ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Indico
Transcript of ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS - Indico
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ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS
TOWARDS BRIGHT FUTURE WITH INNOVATIONS
Daniel Ferenc
University of California Davis Sabbatical @ FESB, University of Split, Croatia
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A VERY EXCITING PLAYGROUND
MANY EXISTING EXPERIMENTS (FANCY NAMES)
MANY RESULTS AND DISCOVERIES
MANY COLLABORATORS AND AGENCIES
GREAT POTENTIAL –MANY NEXT-GENERATRION PROJECTS PROPOSED
PROBLEMS: DREAMS vs. REALITY
MY FOCUS ON THE KEY PROBLEM AND THE SOLUTIONS
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FUTUREASTROPARTICLE PROJECTS
WILL BECOMEA REALLY GREAT PLAYGROUND
ONLY IF WE SOLVE FUNDAMENTAL DETECTION
PROBLEMS
WE ARE ON THE RIGHT TRACK ALREADYBUT IT SEEMS THAT
WENEED TO INITIATE THE FORMATION OF
NEW COMPANIESWITH THE HELP OF ????
IT IS MANDATORY TO CONSIDER REAL MARKETSMEDICAL IMAGING
NUCLEARNONPROLIFERATION
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1. CTA, a large array of Cherenkov Telescopes for
detection of cosmic gamma rays (>> MAGIC+HESS)
2. KM3NeT, a cubic kilometer-scale neutrino telescope
in the Mediterranean
3. Ton-scale detectors for dark matter search
4. A ton-scale detector for the determination of the
fundamental nature and mass of neutrinos
5. A Megaton-scale detector for proton decay’s search,
neutrino astrophysics & investigation of neutrino
properties,supernova neutrinos
6. A large array for the detection of charged cosmic
rays (AUGER NORTH)
7. A third-generation underground gravitational
antenna
ASPERA – the MAGNIFICENT 7
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LHC
Luminosity
ASTROPARTICLE
DETECTOR =
TARGET
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2 FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS WITH
WITH
1. THE NEEDED SIZE Only remaining materials = the atmosphere, water, ice, mineral oil, LN2, LXe
2. A BAD GUY – Mr. Liouville: he makes photon detection difficult and
expensive
DETECTOR =
TARGET
(Luminosity)
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RADIATION
MEDIUM
LIGHT
• Cherenkov
• fluorescence
• scintillation
RARELY OCCURING PHENOMENA SUPER-LARGE DETECTORS
ONLY NATURAL TRANSPARENT MEDIA ARE POSSIBLE
Water, Ice, Atmosphere, Mineral Oil
PHOTON DETECTION – KEY TECHNOLOGY (AND KEY PROBLEM)
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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010for Selotape/Scotch Tape peeling off carbon layers…
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 astroparticleWillard S. Boyle and George E. Smith
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, USA "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
The (TRIPPLE) Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 = astroparticle"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic
neutrinos" Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
Riccardo Giacconi
GEORGES CHAPACK
FUNDAMENTAL, GROUNDBREAKING INSRUMENT DEVELOPMENTS AND INVENTIONSSOMETIMES BECOME RECOGNIZED
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Cherenkov angle in water ~40 degrees
Full angular coverage
Camera surrounds the detector volume
The Unbeatable Reality of Mr. Liouville
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50% - GLASS BULB
WHY (1) THE PMT COST IS HIGH
(2) THE QUANTITY IS LIMITED?
50% - DYNODE COLUMN
HAND-MADE COMPONENTSCLOSED CONFIGURATION (a PMT is partly ‘made in itself’)
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ANTARES, under-water detector
HallewellAmos Breskin – Vienna 2010
885 10” PMTs
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Fermilab Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment LBNE
300,000 m3 WATER + PMTs12,000 m2 of photon detectors per Each vessel
SK Φ500mm Vac. PMT
~15,000 PMTs
Super-K
HYPER-K, LENA…> 100,000 PMTs!
ALL PRODUCERS OF LARGE PMTs(except Hamamatsu)
VANISHED!
LARGE VOLUME RARE-EVENT EXPERIMENTS
WHO CAN PRODUCE?WHO CAN AFFORD????NEED NEW TECHNOLOGIES!
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
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MAGIC Telescope Inauguration, October 10 2003. (Photo-W. Ko)
Cherenkov angle in air < 1 degree, also well defined observational direction, and small angular spread in the EM shower
Liouville’s theorem allows significant beam area reduction
Camera can have a small area
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Geiger-mode Avalanche PhotodiodesMRS APD, MAPD, SiPM, MPPC, SSPM, SPM, DAPD, PPD …
Golovin, Sadygov, Dolgoshein...
Hamamatsu MPPCAPD –like, operated in Geiger mode;subdivided into many cells connected via limiting (quenching) resistors
•Gain: 105-107 Single-photon sensitivity•Quick recovery time•Fast•Output number of fired cells (up to 40,000/mm2)•PDE: QE x geometrical factor 40-60% (peak)•BUT: high dark current, cross talk,
non-linearity…high cost!
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
MANY PRODUCERS!
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G-APD: Where do we stand?Significant progress over the last 2‐3 years:• High PDE of 30-40% for blue-green light (CPTA/Photonique, Hamamatsu, Zecotek)• Reduction of dark count at room temperature to 300 kHz/mm2 (Hamamastu, Zecotek)• Low cross-talk <1-3% (CPTA/Photonique, MEPhI, STMicroelectronics)• Low temperature coefficient of ~0.3%/C (CPTA/Photonique)• Fast timing ~50 ps (RMS) for single photons (all)• Large dynamic range with 15 000 – 40 000 pixels/mm2 (Zecotek)• “Large area” of 3x3 mm2 (CPTA/Photonique, Hamamatsu, FBK, SensL, Zecotek,
STMicroelectronics…) reasonable arrays!• High cost/areaFuture
• PDE >50-60% @ 350-650 nm• dark count rate <100 kHz/mm2 at room temperature• optical crosstalk <1%• active area >100mm2
• high DUV sensitivity (PDE @ 128 nm ~20-40%)• G-APD arrays: 6х6, 8х8 ...• very fast position sensitive devices (MAPS operated in Geiger mode)• radiation hard G-APDs -up to 1014 ÷1015 n/cm2 (new materials: diamond?, GaAs?,
SiC?, GaN …)• Digital sensors...• Goal for cost ~1 $/mm2
24x24mm2 Zecotek arrays
Applications:Calorimetry, RICH, telescopes, PET, SciFi, Noble Liquids
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
REVIEW: Renker & Lorenz2009 JINST 4 P04004
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Fermilab Long Baseline Neutrino Experiment LBNE
300,000 m3 WATER + PMTs12,000 m2 of photon detectors per Each vessel
SK Φ500mm Vac. PMT
~15,000 PMTs
Super-K
HYPER-K, LENA…> 100,000 PMTs!
ALL PRODUCERS OF LARGE PMTs(except Hamamatsu)
VANISHED!
LARGE VOLUME RARE-EVENT EXPERIMENTS
WHO CAN PRODUCE?WHO CAN AFFORD????NEED NEW TECHNOLOGIES!
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
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NATURE (via Mr. Liouville):
Irreducibly Large Illuminated Area
In Astroparticle Experiments
Strong internal signal concentration
Vacuum + EM Forces
( photon photo-electron ‘no more Mr. Liouville*’ )
(*) for those photons
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PMTs – 1960’s Technology
Cs, K, Na, SbSources remain
inside!
~handmade
~handmade
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~1960~2000
Development of Other Vacuum Devices
Production Cost ‘07 < $500/m2
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Ferenc LIGHT06
photocathode
LARGE-AREA VACUUM PHOTON DETECTORS?
FastScintillator
G-APD
Acceleratedelectron
“LIGHT AMPLIFIER”
vacuum
air
photon
photon
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
Ferenc / Lorenz NIMA 567(2006)166
TOP VIEW
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Daniel Ferenc, Andrew Chang, Leah Johnson, Daniel Kranich, Alvin Laille and Eckart Lorenz. A New Method for Vacuum Sealing of Flat-Panel Photosensors.
NIM-A567(2006)205-208 ( see ref. by Milun et al.)
New Oxide-Free Thin-Film Indium Sealing Method
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Cr-In-Au Vacuum Seal
P ~10-10 torr
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Lead by Henry Frisch, University of Chicago
Large Area, flat, vacuum MCP-Photon detectorsThe Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) Collaboration
• funded) by DOE and NSF• 4 National Labs• 3 US small companies;
Search for economic methods for large-area MCPs
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
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Large-area Flat Gas-Photomultipliers GPM
A.B. et al, WeizmannNEW: cascaded-GEM GPMs
Main application: RICH
CsI:QE~30%@170nm
UV: CsI photocathodeGain: >106
Single-photon sensitivity100 micron resolutionOK in high B
LHC-ALICE-RICH:FIRST EVENTS Nov. 2009
1 MWPC/CsI module
ALICE-RICH
MWPC/CsI
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
STARTED AT IRB ZAGREB
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CHALLENGE: visible-light Gas Photomultipliers!Cascaded patterned hole-multipliers with K-Cs-Sb photocathodes
Gain ~105 + full photoelectron collection efficiency
Works uniquely due to efficient ion blocking
105
“flat-panel” large-area photon-imaging detectors insensitive to Bnumerous applications: RICH, large Astro experiments…
Cascaded GEM: gain limit was <100
Lyashenko 2009 JINST 4 P07005
Bialkali PC
Visiblephoton
K-Cs-Sb QE~27% @ 375nmCsI
Sealed vis-GPM
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
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ABALONE
Daniel Ferenc, Patent pending
photon
TOP-PART ARRAY
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
LIGHT AMPLIFIER
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Cr
Cr
Au
Au
In+AuIn
ABALONE
Photocathode
VACUUM SEALS = HV FEEDTHROUGHS
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ABALONE
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MASS PRODUCTION - GLASS MOLDING
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MASS PRODUCTION - GLASS MOLDING
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MASS PRODUCTION - GLASS MOLDING
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vacuum
PRODUCTION LINE - VACUUMTHE KEY = OPEN ARCHITECTURE
MASS PRODUCTION – ABALONE ASSEMBLY
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MINI- FACTORY at UC Davis
UNIQUE FACILITY
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SILICON
VACUUM
5” diameter
20 kV
45 deg Angular spread
5-inch diameter20 kV45 deg. angular spread0.25 eV initial electron
energy
0 +HV
Cr-In-Au Vacuum Seals=
Voltage Feedthroughs
ABALONE
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HV SILICON
VACUUM
HV
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HV SILICON
VACUUM
HV
ENTIRELY GROUNDED !!!
0 V
5 V
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SILICON
5” diameter
20 kV
45 deg Angular spread
5-inch diameter20 kV45 deg. angular spread0.25 eV initial electron
energy
Each photon 2 chances for detection
Floating Potential Rings=
Reflectors & NEG Pumps
MAY BE MADE OF~100% QAURTZ
(Low Radioactivity)
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LUX300 kg(100 kg)
XENON100+250 kg
(100 kg)XENON100170 kg(50 kg)
XENON1014 kg
(5.4 kg)
ZEPLIN-III12 kg (6.5kg)
40cm 20cm 30cm 40cm
43cm
1 m 2 m
3.5cm
15cm
30cm
60cm
60cm
1 m
2 m
MAX (Ar/Xe), LZS…
1.5-5 ton (1 ton)
XMASS1 ton
(100 kg)
Completed, ongoing, deployment
LZD…20 ton (10-15 ton)
XMASS20 ton
(10 ton)
Future ton- and multiton-scale
( ) – Fiducial volume
~48cm
WARP 140 kg
ArDM850 kg
CLEAN20 – 50 to
Ne/Ar
miniCLEANAr 360 kg (100 kg)Ne 310 kg (85 kg)
DEAP3.6 ton (100 kg)
WARP 2.6 kg
(1.83 kg)
LNe
40cm
30cm
60cm
40cm
30cm
60cm
&
LArLXe
AKIMOV REVIEW
XENON1 ton
MANY NOBLE-LIQ DARK MATTER DETECTORSNEED RADIO-CLEAN PMT!
Amos Breskin – Vienna 2010
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HV SILICON
VACUUM
CAN IT GET ANY SIMPLER?AND MORE ROBUST?
HV
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BACK TO A FLAT PANEL PHOTOSENSOR WITH ZERO DEAD AREA
ARRAYS OF open, moldable ABALONE “hex-hemispheres”
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GLASS INDUSTRY
STARTUP COMPANY
ABALONE PRODUCTION LINE
UHV LINE
SEAL
FINAL ASSEMBLYPRECLEANING
CLEANROOM
Experiments, nuke-monitors, medical
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FUTUREASTROPARTICLE PROJECTS
WILL BECOMEA REALLY GREAT PLAYGROUND
ONLY IF WE SOLVE FUNDAMENTAL DETECTION
PROBLEMS
WE ARE ON THE RIGHT TRACK ALREADYBUT IT SEEMS THAT
WENEED TO INITIATE THE FORMATION OF
NEW COMPANIESWITH THE HELP OF ????
IT IS MANDATORY FOR US TO CONSIDER REAL MARKETS
MEDICAL IMAGINGNUCLEARNONPROLIFERATION
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R&D STATUS
o In/Cr/Au Thin-Film Vacuum Sealing – FINISHEDo Light Amplifier Scintillator – SOME NEW
(ultrafast+efficient) MATERIALS AVAILABLE, TO BE TESTED
o G-APD Readout – OPTIMIZATION UNDER WAY in Splito Glass Molding – KNOWN TO WORK, NEEDS ACTIONo Quartz Machining – OUR R&D (with Behm Quartz)
IS FINISHED, PURCHASE REQUESTEDo OVERALL PRODUCTION LINE OPTIMIZATION –
NEEDS MORE FUNDINGo STARTUP FORMATION – AN ATTEMPT UNDER WAY
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Market-oriented view of rare and/or weak radiation phenomena
- Nuclear Nonproliferation and Homeland Security- Widely Accessible Medical Diagnostics (PET, SPECT,
gamma cameras)- Proton Decay - Neutrino Physics- Geo-neutrino Physics- Neutrino Astrophysics- Gamma-ray Astronomy
(low detection threshold + wide acceptance angle)- Ultra-high energy cosmic rays (>1019 eV)- Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (e.g. SuperNemo)- Dark Matter Search… ETC.