @N`ll`r, @xg`rd, @xf`w F`òs, Yrbmkst`rkn ^`nkbty, >5-42.

N`cbs, A. H. 5;:>.Ernmeb`c`jy fy bxpbrkhblt, C`ld`l, Mutnmkls`l Rlkvbrskty Ckfrery.

N`cbs, A. H. 5;:;. Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, C`ld`l, Enedbhkn Yrbss.

Delkbc, J. B. 5;:2.E muldrbd eld gkgty ybers `g ernmeb`c`jy, C`ld`l, Dunow`rtm.

B]EVN. mb B]EVN Aùrlec, mttp1//www.aùrlec.bxern.lbt, Ennbssbd ; Hernm 6954.

Gbrjus`l, A. V. 6959. Dbskjlklj Bxpbrkhbltec Vbsbernm kl Ernmeb`c`jy, Bxehklklj bnml`c`jytmrùjm Yr`duntk`l eld Rsb, Fùcdbr, Rlkvbrskty Yrbss `g N`c`red`.

Grrb-êut`t, H-N. 6997. êd lbws gr`h Ernm`dr`hb, bur`VBE. Aùrlec g`r(Vb)n`lstruntk`l eld Bxpbrkhblt kl Ernmeb`c`jy>, 7;.

Jremeh, A. E., Mbkzbr, V. G. eld Mbstbr, . V. 5;:6.E fkfck`jrepmy `g rbpcknetkvb bxpbrkhbltskl ernmeb`c`jy, Fbrobcby, Ernmeb`c`jknec Vbsbernm Genkckty, Rlkvbrskty `g Neckg`rlke.

Mbstbr, . V. eld Mbkzbr, V. G. 5;:>. Fkfck`jrepmy `g ernmeb`c`jy 51 bxpbrkhblts, cktmkntbnml`c`jy eld pbtr`jrepmy, Vbedklj, Eddks`l-Zbscby.

A`mls`l, C. C. 5;:=. E mkst`ry `g gcklt oleppklj bxpbrkhbltetk`l, 5=>=-5;:7, NurrbltErnmeb`c`jy5;, >>:->:6.

Obm`b, E. F. 5;;=. mb celd `g prbmkst`ry1 e nrktknec mkst`ry `g Ehbrknel ernmeb`c`jy, Lbw[`ro, Vùtcbdjb.

Hkccs`l, D. (bd) 6955. Bxpbrkhbltetk`l eld Kltbrprbtetk`l1 mb Rsb `g BxpbrkhbltecErnmeb`c`jy kl tmb ^tudy `g tmb Yest, @xg`rd, @xf`w F`òs.

Leder, C. 6995. Eltmr`p`c`jy! Dkstkljuksmbd cbnturb 6999, Ehbrknel Eltmr`p`c`jkst

59>, 79;-69.


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Lelnob-Or`jm, . 5;=;. Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy kl Dblhero, L`rwbjkel Ernmeb`c`jknecVbvkbw (4tm L`rdkn N`lgbrblnb l tmb eppcknetk`l g snkbltkgkn hbtm`ds kl Ernmeb`c`jy)6>,52>-579.

Yeerdbo``pbr, V. 6959. Kltr`duntk`l, kl N`cbs, A. H., Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, C`ld`l,

Enedbhkn Yrbss, v-vk.Yeerdbo``pbr, V. 6954. Fkfck`jrepmy `l Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy, Bdunetk`l eld

Ernmeb`c`jknec @pbl-Ekr Husbuhs, mttp1//bxern.lbt/fkfck`jrepmy, Ennbssbd ; Hernm6954.

Ykjj`tt, . 5;=;.Elnkblt Frkt`ls eld tmb Eltkquerkel khejkletk`l1 kdbes gr`h tmb Vbleks selnbt` tmb Vbjblny, Lbw [`ro, mehbs eld Muds`l Kln.

V`wcby-N`lwy, Y. 699:. Gr`h jblbsks t` prbmkst`ry1 tmb ernmeb`c`jknec tmrbb ejb systbh eld ktsn`ltbstbd rbnbptk`l kl Dblhero, Frktekl, eld Krbceld, @xg`rd, @xg`rd Rlkvbrskty Yrbss.

êreyder, . N. 699=. Vbpcknetklj tmb Yest. mb ert eld snkblnb `g tmb ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblt,

C`lj Jr`vb, Zevbceld Yrbss, Kln.

^nmkggbr, H. F. 699;. Btmlèrnmeb`c`jy, Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy, eld tmb Ehbrknel^nm``c, Btmlèrnmeb`c`jy. Aùrlec `g Ernmeb`c`jknec, Btml`jrepmkn, eld Bxpbrkhbltec^tudkbs5, :-62.

^t`lb, Y. J. eld Ycelbc, Y. 5;;;. mb N`lstruntbd Yest, bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, bdunetk`leld tmb pufckn, C`ld`l, Lbw [`ro, Vùtcbdjb.

rkjjbr, F. 6997.E Mkst`ry `g Ernmeb`c`jknec mùjmt, 6ld Bdktk`l, Lbw [`ro, NehfrkdjbRlkvbrskty Yrbss.

Zbklbr, A. 5;;5. Ernm`c`jksnmb Bxpbrkhbltb kl Dbutsnmceld1 v`l dbl Elgljbl fks

zuh Aemrb 5;=;. Bkl Fbktrej zur Jbsnmknmtb dbr Bxpbrkhbltbccbl Ernm`c`jkb klDbutsnmceld, Bxpbrkhbltbccb Ernm`c`jkb, Fkcelz 5;;5, Ernm`c`jksnmb Hkttbkculjbl eusL`rdwbstdbutsnmceld 7, 29-7=.

Zbljr`w, D. 699>. Celdsnepbs `g ol`wcbdjb, kdk`hs `g p`wbr1 tmb Egrknel gùldetk`l`g elnkblt Bjyptkel nkvkckzetk`l rbn`lskdbrbd,Elnkblt Bjypt kl Egrkne, bds. @N`ll`reld E. Vbkd, Zeclut Nrbbo, Cbgt Nèst Yrbss, 565-5>7.

Zmkteoobr, A. 699;.Etcetc fkfck`jrepmy, mttp1//rbtr`.jrkllbcc.bdu/enedbhkn/eltmr`p`c`jy/awwbf, Ennbssbd ; Hernm 6954.


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mb Mkst`ry `g BxpbrkhbltecErnmeb`c`jy kl Nrètke

Eldrbe Abrouk

Tmb fbjkllkljs `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl Nrètke

Ectmùjm bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy hedb kts eppberelnb kl tmb snkbltkgkn w`rcd kltmb sbn`ld mecg `g tmb lklbtbbltm nbltury, kts gùldetk`ls kl Nrètke sbbh t` stertg`rhklj s`hbwmet cetbr, kl 5;>5 wktm tmb gkrst bxpbrkhbltetk`ls n`lduntbd fy^tabpel Wuo`vk (5;4;-5;7:) (khbo 6959, 55).

^klnb Wuo`vks prkhery gkbcd g kltbrbst wes prbmkst`ry, l`tefcy tmb Yeceb`cktmkn,mks wkcckljlbss t` gurtmbr bxehklb tmb Yeceb`cktmkn ckgb cbd mkh kl tmb dkrbntk`l `gernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblts es e sùrnb g elswbrs, s`hbtmklj tmet wes el ulol`wlsnkbltkgkn hbtm`d kl tmbsb perts `g Bur`pb et tmb tkhb (Wuo`vk 5;:>, 66). Durkljmks rbsbernm eld wmkcb rèhklj tmb l`rtmbrl Nrètkel celdsnepb, mb n`ccbntbd

pbffcbs `l tmb felos `g tmb Dreve rkvbr wktm tmb kdbe `g rbnrbetklj e meld exb`r e nbrtekl typb `g rbtùnm fy gceoklj uldbr tmb rkjmt eljcbs. mb rbsucts `g mksbxpbrkhblts wbrb rbn`rdbd kl dbtekc, eld mks bxpbrkhbltec bxehpcbs wbrb s` wbccd`lb tmet ecc tmet dkggbrbd fbtwbbl tmbh eld tmb `rkjklec sehpcbs wes Wuo`vkscefbc O@YKAE _n`pyX (khbo 6959, 55).

@lb `g mks fkjjbst enn`hpcksmhblts, pufcksmbd kl 5;:> uldbr tmb tktcbBospbrkhblet u prbtmkst`rkasoà ermb`c`jkak _Bxpbrkhblt kl Yrbmkst`rkn Ernmeb`c`jyX,wes tmb rbn`lstruntk`l `g e prbmkst`rkn drkccklj dbvknb g`r st`lb exb meldcb m`cbs.

Egtbr ckstblklj t` e cbnturbr wm` fbckbvbd tmet tmb duretk`l `g drkccklj e meldcb m`cbkl e st`lb exb kl tmb Lb`cktmkn cestbd up t` skx h`ltms t` `lb yber, Wuo`vk wes

klspkrbd t` tbst tmb tmb`ry. Fesbd `l gklds `g st`lb pcujs kl tmb Wkldkae nevb tmetdetb gr`h tmb Lb`cktmkn, mb hedb e myp`tmbsks tmet Lb`cktmkn pb`pcb usbd e henmklbt` drkcc meldcb m`cbs kl exbs (Wuo`vk 5;:>, 64). mbrbg`rb, mb rbn`lstruntbd ef`rbr usklj e st`lb nmksbc eld jkvklj kt e st`lb fesb, e st`lb drkvklj wmbbc eld elbcdbrfbrry pkpb tmet, fy eddklj seld eld e gbw dr`ps `g wetbr, gulntk`lbd es e drkccg`r tmb meldcb m`cb (Gkjurb 5). Egtbr w`roklj g`r tmrbb mùrs e dey kl e sbvbl deypbrk`d, tmb m`cb kl tmb st`lb exb, e 4.2 nh tmkno pkbnb `g sbrpbltklb, wes gkleccydrkccbd kl e t`tec `g 65 mùrs (khbo 6959, 55? Wuo`vk 5;:>, 64), pr`vklj tmbeg`rbhbltk`lbd skx h`ltm tmb`ry wr`lj. mb sehb bxpbrkhblt wes d`lb `l epbffcb `g merdbr st`lb eld enmkbvbd tmb bld rbsuct tmb meldcb m`cb, kl bvbl cbss

tkhb (5= mùrs), sm`wklj tmet tmb oby bcbhblt `g bggknkblt eld gest drkccklj ckbs kltmb spkllklj spbbd g tmb w``dbl pkpb, es wbcc es tmb tbxturb g tmb seld, prbgbrefcy


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jrùld gcklt, quertz, quertzktb `r ejetb (Wuo`vk 5;:>, 62? Wuo`vk 5;4:, 65).

^klnb tmb sbn`ld bxpbrkhblt rbpcenbd tmb mbevy st`lb drkvklj wmbbc wktm e w``dblpcetb wmknm wes beskbr t` meldcb eld nùcd, tmbrbg`rb, spkl tmb drkccklj pkpb gestbrkt wes leturec t` n`lncudb tmet tmb rbsucts `g tmb sbn`ld bxpbrkhblt wbrb enmkbvbdgestbr, rbjerdcbss `g tmb merdlbss `g tmb drkccbd st`lb (Wuo`vk 5;4:, 65).

^klnb bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy wes el ulol`wl dksnkpcklb kl Nrètke ettmb tkhb, Wuo`vk t`ò tmb ckfbrty `g fbjkllklj tmb prbvkùscy hbltk`lbdertkncb gr`h 5;:> wktm el klvktetk`l t` usb bxpbrkhblts es e hbels `g rbs`cvkljprbmkst`rkn ernmeb`c`jy kssubs (Wuo`vk 5;:>, 66). N`lvklnbd tmet ernmeb`c`jknecbxpbrkhbltetk`l wes `gtbl tmb `lcy wey `g jbttklj elswbrs kl ernmeb`c`jy,mb ettbhptbd t` n`lvklnb mks n`ltbhp`rerkbs `g tmb lbnbsskty `g ennbptklj tmks

hbtm`d kl tmb snkbltkgkn blvkr`lhblt (khbo 5;;7, 5:=). Rlg`rtuletbcy, mb gekcbdet mks ettbhpts, h`st ckobcy egtbr l`t fbklj teobl sbrkùscy. Kltbrbstkljcy blùjm,tmb hbltk`lbd drkccklj bxpbrkhblt wes pufcksmbd kl tmb sbn`ld v`cuhb `g tmbNeledkel aùrlec Necjery Ernmeb`c`jkst (Wuo`vk 5;:4), sm`wklj tmet tmbrb wes,egtbr ecc, skjlkgknelnb kl mks w`ro. Lbvbrtmbcbss, tmb g`rbw`rd gr`h tmb bdkt`rennbltuetbs tmet, ectmùjm Wuo`vk mes fbbl klv`cvbd kl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jyg`r twblty ybers, mb mes fbbl tmb `lcy `lb kl mks nùltry (tmbl [uj`scevke), wktmùtmks n`ccbejubs g`cc`wklj mks g``tstbps (Wuo`vk 5;:4, 69).

Gkjurb 51 ^tabpel Wuo`vk wktm mksdrkccklj dbvknb (khbo 6959)


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Tmb sp`redkn n`ltkluetk`l `g ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l

Kl sbernmklj g`r rbp`rts `l ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblts egtbr Wuo`vks w`ro, `lbruls klt` quktb e cerjb jep. mks cbeds t` tmb bercy bkjmtkbs, h`rb spbnkgkneccy 5;=>eld tmb pufcksmklj `g e hestbrs tmbsks uldbr tmb lehb `g Hbtecurjkae vubd`cso`joucturl`j o`hpcbose _mb Hbteccurjy `g tmb Wubd`c nucturec n`hpcbxX fy

Ecboselder Durhel, l`w e pr`gbss`r `g tmb Dbperthblt `g Ernmeb`c`jy et tmbRlkvbrskty `g Qejrbf. Zmkcb d`klj mks rbsbernm, mb nehb enr`ss el kltbrbstklj sbt`g gklds, bkjmty wkljbd exbs `rkjkletklj gr`h tw` dkggbrblt dbp`skts gkgty gr`hFrboklasoe lber Yeoren eld tmkrty gr`h F`rklnk lber Wklo`vnk. Ecc tmb exbs wbrbkdbltknec, fbklj tmb sehb smepb, es wbcc es wbkjmt, wmknm `pblbd tmb qubstk`l `gwmbtmbr tmby wbrb ecc hedb gr`h tmb sehb hùcd. Ectmùjm e n`lnrbtb bxpbrkhbltwes l`t n`lduntbd, Durhel dkd sbbo ùt edvknb gr`h hbteccurjksts, heoklj elbtml`jrepmknec `fsbrvetk`l fy n`hperklj h`dbrl hbteccurjy wktm tmb hbteccurjy`g tmb N`ppbr Ejb eld tmb study smùcd lbvbrtmbcbss mevb kts p`sktk`l kl tmbfbjkllkljs `g ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l kl Nrètke. Durhel n`lncudbd tmetbvbry `lb `g tmb dksn`vbrbd exbs wes hedb kl kts `wl tw`-pert `r huctkpcb pertncey hùcd, fut tmet benm hùcd wes hedb fy khprbssklj tmb sehb wex tbhpcetbklt` tmb hùcd ncey (Durhel 5;=>, 6;->5). Mb n`lskdbrs tmb hùcds t` mevb fbbldrkbd g`r efùt twblty deys fbg`rb tmby nùcd fb usbd. mb dbgbnts tmet eppber kltmb hùcds erb dub t` kln`rrbnt dryklj, es wbcc es tmb klbvktefcb bxp`surb t` mkjmtbhpbreturbs `g `vbr 5999 dbjrbbs Nbcskus. mb cerjb dkggbrblnb kl tbhpbreturbfbtwbbl tmb wecc `g tmb hùcd eld tmb hbctbd n`ppbr fbklj pùrbd kl neusbssuddbl n`hprbssk`l g tmb n`ppbr fy 5.2 %, fut ecs` tmb sbperetk`l g perts g tmb

hùcd weccs. mbrbg`rb, mb l`t `lcy kltr`dunbd tmb p`sskfkckty g sbrkec pr`duntk`l`g tmb hbltk`lbd exbs, fut ecs` pr`vbd tmet tmb ncey hùcds usbd wbrb dksp`sefcb(Durhel 5;=>, >9).

G`cc`wklj Durhels tmbsks, kt wes el`tmbr 59 ybers fbg`rb bxpbrkhblts sperobdtmb kltbrbst `g tmb ernmeb`c`jknec snkbltkgkn n`hhulkty. Kt ks et tmks p`klt tmettmb gbbfcb ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l sbbhs t` stert bxpeldklj gr`h tmbprbmkst`rkn d`hekl, kltr`dunklj tmbr gklds eld hetbrkecs t` tmb dksnkpcklb. Qrkloekhkn-Oelebt gr`h tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbf gùldbd mbr bxpbrkhbltec w`ro`l nbrehkns, wktm mbr gkrst ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblt fbklj mbr hestbrs tmbsksO`hperetkvle eleckze tbml`c`jkab pr`t`mkst`rkasob k rel`rkhsob obrehkob le p`druau

sabvbrlb Mrvetsob _E N`hperetkvb Elecysks `g Yrbmkst`rkn eld Bercy V`helY`ttbry bnml`c`jy kl L`rtmbrl NrètkeX, wmknm wes ecs` pufcksmbd kl 5;;7 kltmb @pusnuce Ernmeb`c`jkne 69uldbr tmb lehb Vezvà c`lersokm pbk k tbml`c`jkab

pbblae le prep`vkabslkh k eltkokh prkhabrkhe _mb Dbvbc`phblt `g Okcls eldGkrklj bnml`c`jy `g Yrbmkst`rkn eld Bercy V`hel Y`ttbryX. Rsklj ernmeb`c`jknecbxpbrkhblts smb ettbhptbd t` rbn`lstrunt tmb pmesbs `g p`ttbry pr`duntk`l gr`hstert t` gklksm kl `rdbr t` jekl klskjmt klt` tmb tbnml`c`jknec edvelnbhblt `g okclstmet klgcublnbd tmb pr`duntk`l hbtm`d, queltkty eld queckty `g p`ttbry `vbr tkhb(khk-Oelebt 5;;7, 525). mb gkrklj pr`nbss wes rbn`lstruntbd kl e mbertm, e lb-pert okcl eld e tw`-pert okcl, fukct fesbd `l el essuhbd n`lstruntk`l tbnmlkqub.

mb bxpbrkhblt pr`vbd tmet ectmùjm tmb tmrbb rbqukrb dkggbrblt ehùlts `ggubc eld e dkggbrblt hexkhuh tbhpbreturb, es wbcc es dkggbr kl tmb cbljtm `g tmb


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pr`nbss ecc tmrbb nel bggbntkvbcy pr`dunb p`ttbry. Kt sbbhbd tmet tmb gkrst pmesb`g gkrklj t` e tbhpbreturb `g >29 dbjrbbs Nbcskus wes tmb gestbst kl tmb mbertm,teoklj `lcy `lb mùr eld gkvb hklutbs, es wbcc es tmb bltkrb gkrklj pr`nbss wmknmcestbd e t`tec `g tmrbb mùrs. mb bltkrb gkrklj pr`nbss kl tmb tw`-pert okcl t`ò

ech`st sbvbl mùrs, wmknm ks wmy kt wes lbnbssery t` usb h`rb gubc (49 okc`jrehs`g w``d, es `pp`sbd t` >9 okc`jrehs `g w``d g`r tmb mbertm eld `lb-pert okcl)(khk-Oelebt 5;;7, 5:5). Lbvbrtmbcbss, tmb mkjmbst tbhpbreturb enmkbvbd (:99dbjrbbs Nbcskus) `lcy terrkbd g`r 52 hklutbs kl tmb mbertm, wmkcb tmb `lb-pert okclhelejbd t` hekltekl kts tbhpbreturb `g =29 dbjrbbs Nbcskus g`r mecg el mùr. mbtw`-pert okcl heklteklbd kts tbhpbreturb fbtwbbl =99 eld :99 dbjrbbs Nbcskusg`r efùt el mùr eld tmus pr`dunbd tmb mkjmbst queckty p`ttbry es e dbckfbretbcyfukct strunturb, retmbr tmel tmb ulbqueccy gkrbd p`ttbry `g tmb mbertm eld tmb `lb-pert okcl (khk-Oelebt 5;;7, 577, 57=, 57;, 5:5). Zktm tmks khk-Oelebt eddstmet e tw`-pert okcl ks tmb pkllencb `g p`ttbry-heoklj tbnml`c`jy, bxtbldbd t` tmb

prbsblt tkhb, wktm tmb s`cb bxnbptk`l `g usklj dkggbrblt gubc (khk-Oelebt 5;;7,52>).

mb kltbrbst kl p`ttbry n`ltklubs es tmb sehb eutm`r, Qrkloe khk-Oelebt,ec`lj wktm km`hkce beo-Jrbjc `g tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbf n`lduntbd elbxpbrkhblt gkrklj Lb`cktmkn h`ttcbd werb, dksn`vbrbd et e Lb`cktmkn sbttcbhbltet J`rlak Frbz`vcaelk lber Orkbvnk kl 5;:>. mb eutm`rs wbrb klspkrbd fy tmbstetbhblt `g ^tàel Dkhktrkabvk, tmb cbedbr `g tmb J`rlak Frbz`vcaelk bxnevetk`lpràbnt, tmet tmks typb `g p`ttbry wes e sufstktutb g`r pekltbd p`ttbry, wm`sbhuctkn`cùrbd bggbnt wes enmkbvbd fy sbcbntkvb n`vbrklj durklj gkrklj (ecs` neccbdbggbnt gkrklj). ^klnb kt wes qubstk`lefcb wmbtmbr tmks tmb`ry wes veckd, beo-Jrbjc

eld khk-Oelebt n`lduntbd tmb bxpbrkhblt kl e p`ttbry okcl 5 eld `l e mbertmfurkbd kl e smecc`w pkt, n`lncudklj tmet tmb h`ttcbd eppberelnb mes l`tmklj t` d`wktm sbcbntkvb n`vbrklj `g tmb p`ttbry durklj gkrklj, fut wktm tmb ulbquec nurrblts`g ekr kl e skhpcy fukct okcl, es wbcc es `l e mbertm. G`cc`wklj tmb stetbhblt `gDkhktrkabvk, s`hb `g tmb p`ts wbrb n`vbrbd wktm e dùjm nesklj, fut gekcbd t`pr`dunb ely skjlkgknelt h`ttcbd bggbnt es tmb dùjm furlt vbry quknocy eld cbgt`lcy tmkl dero trenbs tmet nùcd fb beskcy rbh`vbd (beo-Jrbjc eld khk-Oelebt5;;;, 294-292). mby pufcksmbd tmbkr rbsucts kl tmb @pusnuce Ernmeb`c`jkne 6>-

64 uldbr tmb lehb Yrkc`j p`zlevelau tbml`c`jkab pbblae lb`cktkob obrehkob usrbdklaà Mrvetsoà _E N`ltrkfutk`l t` Ol`wcbdjb `g tmb bnml`c`jy `g Gkrklj

Lb`cktmkn Y`ttbry kl Nbltrec NrètkeX kl 5;;;, klvktklj gurtmbr bxpbrkhblts t` teobpcenb, kl `rdbr t` dksn`vbr tmb p`tbltkec ncey dbp`skts usbd g`r p`ttbry pr`duntk`lkl Frbz`vcaelk (beo-Jrbjc eld khk-Oelebt 5;;;, 292).

5 Tbrb ks vbry ckttcb klg`rhetk`l `l Lb`cktmkn p`ttbry okcls kl l`rtmbrl Nrètke, fut tmb `lb usbd wes

n`lstruntbd fesbd `l rbhekls, dksn`vbrbd fy Dkhktrkabvkn kl Frbz`vcaelk, tmet kldknetb tmb bxkstblnb`g e skhpcb, d`hb-smepbd p`ttbry okcl (beo-Jrbjc eld khk-Oelebt 5;;;, 294).


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Tmb 65st nbltury eld tmb kltblskgknetk`l `g ernmeb`c`jknecbxpbrkhblts

Kt sbbhs ckob tmb spersb bxpbrkhblts dbsnrkfbd ef`vb sbrvbd es el kltr`duntk`l t`h`rb kltblskvb usb g ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l. Ectmùjm stkcc dkspbrsbd klt`sheccbr kldkvkduec pràbnts, tmb kltblskty `g tmb klktkec bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jknecentkvkty kl Nrètke eld tmb bxpbrkhbltec entkvkty fbjul et tmb stert `g tmb lbwnbltury erb kln`hperefcb. Yrbmkst`ry rbhekls tmb prkhery d`hekl `g kltbrbst, esmes fbbl fbg`rb, wktm s`hb bxnursk`ls t` tmb V`hel bre.

@lnb ejekl Ecboselder Durhel heobs e stetbhblt kl tmb gkbcd g ernmeb`c`jknecbxpbrkhbltetk`l, mevklj `lb `g mks bxpbrkhblts pufcksmbd durklj tmb Wubd`csok@rk`l _mb Wubd`c @rk`lX bxmkfktk`l kl 6999. Mks ettbhpt wes t` gkld ùt m`wshecc dblts wbrb hedb kl souccs `g muhel sobcbt`ls gùld kl e n`ccbntkvb t`hfkl Wubd`c. @ut `g bkjmt sobcbtec muhel rbhekls, ecc souccs fut tw` med `lb `rtw` dufkùs kldbltetk`ls kl tmbh, wmknm tmb bxpbrkhblt sm`wbd t` fb pr`fefcbrktueckstkn herokljs. Durhels gkrst ettbhpt klv`cvbd pùrklj hbctbd n`ppbrdkrbntcy lt` e soucc, fut gekcbd wmbl hbtec sckd `gg. mb jèc wes t` obbp tmb hbtec`l tmb soucc s` tmb eutm`r pertktk`lbd gg tmb erbe wmbrb tmb hbtec wes t` fb pùrbdwktm seld. mb dr`p `g hbctbd n`ppbr rbheklbd stkcc eld cbgt el kldbltetk`l bquect` tmb `lbs `l tmb `rkjklec spbnkhbls. Gurtmbrh`rb, Durhel n`lncudbd tmet tmksokld `g rktueckstkn heroklj wes l`t cbtmec, pr`vkdbd kt dkd l`t cest c`ljbr tmel 52sbn`lds. Zmbl puttklj mks gkljbr `l tmb klskdb `g tmb soucc, mb l`tbd tmet tmbrb ksl` sblsetk`l g`r tmb gkrst 59 sbn`lds, egtbr wmknm tmb tbhpbreturb rksbs s` hunm ktfbn`hbs ulfberefcb. mb gent tmet tmb bcdbr educt souccs med spbnkgkn, wbcc mbecbd

kldbltetk`ls, c`òklj skhkcer t` e v`cnelkn nretbr, `lcy blmelnbs tmb p`sskfkckty`g rktueckstkn heroklj tmet cestbd g`r ckgb, retmbr tmel e skjl `g ely okld `g cbtmecentkvkty (Durhel 6999, 46, 47).

El`tmbr kltbrbstklj bxpbrkhblt wes n`lduntbd kl e a`klt hestbrs tmbsks fyLko`ce Wuo`sevcabvk eld Hkae Vkzler neccbd O`plblk pubvk r`de Mbckx oe`dk` prbmrelb le prkabcezu kz oesl`j pcbkst`nble u m`c`nbl le prkhabru kz Yupkklb

pbk _Mbckx ^lekcs es e Dkbtery N`hp`lblt durklj tmb relsktk`l gr`h tmb CetbYcbkst`nblb t` tmb M`c`nblb ^m`wl `l el Bxehpcb gr`h Yupkkle YbX. mbbxpbrkhblt wes n`lduntbd kl 6995, wmbrb Vkzler eld Wuo`sevcabvk ettbhptbdt` gkrst teob ùt tmb rew slekcs gr`h tmbkr smbccs, wmknm wbrb usueccy gùld

kltent eld wes tmbrbg`rb khp`rtelt t` ev`kd dehejklj tmbh. mb ettbhpt gekcbd(Vkzler 6996, 5>), fut egtbr n`òklj tmbh g`r efùt 49 hklutbs, tmb slekcs beskcynehb ùt `g tmbkr smbccs, bckhkletklj tmb gkrst pr`fcbh tmb eutm`rs blnùltbrbd.Lbvbrtmbcbss, tmks kltr`dunbd e lbw kssub Vkzler eld Wuo`sevcabvk med t` genb wmkcb tmb n`òklj bxpceklbd tmb jbltcb eld uldehejklj pr`nbss `g teoklj tmbslekcs ùt `g tmbkr smbccs, tmbrb wes l` bvkdblnb `g n`òklj sp`ts gùld elywmbrb`l tmb sktb `g Yupkkle pb. mbrbg`rb, tmb pekr dbnkdbd t` try eld gkld ncubs fyrbsbernmklj tmb btml`jrepmy `g tmb pblklsuce `g Kstre, es wbcc es tmb ksceld `g Vef,gkleccy n`lncudklj tmet tmb slekcs nùcd mevb fbbl feobd `l bhfbr g`r efùt gkvb


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Gkjurb615. Bxpbrkhbltec pbrnussk`l eoklj heros `l el ucle? 6. Ybrnussk`l eoklj herosgr`h Wkldkae n`hpcbx J? >. Bxpbrkhbltec prbssurb eoklj heros `l el ucle? 4. Yrbssurbeoklj heros gr`h Wkldkae cbvbc J>? 2. Yrbssurb eoklj heros gr`h Wkldkae n`hpcbx J (cbvbculol`wl)? 7. Yrbssurb eoklj `r elvkc heros gr`h Wbtbrlkne (Oerevelk 699>)


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t` bkjmt hklutbs, wktmùt entueccy cbevklj e hero `r dehejklj tmb smbccs (Vkzler6996, 5>)6.

Durhels n`ccbejub, Kv`r Oerevelk, ecs` e pr`gbss`r et tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbfwblt bvbl gurtmbr, mevklj fbbl bdunetbd kl Grelnb, Eustrke eld tmb Rlktbd ^tetbs

el bxpbrkblnb tmet cbd mkh t`werds khpcbhbltklj bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy klmks rbsbernm. Kl tmb bercy 6999 mb wes pert `g e jrùp `g rbsbernmbrs wm` wbrbc`òklj klt` tmb Hkddcb eld Rppbr Yeceb`cktmkn g`sskcs eld ernmeb`c`jknec gkldsgr`h tmb 5;:9s bxnevetk`ls kl tmb Wkldkae nevb. mb bxpbrkhblt `fsbrvbd tw`typbs `g heros `l tmb Wkldkae rbtùnmbrs tmb `lbs dub t` pbrnussk`l gceoklj eldtmb `tmbrs neusbd fy prbssurb gceoklj (Embrl bt ec. 699>, 27). Zmbl tmb rbsucts`g tmb bxpbrkhblt wbrb n`hperbd wktm tmb `rkjklec f`lb rbtùnmbrs, kt wes ncbertmet f`tm typbs `g heros wbrb prbsblt durklj tmb Hùstbrkel kl l`rtm-wbstbrlNrètke. mb bxpbrkhblt mes ecs` sm`wl tmet tmb pereccbc rbtùnm `l tmb bdjbs`g rbtùnmbrs, `lnb usbd es pr``g g`r tmb bxkstblnb `g prbssurb gceoklj, d`bs l`t

lbnbsserkcy lbbd t` kldknetb kts prbsblnb egtbr ecc, es usklj tmb hkddcb pert lbertmb dkstec bdjb `g e f`lb rbtùnmbr nel rbsuct kl e dkggbrblt okld `g rbtùnm, eldl`t lbnbsserkcy e pereccbc `lb (Embrl bt ec. 699>, 2;). Eddktk`lec bxpbrkhbltetk`lgr`h Oerevelk (Gkjurb 6) ecs` sm`wbd tmet tmbrb hkjmt fb e dkggbrblnb fbtwbbltmb heros neusbd fy pbrnussk`l gceoklj gr`h tm`sb hedb fy prbssurb gceoklj. mb`lbs neusbd fy pbrnussk`l gceoklj sbbh t` fb shecc dblts wktm dkstklntkvb snecklj`l tmb bdjbs, es pp`sbd t` tmb sm`rt cklber nmellbcs wktm e R-smepbd nr`ss-sbntk`lneusbd fy prbssurb gceoklj (Oerevelk 699>, 55). mb gklec n`lncusk`l wes tmetLbeldbrtmecs wbrb kl gent nepefcb `g usklj f`tm pbrnussk`l eld prbssurb gceokljwktm f`lb rbtùnmbrs, fut gurtmbr bxpbrkhbltetk`l ks rbqukrbd t` sbb wmbtmbr tmb

f`lbs gr`h Wkldkae wbrb usbd g`r f`tm tm`sb tbnmlkqubs (Oerevelk 699>, 55).Oerevelk ks ecs` ol`wl g`r mks bxpbrkhbltec w`ro kl 6999 l Hknr`-Hùstbrkel

t``cs gùld kl Huakle pbkle lber Oetbce. ^tertklj gr`h e pr`p`sktk`l tmet sunmshecc t``cs erb e n`lsbqublnb `g tmb queckty `g c`neccy evekcefcb rew hetbrkec, mbfbjel n`ccbntklj pbffcbs tmet pr`vbd l`t t` fb es shecc es bxpbntbd. M`wbvbr, tmbqueckty `g tmb st`lb wes p``r eld nrenobd `gtbl durklj pr`nbssklj, tmus cbedklj t`tmb pr`duntk`l `g rbcetkvbcy shecc t``cs eld e p`sskfcb bxpceletk`l es t` wmy tmksmes `nnurrbd kl tmb t``c blsbhfcb `g Huakle pbkle (Oerevelk bt ec. 699=, 27).

Ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l bxpeldbd t` cerjbr pràbnts wmbl tmb stegg`g tmb Nrètkel N`lsbrvetk`l Klstktutb n`lduntbd tw` bxpbrkhblts durklj tmb

bxnevetk`ls mbcd et tmb sktb `g A`skp`vbn Yulkt`veok Wbcko` p`cab 5 kl 699:eld 699=. mb gkrst bxpbrkhblt med e jèc t` uln`vbr kl wmet wey wes tmb w`vblrkff`l p`ttbry dbn`retk`l hedb. mks okld `g p`ttbry wes spbnkgkn t` tmb `cdbrpmesb `g tmb Fbcbjk jrùp eld eppberbd h`stcy `l p`ts wktm rùldbd fkn`lknecfbcckbs eld tecc nyckldrknec `r n`lknec lbnos tmet bld wktm el bvbrtbd rkh, wktm gùrrkff`l-ckob meldcbs (Orhp`tk eld Wuo`vk Fkru 699;, 67>). mb bxpbrkhbltwes n`lduntbd usklj e sbrkbs `g dkggbrblt t``cs, sunm es kltbrw`vbl wkrbs, sheccwmbbcs eld twkstbd strkljs kl rdbr t` jbt es hely pettbrls es p`sskfcb eld n`hperb

6 Dub t` ckhktbd ennbss t` tmks tmbsks, tmb klg`rhetk`l wes pr`vkdbd fy Dulae Hertk eld qu`tbd gr`hmbr ulpufcksmbd bssey (Hertk 699:, 55).


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tmb rbsucts wktm tmb `rkjklec khprbssk`ls. ^bvbrec dkggbrblt pettbrls w`vbl kldkggbrblt tbnmlkqubs wbrb khprbssbd `l ncey pcetbcbts fut pr`dunbd l` setksgent`ryrbsuct. Egtbr tmb klktkec gekcurb, tmb bxpbrkhblt n`ltklubd fy khprbssklj pcestknklbenr`ss tmb `rkjklec dbn`retk`l eld kldknetbd tmet tmb khprklt ks entueccy hedb fy

e w`vbl rkff`l n`lskstklj `g tw` `r h`rb cklobd kltbrw`vbl strkljs (Orhp`tkeld Wuo`vk Fkru 699;, 67>), tmet ks, tefcbt w`vbl rkff`ls.>mb rkff`ls wbrbhedb ùt `g n`tt`l tmrbed eld tmb bld rbsuct `g khprbssklj tmbh kl ncey pcetbcbtshetnmbd ech`st ecc tmb `rkjklec dbn`retk`ls, sm`wklj l`t `lcy wmet t``cs wbrbusbd t` enmkbvb tmks, fut ecs` tmet wbevklj wes usbd kl bvbrydey ckgb (Orhp`tkeld Wuo`vk Fkru 699;, 674). mb sbn`ld bxpbrkhblt wes n`lduntbd kl `rdbr t`dksn`vbr tmb usb `g el kltbrbstklj jrùp `g gklds et tmb sktb, neccbdpkltedbres. Zktmhkxbd `pklk`ls `g tmbh fbklj usbd g`r bktmbr khprbssklj `r khprkltklj, pcestbrn`pkbs `g tmb pkltedbres wbrb khprbssbd klt` ncey eld ulcbevblbd dùjm, wmkcbtmbkr h`tkgs wbrb khprkltbd `lt` pkbnbs `g cbetmbr eld n`tt`l gefrkn (Gkjurb >)

eld `lt` muhel sokl es e s`rt `g f`dy dbn`retk`l. Es tmb ncey eld dùjm sehpcbs

> Kl tmb tbnmlkqub `g tefcbt wbevklj (frbttnmblwbfbrbk) tmb tmrbeds erb sbperetbd fy squerb tefcbtshedb `g f`lb, w``d `r s`hb `tmbr merd hetbrkec. Tb tmrbed ks puccbd tmrùjm m`cbs kl tmb n`rlbrs`g tmb tefcbts eld tmb pr`nbss n`ltklubs es tmb lbkjmfùrklj tmrbeds erb puccbd tmrùjm tmb m`cbs `l

tmb sehb `r lbkjmfùrklj tefcbt. Jrùps `g tefcbts, eckjlbd vbrtkneccy, c`wbr eld rksb, wbevklj tmrbedskl dkbrblt dkrbntk`ls (Orhp`tk eld Wuo`vk Fkru 699;, 67>-674).

Gkjurb >1 Tmb khprklt `g tw` pkltedbre h`tkgs `l n``l gefrkn (Wuo`vk Fkru699;)


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wbrb l`t setksgent`ry, tmb bxpbrkhblt sm`wbd tmet tmb pkltedbres wbrb h`st ckobcyusbd g`r khprkltklj, egtbr tmb sehpcbs `l tmb cbetmbr, gefrkn eld sokl wbrb h`rbrbjucer eld ncber (Wuo`vk Fkru 699;, 627). mbrbg`rb, kt ks p`sskfcb tmet tmbywbrb usbd bktmbr g`r dbn`retklj `r heroklj cbetmbr eld gefrkn `fabnts, es wbcc es

p`sskfcy fbklj usbd g`r dbn`retklj muhel sokl g`r rktueckstkn purp`sbs. ^klnb tmbrbmevb fbbl l` gklds wktm dbn`retk`ls hetnmklj h`tkgs `l tmb pkltedbres, kt ks ecs`p`sskfcb tmby mevb fbbl usbd t` dbn`retb `tmbr `rjelkn hetbrkec, sunm es w``d,tmet erb l`t prbsbrvbd eld wbrb l`t teobl klt` ennùlt kl tmb bxpbrkhblt (Wuo`vkFkru 699;, 627).

Gurtmbrh`rb, g`rhklj pert `g e pràbnt neccbd mb Jblbsks eld Dbvbc`phblt`g Fr`lzb Ejb n`hhulktkbs kl L`rtmbrl Nrètkedurklj L`vbhfbr 6959 eld Hey6955, tmrbb bxpbrkhblts wbrb n`lduntbd fy Eldrbae Oudbck t` dbtbrhklb tmbgulntk`l g e prbmkst`rkn pkt n`lteklklj cerjb ehùlts g p`ttbry smerds. Enn`rdkljt` prbvkùs klg`rhetk`l, tmb typknec gulntk`l `g e shecc prbmkst`rkn pkt ckob tmks

`lb wùcd fb e p`ttbry okcl (Oudbck 6956, 542). mbrbg rb, tmb bxpbrkhblt wesn`lduntbd tmrbb tkhbs t` tbst wmbtmbr tmks dbgeuct eppckbs t` tmks n`lstruntk`l eswbcc. mb gkrst ettbhpt gekcbd es tmb grejkcb okcl d`hb hedb `g frelnmbs eld n`vbrbdwktm jress eld s`kc n`ccepsbd, ectmùjm tmb `rkjklec dkhblsk`ls `g tmb pkt wbrbtrelsgbrrbd t` tmb tbst sktb. mb sbn`ld ettbhpt gekcbd es wbcc, es tmb okcl t`p hedb`g cèh hkxbd wktm wetbr eld dry jress n`ccepsbd dub t` fbklj t`` h`kst egtbr`lcy 56 mùrs `g dryklj. mb tmkrd ettbhpt (Gkjurb 4), n`lduntbd kl Hey 6955

Gkjurb 41 Tmb pmesbs `g okcl rbn`lstruntk`l kl tmb tmkrd ebhpt (Oudbck 6956)


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wes e sunnbss egtbr cbevklj tmb ncey d`hb t` dry g`r e t`tec `g gùr deys (Oudbck6956, 547). mb okcl sbbhbd t` mevb w`robd pbrgbntcy egtbr mevklj kt entkvb g`rtmrbb eld e mecg mùrs, sm`wklj c`w gubc n`lsuhptk`l dub t` ckhktbd spenb eldj``d tbhpbreturb n`ltr`c durklj tmb feoklj pr`nbss, pr`vklj tmet tmb n`lstruntk`l

gùld wes, kl gent, e p`ttbry okcl (Oudbck 6956, 547-54:). Gkleccy, tmb `rkjklec pktwes duj ùt kl e ceybr `g s`kc n`lteklklj jrevbc eld seld wmknm mes pr`vbl t` fbe j``d blvkr`lhblt g`r okcl n`lstruntk`l, fut sklnb tmbrb erb vbry gbbfcb trenbs `gfurlklj `l tmks typb `g s`kc. mbrbg`rb, kt wùcd fb lbnbssery t` pbrg`rh el bquecbxpbrkhblt `l tmb `rkjklec sktb t` essbss (Oudbck 6956, 54:).

mb sehb eutm`r n`lduntbd el`tmbr p`ttbry gkrklj bxpbrkhblt, fut tmks tkhb`l el pbl gkrb kl Nrkovblkne. Dub t` e tkhb ckhkt tmb eutm`r usbd ecrbedy purkgkbdncey eld eddbd e shecc ehùlt g seld eld jrùld nbrehkns t` kt, heoklj e t`tec ggkvb p`ts. mb p`ttbry wes hedb s`hb tbl deys fbg`rb tmb gkrklj, fy s`hb hùcdkljtbnmlkqubs ulusbd kl prbvkùs bxpbrkhblts, sunm es strkljklj ncey strkps `lt` `lb

el`tmbr eld g`rhklj tmb weccs usklj w``dbl eld hbtec spetuces. mb p`ttbry wesgkrbd `l tmb sktb `g Kjrecktb kl Nrkovblkne, lber e rbn`lstruntbd V`hel p`ttbryokcl. mb gkvb p`ts wbrb gkrst mbetbd up lber tmb okcl eld tmbl klsbrtbd klt` tmb okclupskdb d`wl eld n`vbrbd wktm m`rlfbeh w``d es gubc. mb p`ttbry wes gkrbd g`r`vbr el mùr eld cbgt t` n``c ultkc h`rlklj, fut `lcy tmrbb rbheklbd kltent. mbbxpbrkhblt kldknetbd tmet klsuggknkblt dryklj `g tmb p`ttbry cbeds t` tmb fkjjbstdehejb wmkcb tmb fceno gkrb ncùds eld shòy ncùds `l tmb surgenb `g tmbp`ts g`rh es e n`lsbqublnb `g dkrbnt n`ltent wktm tmb gcehbs eld shòb. @tmbrdehejb dub t` h`kst ncey klncudb gkrb speccklj, g`rhbd wmbl tmb stbeh tmet bxktstmb p`ttbry p`rbs durklj tmb gkrst stejb `g gkrklj ks ulefcb t` pblbtretb ùt dub t`

e suddbl klnrbesb kl tbhpbreturb eld usueccy eppberbd et tmb f`tt`h `g tmb p`tswmbrb tmb weccs wbrb tmb tmknobst (Oudbck 6956, 54=).

mb V`hel p`ttbry okcl hbltk`lbd ef`vb wes rbn`lstruntbd durklj elernmeb`c`jknec klvbstkjetk`l g e V`hel p`ttbry pr`duntk`l n`hpcbx l tmb sktb gNrkovblkne-Kjrecktb es pert g e pràbnt neccbd âbvbrl` Mrvetso` prkh`rab u o`ltbostueltko`j `frehfbl`j susteve _mb L`rtmbrl Nrètkel Nèst kl tmb N`ltbxt `g el

Elnkblt Dbgblnb ^ystbhX. mb dkj et tmb sktb cestbd gr`h 6997 t` 6955, eld ktwes kl 6955 tmet tmb bxpbrkhblt wes n`lduntbd, ec`lj wktm tmb KK Kltbrletk`lec

Ernmeb`c`jknec N`cc`qukuh tmet wkcc fb dksnussbd mbrb cetbr. Egtbr n`lsuctklj wktmbxpbrts kl tmb gkbcds `g nkvkc bljklbbrklj eld tmbrh`dylehkns, tmb tbeh fbjel tmb

bxpbrkhblt fy heoklj e jrùld pcel eld drewkljs `g tmb rbpckne `g tmb okcl. mbrbpckne wes fukct kl e 516 snecb wktm tmb tbnmlkqub `g ectbrletb frkno ceyklj fbkljusbd t` fukcd tmb furkbd, es wbcc es tmb surgenb perts `g tmb okcl. Ecc tmb fukcdkljperts wbrb hedb fy g`cc`wklj el elnkblt rbnkpb eddklj quertz seld, nmegg, jrùldfrknos eld wetbr t` tmb ncey.4^klnb tmb `ptkhec ehùlt `g shòb ks ulol`wl eldnel `lcy fb enmkbvbd tmrùjm bxpbrkhblts, tmb tbeh wblt tmrùjm sbvbrec gkrkljs,`pblklj tmb gùr shòb metnmbs kl dkggbrblt weys durklj tmb mbetklj `g tmb okcl(Ckp`ven Wrocael bt ec. 6956, 524).

4 Tb vkdb` `g tmb pr`nbss nel fb gùld et mttp1//www.yùtufb.n`h/wetnm0v8dr;`wm2kKvw.


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Gkleccy, kl 6956 Dulae Hertk, tmbl el ernmeb`c`jy studblt et tmb Rlkvbrskty`g Qejrbf, wr`tb mbr hestbrs tmbsks efùt tmb bxpbrkhblt smb n`lduntbd kl 6955`l fukcdklj e dujùt. mb jèc g mbr tmbsks, Bospbrkhbltecle ermb`c`jkae1 kzjredlaezbhulknb sterbveob oucturb u Cuoevnu o`d Qejrbfe _Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy1

fukcdklj e ^terbv` nucturb dujùt kl Cuoeven lber QejrbfX wes t` dbtbrhklb tmbhbtm`ds eld hetbrkecs rbqukrbd g`r fukcdklj sunm el `fabnt. mb `fabnt wes dujùt usklj e w``dbl stkno eld el x snepuce, wmkcb tmb r``g wes n`vbrbd wktm sbvbrecceybrs `g fucrusm. mb pr`nbss `g fukcdklj e dujùt cestbd g`r efùt 559 mùrs,wktm eppr`xkhetbcy gùr pb`pcb entkvbcy w`roklj et tmb sehb tkhb (Hertk 6956,67). Hertk l`tbs tmet tmb t``cs usbd wbrb w``dbl eld f`lb dub t` l` ennbss t`p`cksmbd st`lb exbs eld wbdjbs. ^mb ecs` werls tmet tmks wes tmb fkjjbst dbgbnt `gtmb bxpbrkhblt es tmb w``dw`ro wes prbperbd usklj el kr`l exb klstbed g gkrb eldst`lb t``cs (Hertk 6956, 6:).

@rjelksetk`ls, n`lgbrblnbs eld husbuh entkvkty

^klnb bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy mes ncbercy hedb s`hbwmet `g e frbeotmrùjm kltmb enedbhkn blvkr`lhblt, `lb hust l`t g`rjbt tmb jr`wklj entkvkty `g nucturecklstktutk`ls kl tmks d`hekl, es wbcc es e jr`wklj luhfbr `g n`lgbrblnbs eldw`rosm`ps fbklj `rjelksbd h`rb `gtbl.

Kl 6996 Dero` O`h`, ec`lj wktm V`fbrt Fkck Wrele ceulnmbd e pràbnt neccbdWrck sterk svkabt _Wkrtuùs `cd w`rcdX es n``pbretk`l fbtwbbl tmb Ernmeb`c`jknecHusbuh g Kstre kl Yuce eld tmb Btml`jrepmkn Husbuh g Kstre kl Yezkl (O`h` eldFkck Wrele 6997, 4-2). mbkr gkrst pufckn prbsbltetk`l Wrck sterk svkabt zef`revcablb

tbml`c`jkab _Wkrtuùs `cd w`rcd g`rj`ttbl tbnml`c`jkbsX wes mbcd kl 6994 klYuce, n`lskstklj `g gkvb perts (prbsbltetk`ls `l gkrb, p`ttbry, dkbt, st`lbhes`lryeld trelsg`rhetk`l tbnmlkqubs), egtbr wmknm skhkcer w`rosm`ps bxpeldbd erùldNrètke eld ^c`vblke. Durklj tmbsb w`rosm`ps O`h` prbsbltbd mks bxpbrkhbltecw`ro `l drkccklj m`cbs kl tmb N`cuhfbcce rustkne slekcs, ettbhptklj t` uln`vbr tmbhbtm`ds g drkccklj tmbsb m`cbs, es wbcc es tryklj t` dkggbrbltketb tmbh gr`h dehejb`l tmb smbccs neusbd fy prbdet`r ettenos (O`h` eld Fkck Wrele 6997, 2-7)2.

Eh`lj tmbh ks tmb rbnbltcy g`rhbd Nbltrb g`r Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy e l`l-pr`gkt `rjelksetk`l fesbd kl Qejrbf ekhklj t` pr`h`tb eld dbvbc`p tmbbxpbrkhbltec epprènm t` prbsbrvklj nucturec mbrktejb. Ec`lj wktm tbstklj tmb`rkbs

vke ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblts, tmbkr jècs ecs` klncudb jetmbrklj ehetburs, eswbcc es bxpbrts gr`h dkggbrblt erbes `g tmb ernmeb`c`jy kl `rdbr t` enmkbvb fbttbrrbsucts kl tmbkr bxpbrkhbltetk`l. mb `rjelksetk`l ecs` teobs pert kl eld `rjelksbskltbrletk`lec eld d`hbstkn n`lgbrblnbs, sbhklers eld w`rosm`ps, klspkrklj tmbpufckn t` teob el kltbrbst kl tmb gkbcd.

@lb kl tmb sbrkbs g tmbkr bxpbrkhbltec gbets wes tmb klv`cvbhblt kl e pràbnt neccbdbml`còk k s`nkaeclk espbotk pr`kzv`dlab obrehkob fr`lel`j d`fe _bnml`c`jkneceld ^`nkec Espbnts `g Fr`lzb Ejb Y`ttbry Yr`duntk`lX. Z`roklj wktm tmb Klstktutbg`r Ernmeb`c`jy kl 6956 tmb Nbltrb prbg`rhbd el bxpbrkhblt fesbd `l tmb gklds

2 Dub t` ulevekcefkckty `g tmb f`ò, tmb klg`rhetk`l wes pr`vkdbd fy Dulae Hertk eld qu`tbd gr`hmbr ulpufcksmbd bssey (Hertk 699:, 55-56).


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gr`h Ourkc`vbn-Fbcklkne, sùtm `g Wbckoe J`rkne, t` rbn`lstrunt tmb tbnml`c`jknecpr`nbss `g Fr`lzb Ejb p`ttbry pr`duntk`l. Egtbr el ernmeb`c`jknec survby `g tmbsktb, kts surrùldkljs eld tmb p`ttbry smbrds tmb tbeh jeklbd blùjm klskjmt t`pbrg`rh el bxpbrkhblt eld rbn`lstrunt tmb weys `g jetmbrklj eld prbperklj tmb

rew hetbrkec, es wbcc es tbnmlkqubs `g hùcdklj eld gkrklj tmb p`ttbry (Nblterze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau, bml`còk k s`nkaeclk espbotk pr`kzv`dlab obrehkobfr`lel`j d`fe). mks pràbnt wes prbsbltbd kl e d`nuhbltery gkch neccbd Bnk

pbnk pb, n`lskstklj `g g``tejb jetmbrbd tmrùjmùt tmb duretk`l `g tmb pràbnt kl6956. Kl sm`wklj pert `g tmb bxpbrkhblts n`lduntbd `l gkrklj p`ttbry kl el kdbecrbn`lstruntk`l `g e m`rkz`ltec p`ttbry okcl, tmb d`nuhbltery wes hedb kl `rdbrt` prbsblt tmb rbsucts `g tmb bxpbrkhblt kl e hellbr ennbptefcb t` tmb pufckn eldl`l-pr`gbssk`lecs (Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau,Bnk pbnk pb).

mb Nbltrb ecs` `rjelksbd e pr`jreh dbecklj wktm tmb tbnml`c`jy `g p`ttbrypr`duntk`l kl prbmkst`ry. mks wes d`lb kl n``pbretk`l wktm tmb Dbperthblt

`g Ernmeb`c`jy `g tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbf eld tmb Klstktutb g`r Ernmeb`c`jy,n`hprksklj `g e sbrkbs `g ncessbs eld w`rosm`ps hbelt g`r tmb studblts `g tmbDbperthblt. mb pr`jrehhbs ekh ks t` prbsblt tmb`rbtknec eld prentknec ol`wcbdjb`g dkggbrblt pr`nbdurbs `g prbmkst`rkn p`ttbry-heoklj, stertklj gr`h c`òklj etleturec rbsùrnbs eld rew hetbrkec, up t` d`klj entuec bxpbrkhblts. mb jèc ks t`jbt studblts t` eppcy tmbkr ol`wcbdjb t` tmbkr `wl pràbnts, n`ldunt bxpbrkhbltst` tbst nbrtekl tmb`rkbs eld prbsblt tmbkr gklec rbsucts (Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu

Gkjurb 21 Fukcdklj `g e prbmkst`rkn w``dbl mùsb fy hbhfbrs `g tmb Nbltrb g`r BxpbrkhbltecErnmeb`c`jy (Nbltrb g`r Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy, Qejrbf, l.d.)


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ermb`c`jkau, Bospbrkhbltecl`h ermb`c`jka`h d` tbml`c`jkab pr`kzv`dlab obrehkokmp`sude u prep`vkabstk).

Gkleccy, kl eutuhl 695> tmb Nbltrb klktketbd e pràbnt `g rbn`lstruntk`l `ge prbmkst`rkn w``dbl mùsb (Gkjurb 2). mb rbn`lstruntk`l ks fesbd `l rbsbernm

`g ernmeb`c`jknec rbhekls eld tmb eppcknetk`l `g prbmkst`rkn fukcdklj tbnmlkqubsdksnussbd kl tmb`ry. Nurrbltcy, tmb jècs `g tmks pràbnt erb ekhbd et tbstklj tmbp`sskfcb prbmkst`rkn fukcdklj tbnmlkqubs wm`sb rbsucts wkcc ekd kl tmb fbttbruldbrsteldklj `g w``dw`ro eld g`rh e gùldetk`l g`r gurtmbr rbsbernm `lprbmkst`rkn fukcdklj (Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau, Yrep`vkabslb tbmlkob

jredlab).C`òklj et `tmbr klstktutk`ls eld tmbkr w`ro kl tmb gkbcd `g bxpbrkhbltec

ernmeb`c`jy, `lb hust l`tb tmb r`cb `g husbuhs tmet l`t `lcy ekh t` d` snkbltkgknrbsbernm, fut ecs` wksm t` kltr`dunb tmb ernmeb`c`jknec dksnkpcklb t` e wkdbreudkblnb. Kl 699; tmb husbuh kl Weredklsob `pcknb `rjelksbd el bxpbrkhbltec

ernmeb`c`jy pràbnt kl fukcdklj e rbpckne `g e V`hel p`ttbry okcl fesbd `l tmbdksn`vbry `g `lb kl Weredklsob `pcknb. mb okcl wes n`lstruntbd usklj leturecrbsùrnbs sunm es ncey, seld, strew, frkno eld st`lb. Zktm e nepenkty `g 629 cktrbseld enmkbvklj e tbhpbreturb `g nkrne ;99 dbjrbbs Nbcskus, tmb okcl wes fukct g`rguturb V`hel p`ttbry w`rosm`ps g`r vkskt`rs `g tmb ernmeb`c`jknec pero fbc`ljkljt` tmb husbuh (Qevkealk huzba Weredklsob `pcknb 695>).

@l 5= Hey 6955 tmb Husbuh `g O`prkvlkne `rjelksbd el @pbl Dey durkljtmb Kltbrletk`lec Husbuh Dey. Es e nbltrec bvblt tmb husbuh `ggbrbd elernmeb`c`jknec w`rosm`p wktm e tmbhb `g bercy hbdkbvec shbctklj. mb jèc `gtmb w`rosm`p wes t` dkggusb kr`l gr`h kr`l `rb, enmkbvbd fy tmb cbedbrs `g tmb

pràbnt V`fbrt khkl eld Deckf`r Wujrklbn. Fut sklnb tmb kr`l shbctklj wes evbry n`hpcbx pr`nbss, tmb n`lstruntk`l `g e okcl wes `lcy tmb gkrst pmesb `g tmkspràbnt. @lcy egtbr el bkjmt mùr pr`nbss g fukcdklj eld gkrklj g tmb n`lb smepbd,tmrbb-pert okcl mes tmb sbn`ld stejb `g eddklj tmb kr`l `rb t` bxtrent tmb kr`ln`hhblnbd. Egtbr tmks stejb nehb tmb enmkbvklj `g e hexkhuh tbhpbreturb `gerùld 6999 dbjrbbs Nbcskus fy eddklj ekr usklj cbetmbr fbcc`ws.7Egtbr tw` mùrstmb bxpbrkhblt gkleccy sunnbbdbd wmbl tmb kr`l `rb fbjel t` hbct eld pùr klt` eshecc nelec kl gr`lt `g tmb okcl (khkl 6955).

Gurtmbrh`rb, `l 59 ^bptbhfbr 695> tmb Ernmeb`c`jknec Husbuh kl Qejrbf`rjelksbd el bxmkfktk`l sm`wklj tmb rbsucts `g el bxpbrkhblt n`lduntbd fy bcao`

Dbh` kl 6955. Klspkrbd fy gklds gr`h tmrbb bercy hbdkbvec jrevbs dksn`vbrbdkl Ckabve Fere lber Wuo`ver kl 5;26, tmb eutm`r rbn`lstruntbd el err`w qukvbr(Gkjurb 7). ^klnb tmb `lcy bcbhblts tmet rbheklbd eh`ljst tmb gklds wbrb hbteceld f`lb n`hp`lblts, tmb qukvbr wes rbn`lstruntbd fesbd `l el kdbe `g wmetel bercy hbdkbvec spbnkhbl wùcd c`ò ckob, wktm tmb fbst bgg`rt t` heob kt eseutmbltkn es p`sskfcb. mb bxmkfktk`l sm`ws tmb nùrsb `g Dbh`s w`ro, es wbcc estmb gklec pr`dunt (Ermb`còk huzba u Qejrbfu 695>).

7 ^klnb tmby blnùltbrbd pr`fcbhs wktm tmb ekr st`w, tmby wbrb g`rnbd t` usb e n`hprbss`r (mttp1//www.huzba-o`prkvlkne.mr/`drzel-del-`tv`rblkm-vrete-huzbae-jrede-o`prkvlknb/).


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Gkleccy, `l 54 L`vbhfbr 695> tmb Klstktutb g`r ernmeb`c`jy `rjelksbd tmbBxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy Dey kl tmb Ernmeb`c`jknec Husbuh kl Qejrbf, klvktkljbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy bxpbrts Netmbrklb db Neses, Hetmkes Gbrleldbs eld

A`sb Gbrleldbs t` m`cd e cbnturb `l bxpbrkhbltec gkrkljs `g tbrre skjkccete kl CeJreugbsblqub (Grelnb), es wbcc es sm`wklj tmb eg`rbhbltk`lbd d`nuhbltery BnkYbnk Ybeld m`cdklj e dksnussk`l `l bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy (Klstktut Grelneks6954).

Zmbl spbeoklj efùt tmb n`lgbrblnb entkvkty, `lb hust hbltk`l tmb gkrstkltbrletk`lec n`lgbrblnb neccbd kvk huzbabospbrkhbltecle ermb`c`jkae _Ckvbhusbuh-bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jyX tmet wes mbcd kl Rhej `l = Eujust 6997es pert `g tmb ^bp`heke Wkve pràbnt. (O`h` eld Fkck Wrele 6997, 4-2). mbjèc `g tmks n`lgbrblnb wes t` reksb ewerblbss efùt bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eldkts lbnbsskty kl tmb ernmeb`c`jknec snkblnb, s`hbtmklj tmet mes ecrbedy fbn`hb estelderd kl Bur`pb, wmkcb kt rbhekls kl tmb fenojrùld kl Nrètke. mb n`lgbrblnbwes mbcd ejekl kl 699= (Huzba jrede Rheje, l.d.).

@l tmb 6: eld 6= `g @nt`fbr 6955 tmb nkty `g Nrkovblkne mbcd tmb ^bn`ldKltbrletk`lec Ernmeb`c`jknec N`cc`qukuh `l nbrehkns eld jcess w`rosm`ps,pr`duntk`l eld dkstrkfutk`l, neccbd Vkhsob obrehkersob k steocersob redk`lknb.Yr`kzv`dlae k trj`vkle le aedrelso`h pr`st`ru_V`hel Nbrehkn eld Jcess Z`rosm`ps_mb Yr`duntk`l eld redb kl tmb EdrketknX (Ckp`ven Wrocael eld O`lbstre 6956,;=). mb tmbhb `g tmb n`cc`qukuh wes bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld tmbrbg`rb,tmb prbvkùscy tecobd efùt Qrkloe khk-Oelebt `rjelksbd e w`rosm`p neccbdVedk`lkne-bospbrkhbltecle kzrede terk`lkoe _Z`rosm`p-bxpbrkhbltec n`lstruntk`l`g e h`rterX, cbd fy Fàele vbrtesbo (@dsabo ze ermb`c`jkau, Gkc`z`gsok Geouctbt u

Gkjurb 71 Bercy hbdkbvec qukvbrrbn`lstruntbd fy bcao` Dbhèld sm`wl et el bxmkfktk`l et tmb

Ernmeb`c`jknec Husbuh kl Qejrbf(Ermb`còk huzba u Qejrbfu, l.d.)


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Qejrbfu, l.d.). mb n`cc`qukuh prbsbltbd tmb tbnmlkqub eld pr`nbss `g nrbetklj eh`rter, es wbcc es e prbsbltetk`l g tmb eg`rbhbltk`lbd pràbnt g fukcdklj e rbpckne`g e p`ttbry okcl eld p`ttbry tbst gkrklj kl Nrkovblkne.

Tmb guturb `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl NrètkeEgtbr bxehklklj tmb h`rb sufsteltkec epprènm t` bxpbrkhblts es e hbels `gernmeb`c`jknec rbsbernm stertklj gr`h tmb fbjkllklj `g tmb twblty-gkrst nbltury,`lb nell`t mbcp fut l`tknb tmb nepktec kssub n`lnbrlklj tmks tmbhetkn. Zmkcbbxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy ks kltbrbstklj eld nrbetkvb kl kts bssblnb, tmbrb ks l`n`ltklukty kl rbsbernm kl e sblsb tmet bxpbrkhblts erb l`t systbhetkneccy cklobdt` benm `tmbr fut retmbr rbprbsblt kldkvkduec bxnursk`ls t` tmb gkbcd. Ectmùjmklnrbesbd kl queltkty `vbr tmb ybers, bspbnkeccy wmbl n`hperbd t` tmb jep fbtwbblWuo`vk eld h`rb rbnblt bxpbrkhbltetk`l, tmb bxpbrkhblt es el ernmeb`c`jknec

t``c stkcc d`bs l`t sbbh t` mevb `fteklbd e stetus `g `lb `g tmb prkhery nm`knbsernmeb`c`jksts n`hb t` durklj tmbkr rbsbernm. mb eg`rbhbltk`lbd ernmeb`c`jknecbxpbrkhblts, ectmùjm rbcetkvbcy cerjb kl luhfbr g`r Nrètkel stelderds eld tmbnurrblt ettktudb t`werds tmbh, erb entueccy gbets `g sheccbr neckfrb eld erb bktmbrpràbnts `g kldkvkduec kltbrbst `r n`lstktutb e pert `g cerjbr snecb rbsbernm pràbntswktmùt fbklj jkvbl e prk`rkty kl `fteklklj gklec rbsucts. mbrbg`rb, kl tmb pr`nbss`g dkvklj klt` rbsbernm `l tmks sufabnt, `lb d`bs l`t blnùltbr hunm qu`tetk`l `g`cdbr bxpbrkhbltetk`l es e fesks g`r gurtmbr rbsbernm, fut eutm`rs retmbr epprènmtmbkr nm`sbl pr`fcbhetkn es e lbw, ulbxpc`rbd sùrnb `g nurk`skty, usklj g`rbkjl,h`rb bxpbrkblnbd sùrnbs es e rbgbrblnb. Fy seyklj tmks, `lb hust ecs` teob klt`

ennùlt tmet s`hb `g tmb pràbnts mevb gekcbd t` fb pufcksmbd eld tmbrbg`rb mevbl`t neujmt tmb ettbltk`l `g tm`sb wm` erb kltbrbstbd.Kt ks kl tmks, m`wbvbr, tmet ckbs e trenb `g `ptkhksh n`lnbrlklj tmb sufabnt et

meld. M`wbvbr snettbrbd tmb bxpbrkhblts hey fb, `lb d`bs gbbc e reksb kl kltbrbsteh`ljst enedbhkn nkrncbs. mks prkherkcy n`lnbrls tmb `rjelksetk`l `g tmb ecrbedyhbltk`lbd Nbltrb g`r Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy es el klstktutk`l spbnkecksbd g`rtmks typb g ernmeb`c`jknec gbet. mb Nbltrb rbprbsblts e cerjb stbp eld el bxnbccbltfesks g`r gurtmbr dbvbc`phblt g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy es el ennbptbd snkbltkgkndksnkpcklb. Kt ks h`st khp`rtelt tmet tmks kltbrbstklj dksnkpcklb d`bs l`t ckhkt ktsbcgt` ehetbur ettbhpts rbstrkntbd t` e pbrs`ls prkvetb kltbrbst g`r rbn`lstruntklj e

pert `g mkst`ry g`r pbrs`lec ehusbhblt, fut retmbr t` mevb entuec snkbltkgkn bgg`rtsg`rh e fesb g`r tmb cenoklj n`ltklukty. Wuo`vk wes, es ks sm`wl, vbry edvelnbdkl mks kdbes eld w`ro fut mes gekcbd t` n`lstrunt e tredktk`l `g bxpbrkhblts klernmeb`c`jy. L`w kt sbbhs tmet Nrètkel ernmeb`c`jy ks stertklj t` cbel t`werdswmet Wuo`vk med kl hkld wktm e h`rb sbrkùs ettktudb.

El`tmbr bxnbccblt kccustretk`l `g tmks jr`wklj eggbntk`l t`werds bxpbrkhbltetk`lks tmb gent tmet ernmeb`c`jy studblts erb sm`wklj h`rb kltbrbst kl tmks gkbcd.

Ectmùjm tmks ks rbstrkntbd t` tmb Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy sbhkler cbd fypr`gbss`r Durhel es pert `g tmb hestbrs pr`jreh `g tmb Rlkvbrskty `g QejrbfsDbperthblt `g Ernmeb`c`jy, tmb g`rtuletb nkrnuhstelnbs erb tmet guturb snkbltksts

erb fbklj jkvbl tmb `pp`rtulkty t` jbt gehkcker wktm bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, es


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wbcc es t` n`lskdbr kt e veckd `ptk`l kl tmbkr cetbr rbsbernm. mbsb bxpbrkhblts erb,m`wbvbr, n`lduntbd es e s`rt `g bxbrnksb eld tmb hea`rkty `g tmbh erb l`t pufcksmbdes snkbltkgkn pepbrs, fut lbvbrtmbcbss n`lstktutb eld bxnbccblt stertklj p`klt g`rreksklj kltbrbst eld rbn`jlksklj tmb edveltejbs `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy.

Gkleccy, `lb hust l`t g`rjbt tmb gbets d`lb fby`ld tmb f`rdbrs `g enedbhke,fbklj bhpc`ybd g`r verkùs bdunetk`lec `r bltbrteklhblt purp`sbs, sunm es tmbmkst`rknec helkgbstetk`ls `g Vkhsoe l` u Ler`lk_E V`hel Lkjmt kl Ler`leX `rDelk Dkòcbnkaele_mb Deys `g Dk`ncbtkelX, wmknm erb fesbd `l rbn`lstruntkljperts `g bvbrydey V`hel ckvbs `r entkvktkbs, wmknm khpckbs w`rosm`ps bxpceklkljernmeb`c`jy, hbtm`ds g rbsbernm, es wbcc es n`lsbrvetk`l eld rbst`retk`l g hetbrkecgklds (@elk V`jucak 6956, 527). Gurtmbrh`rb, bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy bxtbldst` tmb h`rb prkvetb spmbrb g ehetbur ettbhpts et eutmbltkn mkst`rkn rbn`lstruntk`l,es ecrbedy hbltk`lbd. mbsb entkvktkbs meppbl gekrcy `gtbl eld sm`w klnrbdkfcbdbv`tk`l eld kltbrbst `g tm`sb wm` n`ldunt tmbh, fut ulg`rtuletbcy mevb l`

snkbltkgkn vecub. Lbvbrtmbcbss, ectmùjm kl n`hperks`l t` tmb rbst `g Bur`pb,tmb bxtblt `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl Nrètke sbbhs vbry geklt, `lb hustenol`wcbdjb kts bxpelsk`l `vbr tmb dbnedbs eld kts `fvkùs gcùrksmklj sklnb tmbstert `g tmb lbw nbltury wktm str`lj nmelnbs `g n`ltkluetk`l.

ûhhery

Zmbl tecoklj efùt tmb mkst`ry `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy kl Nrètke, `lbd`bs l`t gekc t` l`tknb tmb dkggknuctkbs genbd et tmb fbjkllkljs `g kts klstechbltkl tmbsb perts `g Bur`pb. mbrbg`rb, kts gùldbr ^tabpel Wuo`vk nbrteklcy hedb

e frbeotmrùjm kl tmb ernmeb`c`jknec snkbltkgkn rbech wktm mks gkrst bxpbrkhblt kl5;>5. mb vbry sc`w eggkrhetk`l g mks pr`jrbsskvb tmùjmt cestbd g`r dbnedbs ultkcgkleccy tmb ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblt fbjul t` rbsurgenb es e hbels `g snkbltkgkntbstklj. Fesbd kl prbmkst`ry, bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy bxpbrkblnbd e hkcd,fut lbvbrtmbcbss skjlkgknelt dbvbc`phblt eld ennbptelnb tmrùjm tmb w`ros `g

Ecboselder Durhel eld Qrkloe khk-Oelebt. Kt wes `lcy et tmb fbjkllklj `gtmb lbw nbltury tmet bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy stertbd jeklklj e h`rb kltblskvbeggkrhetk`l fy tmb snkbltkgkn n`hhulkty, fbklj usbd kl e sbrkbs `g dkggbrblt rbsbernmpràbnts. Ectmùjm stkcc shecc kl snecb tmb bxpbrkhblts pbrg`rhbd sbbh t` fbkldunklj e jr`wklj p`pucerksetk`l `g tmks frelnm `g ernmeb`c`jy. mbkr nmerentbr ks

dkvbrsb, reljklj gr`h dbecklj wktm prbmkst`rkn gceoklj tbnmlkqubs, t` p`ttbry gkrkljeld bvbl t` tmb bxtblt `g mùsb fukcdklj eld prbmkst`rkn dkbtery bxpbrkhbltetk`l.mb rbenm `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy sbbhs t` mevb j`lb fby`ld tmb f`rdbrs

`g enedbhke, wmbrb nucturec klstktutk`ls sunm es husbuhs r n`lsbrvetk`l klstktutbsmevb teobl e r`cb kl tmb pr`h`tk`l `g tmks ernmeb`c`jknec hbtm`d. Hely `g tmbkrpràbnts mevb jrbet snkbltkgkn vecub, fut ecs` hekltekl e r`cb `g gehkckerksklj tmbpufckn wktm ernmeb`c`jy eld pest ckvbs. Husbuhs `ggbr e wkdb reljb `g entkvktkbsennbsskfcb t` tmb pufckn, wmbrb mkst`rkn bvbrydey ckvbs erb dbpkntbd tmrùjm dkrbntkltbrentk`l wktm tmb spbntet`rs. mbsb mevb p`sskfcy rbsuctbd kl e jr`wklj luhfbr`g ehetbur ettbhpts et ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l `g dkggbrblt snecb, gr`h

skhpcb rbnkpb rbnrbetk`l, t` rbn`lstruntk`l `g V`hel quedrkjes.


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Bxmkfktk`ls eld n`lgbrblnbs erb ecs` e rbcetkvbcy lbw eddktk`l t` tmb dbvbc`phblteld eggkrhetk`l `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy, pr`h`tklj bxpbrkhblts es e hbels`g snkbltkgkn rbsbernm. Fut tmb h`st pr`hksklj skjl `g eggkrhetk`l ks tmb gùldklj`g tmb Nbltrb g`r Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jy, es wbcc es e sbhkler kl bxpbrkhbltec

ernmeb`c`jy es pert `g tmb hestbrs nùrsb `g tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbfs Dbperthblt`g Ernmeb`c`jy. mby erb f`tm rbcetkvbcy yùlj fut g`rh e jrbet stbp t`werds h`rbgrbqublt usb `g bxpbrkhblts kl tmb ernmeb`c`jknec snkblnb.

Ectmùjm kt ks stkcc l`t p`sskfcb t` sey bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy mes e mkjmreloklj eh`ljst ernmeb`c`jknec snkbltkgkn hbtm`ds, eld sm`ws muhfcb pr`jrbss,bspbnkeccy kl n`hperks`l t` `tmbr Bur`pbel nùltrkbs wktm e tredktk`l `gernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhbltetk`l, lb nell`t dbly tmet tmks ernmeb`c`jknec frelnm ksl`t `l e j``d wey `g fbn`hklj e wkdbcy ennbptbd hbtm`d.

Vbgbrblnbs

Embrl, A. N. H., Oerevelk, K., Yeul`vk, H., Aelo`vk, K. eld ^hktm, G. M. 6994. Lbwdksn`vbrkbs eld kltbrprbtetk`ls `g m`hklkd g`sskcs eld ertkgents gr`h Wkldkae Nevb,Nrètke,Aùrlec `g Muhel Bv`cutk`l47, 62-67.

Ermb`còk huzba u Qejrbfu, 695>. Kzc`fe1 `f`cen rel`srbdla`vabo`vl`j retlkoe `dleceze d` gulonk`leclb rbo`lstruonkab, www.ehz.mr/lesc`vlkne/vkrtuecle-sbtlae/p`vrbhblb-kzc`zfb/695>/t`f`cen-rel`srbdla`vabo`vl`j-retlkoe.espx, Ennbssbd 5Dbnbhfbr 695>.

Ermb`còk huzba u Qejrbfu, l.d. `f`cen rel`srbdla`vabo`vl`j retlkoe,mttp1//www.ehz.mr/lesc`vlkne/g`t`jecbrkab/t`f`cen-rel`srbdla`vabo`vl`j-retlkoe.

espx, Ennbssbd 6> Hey 6954.Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau, l.d. Bnk pbnk pbk, nbxe-zj.`rj/bnk-pbnk.mthc,

Ennbssbd 5 Dbnbhfbr 695>.

Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau, l.d. Bospbrkhbltecl`h ermb`c`jka`h d` tbml`c`jkabpr`kzv`dlab obrehkokm p`sude u prep`vkabstk, nbxe-zj.`rj/p6.mthc, Ennbssbd 5 Dbnbhfbr695>.

Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau, l.d. bml`còk k s`nkaeclk espbotk pr`kzv`dlabobrehkob fr`lel`j dk`fe,nbxe-zj.`rj/p5.mthc, Ennbssbd 5 Dbnbhfbr 695>.

Nblter ze bospbrkhblteclu ermb`c`jkau, l.d. Yrep`vkabslb tbmlkob jredlab, nbxe-zj.`rj/

p2.mthc, Ennbssbd 5 Dbnbhfbr 695>.khkl, V. 6955.@drel del `tv`rblkm vrete Huzbae jrede O`prkvlknb, huzba-o`prkvlkne.

mr/`drzel-del-`tv`rblkm-vrete-huzbae-jrede-o`prkvlknb, Ennbssbd 6= L`vbhfbr,695>.

Durhel, E. 5;=>. Hbtecurjkae vubd`cso`j oucturl`j o`hpcbose, @pusnuce Ernmeb`c`jkne=, 5-=:, mrneo.srnb.mr/26=4, Ennbssbd 55 L`vbhfbr 695>.

Durhel, E. 6999. Wubd`csok @rk`l (mb @rk`l `g Wubd`c), Qejrbf, mb Ernmeb`c`jknecHusbuh kl Qejrbf? Wklo`vnk, Hulknkpec Husbuh Wklo`vnk? Wuo`ver, HulknkpecHusbuh Wuo`ver, 46-47.


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Klstktut Grelneks, 6954. Del bospbrkhblteclb ermb`c`jkab, klstktutgrelneks.mr/zejrbf/del-bospbrkhblteclb-ermb`c`jkab, Ennbssbd >9 L`vbhfbr 695>.

Oerevelk, K., 699>. mb Hkddcb Yecb`cktmkn Ybrnussk`l `r Yrbssurb Gceoklj ``cs0 mbn`hperks`l g bxpbrkhbltec eld ernmeb`c`jknec hetbrkec gr`h Nrètke, Yrkc`zk Klstktute

ze ermb`c`jkau u Qejrbfu 69, 2-54, mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.pmp0sm`w8nceleo&kdPnceleoPabzko85269, Ennbssbd 5; L`vbhfbr 695>.

Oerevelk, K., J`cufk, W., Ourtelabo, D., `k, V. eld Qupelk, A. 699=. Cktkoe eleckzehetbrkaece kz Huaklb pbklb, Wabslko ze ermb`c`jkau k p`vkabst dechetklsou 595, 6;-2=,mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.pmp0sm`w8nceleo&kdPnceleoPabzko84;6;9, Ennbssbd 5:L`vbhfbr 695>.

Orhp`tk, H. eld Wuo`vk Fkru, H. 699;. Ermb`còk bospbrkhblt1 vrpestk uoresk leuc`hnkhe sterkab gezb Jrupb Fbcbjk s còecktbte A`skp`ven Yulkt`veok -Wbcko` p`cab K,klA`skp`ven Yulkt`veok Wbcko` p`cab K, Qetktle ermb`còe kstrekvelae le tresk eut`nbstb

E2, bd. C. etea, Qejrbf, Mrvetsok Vbsteuret`rsok Qev`d, 62:-674.

Oudbck, E. 6956. Bospbrkhbltecl` tbstkrelab prep`vkabslb ermb`còb tv`rbvklb k rbzuctetkpbblae obrehkob le tv`rblà vetrk (Bxpbrkhbltec tbstklj `g prbmkst`rkn ernmeb`c`jknecgbeturbs eld tmb rbsucts g gkrklj p`ttbry l el pbl gkrb),Ellecbs Klstk tutk ernmeb`c`jknk=, 542-54=, mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.pmp0sm`w8nceleo&kdPnceleoPabzko8527729,

Ennbssbd 52 L`vbhfbr 695>.

Ckp`ven Wrocael, J. eld O`lbstre, E. 6956. Nrkovblkne Ed turrbs, pr`c`j`dklae tbrblsoekstrekvelae 6955. j`dklb, pràbot bospbrkhblteclb ermb`c`jkab k l`vk lecezk dkstrkfunkabnrkovblkokm obrehkersokm pr`kzv`de (Nrkovblkne Ed turrbs, 6955 gkbcd rbsbernm,bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy pràbnt eld e lbw bvkdblnb `g tmb dkstrkfutk`l `g nbrehknpr`dunts gr`h Nrkovblkne),Ellecbs Klstk tutk ernmeb`c`jknk =, ;=-596, mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/597>:=, Ennbssbd 52 L`vbhfbr 695>.

Ckp`ven Wrocael, J., kcabj, F., @elk V`jucak, K. eld O`lbstre, E. 6956. Bospbrkhbltecleermb`c`jkae jredlae rbpckob rkhsob obrehkersob pbk u Nrkovblknk (Bxpbrkhbltec

Ernmeb`c`jy e rbpckne `g e V`hel p`ttbry okcl), Ellecbs Klstktutk ernmeb`c`jknk =,54;-524, mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.pmp0sm`w8nceleo&kdPnceleoPabzko8527726,

Ennbssbd 52 L`vbhfbr 695>.

Hertk, D. 699:. Y`vkabst bospbrkhblteclb ermb`c`jkab u Mrvetsoà, Rlpufcksmbd bssey,Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbf.

Hertk, D. 6956. Bospbrkhbltecle ermb`c`jkae jredlae zbhulknb sterbveob nucturb u

Cuoevnu o`d Qejrbfe. Hestbrs tmbsks, Rlkvbrskty `g Qejrbf.Huzba jrede Rheje, l.d.Hbuler`dl` strulk soup KWK HRQBA BO^YBVKHBLECLE

EVMB@C@JKAE , www.hju-hnu.mr/mrv/kldbx.esp0p8sPvkve&sp8hPsoup, Ennbssbd6: L`vbhfbr 695>.

@dsabo ze ermb`c`jkau, Gkc`z`gsok Geouctbt u Qejrbfu, l.d. Obrehkoe còecl` ab ulkvbrzecl`,www.ggzj.ulkzj.mr/ermb`/6heo/, Ennbssbd >9 L`vbhfbr 695>.

@elk V`jucak, K. 6956. Y`vkabsl`-ermb`còb helkgbstenkab (Vkhsoe l` u Ler`lk, DelkDkòcbnkaele) _Mkst`rknec-ernmeb`c`jknec helkgbstetk`ls (V`hel lkjmt kl Ler`le,Dk`ncbtkel Deys)X, Ellecbs Klstktutk ernmeb`c`jknk =, 522-527, mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.

pmp0sm`w8nceleo&kdPnceleoPabzko8527724, Ennbssbd 52 L`vbhfbr 695>.


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khbo, H. 5;;7. ^tabpel Wuo`vk uz ;9. fcabtlknu r`blae, Ved`vk Qev`de ze zlelstvblkred Weredkl =/;, 5=9-5=4.

khbo, H. 6959. Rvkabo ksprbd sv`j vrbhble uz 592. `fcabtlknu r`blae ^tabpeleWuo`vke (56.59. 5;92. 52.55.5;:4.), Kzdelae Mrvetso`j ermb`cò`j drutve 6=,

;-69.khk-Oelebt, Q. 5;;7. Vezvà c`lersokm pbk k tbml`c`jkab pbblae le prep`vkabslkh k

eltkokh prkhabrkhe, @pusnuce ernmeb`c`jkne 69, 525-5::, mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.pmp0sm`w8nceleo&kdPnceleoPabzko8=274, Ennbssbd 6> L`vbhfbr 695>.

beo-Jrbjc, . eld khk-Oelebt, Q. 5;;;-6999. Yrkc`j p`zlevelau tbml`c`jkab pbblaelb`cktkob obrehkob u srbdklaà Mrvetso`, @pusnuce ernmeb`c`jkne 6>-64, 29>-29:,mttp1//mrneo.srnb.mr/kldbx.pmp0kdPnceleoPabzko8=77=&sm`w8nceleo, Ennbssbd 6>L`vbhfbr 695>.

Wuo`vk, ^. 5;:>. Bospbrkhblt u prbtmkst`rkasoà ermb`c`jkak, Wkabstk huzbecene k

o`lzbrvet`re Mrvetsob 6, 6>-67.Wuo`vk, ^. 5;:4. Bxpbrkhblt kl Drkccklj M`cbs kl ^t`lb, Necjery Ernmeb`c`jkst6, 69-66.

Wuo`vk-Fkru, H. 699;. Ermb`còk bospbrkhblt1 bhu su scukcb pkltedbrb kz A`skp`vne0,klA`skp`ven Yulkt`veok Wbcko` p`cab K, Qetktle ermb`còe kstrekvelae le tresk eut`nbstb

E2, bd. C. etea, Qejrbf, Mrvetsok Vbsteuret`rsok Qev`d, 62>-627.

Qevkealk huzba Weredklsob `pcknb, 695>. Vbpckoe rkhsob pbk ze obrehkou, zhvt.n`h.mr/pràbnts/rbpckoe-rkhsob-pbnk-ze-obrehkou, Ennbssbd 5 Dbnbhfbr 695>.


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Mkst`ry `g Bxpbrkhbltec Ernmeb`c`jykl Cetvke

Ertrs `hs`ls

mb prbn`ldktk`ls g`r tmb sunnbssguc dbvbc`phblt `g bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy klCetvke kl kts klktkec pmesb nel fb cklobd t` tmb n`ltrkfutk`ls g `lb pbrs`l, Dr Alks

Epecs (5;>9-6955), eld tmb dksn`vbry, snrupucùs klvbstkjetk`l eld rbn`lstruntk`l`g `lb ernmeb`c`jknec sktb. mb rbsbernm n`lduntbd fy Epecs et rekk wùcdklgcublnb tmb dbvbc`phblt `g tmb rbcetk`lsmkp fbtwbbl bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jyeld rb-blenthblt, es wbcc es bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jys pcenb es pert `g enedbhknbdunetk`l kl ulkvbrsktkbs.

Epecs eld rekk

Alks Epecs wes f`rl kl Vkje, eld mb spblt mks nmkcdm``d kl tmb perksm `g Bzbrb,wmbrb mb enqukrbd mks gkrst ybers `g bdunetk`l. Mb n`ltklubd mks studkbs et tmb

Ckbpae Ybdej`jknec ^nm``c. Kl 5;25 mb stertbd studkbs kl tmb genucty `g Mkst`ryeld Ymkc`c`jy et tmb Rlkvbrskty `g Cetvke, gr`h wmknm mb jreduetbd kl 5;27. Egtbrmks studkbs, Epecs w`robd es e tbenmbr eld dbvbc`pbd el entkvb kltbrbst kl snufedkvklj. mks kltbrbst turlbd mks ettbltk`l t` tmb klvbstkjetk`l g luhbrùs Cetvkelceobs, wmbrb mb trkbd t` gkld ùt tmb trutmguclbss `g g`co cbjblds eld st`rkbs efùttmb sulobl uldbrwetbr nestcbs.

Gkjurb 51 Alks Epecs durklj

mks uldbrwetbr ernmeb`c`jknecbxpbdktk`l kl cetb 5;29s


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Kl 5;2; tmb gkrst dksn`vbry wes hedb et Yreuckble, wmbrb rbhekls `g e w``dbldwbccklj wbrb gùld et tmb f`tt`h `g tmb ceob. ` bxtbld mks rbsbernm, Alks Epecsstertbd t` w`ro et tmb Klstktutb `g Mkst`ry `g Cetvke. Kl tmb g`cc`wklj ybers, egtbrklvbstkjetk`l `g h`rb tmel 599 ceobs, tbl prbmkst`rkn ceob dwbcckljs wbrb dksn`vbrbd.

mbsb dksn`vbrkbs kltr`dunbd e n`hpcbtbcy lbw typb `g ernmeb`c`jknec sktb klCetvke. mb sktbs rbprbsblt dwbccklj sktbs `g elnkblt Fectkn pb`pcb Cetjecckels eld erb detbd h`stcy t` tmb lkltm eld tbltm nblturkbs NB, wmknm ks durklj tmbCetvkel cetb Kr`l Ejb. Ernmeb`c`jknec klvbstkjetk`ls wbrb fbjul et sbvbrec sktbs,fut skjlkgknelt dehejb fy wetbr wes dksn`vbrbd et h`st `g tmbh. mus, g`r gurtmbrklvbstkjetk`l tmb fbst prbsbrvbd sktb, tmb rekk Ceob sbttcbhblt lber Nsks t`wl klNbltrec Cetvke, wes nm`sbl (Hujurvks 6999).

^` tmb h`st skjlkgknelt n`ltrkfutk`l g Epecs kl tmb dbvbc`phblt g bxpbrkhbltecernmeb`c`jy wes tmb klvbstkjetk`l eld g`cc`wklj rbn`lstruntk`l `g rekk Ceobsbttcbhblt _rekubzbrpkcs `r rekubzbhtlb kl CetvkelX. mb wetbr cbvbc `g tmb

ceob wes c`wbrbd eld tmb sktb wes ech`st n`hpcbtbcy klvbstkjetbd. Bxnevetk`lscestbd tbl sbes`ls (kl 5;72-5;7; eld kl 5;:2-5;:;) eld kl rbsuct tmb sktb fbnehbtmb gkrst `g kts typb klvbstkjetbd ech`st n`hpcbtbcy. H`rb tmel 6999 ertbgents wbrbenqukrbd, klncudklj ulkqub `fabnts gr`h `rjelkn hetbrkecs es wbcc es bvkdblnb `gelnkblt fukcdklj n`lstruntk`l s`cutk`ls. ûnm dbtekcbd klg`rhetk`l blnùrejbdrbsbernmbrs t` rbn`lstrunt tmb sktb. mb ernmeb`c`jknec klg`rhetk`l enqukrbd durkljbxnevetk`ls wes usbd kl tmb pràbnt `g tmb rbn`lstruntk`l `g tmb sktb durklj tmb5;=9s.

mb gkrst rbn`lstruntk`l g tmb elnkblt Cetjecckel w``dbl fukcdklj uldbr Epecssupbrvksk`l wes nerrkbd ut ecrbedy kl 5;=5 kl n``pbretk`l wktm ernmktbnt Dzklters

Drkfe. Kl 5;=>, tmb rekk Ernmb`c`jknec Yero wes bstefcksmbd, fut tmb pràbnt wes

Gkjurb 61 rekk Ceob sbcbhblt (Ym`t`1 Eutm`r, 6956)


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guccy rbecksbd durklj tmb bercy 5;;9s, wmbl rbn`lstruntbd fukcdkljs `g tmb cbvbc `gtmb gkrst sbttcbhblt t`ò tmbkr pcenb `l tmb rekk ceob ksceld.

Ectmùjm Alks Epecs dkd skjlkgknelt w`ro kl tmb bxnevetk`l, bxpc`retk`l,klvbstkjetk`l eld rbn`lstruntk`l g tmb rekk Ceob sbttcbhblt, mb dkd l`t suhherksb

mks w`ro kl e h`l`jrepm. mb bssblnb g mks bxpbrkhbltec eld rbn`lstruntk`l w`rowes pufcksmbd kl sbvbrec ertkncbs, heklcy tùnmklj tmb n`lstruntkvb espbnts `g tmbpr`fcbh, tmb pr`pbr usb g elec`jkbs, tmb usb g wmet mb neccbd n`lstruntkvb c`jkn,tmb usb `g btml`jrepmkn pereccbcs n`hfklklj sbperetbcy gùld fukcdklj dbtekcseld rbnrbetklj tmb hkssklj perts, es wbcc es usklj rbpckne t``cs g`r fukcdklj mùsbs(Epecs 5;;;). Khp`rteltcy, tmb bssblnb `g mks fbckbgs wes pufcksmbd kl e sm`rt f`ò^blokbhaòk Cetvka, wktm drewkljs fy tmb ertkst Ejrks Ckbpk (Epecs 5;;7).

@lb `g Epecs hekl, skjlkgknelt n`ltrkfutk`ls t` tmb rbsbernm `g tmb prbmkst`ry`g Cetvke wes e nmeptbr efùt tmb cetb Kr`l Ejb kl Cetvke, wrkttbl t`jbtmbr wktmvecds Hujurvks, kl tmb cerjb rbsuhptkvb n`ccbntkvb w`ro Cetvkaessblovsturb,

wmknm wes pufcksmbd kl 6995 (C^W 6995).Egtbr Epecs dbetm kl 6955, mks g`rhbr n`ccbejubs gr`h tmb Klstktutb `g Mkst`ry

`g Cetvke prbperbd eld pufcksmbd e n`ccbntk`l `g mks ertkncbs, bdktbd eld put kl `lbv`cuhb, ectmùjm tmb n`hprbmblskvb h`l`jrepm efùt mks ckgbs w`ro et rekkulg`rtuletbcy lbvbr sew tmb ckjmt `g dey (Epece eld Neulb 6956).

mb ettbhpts et rbn`lstruntk`l d`lb fy Epecs eld mks supp`rtbrs nel fbnetbj`rkzbd es n`lstruntkvb bxpbrkhblts egtbr Frktksm ernmeb`c`jkst Ybtbr Vbyl`cdsncesskgknetk`l `g ernmeb`c`jknec bxpbrkhblts (Vbyl`cds 5;;;). Fukcdkljs `g tmbberckbst ceybr `g tmks sbttcbhblt gr`h tmb bercy lkltm nbltury NB wbrb nm`sbl g`r

Gkjurb >1 Vbn`lstruntk`l `g rst sbcbhblt fy Epecs eld Drkfe (C^W 6995)


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rbfukcdklj, fbneusb `g tmb fbttbr stetb `g prbsbrvetk`l. mb mkst`ry `g tmb snkbltkgknrbsbernm n`lduntbd et rekk wes suhherksbd kl 5;;; (Epecs 5;;;).

G`r tmb purp`sbs `g gurtmbr dbvbc`phblt, tmb rekk Ceob ^bttcbhbltGùldetk`l (rekubzbrpkcsg`lds) wes bstefcksmbd kl 5;;>. Kl g`cc`wklj ybers tmb

`pbl-ekr bxmkfktk`l wes suppcbhbltbd wktm eddktk`lec `fabnts rbn`lstruntk`ls`g dkggbrblt fukcdkljs gr`h dkggbrblt Cetvkel ernmeb`c`jknec sktbs rbprbsbltkljkdbec rbn`lstruntk`ls `g tmb ^t`lb Ejb eld Fr`lzb Ejb dwbcckljs. G`r bxehpcb,tmb Fr`lzb Ejb fukcdklj wes gklksmbd kl 6994-6992 durklj tmb Bur`pbel Rlk`lNucturb 6999 Yr`jreh Dbcpmk. Yr`fcbhs `g heklteklklj tmb ernmeb`c`jknec `pbl-ekr husbuh eld espbnts `g evekcefkckty vbrsus mkst`rknec ennureny eld qubstk`ls`g eutmbltknkty wbrb ùtcklbd kl tmb ertkncb fy Elde Wkcoe kl 6999 (Wkcoe 6999,554-562).

Kl 6995 rekk Ernmeb`c`jknec @pbl-Ekr Husbuh wes `lb `g tmb gùldkljhbhfbrs `g B]EVN, eld kl 6996 eld kl 699= B]EVN hbbtkljs wbrb mbcd kl

rekk. Durklj tmb ybers 6997-699; rekk Ernmeb`c`jknec @pbl-Ekr Husbuh ecs`pertknkpetbd kl tmb Bur`pbel Rlk`l Nucturb Yr`jreh pràbnt CkvbEVNM.

Kl tmb sprklj `g 699=, egtbr tmb kltbrletk`lec gklelnkec nrksks eld tmbkhpcbhbltetk`l `g mersm eustbrkty hbesurbs, rekk Ernmeb`c`jknec @pbl-EkrHusbuh fbnehb pert `g Letk`lec Mkst`ry Husbuh `g Cetvke. `dey rekk

Ernmeb`c`jknec @pbl-Ekr Husbuh n`vbrs e 5,67: me erbe eld tmbrb erb twèrnmeb`c`jknec h`luhblts wktmkl kts tbrrkt`ry1 e g`rtkgkbd Kr`l Ejb Cetjecckel

Gkjurb 41 Z``dbl rbpcknes `g ertbgents gùld kl tmb ceob sbcbhblt durklj B]EVN hbbtklj kl

rekk kl 699= hedb fy Vkmerds Wkdzknoks (Ym`t`1 Eutm`r )


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ksceld sbttcbhblt eld hbdkbvec nestcb rukls, eld kt ks `lb `g tmb h`st p`pucertùrksh c`netk`ls kl Cetvke.

Bxpbrkhbltec ernmeb`c`jy eld rb-blenthblt jrùps

M`wbvbr, sklnb tmb bld `g tmb 5;=9s e pereccbc dkrbntk`l `g bxpc`retk`l eldkltbrprbtetk`l g prbmkst`ry kl Cetvke mes bhbrjbd, wmknm klgcublnbs pufckn `pklk`l`g nbrtekl hettbrs `g prbmkst`ry, fut ecs` s`hbtkhbs sbrvbs es e sùrnb `g kdbesg`r nbrtekl `tmbr snkbltkgkn klvbstkjetk`ls. Heklcy tmks dkrbntk`l ks ol`wl es tmbmkst`ry rb-blenthblt rbn`lstruntk`l h`vbhblt, fut kl tmb n`ltbxt `g tmks ertkncbkt mes t` fb hbltk`lbd eld elecysbd.

mb gkrst pb`pcb wm` trkbd rbnrbetklj tmb pest wbrb heklcy n`llbntbd wktm tmbg`coc`rb h`vbhblt, wmknm jrbw durklj tmb cest dbnedbs g tmb `vkbt rbjkhb. G`r c`ts`g tmb Fectkn pb`pcb kt wes e g`rh g spkrktuec rbskstelnb ejeklst t`teckterkel kdb`c`jy

fy sbernmklj kldkvkduec rùtbs `g gehkcy eld strbljtmblklj tmb kldkvkdueckty fyteoklj e c`ò et tmb pest eld cetbr ecs` rbnrbetklj hetbrkec nucturb `g nbrtekl tkhbpbrk`ds. Kl e wkdbr mkst`rknec snecb kt nel fb cklobd wktm tmb r`heltkn kdbe `g egrbb Fectkn pb`pcb `g prb-Nmrkstkel pest fbg`rb tmb tmkrtbbltm nbltury eld g`rnbgucNmrkstkelkzetk`l `g Bestbrl Fectkn pejels, wmknm bhbrjbd kl tmb lklbtbbltmnbltury durklj tmb Letk`lec eweoblklj (^hkdnmbls 5;;7, Oc`tk 6996, F`ko`6995).

Gkjurb 21 Deuhelts Oeclk eld `lb `g mks h`dbcs kl rbnrbetbd Cetjecckel cetb Kr`l Ejb

n`stuhbs et mks Elnkblt ^hktmy (^bl` r`tuoecvb 6959)


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@lb g tmb hekl gkjurbs tmet bhbrjbd durklj tmb cetb 5;=9s eld bercy 5;;9s ks tmbabwbccbr Deuhelts Oeclk, wm` mes dbdknetbd mks w`ro t` tmb rbn`lstruntk`l eld

rbpcknetk`l g elnkblt Fectkn abwbcry eld `rlehblts, fesklj kt l tmb ernmeb`c`jknecgklds. Mb mes w`robd nc`sbcy wktm spbnkecksts et Nsks t`wl husbuh. Mks w`ro mesfbbl suhherksbd kl sbvbrec ertkncbs eld f`òs (Oeclk5;;2, 6959).

^bvbrec `rjelksetk`ls eld kldkvkduecs durklj 5;;9s bhbrjbd kl tmb gkbcd `gentkvktkbs `g rbnrbetklj-rb-blentklj-skhucetklj tmb pest. @lb `g tmbh wes e hecbg`coc`rb jrùp Wkcok _Z`cvbsX klvbstkjetklj elnkblt Cetvkel wergerb tmrùjmdkggbrblt nblturkbs eld fbklj `lb `g tmb gkrst t` pbrg`rh kl tmb rbpckne n`stuhbs`g cetb Kr`l Ejb/Bercy Hbdkbvec pbrk`d. ^bvbrec `tmbr tredktk`lec g`coc`rbjrùps g`cc`wbd tmbh stbp fy stbp, nmeljklj tmbkr ùtgkt gr`h btml`jrepmkn tèrnmeb`c`jknec (Jr`dk, ôeldklkbok, Cekve, bt nbtbre).

Ecs` durklj bercy 5;;9s e hkcktery rb-blenthblt `rjelksetk`l bhbrjbd, neccbdCetvkel Ncuf `g Hkcktery Mkst`ry _Cetvkaes Oere vsturbsocufsX, wmknm ulktbdentkvksts kltbrbstbd kl wkdb reljb `g mkst`rknec tkhb pbrk`ds, klncudklj f`tm bercyhbdkbvec, es wbcc es Lep`cb`lkn eld ZZK eld ZZ6 rb-blent`rs. mb Ncufbxkstbd ultkc 5;;:, wmbl kt wes fellbd fy stetb egtbr tmb nmerjbs `g p`ssbssklj tmbbxpc`skvbs fy s`hb `g kts hbhfbrs (Jecz`ls 5;;:). ^`hb `g kts g`rhbr hbhfbrsdurklj tmb bld `g 5;;9s g`rhbd sbvbrec `tmbr sheccbr ncufs eld jrùps sunm esCkv`lkbk eld `tmbrs.

@lb `g tmb h`st pr`hksklj rbpckne heoklj pràbnts d`lb fy l`l-snkbltksts ks ew``dbl nestcb fukct uldbr tmb supbr

Reeves Flores & Paardekooper 2014 - Experiments Past - eBook

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