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Rare Isotopes (Enriched Isotopes for Astroparticle Physics) Ezio Previtali INFN and University of...
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Transcript of Rare Isotopes (Enriched Isotopes for Astroparticle Physics) Ezio Previtali INFN and University of...
Rare Isotopes(Enriched Isotopes for Astroparticle Physics)
Ezio PrevitaliINFN and University of Milano Bicocca
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Isotope Natural Abbund
Q(ββ) <η>* Enrich. Actual
Enrich. Other
48Ca 0.2% 4271 0.54 ICR
76Ge 7.4% 2039 0.73 UltraCent. ICR
82Se 8.7% 2995 1.70 UltraCent. ICR
100Mo 9.6% 3034 5.0 UltraCent. ICR
116Cd 7.5% 2802 1.30 UltraCent. ? ICR
130Te 34.0% 2533 4.26 UltraCent.
136Xe 9.0% 2479 0.28 UltraCent.
150Nd 5.6% 3367 57.0 AVLIS, ICR
Rare Isotopes Candidates Rare Isotopes Candidates Double Beta decay experiments
Dark Matter experiments
Ar element depleted in 39Ar isotope (under test)Odd nuclei for spin dependent measurements (?)
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
*F.T. Avignone II et al., New Journal of Physics 7 (2005) 6
Actual situation for DBD experimentsActual situation for DBD experimentsIsotope Production
MassNatural Abund.
Production Enrich.
Production Method
Production Site
Purificatin Chemical Form
Physical Form
Actual Mass
Actual Enrich.
Customers Actual Exper.
Future Exper.
238U Contam.
232Th Contam.
130Te 1 kg 34 % 94 % Ultra Centrifuge
Kurchatov Recristal. China
TeO2 Crystals 800 g TeO2
73 % INFN Milano
CUORICINO
CUORE <10-11 g/g <10-11 g/g
128Te 1 kg 32 % 95 % Ultra Centrifuge
Kurchatov Recristal. China
TeO2 Crystals 800 g TeO2
82 % INFN Milano
CUORICINO
CUORE <10-11 g/g <10-11 g/g
136Xe 10 kg 9 % 64 % Ultra Centrifuge
Oak Ridge Xe Gas 10 kg Xe 64 % INFN Milano
DAMA
100Mo 9.6 % Ultra Centrifuge
Russia ITEP Mo Metal 2.479 kg 100Mo
95 % NEMO SNEMO <15 mBq/kg
<0.5 mBq/kg
100Mo 9.6 % Ultra Centrifuge
Russia INEEL Mo Composite 4.434 kg 100Mo
99 % NEMO SNEMO <15 mBq/kg
<0.3 mBq/kg
82Se 1 kg 8.7 % 97 % Ultra Centrifuge
Russia Se Composite 932 g 82Se 97 % NEMO SNEMO <25 mBq/kg
<4.0 mBq/kg
130Te 34 % 89 % Ultra Centrifuge
Kurchatov Kurchatov TeO2 Composite 454 g 130Te 89 % Kurchatov NEMO SNEMO <20 mBq/kg
<4.0 mBq/kg
116Cd 7.5 % 93 % Ultra Centrifuge
Distillation Cd Metal + Mylar
405 g 116Cd
93 % NEMO SNEMO <56 mBq/kg
±7 mBq/kg
150Nd 5.6 % 91 % Electro magnetic
Nd2O3 Composite 37 g 150Nd 92 %?? INR NEMO SNEMO <66 mBq/kg
<23 mBq/kg
96Zr 2.8 % 57 % Electro magnetic
Chemical ZrO2 Composite 9.4 g 96Zr ITEP + INR
NEMO SNEMO <222 mBq/kg
<27 mBq/kg
48Ca 0.2 % 73 % Electro magnetic
CaF2 Composite 7 g 48Ca NEMO SNEMO <15 mBq/kg
<6 mBq/kg
76Ge 6 kg 7.4 % 86 % Ultra Centrifuge
Kurchatov Zone Refining
Ge HPGe Diodes
6 kg Ge 86 % ITEP IGEX Gerda <10-12 g/g <10-12 g/g
76Ge 11 kg 7.4 % 86 % Ultra Centrifuge
Kurchatov Ge HPGe Diodes
11 kg Ge 86 % KurchatovMPI Heid.
Heidelberg Moscow
Gerda <10-12 g/g <10-12 g/g
78Kr 99 % UltraCentrifuge
ECP Svetlana
INR RAS
136Xe 68 kg 9 % 80 % UltraCentrifuge
ECP Svetlana
Xe Gas 68 kg 80% Stanford University
EXO
129+131Xe 10 kg 80 % Ultra Centrifuge
ECP Svetlana
Xe Gas Inst Cosm S. Tokyo
82Se 2 kg 8.7% 96% Ultra Centrifuge
Kurchatov INEEL 82Se IN2P3 NEMO SNEMO
76Ge 38 kg 7.4 % 86 % Ultra Centrifuge
ECP Svetlana
Ge Max PlankInst. Heid.
Gerda
DBD near futureDBD near future
New generation double beta decay experiments detector mass larger than 100 kghighly enriched in candidates
Some example:CUORE 130Te natural ~600 kgGerda III 76Ge enriched 86% ~1 tonMajorana 76Ge enriched 86% ~180 kgSuperNEMO 82Se/150Nd enriched 90% ~100 kgMOON 100Mo enriched 85% ~100 kgEXO I 136Xe enriched 65% ~200 kgEXO II 136Xe enriched 65% ~1 tonSNO++ 150Nd enriched 90% ~560 kg………
During the next years there will be a large request of enriched isotopesProduction must be clean, flexible (many different nuclei) and fastThe production mass scale change from few kg to few hundreds kg
Cost estimates for all enrichments > 100 M€ (actual prices in Russia with UC)
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
DBD medium termDBD medium term
Experiment strategies indicate possible future steps
New request of isotope production will begin when actual experiments will startExperimental mass for each experiment can, in principle, grow in the range of 1 tonPossible timescale for new experiments ~15 years
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Actual proposed experiments can explore only the inverse hierarchy for mν
To go further we need more DBD mass and less background
Same setup can measure different isotopes:CUORE , ….
Same detector can be multiplied few timesXe experiments, ….
New techniques are under developmentsScintillating Bolometers, ….
Production qualityProduction qualityVery pure isotopes are necessary
Normal enrichment production is not so cleanAfter enrichment a purification process is normally needed
sensitivitysensitivitydetector mass [kg]
measuring time [y]
detector efficiency
backgroundbackground [c/keV/y/kg]
energy resolution [keV]
isotopic abundanceisotopic abundanceatomic number
S 1 20 a.i.
AMtmeas
E bkg
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
A general rule will be:Increasing a.i. without increasing background
Production qualityProduction quality
A specific example:For MiBetaII experiment we produced 1 kg enriched Te (130Te)Enrichment level was 94% at the production site Material was delivered by the producer in form of TeO2
Background will be very critical:“old” experiments had background in the range of 0.1 counts/(keV kg y)future experiments are going to the range of 0.001 counts/(keV kg y)
Purification will be of primary importance and needs precisely evaluationstechnically and economically
TeO2 crystals was grown at SICCAS (China):Material was purified few time: it was full of SiGrowing procedure was repeated in order to purify the material
After growing processes we obtain:Crystals of TeO2 for a total mass of 800 gLevel of enrichments at 73%Background around few 10-12 g/g in U and Th (10-13 g/g in natural crystals)Cost for enriched crystal production was ~3 times larger respect to natural
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Actual production capabilityActual production capabilityUSA:
Calutron production was stopped in 2004Medium size ICR machine founded by DOE is installed at Theragenics
production is oriented to medicine applicationNew program for AVLIS founded at Livermore (very expensive)
it is unclear if this program will be completed
Russia:Few labs are able to produce isotopes with Ultracentrifuges
Only elements that have gas compounds can be producedPrices of enriched isotopes are favorable (today)
Europe and Japan:There are some enrichment facilities based on UltracentrifugesRestart of an AVLIS machine in France is not yet established (150Nd)
Actually practically only Russian labs can produce stable isotopes
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Possible future strategy (1)Possible future strategy (1)
It is possible to find an agreement with Russian producers
Advantage:- Enrichment plants exist- Actual prices per unit product are low- They have a lot of experience in UC technique
Disadvantage:- Only isotopes with UC will be produced- It is not clear at which level can be done an R&D program- Produced materials are normally dirty and need purification- What about future prices?
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
• Te-130 in form of metal:• Mass - 250 kg• Enrichment - > 99%• Purity > 99.9%• Cost – 9.9 $/g (at FCA, Krasnoyarsk condition)• Time 400 days (> 99%)
350 days (> 90%)
Cost enriched Te for CUORE 12 April 2005
New quotation was asked from USA group of CUOREOctober 2007, CUORE meeting at LNGS, F. Avignone report
New Cost - 13.0 $/g (indicative)
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Possible future strategy (1)Possible future strategy (1)
Possible future strategy (2)Possible future strategy (2)It is possible to restart some production plants in west countries
Examples:- AVLIS (SILVA) in France (CEA) is under discussion- USA plants with UC and AVLIS (not realistic)- URENCO machines (UC) in Europe (Prices probably too high)- Discussion with Theragenics for possible use of ICR machine
Advantages:- Different sources of production respect to Russian one- R&D programs will be probably much simple- It is possible the production of more isotopes (150Nd using AVLIS or ICR)
Disadvantages:- Restart decision must be taken as soon as possible- Some plants are not flexible (AVLIS in France can produce only 150Nd)- Some plants are dedicated to other productions (medical application)- In general production throughputs are not enough (a part AVLIS)- Actual production cost are 10/100 times larger then Russian
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Possible future strategy (3)Possible future strategy (3)It is possible to realize a dedicated plant in EU.
New plant must be configured for:- Flexibility: a maximum number of isotopes must be produced- Clean: a clean production and an integrated purification system are needed- Cheap: production cost must be comparable with the Russian one- Dedicated: possible R&D programs on specific isotope can be possible
Advantages:- Production can be configured as requested from the experiments- Specific isotopes production can be studied (150Nd and 48Ca)- Cleaning procedures can be made in place
Disadvantages:- Plant doesn't exist and it must be realized- It is necessary an agreement will all the involved experiments- Decision must be taken soon, time is practically over- Initial investments are not negligible
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
We proposed last year to built an enrichment facility based on an ICR machine:flexible to produce most of the interested DBD isotopes
48Ca, 76Ge, 82Se, 100Mo, 150Nd, …throughput : >100 kg/year for various isotopes realization time: 4/5 years
The facility can be realized with:Large current separator ICR machineLow current separator CalutronChemical support Clean Room, Chemical Labs,..Cryogenic support LN2 and LHe, (liquefier?)Analytical systems ICP-MS, ..General support UPS, mechanical, …
There is, actually, no real agreements to work in this direction
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Possible future strategy (3)Possible future strategy (3)
ConclusionsConclusions
Production of Rare Isotopes will be a crucial issue for future experiments
Production capability must be clearly evaluated technically and economically
Purification of enriched nuclei must be considered as a very important aspect
Analysis must be done on short and medium timescale
It is very difficult to define an agreement between different experiments
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
Actual production cost (for enrichments) is favorable, for the future …….
from: G. Yu. Grigoriev, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow
Ion Cyclotron Resonance separationIon Cyclotron Resonance separation
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
But the proposed infrastructure will be not a production facilityScientist can directly participate at source preparationProduction can be, in principle, tuned to fulfill experimental request
Production costsProduction costs
This infrastructure will be competitive with present production in Russia?
As our knowledge actual prices are (examples):76Ge ~60 €/g
82Se ~120 €/g
For these elements we evaluate a general cost between 40 and 80 €/g
Moreover it is possible to enrich also nuclei like 48Ca and 150Nd
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008
By-productsBy-products
Many enriched isotopes for various application can be producedSome of these cannot be massive produced with other techniques
Some examples:Medicine (diagnostic and therapy)
112Cd, 50Cr, 102Pd, 58Fe, 203Th, ….Industry
157Gd, 64Zn, 90Zr, 58Ni, 54Fe, 97Mo, ….Research
43Ca, 44Ca, 48Ca, 50Cr, 58Ni, 76Ge, 82Se, 100Mo, 150Nd, 168Yb, …
The main advantage of this approach isFlexibility
Aspera meeting on “R&D and Astroparticle Physics”, Lisbon 8 January 2008