REC 3010HUMAN MOVEMENT

THE STRUCTURE OF MUSCLE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE/FASCICLES

AGONIST AND ANTAGONIST MUSCLES

Upper Trapezius

Middle Trapezius

Serratus Anterior

Lower Trapezius

Levator Scapulae

Rhomboid Minor

Rhomboid Major

Agonist-Antagonist Muscles

The Upper Trapezius and the Lower Trapezius have an Agonist-Antagonist relationship

Supraspinatus

Infraspinatus

Teres Minor

Glenohumeral joint

Greater Tubercle

Lesser Tubercle

Subscapularis

Agonist-Antagonist Muscles

The Subscapularis and the Supraspinatus/Infraspinatus/Teres Minor have a Agonist Antagonist relationship

External Abdominal Oblique

Internal Abdominal Oblique

Pectoralis Major

Rectus Abdominal

Transverse Abdominis

Tendinous Transcriptions

Longissimus

Spinalis

Iliocostalis

The muscles of the Abdominals are opposite the Lower Back

The Transverse Abdominals are opposite each other

Biceps Femorus

Vastus Lateralis

Vastus Medialis

Vastus Intermedialis

Vastus Lateralis

Semimembranosus

Semitendonosus

There are some interesting Agonist Antagonist relations between the Hip Extensors and the Hip Flexors

AGONIST/ANTAGONIST STRENGTH RATIOS

ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS (SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY)

ACTIN & MYOSIN FILAMENTS

SARCOMERE DIAGRAM

MYOSIN CROSS BRIDGE IN ACTION

MUSCLE CONTRACTION/RELAXATION

NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

PRODUCING A MUSCLE ACTION

ISOTONIC CONTRACTION*CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION

-muscle acts as moving force-muscle shortens creating tension-motion is created

*ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION-muscle acts as a resistive force-external force exceeds contractive force-muscle lengthens & motion is slowed

ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION - -muscle tension is created with no movement

-resistance comes from opposing muscle, gravity or an immoveable object

-motion is prevented by equal opposing forces

• There are three lever classes.

• The body operates primarily as a series of third-class levers, with only a few first- and second-class levers.– Force (F) acts

between the axis (X) and the resistance (R)

WHICH MUSCLES ACT AS 1ST & 2ND?

1ST CLASS LEVER 2ND CLASS LEVER 3RD CLASS LEVER

LEVERS OF THE BODY

1ST CLASS LEVER

2ND CLASS LEVER

THE BALL OF FOOT ACTS AS FULCRUM OR AXIS OF ROTATION

THE FOOT ACTS AS THE RESISTANCE ARM

WHEN THE CALF CONTRACTS IT PROVIDES THE EFFORT FORCE

THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY PROVIDES THE REISISTANCE LOAD

7 Principles of BiomechanicsPrinciple #1: StabilityThe lower the center of mass

the larger the base of supportthe closer the center of mass to the base of support& the greater the mass

The more stability increasesExample: Sumo Wrestler

Principle #2: Maximum EffortThe production of maximum force requires the use of all possible joint movements that contribute to the tasks objectiveExample: Bench Press or Golf

Principle #3: Maximum VelocityThe production of maximum velocity requires the use of joints in order from largest to smallestExample: Slap Shot or Golf Drive

Principle #4: Linear MotionThe greater the applied impulse the greater the increase in velocityExample: Slam Dunking in Basketball

Principle #5: Linear MotionMovement usually occurs in the direction opposite of the applied forceExample: High Jumper, Runners & Cyclists

Principle #6: Angular MotionAngular motion is produced by the application of a force acting at some distance from the axis, that is, by torque

The production of Angular MotionExample: Baseball Pitcher

Principle #7: Angular MomentumAngular Momentum is constant when an athlete or object is free in the air. Once an athlete is airborne, he or she will travel with a constant angular momentum.Example: Divers

Anatomical, Directional, and Regional Terms

Movement of the Skeleton• There are three main types of joints:

– Fibrous joints– Cartilaginous joints– Synovial joints

• Synovial joint movement occurs within the three planes of motion: sagittal, frontal, and transverse.– Movement occurs along the joint’s axis of rotation, where

the plane of movement is generally perpendicular to the axis.

– Uniplanar joints (hinge joints) allow movement in only one plane.

– Biplanar joints allow movement in two planes that are perpendicular to each other.

– Multiplanar joints allow movement in all three planes.

Movement in the Sagittal Plane The sagittal plane runs anterior-posterior, dividing the body into left and

right sections. Movements that involve rotation about a mediolateral axis occur in the

sagittal plane. Examples include:– Flexion– Extension– Dorsiflexion– Plantarflexion

Movement in the Frontal Plane • The frontal plane runs laterally, dividing the body into anterior and posterior

sections.• Movements that involve rotation about an anteroposterior axis occur in the frontal

plane. Examples include:– Abduction– Adduction– Elevation– Depression– Inversion– Eversion

Movement in the Transverse Plane The transverse plane runs horizontally, dividing the body into superior and inferior

sections. Movements that involve rotation about a longitudinal axis occur in the transverse

plane. Examples include:– Rotation– Pronation– Supination– Horizontal flexion– Horizontal extension

Movement of Synovial Joints

Angular Movements*Flexion

*Extension

*Abduction

*Adduction

Circular Movements

*Circumduction

*Rotation

Movements Special to the Shoulder*Protraction

*Retraction

*Elevation

*Depression

Movements Special to the Ankle

*Inversion

*Eversion

*Dorsiflexion

*Planterflexion

Anatomical Position