Rabbit Warrens

CPAT Report No 1251

Rabbit Warrens

SCHEDULING ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMME

THE CLWYD-POWYS ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST

CPAT Report No 1251

Rabbit Warrens

SCHEDULING ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMME

R Hankinson March 2014

Report for Cadw

The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust 41 Broad Street, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 7RR

tel (01938) 553670, fax (01938) 552179 © CPAT 2014

Cover photo: An aerial view under snow of Coed Swydd (PRN 2139), showing a typical group of linear pillow

mounds and possible circular trap mounds (CPAT 92-c-0513)

CPAT Report No. 1251 Rabbit Warrens: Scheduling Enhancement Programme

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CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION 2 METHODOLOGY 3 WHAT CONSTITUTES A WARREN - DEFINITIONS 4 ASSESSMENT 5 CONCLUSIONS 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

7 SOURCES

APPENDIX 1 Gazetteer of sites


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1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 This report on medieval and early post-medieval rabbit warrens falls within a further phase

of scheduling enhancement, which has been undertaken by the four regional trusts in Wales since the mid-1990s. The first phase began in 1995 when two pan-Wales projects were started, one looking at historic churches, the other on the heritage of the Welsh coast. Other pan-Wales projects followed, the results being used to increase the schedule of protected ancient monuments, to increase the coverage and quality of the then regional Sites and Monuments Records (SMR), and for more academic outputs. The situation in the spring of 2010 was summarised by Ken Murphy of the Dyfed Archaeological Trust (DAT) and Bob Silvester of the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust (CPAT) in The Archaeologist published by the Institute for Archaeologists, at which time it was estimated that over 26,000 sites, or assets as they are now known, had been visited and more than a thousand new schedulings made.

1.2 In the second quarter of 2007/8, Cadw requested a scoping study of sites and assets

recorded in the regional Historic Environment Records (the HER being the successor term to the SMR) that might still need assessment in order to complete the scheduling enhancement programme for prehistoric and Roman sites in the region, taking the study from the earliest times through to around 400 AD. Such a study was required to inform thinking on priorities for scheduling enhancement in the two years up to April 2010 which at that time was the projected date timetabled for the implementation of the proposals in the Heritage Reform White Paper.

1.3 Though the White Paper was ultimately shelved, the completion of the prehistoric and

Roman studies went ahead, and between September 2008 and March 2010 a second series of scheduling enhancement projects (SEPs) were conducted. Reports were submitted covering both themes (e.g. caves, mines and quarries, burnt mounds and Roman settlements) and geographical areas where multiple site types were in evidence (e.g. Vale of Clwyd, Elan Valley, Black Mountains etc). The submission of the final report in March 2010 effectively marked the end of the second phase.

1.4 In the summer of 2010 a scoping study was conducted by each of the Welsh trusts to

examine the range of medieval and early post-medieval (pre-1750) site types that might warrant further assessment with a view to enhancing the schedule of designated sites. Independent of this, Cadw had also assessed the types of material evidence relating to the period and developed a list of themes that might usefully be progressed. On completion of the scoping study and as an introduction to the period, a monastic and ecclesiastical project was completed during the later part of 2010/11 and subsequent projects have included such topics as Mills and Milling and Farming. The complete series of SEP reports are available as grey literature reports and some at least appear as downloadable pdfs on CPAT’s website.

1.5 This report describes the results of a thematic study of rabbit warrens in the medieval and

early post-medieval periods in east and north-east Wales, which was carried out by CPAT as an additional element of the scheduling enhancement work described above. The work comprised an initial desk-top study of relevant sources, followed by field visits to selected sites during March 2014.

2 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Work commenced with the compilation of a dataset from the regional HER, wherein were

listed all sites that had been suggested as possible warrens, pillow mounds, and other


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associated site types by previous recorders. This was followed by some desk-based assessment, which looked at various other sources including the National Monument Record of RCAHMW, via Coflein, and the small number of written works that have highlighted sites in the region. Work culminated in a series of visits to monuments which appeared to merit designation.

2.2 Past recording of warrens and their individual elements has generally been on a piecemeal

basis and has not followed a set pattern. As a result there were cases at the start of the work where a warren had been recorded under a single record number, with the elements described therein and not elsewhere, and others where the elements of the warren were recorded but there was no number for it as a whole. The decision was taken at an early stage to ensure that all warrens had an overall record which described them, and it is these that provide the main record headings in the gazetteer (Appendix 1). The gazetteer also records a number of individual assets which have not previously been recorded, to enable these to be added to the HER on completion of the project.

2.3 Visits were carried out on a selective basis, with the main purpose being to examine sites

which were thought potentially to merit designation, or where the record seemed either incomplete or in need of updating. The visits recorded the salient features of each site in order that it could be properly categorised and allowed an assessment to be made of its current condition and any current or possible future threats to its integrity.

3 WHAT CONSTITUTES A WARREN - DEFINITIONS 3.1 The idea of the rabbit warren – a defined area in which rabbits were bred and protected

from predators in times before the rabbit became a widespread feature of the British countryside – is one which can be readily grasped, but on occasion, all that we have to denote the presence of a warren is a place-name. This may include Welsh or English language elements, such as ‘cwningen’ or ‘coney’, but it is generally not possible to define the extent of the site by these means. As always, some caution needs to be displayed when considering place-name evidence, in case the name has been derived in another way, but it is generally taken that the evidence is likely to relate to a local memory of land-use which has found its way into the names of localities or dwellings. An anomalous situation can sometimes be seen with place-names such as ‘Giant’s Grave’ and ‘Soldiers Graves’, where pillow mounds have been attributed a mythical function based on their perceived appearance, clearly demonstrating a significant time gap between the termination of rabbit farming and the attribution of the name.

3.2 Rabbit farming was certainly established in Britain by the medieval period, although the use

of the produce (meat, skins etc) was initially the prerogative of the wealthy members of society. Williamson and Loveday (1989, 298) suggest that early large warrens would have generally been sited in favourable environments of coastal or inland sand, something which holds true for the warren at Borras, near Wrexham and some of the place-name locations on the Flintshire coast. It should be noted, however, that as late as 1721, it was being written that “Rabbits are very profitable Creatures for their great increase, and their being kept on dry barren sand or gravel that will maintain nothing else; which the dryer ‘tis the better for them” (Sheail 1978, 349).

3.3 Smaller early warrens were more akin to the “small enclosures of earth works and fencing,

the Conigers or Coneygarths, which documentary and field-name evidence suggest were widespread in lowland England” (Williamson and Loveday 1989, 292). These were often sited close to castles, abbeys and other high status buildings, where they could be kept under close supervision, and it has been suggested that the workings of the medieval warren


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could be attributed a higher meaning owing to the similarities between the rabbit, in need of protection from the warrener, and the follower of Christianity in need of salvation (Stocker and Stocker 1996, 267-8).

3.4 There seems to have been a general move away from rabbit production on better quality

land during the post-medieval period, in part owing to the practice being labelled as ‘wasteful and archaic’ by the agricultural improvers of the 18th century (Rackham 1986, 48). The activity continued, nevertheless, and perhaps migrated to rather more marginal agricultural land in the process.

3.5 In the post-medieval period and continuing into the 19th century, rabbit farming became a

more organised activity, and utilised a range of common features, some of which are listed below. Other features which might be present include a dwelling for the warrener, whose task was to look after the rabbits, a surrounding enclosure designed to protect the rabbits from ground-based predators, and smaller enclosures which may have been used to grow crops for fodder. The activity continued to form part of the economy in the study area up to the end of the 19th century, as evidenced by a collection of notes and calculations relating to a proposed warren near Newbridge-on-Wye dated to the mid 1890s (Powys Archives R/D/VE/2/19).

Fig. 1: The Maes Merddyn warren (PRN 130143) and its surrounding walled enclosure incorporating the warrener’s dwelling, from the south-south-east. Photo CPAT 3786-0001. The site contains pillow mounds, some of notable length, trap mounds, and drainage features that were designed to protect the rabbit population from the flooding of their burrows.

Definitions Pillow mound – A raised mound in which the rabbits were housed, normally rectangular

and with a surrounding ditch, but other shapes are known. The burrows in the mound might be created artificially at the time of its construction. The term was first applied to ‘pillow-


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shaped mounds’ in Wessex, but was later extended to encompass all artificial earthworks in which rabbits were housed. These have normally been recorded correctly by past fieldworkers, although there have been occasions where they have been misinterpreted as prehistoric funerary monuments.

Trap mound – A mound, normally circular, in which a vertically set post would have been

mounted. This was used to mount a trap, working on the tendency for buzzards and other birds of prey to perch on posts while examining the area for prey. If recorded by past fieldworkers these are often identified as pillow mounds, but their relatively small size is usually the defining factor in interpretation.

Pit or tip trap – A sunken, walled, hollow which would have been used to trap rabbits when

they had to be collected. The tip trap, sometimes called a ‘type’, is known in some areas, comprising a trap door over a hollow; this could be wedged shut until the time came for the animals to be caught. These are relatively rare in the HER records for the study area, which could either be a correct assumption, or signify a common oversight by past fieldworkers.

Vermin trap – These structures were designed to catch ground-based predators, such as weasels and stoats. They would probably have been constructed of wood, rarely stone, and are often only recognisable by the embankments meant to funnel the animal to be trapped into the trap. The embankments took the form of opposed chevrons (Williamson 2006, 56-59) and are effectively unknown in the HER records for the study area, although they have been recorded in other parts of Wales. This implies a common oversight by past fieldworkers.

Fig.2: One of the pillow mounds forming the Esgair y Ty warren at the head of the Elan Valley. Photo CPAT 3786-0027


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4 ASSESSMENT 4.1 The first consideration with this assessment is to try to understand whether we are looking

at the whole resource of rabbit farming features in the study area. Clearly, it is never possible to be completely confident that all features are known in an area of this size, and there will inevitably be evidence that remains to be recognised. The question is, to what extent is the resource known ?

4.2 It is probably true that the majority of large warrens in the study area are already recorded,

at least where there is surviving surface evidence in the form of pillow mounds and ancillary features. When there are no visible traces, we have to depend on documentary references and place-name evidence, sources which are unlikely to provide a comprehensive picture. An interesting illustration of the situation is provided by the warren (PRN 130169) at Borras, near Wrexham, which is known from a 16th-century survey and mid-19th-century place-names. This was apparently converted to farmland at the end of the reign of Henry VIII, but it can be confidently stated that despite at least five successive years of detailed watching briefs and excavations in advance of quarrying at the site, no conclusive sub-surface evidence for the warren has yet been recognised. In this, the site fits the picture of early warrens, placed on areas of sandy soils which could be easily used for burrowing without the need for artificial earthworks, and the presence of large kettle-holes would no doubt have provided some natural shelter for the rabbits. It is perhaps interesting to note that pillow mound groups are not generally coincident with ‘warren’ place-names, and the connection between the mound groups and rabbit farming is a relatively recent one.

Fig. 3: The warrener’s house (PRN 129953) at Maes Merddyn, incorporated in the boundary wall. Photo CPAT 3786-0007

4.3 Rabbit farming practices were clearly varied across the study area as a whole, and this can

be readily appreciated if we consider the nature of the evidence which survives. In an attempt better to understand the practices involved, at least where earthworks are present, it


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is perhaps convenient to group the sites into those which were more, or less, intensive. This was accomplished by using the variable number of pillow mounds to create categories. At their simplest we have single pillow mounds, progressing through pillow mound pairs to small warrens containing between three and nine pillow mounds, and culminating in large warrens with ten or more.

Fig. 4: One of the classic pillow mounds on Garth Hill, Builth Wells. Photo CPAT 3786-0034

4.4 It seems probable that the warren incorporating pillow mounds and other ancillary features was something which only appeared in large numbers in the post-medieval period; certainly, some of the known sites in the study area are no doubt less than two hundred years old. One site which may run counter to this trend is the warren on Garth Hill, near Builth Wells, which could be an early site associated with Builth castle and contains at least 13 small mounds and two pillow mounds of classic form, sited on the small hill, 1km to the east of the town. Purpose-built warrens of this type imply some form of centralised control, albeit perhaps relating to the owners of landed estates, and the availability of sufficient funds both to create and to run them.

4.5 If we start with the more complex sites, which include all or most of the likely elements of a

warren, it is then possible to examine the smaller sites to see what parts of a typical warren were used in individual cases. The following table provides an analysis of the elements of the large warrens (i.e. containing at least ten pillow mounds), and shows that a fairly comprehensive range of features and ancillary structures can be found at many of the larger sites.


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Table 1: Analysis of the large warrens in the study area

Warren (PRN) Pillow

mounds Pit traps

Trap mounds

Warrener’s house

Enclosure SAM County Plan

Bwlch-llwyn Plantation (130153)

12 ? ? No ? No Rads

Carneddau Mounds (2002)

10 ? ? ? ? Rads

Cefn Cûl rabbit farm

(1504)

43 12 ? Yes Yes Brecs Yes

Coed Swydd (2139)

10 2? 2 No No Rads

Crai rabbit farm (3146)

63 4 ? Yes Yes Brecs

Cwm Ednant (1308)

59 ? 2 Yes ? Monts Yes

Cwm y Bont (2114)

30 ? ? Yes Possible Rads

Graig Fawr (2869)

12 ? 1? No Re-used hillfort ?

RD112 (part)

Rads

Maes Merddyn (130143)

17 No 2 Yes Surround-ing

Denbs

Mynydd Illtyd (585)

14 ? 1 Yes ? Re-used hillfort ?

BR043 (part)

Brecs

Pant Mawr (1186)

80+ 21 ? Yes Yes BR173 (part)

Brecs

Pen Bwlch Glasgwm

(2380)

20 ? ? Yes Probable BR242 Brecs

Soldiers Graves (1082)

15 ? ? No Probable MG250 Monts

Warren, Mynydd Epynt

(2225)

34? ? ? Yes Yes Brecs

Y Foel (1332) 52 ? 2 ? ? Monts Yes Yscir Fechan

(3112) 10 ? ? ? Possible Brecs

4.6 Some of the above groupings are effectively self-contained rabbit farms, such as Maes Merddyn, near Pentrefoelas (Denbighshire), and Pen Bwlch Glascwm, near Talybont-on-Usk (Breconshire), but others form loose arrays of features in moorland settings, such as the warren on Mynydd Epynt (Breconshire) and that on Coed Swydd, near Llandegley (Radnorshire). The large group of pillow mounds at Cwm Ednant, Glantwymyn (Montgomeryshire) is reproduced in plan on Fig. 5 and lies on ground that is now enclosed, but may once have been common.


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Fig. 5: The Cwm Ednant pillow mound group in west Montgomeryshire (copyright CPAT) 4.6 At least three of the large Breconshire warrens, Crai, Cefn Cûl and Pant Mawr, are thought

on fairly strong evidence to date to the mid-19th century (Leighton 2012, 57). The centres of rabbit production which appeared in the 19th century were perhaps encouraged by the rather more industrial nature of the activity. The town of Hay-on-Wye, for example, apparently had a small number of factories which processed the rabbits and provided skins to the garment trade, and no doubt this ready market would have encouraged landowners and entrepreneurs to set up businesses in the district. Although probably altered on becoming derelict in the 20th century, No 23 Bear Street, thought to be of 19th-century date, is potentially the only remaining factory in the town. The price of land in the period is not known by the writer, but it can be speculated that cheap marginal land in Breconshire, Montgomeryshire and Radnorshire might have provided opportunities for the development of commercial rabbit farming that were not available elsewhere.

4.7 The geographical distribution of rabbit farming is also potentially significant and the

following table (Table 2) has been compiled to provide a better overview for the study area. The old counties of the study area were used as a simple means to provide an understanding of the geographical spread of sites.


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Table 2: The numbers of warrens and pillow mounds in the former counties of the study area

Old shire county

Confirmed warrens

Large warrens

Warren place-names

Single pillow mounds

Pillow mound pairs

SAMs

Brecon 12 7 1 0 2 3 Denbigh 3 1 1 0 0 1 Flint 2 0 4 0 0 0 Merioneth 1 0 0 0 0 0 Montgomery 5 3 1 2 2 1 Radnor 19 5 0 15 2 2

4.8 The first thing made clear by the table is that there is a marked concentration of sites in the

southern part of the study area, specifically the old counties of Breconshire and Radnorshire, which were clearly areas where rabbit farming formed a significant part of the local economy. However, what the table does not explain is when this activity was taking place, and it is known that some of the larger warrens in Breconshire, for example, were only active in the 19th century. There are records for some of the Radnorshire sites dating from the mid to late-18th century (Silvester, 2004, 63-4), but documentary evidence for this later activity is sparse, so only rarely is it possible to be certain when a warren was in operation, and it is often the case that the only avenue open to the researcher is to use physical evidence that provides relative dating by examining other landscape features, such as ridge and furrow. When these possibilities are taken into account, it may be that the distribution of medieval and early post-medieval rabbit farming is more even across the study area as a whole, as the picture has been skewed by this later activity. This is a suggestion supported by the larger number of warren place-names in the old county of Flintshire, perhaps denoting the presence of earlier warrens with no surviving structural remains.

4.9 As well as the warrens, there are also sites containing one or two pillow mounds which

presumably functioned as warrens on a small scale. Examination of Table 2 shows that this activity was predominantly found in Radnorshire, with lesser levels in the other two counties which now form Powys. It may be that these smaller sites represent the activities of landowners who did not have the resources to create a purpose-built warren, but nevertheless felt that there were profits to be made in the rabbit trade; perhaps this illustrates an early form of diversification in the farming industry. In the lack of any definitive information, it has to be presumed that these smaller sites come relatively late in the history of rabbit farming in the study area.

4.10 It is interesting to note that although there are some warrens and pillow mounds which have

been designated as scheduled ancient monuments, these are often as a by-product of their siting within prehistoric enclosures. Nevertheless, some rabbit farming sites have been designated on their own merits, although rarely has an entire warren been designated, Pen Bwlch Glascwm (PRN 2380/SAM BR252) being the notable exception. These sites range from a single pillow mound (PRN 251/SAM RD116) at Cefnbychan in Radnorshire to the warren (PRN 1186/SAM BR173) at Pant Mawr in Breconshire, where some 80+ pillow mounds and associated features have been recorded in an extensive area. It should be noted that only a tiny fraction of the area covered by the Pant Mawr warren, some 5.5ha out of an overall area approaching 700ha, has been designated. This site is one which displays clusters of activity within the wider area and it is only one of these which has so far been deemed worthy of designation.


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4.11 Once the desk-top elements of the programme had been completed, a series of site visits were made to warrens or features that were thought to potentially merit designation. In some cases, the available plans for particular warrens were sufficiently detailed to render a visit superfluous. Only a sample of the total resource was visited, for various reasons, and information from those visited is presented as part of the gazetteer of sites in the study area (Appendix 1).

The Brecon Beacons Warrens 4.12 Standing apart from the general run of pillow mound warrens in eastern Wales are three

large warrens in the south-western Brecon Beacons known as the Crai, Cefn Cûl and Pant Mawr warrens. Such is their scale and complexity that they should probably be recognised as industrial warrens, though Leighton (2012, 59) has preferred the alternative term ‘commercial’.

4.13 The three seem to have been recognised or at least properly considered by the late Jack Spurgeon when he was working on medieval and later remains for a Royal Commission inventory for neighbouring Glamorgan. At Cefn Cûl Spurgeon recognised over 100 mounds together with two pit traps and a house platform, and also commented on atypical, even unique, features of the designs of some of the mounds (Spurgeon 1967, RCAHMW 1982, 314). However, a more careful analysis by Leighton (2012, 59) has demonstrated that Spurgeon was conflating the mounds from two different warrens (see below) and that there are at least 43 mounds and 12 pits at Cefn Cûl, although only 9 of the latter are depicted on the accompanying plan (See Fig. 6).

Fig. 6: The Cefn Cûl warren, one of the complex sites in the south-western Brecon Beacons displaying a range of features and structures. (Image courtesy of RCAHMW)


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4.14 Spurgeon followed up in 1969 with a brief report on the Pant Mawr warren which was said to have at least 80 mounds (upgraded to 90 in a subsequent statement in 1982), several of chevron-shaped design, spread over an area of 1714 acres (694 ha), together with pits of various sorts and what he termed walled ‘fields’. The chevron-shaped mounds could signify the presence of vermin traps at this site. Leighton (2012, 59) mentioned that the elements of the warren lay within an enclosing wall, but the mound total remained at 80+. At the time of the report, Spurgeon remarked that he had visited only twenty of the mounds. He was also able to cite oral evidence for the use of the warren in the first half of the 19th century (Spurgeon 1969, 34-5; RCAHMW 1982, 314).

4.15 The Crai warren did not escape Spurgeon’s attention, but as can be inferred from

Leighton’s narrative, he grouped the Crai and Cefn Cûl warrens together (Spurgeon 1967, 20, Leighton 2012, 59). Leighton identifies about 63 mounds, many on enclosed ground, but others may have been lost beneath the Crai reservoir.

4.16 The most recent commentary on the Beacons warrens is by David Leighton (2012, 57-60) where he argues that their floruit was probably between 1827 and 1860, and also provides a valuable insight into the commercial instincts of the banker who owned this part of the Beacons in the first half of the 19th century.

4.17 Cefn Cûl is the only one of the three to have a detailed layout plan (Leighton 2012, 58, reproduced above), showing the pillow mounds, enclosures and pit traps within the boundary of the warren and thereby allowing a good understanding of the warren and its design. Neither Crai nor Pant Mawr have to the best of our knowledge been accorded the same treatment. This is not an issue that can be resolved here but is something that desperately needs to be addressed both for an academic understanding of these industrial concerns and also for appreciating what is and what should be protected by designation or regulation. It is for instance not at all satisfactory that the mound total at Pant Mawr is recorded as being ‘at least 80’, and common sense tells us that each should have its own record in the HER and the NMR. Currently the HER contains multiple entries for some of the earthworks and this needs to be rationalised to provide a coherent picture of the layout of the warren. Pant Mawr would also benefit from a structured transect survey combined with the recording of features and determination of their locations by GPS. This would assist the designation of a larger percentage of the warren than is presently the case, some 5.5ha out of an area approaching 700ha. Crai on the other hand occupies an area of at least 120ha and viewing the warren from a distance suggests that there are more earthworks than have been recorded.

5 CONCLUSIONS 5.1 The archaeology of rabbit farming forms a distinct field of study which effectively covers

the medieval and post-medieval periods. It appears to have largely come to an end, in this region, by the end of the 19th century, although there is evidence for a warren being constructed at Rhos Forlo, Cilmery (Breconshire) in the final years of the century. It concerns an activity whose detailed workings are grasped by few fieldworkers, so it is not surprising that the resource is imperfectly understood. While the concept of the pillow mound and its morphology are now widely known, the same cannot be said for features like vermin traps and trap mounds, in consequence of which the results of past fieldwork are often deficient when it comes to obtaining an understanding of the methods used at a particular warren.

5.2 Despite the above caveat, it seems likely that most of the warrens that contain deliberately

constructed earthworks for the housing of rabbits will have been recorded in the study area,


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albeit imperfectly. The same cannot be said for warrens that lay on ground which was naturally amenable to burrowing, where earthworks were not required, and this is likely to have led to an artificial bias against sites on and near the north-east Wales coast, where place-name evidence is often all that signifies a warren existed. Unfortunately, these are likely to be some of the earlier sites in the study area and the only way of rectifying the deficiency would be to undertake a detailed search of early estate records, something beyond the scope of this study.

5.3 Much of the physical evidence comes from the inland portions of the study area, where the

sites are likely to fall relatively late in the history of rabbit farming in the country as a whole. It may be that the drive towards land improvement in the 18th century led to more remote and poorer land being utilised, when the better quality land was turned over to agriculture and pastoral farming. Nevertheless, there are a small number of potentially early sites that have been recorded and some of these and examples of the better-preserved later sites merit some form of protection, particularly as their function is rarely recognised by members of the public.

5.4 It has not been possible to fully explore the nature of the warrens in the south-west of the

old county of Breconshire, where the large scale of the sites meant that there was insufficient time for the fieldwork that would have been required. It is suggested that further work on at least two of the sites, Crai and Pant Mawr, would be worthwhile and aid in the understanding of these industrial-scale warrens. Only a small portion of the latter has been designated.

5.5 In summary, the work has provided some new insights into the distribution and preservation

of warrens in the study area, although it is recognised that the existing record is unreliable in part, so any conclusions must remain tentative. Warrens fit into the wider pattern of land-use in the medieval and post-medieval periods, when they provided a useful adjunct to other methods of pastoralism.

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6.1 The writer would like to thank his colleague Bob Silvester for his help with various aspects

of the project. 7 SOURCES

References Britnell, W. J., forthcoming. Cairns, Coneys and Commoners on Llanelwedd Rocks, Radnorshire. Hankinson, R., 1995. Proposed Quarry on the Holt Estate at Borras, near Wrexham, Welshpool: CPAT Report No 124. Leighton, D., 2012. The Western Brecon Beacons: The Archaeology of Mynydd Du and Fforest Fawr, Aberystwyth: RCAHMW. Rackham, O., 1986. The History of the Countryside, London: J M Dent.


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RCAHMW, 1982. An Inventory of the Ancient Monuments in Glamorgan, Volume III: Medieval Secular Monuments, Part II: Non-defensive, Cardiff: HMSO. Sheail, J., 1972. Rabbits and their History, Newton Abbot: Country Book Club. Sheail, J., 1978. ‘Rabbits and agriculture in post-medieval England’, Journal of Historical Geography, 4, 343-355. Silvester, R. J., 1995. ‘Pillow mounds at Y Foel, Llanllugan’, Montgomeryshire Collections, 83, 75-90. Silvester, R. J., 2004. ‘The commons and the waste: use and misuse in mid-Wales’, Society, Landscape and Environment in Upland Britain, Society for Landscape Studies supplementary series 2, 53-66. Spurgeon, C. J., 1967. ‘Cefn Cul’, Archaeology in Wales 7, 20. Spurgeon, C. J., 1969. ‘Pant Mawr pillow mounds’, Archaeology in Wales 9, 34-5. Stocker, D., and Stocker, M., 1996. ‘Sacred profanity: the theology of rabbit breeding and the symbolic landscape of the warren’, World Archaeology, 28 (2), 265-272. Williamson, T., 2006. The Archaeology of Rabbit Warrens, Princes Risborough: Shire. Williamson, T., 2007. Rabbits, Warrens & Archaeology, Stroud: Tempus. Williamson, T., and Loveday, R., 1989. ‘Rabbits or Ritual? Artificial Warrens and the Neolithic Long Mound Tradition’, The Archaeological Journal, 145, 290-313.


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APPENDIX 1

Gazetteer of sites 71 Gwely Gwyddfarch Pillow Mound SJ14691296 Pillow mound, some 20m north-east/south-west by 4m wide and 0.5m high, with a shallow trough 0.2m deep in top. Whole encircled by ditch 0.2m deep. Modern disturbance in centre. (HER) 251 Cefnbychan Pillow Mound SN9606569950 Rectangular pillow mound with rounded corners, measuring about 30m north-east/south-west by 3m wide. Turf covered and surrounded by a shallow ditch, 2m wide. Scheduled as SAM RD116. (HER) 347 Giant's Grave Pillow Mound Group SO101504 Group of three possible pillow mounds, and two other mounds which are probably not significant. Possibly related to farmstead PRN 4267. (HER) Includes PRNs 6353-54, 50279-81. 585 Mynydd Illtyd pillow mounds SN98982801 A multiple site comprising 14 rectilinear pillow mounds and a circular mound (PRN 19354). They are up to 1m high by 80m long and all but the smallest are clearly ditched. Only 10 are accurately located. See also PRN 5687. They lie within the scheduled area of Twyn y Gaer hillfort (PRN 583) (HER). Includes PRNs 50411-21. 1082 Soldiers' Grave Pillow Mounds SJ02241655 Group of 15 pillow mounds, averaging 15m long by 8m wide and up to 1m high. Long axis normally at 90 degrees to the contours. Five of this group of pillow mounds were scheduled in 1998, but it seems that this is all that remains of the larger group. The modern Welsh name for the warren, ‘Beddau’r Cewri’ is a mis-spelling of the name ‘Beddau’r Cawri’ recorded on the first edition Ordnance Survey mapping, which translates as ‘Giant’s Graves’. (HER) Includes PRNs 39046-49, 39052, 39303. 1127 Giants Grave Pillow Mound Group SO2116070180 Group of three pillow mounds. Sited on a north-west to east-facing slope. Two of the three pillow mounds (PRNs 50034 and 50036) are discernable but the third (PRN 50035) is very faint. (CPAT Tir Gofal assessment 2005) 1182 Cwm Owen Pillow Mounds SO022442 Group of six pillow mounds oriented north-east/south-west along a south-west facing slope. All but one are ditched. Spurgeon in 1967 noted the excavation of at least two mounds in 1934 but it is not clear which two or what results were obtained. Includes PRNs 50041-46. (HER)


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Site visit 13/3/2014 A group of six mounds is recorded here in the HER, but the locations are poor and give the impression that there may be others in the group; this is not the case. Four mounds are depicted on the modern Ordnance Survey mapping within the fenced enclosure alongside the main road and, although it was not possible to access this area, at least one mound was visible there. It seems reasonably certain that the two excavated mounds lay within the enclosure. The two mounds that lie outside the enclosure are PRNs 50041 and 50046, which lie on a steep south-west facing slope and are described below. PRN 50041: SO 02305 44200. Pillow mound measuring 15m east-north-east/west-south-west by 6m wide and 0.4m high, with flanking ditches, 1m wide. Its lower (west-south-west) end is cut by a sheep track. PRN 50046: SO 02312 44159. Pillow mound measuring 37m north-east/south-west by 6.5m wide and 0.7m high, with flanking ditches, 1.5m wide. 1186 Pant Mawr rabbit farm SN8914 A group of at least 80 pillow mounds, lying within a walled enclosure. They average 4m wide by 1.2m high and vary from 20m to 140m long. The surrounding ditches average 1.5m wide by 0.3m deep. There is a wide range of associated features, including pit traps and enclosures. Some elements of the group are scheduled. The warren covers an area of nearly 700ha. (HER) Includes individual PRNs 2290, 5379, 23737-38, 23740-42, 33368, 33751-52, 49110-11, 50047-51, 63310-31, 63334, 63336-68, 87053-55. Probably in use between 1827 and 1860. (Leighton 2012, 57) 1308 Cwm Ednant Pillow Mounds SH862004 A group of at least 59 pillow mounds (see PRNs 15782-15799 and 37536-37576) of typical rectangular shape, with two circular mounds (see PRNs 37577 and 37578) probably acting as traps. Three associated building platforms. The group covers 46 hectares, but a large number of the mounds have been affected by recent pasture improvement. The mounds are fairly evenly distributed on both sides of the valley above Nant Ednant. No direct dating evidence, though field evidence points to the superimposition of a few of the mounds on cultivation ridges. A late 18th or 19th-century date can be suggested (Silvester, 1995, 89). 1332 Foel pillow mounds SJ01100180 Group of 52 pillow mounds recorded from 1947 aerial photographs, although many have been destroyed by subsequent quarrying. The survivors are from 12m to 20m long, 5m wide, and 0.7m to 0.9m high. Two additional circular mounds in the group have been interpreted as trap mounds, on which a post and trap would have been set, designed to capture birds of prey. Excavation of four mounds threatened by land improvement in 1990 confirmed that this was a deliberately built rabbit warren. No conclusive dating evidence was found but the relationship to an 18th/19th-century field system indicates a 19th century date. See PRN 35191. (HER) The site was the main focus of a paper by Silvester (1995). Includes PRNs 6579, 6580 and 6583. 1504 Cefn Cûl rabbit farm SN855184 An early 19th-century rabbit farm, the main wall of which encloses an area of 54 hectares containing 43 pillow mounds and 12 pit-traps, which lies across the southern part of the steep ridge of Cefn Cul, between 270m and 460m above O.D. The drystone rubble boundary wall, basal


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width 0.7m, is generally ruinous but stands in places to its original height of 1.6m. There are three walled enclosures, one each in the north-west and north-east corners and one near the centre, respectively 0.2ha, 0.8ha and 0.75 ha in area. That in the north-west contains the scanty remains of a building abutting the south-east corner and measuring overall 9.6m north/south x 4.2m wide. Includes PRNs 50086-87. (HER) There is an extensive system of drainage ditches and banks of various sizes associated with the pillow mounds and the two are not always readily distinguishable, although the pillow mounds generally have a ditch on the uphill side. They are scattered at random over the whole area but less densely over the very steep west side of the ridge. Several pillow mounds exhibit traces of stone construction under the turf, and some present a "corrugated" profile, having the appearance of several round mounds in a line. The rabbit traps are stone-built bell-shaped pits, between 1.5m and 3.0m in diameter and about 0.7m deep, although most are now deliberately destroyed to allow trapped sheep to escape. A non-standard pit-trap stands at SN 8568 1859; it is a stone-lined rectangular pit, with a raised lip on the south and east, constructed internally on two levels: the upper 2.8m east/west by 2.2m and 0.4m deep, the lower 2.0m east/west by 1.3m and 0.6m deep, making a total depth of 1.0m. The ruins of a small building are situated in a sheltered hollow at SN 8539 1836, measuring 4.4m east/west by 3.2m wide and 0.6m high overall, with a doorway at the east end of the south wall. The farmhouse and outbuildings stand immediately east of the main enclosing wall at SN 8605 1856. (HER) Probably in use between 1827 and 1860. (Leighton 2012, 57) 2002 Carneddau mounds SO0552 A group of mounds, up to 10 in number, which were reputed to be barrows at southern end of Carneddau Hill. Excavations in the first decade of the 20th century and in the 1960s showed that no doubt they were pillow mounds, but all have subsequently been destroyed by quarrying (Britnell, forthcoming). See PRNs 1609, 1610, 4101, 33864, 50095, 129731 and 129732. 2114 Cwm y Bont pillow mound group SO190570 At least 30 mounds were noted here by RCAHMW in 1913, but nine are no longer apparent. There is no common orientation but most lie normally to the contours on the south-east facing slope. Probably associated with two pairs of platforms (PRNs 5216 and 6084/6085). (HER) Includes PRNs 5207, 50137-55. 2139 Coed Swydd Pillow Mound Group SO14256487 A group of perhaps 10 pillow mounds on Coed Swydd (PRNs 50157-58, 50161-62, 50164-69). There are also three circular mounds (PRNs 50159-60, 130173), which may by trap mounds and two oval hollows (PRNs 50156 and 50163), which could be pit traps. 2143 Crinfynydd Pillow Mounds SO181604 A medieval pillow mound was recorded here in the RCAHMW archive, but was not seen by the Ordnance Survey in 1980. A group of 5 pillow mounds was roughly plotted from an aerial photograph in 2000, but these may now have been lost to pasture improvement. (HER)


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2165 Old Radnor Hill pillow mound SO25515915 Pillow mound visible on RAF AP 543/RAF/1913 F21 No 149, taken on 17/10/1962. The site had been destroyed by quarrying by 1991. (HER) 2199 Carregwiber Mound I SO08405936 Pillow mound measuring 9.5m long by 5m wide and 0.5m high. The west, north and east sides are ditched but the south end has been cut by a trackway. (HER) 2225 Warren, Mynydd Epynt SN976468 Name suggestive of a rabbit warren (poss in the form of a pillow mound group). No further detail. (HER) Situated 3600m east of Llangammarch Wells and occupying two hills bisected by a tributary of the Blaen Duhonw is a warren comprising 34 pillow mounds, ranging from 11m by 3m to 27m by 6m in size. The focus of the Warren covers a large area of the slopes on either side of a small south-east flowing tributary to the Duhonw River. On the southwest-facing slope, 14 pillow mounds were recorded during field survey in 2008. Others had been identified by mapping of aerial photographs, but these were not visible on the ground or discounted as being natural features., It is, however, likely that there were more pillow mounds within the warren. On the north-east facing slope is a single pillow mound, NPRN 242017, associated with several small enclosures, NPRN 90522 and close to settlement group NPRN 90330 to the north. It is thought that this mound, close to the warrener’s house, might have been for the breeding does. Further pillow mounds were located c. 700m southwest of the main group on a gentle southwest facing slope, NPRNs 242098 and 242101. Two other pillow mounds were found c. 450m to the south of the main group. One, NPRN 242086, was close to the farmstead at Dolau Gwynion and the other, NPRN 242125, was on the other side of the Duhonw river, so they may not be related to the main warren. The main group of pillow mounds and those to the southwest lay within an extensive enclosure NPRN 242370. It is not clear whether the boundary directly relates to the warren and the settlement NPRN 90330, or whether it is associated with the later building NPRN 242091 which lay more centrally within the enclosure. (Coflein record) Record includes PRNs 110006-110008, 110231. 2238 Rhos Forlo Rabbit Warren SN98555100 Rabbit warren constructed in 1895. No surviving remains. (HER) The warren was first depicted on the second edition Ordnance Survey map (Brecon 11.06) of 1905, and was not on the first edition map of 1889. 2380 Pen Bwlch Glasgwm Pillow Mounds SO09301640 The group of 20 pillow mounds and an associated platform house survive in good condition and were scheduled in 1998 (SAM BR242). The maximum dimensions of the mounds are 12m long by 4m wide. (HER) Includes PRNs 39312-31. 2704 Carregwiber mound II SO08245951 Pillow mound some 32m long (east/west) by 7m wide and generally 0.5m high. The upper end has apparently been ploughed. (HER)


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2869 Graig Fawr Pillow Mound Group SO13285864 A group of pillow mounds within hillfort (PRN 327: SAM RD112). A second group (PRN 2095) lies outside the fort to the north-east and there seems to be no reason to suppose that the two groups were not originally associated. There is one possible trap mound (PRN 50204). All mounds have been denuded by ploughing. Also includes PRNs 50128-34, 50206-09. 3112 Yscir Fechan Pillow Mound Group SN961373 Multiple site comprising 10 pillow mounds, centred on the given NGR. A possible further mound has been noted on RAF APs, but remains unlocated. The individual mounds have PRNs 50248-57. 3146 Crai warren SN874207 Multiple site comprising a large group of pillow mounds (centred at SN874207, but covering an area of about 120ha) with associated features such as enclosures and possible traps, all lying on top of and diagonally across the south-east slopes of a ridge. Thought to have been in use between 1827 and 1860 (Leighton 2012, 57). At least 44 pillow mounds averaging 30.5m by 6.1m (Spurgeon, C J, 1967). Many have possibly collapsed tunnels along their sides or down the centre of the mound (OS, 1976). (Information from PRN 50528, see also PRN 5971) Probably includes PRNs 23751-52, 23810-20, 23822-23, 33360-61, 50259-60. 3275 Bwlch Pillow Mound I SN92501403 One of a pair of pillow mounds, with PRN 5626. The mounds lie on a gentle east-facing slope on enclosed grazing land and are both orientated east/west. This site measures 17m by 4m and 0.4m high. A vestigial ditch is present around the uphill end. The west half of the mound has been levelled; the remaining portion is some 9m long. 4117 Esgair y Ty Pillow Mounds SN89717211 Multiple site consisting of a group of eight pillow mounds (PRNs 50323-30), situated on the end of the Esgair y Ty ridge above the Afon Elan. Site visit 12/3/2014 Group of pillow mounds forming a small warren on the interfluve between the Afon Elan and Nant y Ffald watercourses. The mounds are arrayed in three groups, the lowest near the Elan and the other two on natural terraces. Each mound already has an individual record and the following descriptions relate to these. Note that the original grid references were incorrect, so those given below should be used. PRN 50323: SN 89643 72260. Pillow mound measuring 45m north/south by 6m wide and 0.8m high. Flanking ditches on east and west sides, 1m wide and 0.3m deep. A small amount of visible burrowing. PRN 50324: SN 89676 72288. Pillow mound measuring 17m north-west/south-east by 5m wide and 0.8m high. Flanking ditches on north-east and south-west sides, up to 2m wide and 0.4m deep. PRN 50325: SN 89702 72322. Pillow mound measuring 12m west-north-west/east-south-east by 5m wide and 0.5m high. Flanking ditches, up to 2m wide and 0.3m deep.


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PRN 50326: SN 89769 72216. Pillow mound measuring 28m north-west/south-east by 5m wide and 0.6m high. Flanking ditches, up to 2m wide and 0.3m deep. Intact but on a steep slope. PRN 50327: SN 89743 72172. Pillow mound measuring 15m north-west/south-east by 5m wide and 0.7m high. Flanking ditches, up to 2m wide and 0.3m deep. Some animal erosion. PRN 50328: SN 89680 72135. Pillow mound measuring 45m east/west by 6m wide and 0.7m high. Flanking ditches, up to 2m wide and 0.5m deep on north and south, with traces of a faint ditch at the east and west ends. Good condition. PRN 50329: SN 89788 71993. Pillow mound measuring 22m east/west by 7m wide and 1.0m high. Ditch, 2m wide and 0.3m deep, on west. Some erosion on the crest of the mound at the centre and at the north end. Gap of only 2m to PRN 50330, which lies parallel. PRN 50330: SN 89796 71996. Pillow mound measuring 22m east/west by 6m wide and 1.0m high. Ditch, 2m wide and 0.3m deep, on east. Some erosion on the crest of the mound at the centre and at the north end. Gap of only 2m to PRN 50329, which is parallel. 4121 Ddwynant Pillow Mounds SN86807206 Group of three pillow mounds, each 6.5m long by 3.5m wide and 0.3m high. Hollows dug into each mound, the depressions from which are turf-covered. (HER) 4122 Glan Hirin Pillow Mound I SN86447165 Group of six mutilated pillow mounds, 8m apart. The best preserved is 7m long by 4m wide and 0.3m high. (HER) 4123 Glan Hirin Pillow Mound II SN86467157 Group of three pillow mounds, 18m and 11m apart. Similar dimensions to PRN 4122. 4249 Garth Hill warren SO05315057 Rectangular earthwork, measuring 10.5m north-west/south-east by 6m wide, surrounded by a ditch approximately 2.5m wide and 0.4m deep and located near the summit of Garth hill. The raised interior slopes to the south-east. A very similar site (now numbered PRN 130187), which slopes steeply to the east, is situated on the east-facing slope of the hill within 100m to the north-east. This is certainly not the site of a building, and it seems reasonable to suggest that it is a pillow mound. (HER) Site visit 13/3/2014 Further examination of the crest of the ridge revealed a large number of small mounds in addition to those recorded. The two already noted are pillow mounds of classic shape, but the others are either simple oval mounds or mounds of rather more amorphous shape. Only those mounds which appeared authentic were recorded and these are listed below, and it should also be realised that parts of the area are covered in bracken which may be masking other features; a detailed survey may be appropriate at some point in the future. It is possible to speculate, given the previous writings of various authorities on the subject that this may be a medieval warren, set out on the ridge so that it could be viewed in profile from the castle at Builth Wells, only 1km distant, also that the name ‘Garth Hill’ may be a memory of the term ‘coneygarth’, which was an early warren enclosure. Some of the mounds are also similar in appearance to an image in a document of the 14th century reproduced by Williamson (2006, 7).


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PRN 4245: SO0531650616. Circular mound with a dished top, approximately 7m in diameter and 0.4m high. Next to the trig point on the summit of the hill. Possibly related to the warren, or could be a beacon or cairn. PRN 4249 (pillow mound 1): SO0531050570. Classic pillow mound of rectangular shape with a raised interior measuring 15m north-east/south-west by 7m wide, surrounded by a ditch, 1-2m wide and up to 0.3m deep, on its south-west, north-west and north-east sides. PRN 130175: SO0517050202. Oval mound measuring 6m east-north-east/west-south-west by 3m wide and 0.5m high. Sited next to the modern path. A few recent burrows. PRN 130176: SO0517550221. Irregular, perhaps sub-circular, mound measuring 5m diameter and 0.5m high. On the side of the path. Possible trap mound ? PRN 130177: SO0517350228. Possible pillow mound measuring 9m north-east/south-west by 4m wide and 0.5m high. In bracken so visibility poor. PRN 130178: SO0520850275. Oval mound measuring 8m east-north-east/west-south-west by 4m wide and 0.5m high. The path crosses its west-south-west end. PRN 130179: SO0521250383. Oval mound measuring 8m north/south by 3m wide and 0.5m high. Possible flanking gully on west side. PRN 130180: SO0521450393. Possible pillow mound measuring 5m north-north-east/south-south-west by 2.5m wide and 0.4m high. PRN 130181: SO0522050394. Circular mound, 3m in diameter and 0.5m high, next to the path. Possible trap mound ? PRN 130182: SO0521850396. Possible pillow mound measuring 5m north-north-east/south-south-west by 2.5m wide and 0.7m high. Sited next to the path. PRN 130183: SO0525150493. Probable pillow mound measuring 6m north-east/south-west by 3m wide and 0.3m high. PRN 130184: SO0524750507. Two irregular mounds of unknown origin. PRN 130185: SO0527450502. Irregular mound measuring 5m east-north-east/west-south-west by 4m wide and 0.4m high. PRN 130186: SO0532650621. Probable pillow mound measuring 6m north-east/south-west by 3m wide and 0.5m high, with shallow gully on its north-west side. Near summit. PRN 130187 (formerly PRN 4929 pillow mound 2): SO0535950630. Classic pillow mound of rectangular shape with a raised interior measuring 16m west-north-west/east-south-east by 5m wide and 0.4m high. A gully borders the mound on all sides apart from the east-south-east (downslope), where it meets or has been cut by a long since redundant boundary bank. 4674 Middle Cwm y Ddalfa Mound SO139875 Two rectangular, ditched mounds with rounded corners. They measured 21m north-west/south-east by 7m wide and 21.5m north-west/south-east by 8m wide, respectively. The area was afforested when visited by the OS in 1978 and no evidence was seen of either mound. (HER)


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5626 Bwlch Pillow Mound II SN92501400 One of a pair of pillow mounds, with PRN 3275. The mounds lie on a gentle east-facing slope on enclosed grazing land and are both orientated east/west. This site measures 18m by 4m and 0.4m high. A vestigial ditch is present around the uphill end. The mound appears to be largely intact. (HER) 6541 Mynydd Dwyriw pillow mound SJ00430133 Pillow mound with side ditches which do not run all around the mound. Ditch c1m wide and less than 0.2m deep. Mound 10.5m by 5m. (HER) One of a pair with PRN 6543. 6543 Mynydd Garnedd Wen pillow mound SJ00460145 Pillow mound 13m by 5m and cut by recent ditch. (HER) One of a pair with PRN 6541. 6689 Penybont Common pillow mound SO11656570 Rectangular bank, top slopes slightly to south. (HER) 8950 Castell y Blaidd Pillow Mound SO125797 On a saddle near Castell y Blaidd is a small and mutilated pillow mound, with a ditch on its north side. Noted by Kay in 1971. (HER) 13113 Fron Bank pillow mound SO17037832 Sub-rectangular pillow mound on the bank of the Warren Brook, next to the New Invention settlement (PRN 13114). (HER) Site visit 11/3/2014 The pillow mound lies on a steep north-west facing slope. The surviving section of the earthwork measures 11m north-west/south-east by 8m wide, including flanking ditches, 1m wide, on its north-east and south-west sides. The north-west end has been cut by a modern slanting track for vehicles which ascends the slope, so it is difficult to determine its original extent on the ground, although earlier aerial photographs suggest it was about 25m long. The mound is very uneven owing to modern burrowing. 17900 Bwlch-y-cefn Farm Mounds SO119606 Four mounds c.6m long by 3m wide by 0.3m high. Bracken covered. Seen c.1985? (HER) Site visit 13/3/2014 No evidence for the mounds was found in the 100m grid square identified, so the location is presumed to be incorrect. 17909 Gwernymynydd Pillow Mound SJ21206310 Pillow mound of oval shape with surrounding ditches. Well preserved. (HER)


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33906 Rhos-grug Hill Pillow Mounds SO173733 One probable pillow mound and two possible smaller ones identified on RAF aerial photograph CPE/UK/1873/6064, taken on 4 December 1946. (HER) 35900 Bryn Euryn pillow mounds SH83207983 Two pillow mounds within Bryn Euryn hillfort scheduled area. Long mounds seen by Ellis Davies, flat on the top and only a few feet high. No site visits record detail of this part of the scheduled area. The Field monument warden (1990) notes the outer enclosure is almost completely overgrown by scrub, so no description is offered. Notes minor disturbance being caused by a rabbit colony! (HER) Three mounds, rectangular and ditched all round. Two lie in the enclosure of a ring motte and bailey, and one outside. (Coflein record, from a note by C. J. Spurgeon) 43162 Aberedw Hill pillow mound I SO0900051900 One of a group of pillow mounds at the head of the Milo valley, all at 90 degrees to the contours. Broad and flat with no ditch and no stone. Dimensions 14.7m by 6.4m and 0.6m high (CPAT). An elongated earth mound, lying at right angles to the slope. The mound measured 14.25m north-north-east/south-south-west and 5.0m wide and 0.60m high. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. Coflein record) 43163 Aberedw Hill pillow mound II SO0895151957 One of a group of pillow mounds on the slopes above the valley. Mound at 90 degrees to the slope on a steep slope at the head of the cwm. Dimensions 14.9m by 6.2m and 0.8m high (CPAT). An elongated earth mound, lying at right angles to the slope. The mound measured 15m north-east/south-west and 5m wide at the south-west end, narrowing to 3m at the north-east end. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record) 43164 Aberedw Hill pillow mound III SO0887851961 One of a group of pillow mounds, all on slopes above the valley. Mound at 90 degrees to slope on moderate ground. Hint of a scraped gully around top. Dimensions 14.3m by 5.7m and 1.0m high (CPAT). An elongated earth mound, lying at right angles to the slope. The mound measured 15m north/south and 5m wide. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record) 43165 Aberedw Hill pillow mound IV SO0885552038 One of a group of pillow mounds, all on slopes above the valley. Mound at 60 degrees to slope. Dimensions 14.5m by 6.1m and 0.8m high (CPAT). An elongated earth mound, lying at right angles to the slope. The mound measured 14.25m north-east/south-west and 5.25m wide. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record)


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43166 Aberedw Hill pillow mound V SO0877552074 One of a group of pillow mounds, all on slopes above the valley. Mound at 90 degrees to slope with a hollow down both sides which is faintly visible around the lower end. Dimensions 14.8m by 6.3m and 0.7m high (CPAT). An elongated earth mound, lying at right angles to the slope. The mound measured 14m north-east/south-west and 5m wide. Recent animal burrowing was disturbing the mound. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record) 43167 Aberedw Hill pillow mound VI SO0871252141 One of a group of pillow mounds, all on slopes above the valley. Mound at 90 degrees to slope with a hollow down both sides. Much animal disturbance (badgers?). Dimensions 14.1m by 5.8m and 0.6m high (CPAT). An elongated earth mound, lying at right angles to the slope. The mound measured 14m north-north-east/south-south-west and 5m wide and 0.60m high. Recent animal burrowing was disturbing the south-south-west end of the mound and a quad bike track, part of a circuit around the rabbit warren, was clipping the north-north-east end. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record) 58225 Rabbit warren SJ2644255337 Site recorded in the former Flintshire SMR, but undescribed. (HER) 67741 Warren Bank pillow mounds SO1418870196 At least four pillow mounds, visible on aerial photographs. Three (PRNs 54005-07) are located to the east of a short steep sided stream gully and are well preserved, while the other (PRN 54008) lies to the west. The latter is the longest and the best defined. These mounds may be part of a larger area of rabbit farming as the hill is known as Warren Bank. Site visit 11/3/2014 Most of the mounds seem to be reasonably well-preserved, although the area has been subject to land improvement, which has smoothed out the profiles somewhat. The only obvious damage is to the southern end of PRN 54006, which has been lost. The average width of the mounds is 8m, which includes the flanking ditches, and the longest is 54008, which measures about 90m north-west/south-east. 72397 Bwlch Warren SO17067802 A very large warren surrounded by a well preserved anti-vermin ditch and bank. A number of very large pillow mounds lie within the area (CPAT site visit, 26/4/2000). Site visit 11/3/2014 There was no evidence for a warren at the given location, it may be that this is a general reference to the Warren Bank pillow mound group (PRN 130152), which lies about 700m to the north. 72478 Powis Castle Park, 'rabbit bank' SJ2081306266 A 'rabbit bank' documented in Powis Castle park. Location from Coflein. 78345 The Warren place-name SO2206642491 Area named "The Warren" depicted on 1st ed OS 6" map (Brecon 17SE) of 1891. (HER)


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78813 Gregynog Hall, rabbit warren SO0891197323 A substantial warren, which probably dated from the medieval period, existed in the south-east of the park until at least 1884, on a hill which still bears the name (Cadw Register of Parks and Gardens in Wales). The site has not been visited, but the farmer notes that there is no known evidence of a constructed warren and the area is now under dense woodland. (HER) Some irregularities are visible on the LIDAR coverage, but these may not be significant. No pillow mounds were observed when the site was visited in 2011 (Bob Silvester – pers comm). 81655 Yr Allt warren SO17414466 Possible warren recorded from RAF aerial photographs. (HER) 87960 Gwninger field SJ2787969260 Depicted on 1838 Northop tithe schedule as "Gwinger" - [rabbit warren]. No archaeology identified at the site location. Corn crop showed a slight green-colour discolouration, however, may not equate with anything archaeological. (Clwyd County Council 1980 - Flintshire SMR) 97346 Mount Farm pillow mound SJ2644255337 'Rabbit warren' depicted on 1963 6" OS map. No visible remains. (Clwyd County Council 1979 - Flintshire SMR) 98615 Gwninger Fawr SJ2246266841 Field named 'Gwyninger Fawr Fechan' on 1839 Tithe Schedule. Name is suggestive of a rabbit warren, but nothing visible remains. (Clwyd County Council 1979 - Flintshire SMR) 101542 Park and Parkiau field names SJ357515 Four fields in Bieston township were called ‘Parke y Conynge’ in Norden’s survey of 1620, signifying this was the site of a rabbit warren. An earlier survey of 1545-6 states that it was a coney warren for Holt Castle. (HER) This area is now built over and forms part of the north-eastern suburbs of Wrexham. 110749 Moelfryn, pillow mound SN9396772014 Pillow mound noted on early Ordnance Survey mapping during Glastir private woodland project. 130094 Lord Kirkwall's Warren, Bodfari SJ1010871249 Warren recorded in Fenton's Tours in Wales (p.140) in 1808. ‘Warren House’ adjacent may well be related. The presence of a warren place-name here is noted in Coflein. 130140 Nant Ceiliog, Pillow mounds SN81761390 On a north-west facing slope above Nant Ceiliog at 315m ASL lies a group of linear mounds (NPRN 412841). The location is enclosed moorland to the immediate south-west of the industrial complex of Cribarth. There are five, possibly six, mounds arranged in linear fashion down the moderately-steep slope over a distance of some 100m. They are turf-covered with a soft, peaty surface overlying an earth and stone core (probing). All are prominently ditched and some are enclosed by stone walling, now tumbled. The mounds bear close resemblance to so-called pillow mounds of medieval to nineteenth-century date, used for the farming of rabbits, which have been


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recorded elsewhere in these uplands. The enclosed examples, however, are unusual. No obvious date attaches to the mounds. Large warrens were briefly established in these hills in the mid-nineteenth century where rabbits were farmed at high altitude on an industrial scale. Given the proximity of the Nant Ceiliog mounds to the important industrial area of Cribarth it is possible that rabbit farming was practised as a by-employment associated with nearby mineral extraction. (Coflein record) Site visit 12/3/2014 A group of four well-defined, sub-rectangular pillow mounds with surrounding ditches on all four sides. Each mound measures 10m north-west/south-east by 3m wide and has a maximum height of 0.6m. They are arranged in a north-west/south-east line, with gaps between mounds of 8-10m. The mounds are all surrounded by 1m wide ditches. PRN 129937: SN8172413943. The north-west pillow mound of the group has a low wall outside the ditch on its north-east and a rubble bank on its south-east and south-west sides. PRN 129938: SN8173913926. The mound lies to the south-east of PRN 129937 and has a low bank on its north-east side. PRN 129939: SN8175313907. The mound lies to the south-east of PRN 129938 and has a low rubble bank on its north-east, south-east and south-west sides. PRN 129940: SN8176613890. The south-eastern pillow mound of the group is at the bottom end of a ditch which runs upslope to the south-east, where it is flanked on the north-east by a bank. PRN 129941: SN8180613848. The bank mentioned in PRN 129940 is presumably the 5th ‘pillow mound’ recorded by RCAHMW, which is about 45m long and has a ditch on its south-west side. PRN 130188: SN8186213853. One of two further linear mounds, this was about 48m long north-west/south-east by 3m wide and up to 0.8m high, with a flanking ditch on its south-west side, and ran between SN8186213853 and SN8183813891. PRN 130189: SN8187413865. One of two further linear mounds, this was about 15m long and ran north-north-west/south-south-east between SN8187413865 and SN8187013878. It was 3m wide and 0.6m high, with a 1m wide ditch on its west-south-west side. 130141 Llanwrtyd Wells, possible pillow mounds SN876469 Record from Coflein NPRN 401494, no description. 130142 Llanfihangel Nant Bran, possible pillow mounds to south-east SN964332 Record from Coflein NPRN 401497, no description. 130143 Maes Merddyn warren SH87235423 A large enclosed field with very substantial dry and part mortared walls standing 2-4m high in places. There are no hog holes or gaps in the wall, although there are small wooden framed doorways for access at both the north and south ends. All around the enclosure at regular intervals are iron grids fixed on small drain outlets. Pillow mounds run though the area forming a system of warrens, on average 1.2m high at centre and 3-4m wide. To the north west of the enclosed area are building remains not shown on either the current Ordnance Survey mapping or their 1st Edition mapping. The building is stone built, well coursed, has the remains of a fireplace and has stone window sills. The building is 6m long by 3m wide, has mortared walls up to 0.75m thick with very big quoin stones, and is keyed into the enclosure wall. There are remains of a chimney, two


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south-facing windows, a door to the east and attachment holes for the door frame. The inside of the building is also covered in slates from the collapsed roof. (Coflein record) The enclosure was apparently not depicted on the 1846 Tir yr Abad tithe map, but the adjacent fields were in the ownership of the Voelas estate, suggesting that they were responsible for its construction (information from D. Leighton, RCAHMW). Site visit 03/03/2014 The warren is enclosed by an effectively intact stone wall with edge set capping stones which measures about 225m on each side, describing a near-square parallelogram aligned just off north/south and east/west. The wall is generally just over 2m high, except on the north side, where it is up to 4m high, internally. At this point the warrener’s dwelling (PRN 129953: SH8714454337) is built into an excavated hollow and attached to the internal face of the wall, about 50m from the north-west corner. The dwelling would have had a slate roof and measures about 6m long (east/west) by 3m wide, with its entrance on the east, a fireplace on the west and two windows in its south wall. There are entrances through the wall which defines the warren on the north side, 55m from the north-east corner, and on the south side, 50m from the south-west corner. The only other gaps in the boundary wall are small square tunnels in the base of the wall, which were constructed for drainage; these would all have been guarded by iron grilles to prevent the rabbits escaping and some of these can still be seen on both the internal and external faces of the wall. The rabbits were provided with a total of seventeen pillow mounds, fourteen of which are traditional shapes, measuring up to about 25m long by 4m wide and up to 1m high, and these are arranged parallel to the boundary wall in a box-shape around the outer part of the interior. In the central area there are three exceptionally long mounds with flanking ditches running approximately north/south, from west to east respectively measuring 180m, 135m and 135m long. All are about 4m wide and up to 1m high, with ditches averaging nearly 1.5m wide. Two probable trap mounds are located within the north-west and south-east corners of the enclosure, measuring 4m to 5m in diameter and up to 0.8m high. The only other feature of the interior is a lattice of drainage gullies, around 1m wide, which are associated with the small tunnels described above and were no doubt designed to keep the warren dry and protect the rabbits from the possibility of their burrows flooding, something which would have a serious impact on their young. 130144 Plas-yn-Dyserth warren SJ055799 Edward Lhuyd noted "Mr. Hughes has a warren vizt. KWNINGAER Y PLAS YN DISERTH" (Coflein record). The Hughes family owned Dyserth Hall, otherwise known as Plas-yn-Dyserth, in the 17th century. The location of the warren is not known, it may possibly have been on Graig Fawr. 130145 Talacre Warren SJ110847 Name possibly means rabbit husbandry. (Coflein record) The place-name appears on the 2nd edition OS mapping, but not the first, although this may not be significant. It seems to have extended from the modern Presthaven holiday park for anything up to 2km to the east-north-east. 130146 Caer Drewyn warren SJ08774440 Thousands of loads of stone were alleged to have been removed from here and 'its area has recently been enclosed in a Rabbit-Warren', presumably after Prichard's visit in 1885. (source Arch. Camb. 1887, 157, 241-252). No pillow mounds have been noted on the ground, and there is the possibility that the rampart was adopted for this purpose. (Coflein record)


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130147 New Pieces, pillow mound, Breiddin SJ2914 Record from Coflein NPRN 24546, no description. 130148 Pillow mounds, Ffridd Rhosygarreg, South of Aberhosan SN809950 Record from Coflein NPRN 24546, no description. 130149 Waun Garno, pillow mound SN9491194959 A long linear mound, probably of earth rather than peat, and with some stone within it. It measured 11m north-north-west/south-south-east by 3m wide and up to 0.30m high. When visited during Upland Survey in 2005, vegetation cover was grass. (Coflein record) 130150 The Fron, possible pillow mounds SH9812 Record from Coflein NPRN 24542, no description. 130151 Mynydd Llwyn-gwern pillow mounds SH760049 Dispersed set of low, cigar-shaped pillow mounds surviving in between ribs of outcrop, in shadow of single wind-turbine erected by the Centre for Alternative Technology. Other relict field boundaries visible on ridge. RCAHMW APs 995042-51/2. (Coflein record) 130152 Warren Bank pillow mounds SO17097867 Five pillow mounds (NPRN 309907, 244081, 244082, 244083, 244084) on south-east facing hillside above Warren Brook, in a large enclosed area defined by boundary bank (NPRN 244078) and partially overlying earlier post-medieval cultivation ridges (NPRN 244080). Probably of 18th-century date. Recorded as part of Uplands Initiative Survey. (Coflein record) Site visit 11/3/2014 A series of features all in the same field as defined by a series of redundant boundary banks. They share it with ridge and furrow, but the relationship is not definite and it may be that the ridge and furrow represents the growing of fodder for the rabbits, rather than being an earlier form of land-use. The six features identified are as follows: PRN 129942: SO1707878747. A pillow mound measuring 20m north-west/south-east by 6m wide, including ditches 1m wide on the north-east and south-west, and 0.6m high. PRN 129943: SO1715478769. A pillow mound measuring 20m north-west/south-east by 6m wide, including ditches 1m wide on the north-east and south-west, and 0.6m high. PRN 129944: SO1713978773. A platform aligned north-west/south-east, with interior 12m by 4m, cut into the slope by about 1.2m on the north-west and at 90 degrees to the contours. Slight hint of an apron on the south-east. PRN 129945: SO1719478767. A pillow mound measuring 28m north-west/south-east by 7.5m wide, including ditches 1m wide on the north-east and south-west, and 0.6m high. It has a couple of modern burrows in its surface. PRN 129946: SO1701778657. A pillow mound measuring 18m north-west/south-east by 7m wide, including ditches 1m wide on the north-east and south-west, and 0.6m high. A redundant boundary bank passes to the south-west.


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PRN 129947: SO1701978803. A pillow mound measuring 38m north-west/south-east by 8m wide and 0.6m high, including a ditch, 1m wide, on the north-east north-west and south-west. 130153 Bwlch-llwyn Plantation pillow mounds SO11535993 Twelve pillow mounds were recorded in this rabbit warren when visited in 2011. They were mostly linear but varied in length and generally run up and down north-west facing slopes, extending over an area approximately 400m north-east/south-west by 100m. The north-west facing slope was covered in dense dead bracken at the time and other pillow mounds may be present. The area is shown planted with conifers on the Ordnance Survey County series map of the area (Radnor. XXIII.15 1889). (Coflein record) Site visit 13/3/2014 Following their recording, this area has been subject to land improvement and the bracken mentioned in the earlier record has gone. It seems that only five of the mounds have survived in any fashion and these are described below. In addition to the pillow mounds, at least one and possibly two platforms were observed on the slope to the east of Nursery Cottage, suggesting there may have been associated settlement. The name of the cottage could imply there was a memory of the warren. It is clear from the examination of an aerial view of the site prior to the improvement that there were further mounds and fairly widespread narrow ridging in this area; the latter may represent an attempt to grow fodder for the rabbits. PRN 129948: SO1154659838. Pillow mound measuring 12m west-north-west/east-south-east by 4m wide and 0.3m high. Flanking ditches, 1m wide. PRN 129949: SO1157159822. Pillow mound measuring 17m west-north-west/east-south-east by 5m wide and 0.4m high. Its upslope end has been cut by a later trackway. PRN 129950: SO1168560026. Pillow mound measuring 37m west-north-west/east-south-east by 7m wide and 0.3m high. Flanking ditches, 1m wide. PRN 129951: SO1163559964. Effectively levelled pillow mound measuring 38m east/west by 5m wide and possibly 0.1m high. PRN 129952: SO1151059846. Pillow mound measuring 25m west-north-west/east-south-east by 6m wide and 0.3m high. 130154 Fron, rabbit warren SN98766600 Earthworks of two pillow mounds sited on a south-east facing slope above Fron. Recorded during RCAHMW aerial reconnaissance on 11th March 2010. (T. Driver, RCAHMW, 15th Oct 2010). (Coflein record) 130155 Rhos-crug Hill pillow mound SO17337376 Probable small pillow mound, some 5m long by 3m wide and 0.4m high, situated near the top of a steep slope on the west side of the Lugg valley. Could be part of a group - see NPRN 401289. (Coflein record) 130156 Cwm-y-Bont pillow mound XXII SO19445728 One of an additional four mounds forming part of Cwm-y-Bont warren (PRN 2114) in the field to the north-east of the main group.


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130157 Cwm-y-Bont pillow mound XXIII SO19445733 One of an additional four mounds forming part of Cwm-y-Bont warren (PRN 2114) in the field to the north-east of the main group. 130158 Cwm-y-Bont pillow mound XXIV SO19405733 One of an additional four mounds forming part of Cwm-y-Bont warren (PRN 2114) in the field to the north-east of the main group. 130159 Cwm-y-Bont pillow mound XXV SO19455736 One of an additional four mounds forming part of Cwm-y-Bont warren (PRN 2114) in the field to the north-east of the main group. 130160 Black Mountain pillow mound SO1673477405 Well-preserved pillow mound on an east-facing slope. Measures 18m long (east/west) by 4m wide and 1m high. Evidence of a surrounding ditch. Probably 18th century in date. Recorded as part of Uplands Initiative Survey. (Coflein record) Site visit 11/3/2014 A well-preserved pillow mound sited in a natural east-facing bowl, the only damage is where a former sheep track crosses the western end. It measures 23m east/west by 7m wide and 0.8m high, the width including flanking ditches, 1m wide, on its north and south sides. The site might be associated with either of the nearby platforms at NGRs SO 16764 77385 and SO 16740 77515. 130161 Pant y Ffynnon pillow mound I SO1981177308 Pillow mound 18m long north-east/south-west by 6m, with a slight surrounding ditch. The upper (south-west) end is rounded, the lower end square. Approximately 1m high. To the south-west of, and possibly contemporary with, a long field bank (NPRN 244198). One of 2 near the head of Pant y Ffynnon, the other is NPRN 244216. Possibly late 18th century in date and resulting from the lease of Fron Farm in 1789 to a Herefordshire skinner and Worcestershire butcher [see Silvester, 'The commons and the waste' in Whyte & Winchester (eds), Society, Landscape and Environment in Upland Britain, 2004, p.64.] Recorded as part of Uplands Initiative Survey. (Coflein record) 130162 Pant y Ffynnon pillow mound II SO1974877104 Pillow mound 18m long north-east/south-west by 6m, with a slight surrounding ditch. The upper (south-west) end is rounded, the lower end square. Approximately 1m high. To the south-west of, and possibly contemporary with, a long field bank (NPRN 244198). One of 2 near the head of Pant y Ffynnon, the other is NPRN 244216). Possibly late C18 and resulting from the lease of Fron Farm in 1789 to a Herefordshire skinner and Worcestershire butcher [see Silvester, 'The commons and the waste' in Whyte & Winchester (eds), Society, Landscape and Environment in Upland Britain, 2004, p.64.] Recorded as part of Uplands Initiative Survey. (Coflein record) 130163 Lawn Farm pillow mound SO2036576932 Pillow mound at the base of a steep slope, near the boundary of the common. Approximately 15m long north-east/south-west by 5m wide and up to 0.5m high, with a shallow surrounding ditch. Adjacent, and possibly contemporary, is a long field bank (NPRN 244205). Possibly late 18th century in date and resulting from the lease of Fron Farm in 1789 to a Herefordshire skinner and Worcestershire butcher [see Silvester, 'The commons and the waste' in Whyte & Winchester (eds),


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Society, Landscape and Environment in Upland Britain, 2004, p.64.] Recorded as part of Uplands Initiative Survey. (Coflein record) 130164 Crychell Farm pillow mound and enclosure SO08047437 Pillow mound surrounded by a rectangular enclosure, approximately 260m east of Crychell Farm (NPRN 22741). The mound measures approximately 4m in diameter, and the enclosure 13m by 20m. Photographed during aerial reconnaissance by RCAHMW on 11th March 2010. (Coflein record) 130165 Cefn-Faes pillow mound SN96876923 Single pillow mound at the side of the track to Upper Cefn-faes; another possible mound to the east. (Coflein record) 130166 Esgair Dderw pillow mound I SN93897002 Small low mound with rounded corners, 5.5m north-east/south-west by 3.9m wide and 0.3m high. Reasonably flat-topped. Hint of a gully on south and west sides. (RJ Silvester, CPAT, 23/10/2002) (Coflein record) 130167 Esgair Dderw pillow mound II SN93877001 Approximately oval mound, 5.6m long by 3.9m wide and 0.3m high, situated on the north side of a saddle c. 20m south-west of a similar site. Aligned approximately north/south, with a gully, up to 1.3m wide, on its west side. (R Hankinson, CPAT, 23/10/2002) (Coflein record) 130168 The Warren SO18423743 Cropmarks of two sides of a rectangular enclosure, lying just east of The Warren house, augment less clear cropmarks to the west of a sinuous ditch or trackway and other rectangular markings in the crop. If the place-name of the house is authentic, these markings could relate to a former rabbit warren, with pillow mounds and enclosures, since ploughed away. Discovered during RCAHMW aerial reconnaissance on 7th July 2005, image refs: AP_2005_1155 to 1156. T. Driver, 19 June 2007. (Coflein record) The cropmark thought to represent a rectangular enclosure appears to follow the same route as the watercourse, depicted here on the modern OS 1:25,000 mapping but presumably abandoned and filled in. The watercourse is shown extending further to the west in a sinuous line on the mapping, so it seems that the cropmarks are of this drainage feature and are therefore not necessarily significant. 130169 Borras warren SJ35605306 Field names in this vicinity on the Borras Hovah and Borras Riffre tithe maps of 1839 and 1842, respectively, include ‘warren’ elements. It is also recorded in a 16th-century survey of the lordship of Bromfield and Yale, that there was an area here called ‘The Warren’, with a boundary of 1.5 miles, which had been converted from a rabbit warren to farmland at the end of the reign of Henry VIII. A group of uncharacterised cropmarks have been recorded under PRN 86939 at this location. Significant portions of this area have been subject to a watching brief during topsoil stripping for extensions to the Borras sand and gravel quarry in recent years, but no sub-surface evidence for an artificial warren has been observed. The group of natural kettle-holes found here may have been used as suitable areas for burrowing in lieu of pillow mounds.


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130170 Pen-blaen Milo warren SO0883451944 A rabbit warren consisting of at least 8 pillow mounds on either side of the Milo Brook. (Coflein record) This comprises PRNs 43162-67, 130171-72. 130171 Aberedw Hill pillow mound VII SO0871951963 An elongated earth mound, lying at right-angles to the slope. The mound measured 15m east-north-east/west-south-west and 5.5m wide and 0.75m high. A slight gully, no more than 0.15m deep ran round the base of the mound. Vegetation cover in January 2008 was bracken. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record) 130172 Aberedw Hill pillow mound VIII SO0874351898 An elongated earth mound, lying at right-angles to the slope. The mound measured 14.5m east-north-east/west-south-west and 6m wide and 0.75m high. A slight gully, no more than 0.15m deep ran round the base of the mound. Vegetation cover in January 2008 was bracken. Some recent animal burrowing could be seen. This is one of several pillow mounds in the area, part of rabbit warren NPRN 500123. (Coflein record) 130173 Coed Swydd mound SO1418764894 A circular mound, probably where a trap was sited, forming part of the Coed Swydd rabbit warren. Visible in the foreground on aerial photograph CPAT 92-c-0513. 130174 New Invention pillow mound SO1708078528 A small pillow mound near the base of the valley occupied by the Warren Brook. It measures 9m west-north-west/east-south-east by 6m wide, including the 1m wide flanking ditches, and is 0.6m high.

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