How To Write & Publish a Scientific Paper – A General Guide.
Reading a Scientific Paper a... · How to Read a Scientific Paper. What is a scientific paper? •...
Transcript of Reading a Scientific Paper a... · How to Read a Scientific Paper. What is a scientific paper? •...
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How to Read a Scientific Paper
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What is a scientific paper?
• Original research
• Review and synthesis
• Peer-reviewed
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How are scientific papers published?
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Step 1: Scientist(s) conducts research• Short- or long-term
• Often funded by research grants
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Step 1: Scientist(s) conducts research• Short- or long-term
• Often funded by research grants
Step 2: Scientist(s) writes paper• Project may be divided into multiple papers
• Carefully follows formatting instructions
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Step 3: Scientist(s) submits paper• Carefully follows submission instructions
• May recommend (or exclude) reviewers
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Step 3: Scientist(s) submits paper• Carefully follows submission instructions
• May recommend (or exclude) reviewers
Step 4: Editor sends paper out for review• Reviewers anonymous—usually
• Reviewers comment and indicate whetherpaper should be accepted—reviewers not paidbut reviews take hours to write
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Step 5: Editor decision• If rejected, may be with or w/o prejudice
• If accepted, revisions will be necessary
If rejected….• Scientist(s) decides where to try next (re-do)
• Must rewrite/reformat for new journal
• Can be a huge job!
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If accepted, scientist(s) makes revisions• Quality of reviewer comments varies widely
• Manuscript usually ends up improved
• Must write out responses to reviewer comments
• Resubmits manuscript with itemized responses
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If accepted, scientist(s) makes revisions• Quality of reviewer comments varies widely
• Manuscript usually ends up improved
• Must write out responses to reviewer comments
• Resubmits manuscript with itemized responses
Editor has several options• If major revisions requested, manuscript maybe sent back to reviewers
• Alternatively, editor can just accept/reject
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Once manuscript fully accepted, it isformatted by journal company• Formatted version sent to scientist(s); mustreview/return within 2-3 days
Editor decides volume for article• Usually months (years) from printing
• Article available online before print version(may not have volume/page numbers)
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Important notes on scientific papers• Initial submission to publication may take
years (or just a few months)
• Scientist(s) may not be allowed to share PDFversions online (rights with permission)
• Scientist(s) does not get paid to write article
• Scientists(s) pay 100s/1000s USD to publish;open access articles are most expensive
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So… why write papers?• Faculty required to do research
• Most research requires grants
• Research must be published to renew funding
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Parts of a Scientific Paper
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Author names and institutions• Knowing author(s) may reveal viewpoint(s)
• Science is sometimes super contentious
• Order of author names matters
• Author of correspondence
• Email address
• May list current and former “address”
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Also to note…• Dates of submission, acceptance, publication
• Journal volume, number, and page numbers
• DOI and online “numbering”
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Article Title• Informative.... but short
• Organism, purpose—sometimes findings
• Often dry—usually only established peopledare to be “clever”
• Scientific names and genes italicized
• First words and proper nouns capitalized
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Introduction section• Background on organism, study site,
history, previous research, etc.
• Often easiest part of paper to understand
• Does not reveal too much about researchon which the paper focuses
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Methods section• Details to allow replication; may cite prior
papers rather than repeating info
• Includes computer programs used, mathcalculations and formulae, etc.
• Often boring / difficult to read
• Often reveals flaws in research design
• Methods may be useful to other researchers
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Results section• Data are reported—little interpretation
• Often includes figures and tables; may bemost important part of paper!
• Data not only reported in figures and tables;must be summarized in text
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Discussion section• Results interpreted; may cite other work
• May include recommendations for future work
• May acknowledge flaws with research design
• Readers may identify flaws (may not doubt dataper se but disagree with interpretation)
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Acknowledgements section• Gives credit to people who contributed but not
enough to be author (e.g., labor, analysis...)
• Indicates funding sources
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Literature Cited section• Formatted in specific ways—varies by journal;
editors and typesetters are picky!
• Lit Cited often provides readers with sources
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Ecology
Journal of Phycology
PNAS
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How to Read Papers• Scientific papers are not novels; don’t read in
order and expect to be surprised!
• Generally, read abstract first and inspectfigures; then skim other sections. Finally,read everything thoroughly in order
• Make notes, look up terms, etc.