---·~---~~·~---·----~ ~.M ... ~·~-~-~~M.,, ____ ,,,,~ ---~~-·~··~ ··~-~ •.••.. ~~···~ '0

MARK AS IN RESPELLING

a glphabet a

a 8sia ay

a Cgrt, tQp ah

e l~t, t~n e

e ~ven, leaf ee

i it, tip, British i

i site, byy, Ohio y

iris eye

k !;;ard k

0 Qver, rainbQw oh

u book, wood ooh

0 gil, Qrchid aw

oi fQil, crun oy

au out ow

a cyp, bytt~r uh

0 ryle, food 00

yO f~w yoo

zh vi~ion zh

EXAMPLE

*AL-fuh-bet

Av-zhuh

KAHRT, TAHP

LET, TEN

EE-VUhn, LEEF

IT, TIP, BRIT-ish

SYT, BY, oh-HY-Oh

EYE-ris

KAHRD

OH-VUhr, RAYN-bOh

BOOHK, WOOHD

AWL, AWR-kid

FOYL, KOYN

OWT

KUHP, BUHT-Uhr

ROOL, FOOD

FYOO

VIZH-uhn

Phonetic Respelling and Pronunciation Guide

Many of the key terms in this textbook have been respelled to help you pronounce them. The letter combinations used in the respelling throughout the narrative are explained in the following phonetic respelling and pronunciation guide. The guide is adapted from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition; Merriam-Webster's Biographical Dictionary; and Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary.

*A syllable printed in small capital letters receives heavier emphasis than the other syllable(s) in a word.

alchemy a forerunner of chemistry (p. 35 7) alquimia precursora de la quimica (pag. 357)

animism the belief that bodies of water, ani­mals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits (p. 117) animismo creencia de que las masas de agua, los animales, los arboles y otros elementos naturales tienen espiritu (pag. 117)

aqueduct (A-kwuh-duhkt) a human-made channel that carries water from distant places (p. 26) acueducto canal hecho por el ser humano que transporta agua desde lugares alejados (pag. 26)

R56 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

archaeology (ahr-kee-AH-luh-jee) the study of the past based on materials people have left behind (p. 8) arqueologla estudio del pasado a traves de los objetos que dejaron las personas tras desaparecer (pag. 8)

artifact an object created and used by humans (p. 8) artefacto objeto creado y usado por los humanos (pag. 8)

atlas a collection of maps (p. 461) atlas colecci6n de mapas (pag. 461)

balance of trade the relationship of goods imported to goods exported (p. 459) balanza comercial relaci6n entre los bienes importados y los exportados (pag. 459)

(

barometer/barometro

barometer a scientific instrument that mea­sures air pressure (p. 363) bar6metro instrumento cientifico que mide la presion atmosferica (pag. 363)

Black Death a deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351 (p. 279) Peste Negra plaga mortal que azot6 Europa entre 1347 y 1351 (pag. 279)

bureaucracy a body of unelected government officials (p. 178) burocracia cuerpo de empleados no electos del gobierno (pag. 178)

Bushido (BOOH-shi-doh) the code of honor fol­lowed by the samurai in japan (p. 214) Bushido c6digo de honor por el que se regian los samurais en]ap6n (pag. 214)

Byzantine Empire the society that developed in the eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the western Roman Empire (p. 38) Imperio bizantino sociedad que surgi6 en el Imperio romano de oriente tras la caida del Imperio romano de occidente (pag. 38)

caliph (KAY-luhf) a title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam (p. 80) califa titulo que los musulmanes le dan al lider supremo del Islam (pag. 80)

calligraphy decorative writing (p. 98) caligrafla escritura decorativa (pag. 98)

capitalism an economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries (p. 463) capitalismo sistema econ6mico en el que los individuos y las empresas privadas controlan la mayoria de las industrias (pag. 463)

caravan a group of traders that travel together (p. 56) caravana grupo de comerciantes que viajan juntos (pag. 56)

codex/cod ice

Catholic Reformation the effort of the late 1500s and 1600s to reform the Catholic Church from within; also called the Counter-Reformation (p. 334) Reforma cat61ica iniciativa para reformar la Iglesia cat6lica desde dentro que tuvo Iugar a finales del siglo XVI y en el XVII; tambien conocida como Contrarreforma (pag. 334)

causeway a raised road across water or wet ground (p. 411) carretera elevada carretera construida sobre agua o terreno pantanoso (pag. 411)

chivalry (sHiv-uhl-ree) the code of honorable behavior for medieval knights (p. 249) caballerla c6digo de comportamiento y honor de los caballeros medievales (pag. 249)

Christian humanism the combination of humanist and religious ideas (p. 314) humanismo cristiano combinaci6n de ideas humanistas y religiosas (pag. 314)

circumnavigate to go all the way around (p. 449) circunnavegar rodear por completo (pag. 449)

citizen a person who can participate in government (p. 25) ciudadano persona que puede participar en el gobierno (pag. 25) ,

civil service service as a government official (p. 178) administraci6n publica servicio como empleado del gobierno (pag. 178)

clan an extended family (p. 200) clan familia extensa (pag. 200)

clergy church officials (p. 269) clero funcionarios de la Iglesia (pag. 269)

codex (KOH-deks) an ancient book of historical records (p. 420) c6dice libro antiguo con documentos hist6ricos (pag. 420)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R57

Columbian Exchange/intercambio colombino

Columbian Exchange the exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World and the Old World (p. 454) intercambio colombino intercambio de plan­tas, animales e ideas entre el Nuevo Mundo y el Viejo Mundo (pag. 454)

compass an instrument that uses the earth's magnetic field to indicate direction (p. 17 4) brujula instrumento que utiliza el campo magnetico de la Tierra para indicar la direc­ci6n (pag. 174)

congregation an assembly of people who belong to a church (p. 345) fieles grupo de personas que pertenecen a una iglesia (pag. 345)

conquistadors (kahn-kees-tuh-DOHRS) Spanish soldiers in the Americas who explored new lands, searched for gold and silver, and tried to spread Christianity (p. 413) conquistadores soldados espafioles en America que exploraron nuevas tierras, buscaron oro y plata e intentaron difundir el cristianismo (pag. 413)

corruption the decay of people's values (p. 34) corrupci6n decadencia de los valores de las personas (pag. 34)

cottage industry a system in which people work at home to make a product (p. 460) industria artesanal sistema en el que las personas trabajan en casa para fabricar un producto (pag. 460)

court ·a group of nobles who live near and serve or advise a ruler (p. 204) corte grupo de nobles que viven cerca de un gobemante y lo sirven o aconsejan (pag. 204)

Crusades a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia fought for control of the Holy Land from 1096 to 1291 (p. 264) cruzadas larga sucesi6n de guerras entre cristianos y musulmanes en el sudoeste de Asia para conseguir el control de la Tierra Santa; tuvieron lugar entre el afio 1096 y el afio 1291 (pag. 264)

R58 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

English Bill of Rights/Declaraci6n de Derechos inglesa

daimyo (DY-mee-oh) large landowners of feu­dal Japan (p. 212) daimyo grandes propietarios de tierras del Jap6n feudal (pag. 212)

Declaration of Independence a document writ­ten in 1776 that declared the American colonies' independence from British rule (p. 486) Declaraci6n de lndependencia documento redactado en 1776 que declar6la indepen­dencia de las colonias de Norteamerica del dominio britanico (pag. 486)

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen a document written in France in 1789 that guaranteed specific freedoms for French citizens (p. 489) Declaraci6n de los Derechos del Hombre y del Ciudadano documento redactado en Francia en 1789 que garantizaba libertades espedficas para los ciudadanos franceses (pag. 489)

Edict of Nantes (NAHNT) a decree issued in 1598 by King Henry IV that granted religious freedom in most of France (p. 343) edicto de Nantes decreta promulgado en 1598 por el rey Enrique IV que otorgaba libertad religiosa en la mayor parte de Francia (pag. 343)

English Bill of Rights a document approved in 1689 that listed rights for Parliament and the English people and drew on the prin­ciples of Magna Carta (p. 485) Declaraci6n de Derechos inglesa documento aprobado en 1689 que enumeraba los dere­chos del Parlamento y del pueblo de Ingla­terra, inspirada en los principios de la Carta Magna (pag. 485)

Enlightenment/llustracion

Enlightenment a period during the 1600s and 1700s when reason was used to guide people's thoughts about society, politics, and philosophy (p. 474) llustraci6n periodo durante los siglos XVII y XVIII en el que la raz6n guiaba la opin­i6n de las personas acerca de la sociedad, la politica y la filosofia (pag. 474)

Eurasia the large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia (p. 230) Eurasia gran masa continental que incluye a Europa y Asia (pag. 230)

excommunicate to cast out from the church (p. 261) excomulgar expulsar de la Iglesia (pag. 261)

extended family a family group that includes the father, mother, children, and close relatives (p. 116) familia extensa grupo familiar que incluye al padre, la madre, los hijos y los parientes cercanos (pag. 116)

federalism the sharing of power between local governments and a strong central govern­ment (p. 345) federalismo sistema de distribuci6n del poder entre los gobiernos locales y un gobierno central fuerte (pag. 345)

feudalism (FYoo-duh-lih-zuhm) the system of obligations that governed the relation­ships between lords and vassals in medieval Europe (p. 243) feudalismo sistema de obligaciones que gobernaba las relaciones entre los senores feudales y los vasallos en la Europa me­dieval (pag. 243)

figurehead a person who appears to rule even though real power rests with someone else (p. 213) titere persona que aparentemente gobierna aunque el poder reallo ostenta otra persona (pag. 213)

harem/haren

Five Pillars of Islam five acts of worship required of all Muslims (p. 68) los cinco pi lares del Islam cinco practicas religiosas que los musulmanes tienen que observar (pag. 68)

fossil a part or imprint of something that was once alive (p. 8) f6sil parte o huella de un ser vivo ya desa­parecido (pag. 8)

friar a member of a religious order who lived and worked among the public (p. 272) fraile miembro de una orden religiosa que vivia y trabajaba entre la gente (pag. 272)

Grand Canal a canal linking northern and southern China (p. 167) Gran Canal canal que conecta el norte y el sur de China (pag. 16 7)

griot a West African storyteller (p. 14 7) griot narrador de relatos de Africa occiden­tal (pag. 14 7)

gunpowder a mixture of powders used in guns and explosives (p. 174) p61vora mezcla de polvos utilizada en armas de fuego y explosivos (pag. 17 4)

haiku a type of Japanese poem with three lines and 17 syllables that describes nature scenes (p. 250) haiku tipo de poema japones de tres lfneas y 17 silabas en el que se describen escenas de la naturaleza (pag. 250)

harem an area of an Ottoman household where women lived apart from men (p. 90) haren zona de una casa otomana en la que las mujeres vivian separadas de los hombres (pag. 90)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R59

heresy /herejia

heresy (HER-uh-see) religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings (p. 282) herejia ideas religiosas que se oponen a la doctrina oficial de la Iglesia (pag. 282)

history the study of the past (p. 6) historia el estudio del pasado (pag. 6)

Holy land the region on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea where Jesus lived, preached, and died (p. 264) Tierra Santa region de la costa este del mar Mediterraneo en la que Jesus vivio, predico y murio (pag. 264)

Huguenot (HYoo-guh-naht) a French Protestant (p. 342) hugonote protestante frances (pag. 342)

humanism the study of history, literature, public speaking, and art that led to a new way of thinking in Europe in the late 1300s (p. 304) humanismo estudio de la historia, la litera­tura, la aratoria y el arte que produjo una nueva forma de pensar en Europa a finales del siglo XIV (pag. 304)

Hundred Years' War a long conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453 (p. 278) Guerra de los Cien Alios largo conflicto entre Inglaterra y Francia que tuvo Iugar entre 1337 y 1453 (pag. 278)

hypothesis a solution a scientist proposes to solve a problem (p. 366) hip6tesis solucion que un cientifico propane para resolver un problema (pag. 366)

indulgence a document given by the pope that excused a person from penalties for sins he or she had committed (p. 329) indulgencia documento concedido por el Papa que perdonaba a una persona las penas por los pecados que hubiera cometi­do (pag. 329)

R60 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

knight/caballero

interest a fee that borrowers pay for the use of someone else's money (p. 302) interes suma que las personas que taman dinero prestado pagan por el uso del dinero de otra persona (pag. 302)

Islam a religion based on the messages Muhammad is believed to have received from God (p. 60) Islam religion basada en los mensajes que se cree que Mahoma recibio de Dios (pag. 60)

isolationism a policy of avoiding contact with other countries (p. 186) aislacionismo politica de evitar el contacto con otros paises (pag. 186)

Janissary an Ottoman slave soldier (p. 88) jenizaro soldado esclavo otomano (pag. 88)

Jesuits members of a Catholic religious order created to serve the pope and the church (p. 336) jesuitas miembros de una arden religiosa catolica creada para servir al Papa y a la Iglesia (pag. 336)

jihad (ji-HAHD) to make an effort or to struggle; has also been interpreted to mean holy war (p. 67) ythad esforzarse o luchar; se ha interpretado tambien con el significado de guerra santa (pag. 67)

kente a hand-woven, brightly colored West African fabric (p. 151) kente tela muy colorida, tejida a mano, car­acteristica de Africa occidental (pag. 151)

knight a warrior in medieval Europe who fought on horseback (p. 242) caballero guerrero de la Europa medieval que luchaba a caballo (pag. 242)

llama/llama

llama (LAH-muh) an animal related to the camel that is native to South America (p. 425) llama animal de la familia del camello, originario de Sudamerica (pag. 425)

Magna Carta a document signed in 1215 by King John of England that required the king to honor certain rights (p. 276) Carta Magna documento firmado por el rey Juan de Inglaterra en 1215 que exigia que el rey respetara ciertos derechos (pag. 276)

maize (MAYz) corn (p. 38 7) maiz cereal tambien conocido como elote o choclo (pag. 38 7)

manor a large estate owned by a knight or lord (p. 245) senorio gran finca perteneciente a un caba­llero o sefior feudal (pag. 245)

market economy an economic system in which individuals decide what goods and services they will buy (p. 463) economia de mercado sistema econ6mico en el que los individuos deciden que tipo de bienes y servicios desean comprar (pag. 463)

masonry stonework (p. 430) mamposteria obra de piedra (pag. 430)

medieval (mee-DEE-vuhl) referring to the Middle Ages (p. 234) medieval relativo ala Ectad Media (pag. 234)

mercantilism a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer (p. 459) mercantilismo sistema en el que el gobierno controla toda la actividad econ6mica de un pais y sus colonias con el fin de hacerse mas fuerte y mas rico (pag. 459)

natural law/ley natural

Mesoamerica a region that includes the south­ern part of what is now Mexico and parts of northern Central America (p. 384) Mesoamerica region que incluye la zona sur del actual Mexico y zonas del norte de Centroamerica (pag. 384)

Middle Ages a period that lasted from about 500 to 1500 in Europe (p. 234) Edad Media nombre con el que se denomi­na el periodo que abarca aproximadamente desde el afio 500 basta el1500 en Europa (pag. 234)

minaret a narrow tower from which Muslims are called to prayer (p. 97) minarete torre fina desde la que se llama ala oraci6n a los musulmanes (pag. 97)

monastery a community of monks (p. 236) monasterio comunidad de monjes (pag.236)

monk a religious man who lived apart from society in an isolated community (p. 236) monje religioso que vivia apartado de la sociedad en una comunidad aislada (pag. 236)

mosaic a picture made with pieces of colored stone or glass (p. 39) mosaico dibujo hecho con trozos de piedra o cristal de colores (pag. 39)

mosque (MAHSK) a building for Muslim prayer (p. 63) mezquita edificio musulman para la oraci6n (pag. 63)

Muslim a follower of Islam (p. 60) musulman seguidor del Islam (pag. 60)

natural law a law that people believed God had created to govern how the world oper­ated (p. 27 4) ley natural ley que las personas pensaban que Dios habia creado para controlar el fun­cionamiento del mundo (pag. 27 4)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R61

natural rights/derechos naturales

natural rights the belief that developed during the Enlightenment that people had certain rights, such as the right to life, liberty, and property (p. 480) derechos naturales creencia que se desarrollo durante la llustraci6n de que las personas tenian ciertos derechos, como el derecho a la vida, a la libertad y a la propiedad (pag. 480)

oasis a wet, fertile area within a desert (p. 56) oasis zona hfuneda y fertil en un desierto (pag. 56)

observatory a building used to study astrono­my (p. 398) observatorio edificio que sirve para estudiar la astronomia (pag. 398)

obsidian a sharp, glasslike volcanic rock (p. 390) obsidiana roca volcanica cortante y pare­cida al vidrio (pag. 390)

oral history a spoken record of past events (p. 147) historia oral registro hablado de hechos ocurridos en el pasado (pag. 14 7)

Parliament (PAHR-luh-muhnt) the lawmaking body that governs England (p. 277) Parlamento 6rgano legislador que gobierna Inglaterra (pag. 277)

patron a sponsor (p. 97) mecenas patrocinador (pag. 9 7)

Period of Disunion the time of disorder that followed the collapse of the Han Dynasty in China (p. 166) Periodo de Desuni6n epoca de desorden en la historia de China tras la caida de la dinastia Han; se extendi6 desde el 220 basta el 589 (pag. 168)

R62 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

proverb/proverbio

perspective a method of showing a three­dimensional scene on a flat surface so that it looks real (p. 307) perspectiva metodo para mostrar una escena de forma tridimensional en una superficie plana con el fin de que parezca real (pag. 307)

pilgrimage a journey to a sacred place (p. 62) peregrinaci6n viaje a un Iugar sagrado (pag. 62)

plantation a large farm (p. 456) plantaci6n hacienda de grandes dimensio­nes (pag. 456)

PopoiVuh (poh-pohl voo) a book containing Maya legends and history (p. 399) Popol Vuh libro que contiene las leyendas y la historia de los mayas (pag. 399)

popular sovereignty the Enlightenment idea that governments should express the will of the people (p. 480) soberania popular idea de la Ilustraci6n que consiste en que los gobiernos deben expresar la voluntad del pueblo (pag. 480)

porcelain a thin, beautiful pottery invented in China (p. 173) porcelana ceramica bella y delicada creada en China (pag. 173)

primary source a first-hand account of an event created by someone who took part in or witnessed the event (p. 7) fuente primaria relato de un hecho por parte de alguien que particip6 o presenci6 el hecho (pag. 7)

Protestant a Christian who protested against the Catholic church (p. 331) protestante cristiano que protestaba en con­trade la Iglesia cat6lica (pag. 331)

proverb a short saying of wisdom or truth (p. 148) proverbio refran breve que expresa sabi­duria o una verdad (pag. 148)

purgatory /purgatorio

purgatory in Catholic teaching, a place where souls went before they went to heaven (p. 329) purgatorio en la ensefianza catolica, lugar al que van las almas antes de pasar al cielo (pag. 329)

Quechua (KE-chuh-wuh) the language of the Inca (p. 424) quechua idioma de los incas (pag. 424)

Qur'an (kuh-RAN) the holy book of Islam (p. 60) Coran libro sagrado del Islam (pag. 60)

racism the belief that some people are better than others because of racial traits, such as skin color (p. 45 7) racismo creencia de que algunas personas son mejores que otras debido a los rasgos raciales, como el color de la piel (pag. 45 7)

rain forest a moist, densely wooded area that contains many different plants and animals (p. 114) selva tropical zona humeda y con muchos arboles que contiene muchas variedades de plantas y animales (pag. 114)

rationalist someone who looks at the world in a reasonable and logical way (p. 356) racionalista alguien que entiende el mundo de manera logica y razonable (pag. 356)

Reconquista (re-kahn-KERS-tuh) the effort of Christian kingdoms in northern Spain to retake land from the Moors during the Middle Ages (p. 283) Reconquista esfuerzo de los reinos cristianos del norte de Espana por recuperar los te­rritorios en posesion de los moros durante la Edad Media (pag. 283)

salon/tertulia

Reformation (re-fuhr-MAY-shuhn) a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517; it resulted in the creation of Protestant churches (p. 328) Reforma movimiento de reforma contra la Iglesia catolica romana que comenzo en 1517; resulto en la creacion de las iglesias protestantes (pag. 328)

regent a person who rules a country for some­one who is unable to rule alone (p. 202) regente persona que gobierna un pais en lugar de alguien que no puede hacerlo por su cuenta (pag. 202)

religious order a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules (p. 272) orden religiosa grupo de personas que dedi­can su vida a la religion y respetan una serie de normas comunes (pag. 272)

Renaissance (re-nuh-sAHNs) the period of J'rebirth" and creativity that followed Europe's Middle Ages (p. 303) Renacimiento periodo de "volver a nacer" y creatividad posterior a la Edad Media en Europa (pag. 303)

rift a long, deep valley formed by the move­ment of the earth's crust (p. 112) fisura valle largo y profunda formado por el movimiento de la corteza terrestre (pag. 112)

Sahel (sah-HEL) a semiarid region in Africa just south of the Sahara that separates the des­ert from wetter areas (p. 114) Sahel region semiarida de Africa, situada al sur del Sahara, que separa el desierto de otras zonas mas humedas (pag. 114)

salon a social gathering held to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment (p. 477) tertulia reunion social para debatir ideas; se acostumbraban celebrar durante la Ilus­tracion (pag. 4 7 7)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R63

samurai/samurai

samurai (sA-muh-ry) a trained professional warrior in feudal Japan (p. 212) samurai guerrero profesional del J apon feudal (pag. 212)

sand dune a hill of sand shaped by the wind (p. 56) duna colina de arena modelada por el viento (pag. 56)

savannah an open grassland with scattered trees (p. 114) sabana pradera abierta con arboles disper­sos (pag. 114)

scholar-official an educated member of China's government who passed a series of written examinations (p. 178) funcionario erudito miembro culto del gobierno de China que habia aprobado una serie de examenes escritos (pag. 178)

science a particular way of gaining knowledge about the world (p. 355) ciencia manera espedfica de adquirir cono­cimientos sabre el mundo (pag. 355)

scientific method a step-by-step method for performing experiments and other scien­tific research (p. 365) metodo cientifico metoda detallado para realizar experimentos y otros tipos de !investigaciones cientificas (pag. 365)

Scientific Revolution a series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700 (p. 354) Revoluci6n cientifica serie de acontecimien­tos que condujeron al nacimiento de la ciencia moderna; se extendio desde alred­edor del 1540 hasta el 1700 (pag. 354)

secondary source the information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event (p. 7) fuente secundaria informacion recopilada por alguien que no participo ni presencio un hecho (pag. 7)

secular non-religious (p. 475) seglar no religioso, laico (pag. 475)

sedentary settled (p. 56) sedentario establecido en un lugar (pag. 56)

R64 ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY

Spanish Armada/ Armada espanola

serf a worker in medieval Europe who was tied to the land on which he or she lived (p. 245) siervo trabajador de la Europa medieval que estaba atado al territorio en el que vivia (pag. 245)

Shia (sHEE-ah) a member of the second-largest branch of Islam (p. 90) shia miembro de la segunda rama mas importante del Islam (pag. 90)

Shinto the traditional religion of Japan (p. 200) sintoismo religion tradicional de Japon (pag. 2oo)

shogun a general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name (p. 213) shogun general que gobernaba aJapon en nombre del emperador (pag. 213)

shrine a place at which people worship a saint or god (p. 62) santuario lugar en el que las personas rinden culto a un santo o a un dios (pag. 62)

silent barter a process in which people exchange goods without contacting each other directly (p. 132) trueque silencioso proceso mediante el que las personas intercambian bienes sin entrar en contacto directo (pag. 132)

social structure the way a society is organized (p. 10) estructura social forma en que se organiza la sociedad (pag. 10)

society a community of people who share a common culture (p. 10) sociedad comunidad de personas que com­parten la misma cultura (pag. 10)

souk (sooK) a market or bazaar in the Islamic world (p. 56) zoco mercado o bazar del mundo islamico (pag. 56)

Spanish Armada a large fleet of Spanish ships that was defeated by England in 1588 (p. 451) Armada espanola gran flota de barcos espa­fioles que fue derrotada por Inglaterra en 1588 (pag. 451)

Spanish lnquisition/lnquisicion espanola

Spanish Inquisition an organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion (p. 284) lnquisici6n espanola organizacion de sacer­dotes en Espana que perseguia y castigaba a las personas sospechas de practicar su antigua religion (pag. 284)

sub-Saharan Africa Africa south of the Sahara (p. 112) Africa subsahariana parte de Africa que queda al sur del Sahara (pag. 112)

Sufism (soo-fi-zuhm) a movement in Islam that taught people they can find God's love by having a personal relationship with God (p. 96) sufismo movimiento perteneciente al Islam que ensenaba a las personas que pueden hallar el amor de Dios si establecen una relacion personal con El (pag. 96)

sultan an Ottoman ruler (p. 89) sultan gobernante otomano (pag. 89)

Sunnah (sooH-nuh) a collection of writings about the way Muhammad lived that pro­vides a model for Muslims to follow (p. 67) Sunna conjunto de escritos sobre la vida de. Mahoma que proporciona un modelo de comportamiento para los musulmanes (pag. 67)

Sunni a member of the largest branch of Islam (p. 90) suni miembro de la rama mas importante del Islam (pag. 90)

theory an explanation a scientist develops based on facts (p. 355) teoria explicacion que desarrolla un cienti­fico basandose en hechos (pag. 355)

Thirty Years' War a series of wars from 1618 to 1648 that involved many of the countries of Europe (p. 344) Guerra de los Treinta Alios sucesion de gue­rras desde 1618 a 1648 en la que participaron muchos de los paises europeos (pag. 344)

tolerance acceptance (p. 83) tolerancia aceptacion (pag. 83)

Zen/zen

topography the shape and elevation of land in a region (p. 230) topografia forma y elevacion del terreno en una region (pag. 230)

vassal a knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land in medieval Europe (p. 243) vasallo caballero de la Europa medieval que prometia apoyar a un senor feudal a cam­bio de tierras (pag. 243)

vernacular the common language of a people (p. 306) lengua vernacula lengua comun de un pueblo (pag. 306)

woodblock printing a form of printing in which an entire page is carved into a block of wood, covered with ink, and pressed to a piece of paper to create a printed page (p. 174) xilogafia forma de impresion en la que una pagina completa se talla en una plancha de madera, se cubre de tinta y se presiona sobre un papel para crear la pagina impresa (pag. 174)

Zen a form of Buddhism that emphasizes meditation (p. 208) zen forma del budismo que se basa en la meditacion (pag. 208)

ENGLISH AND SPANISH GLOSSARY R65

KEYTOINDEX

c =chart f= feature

Aachen, 237 'Abbas, 91 Abbasids, 82 abbots, 236, 271 abide, 71

m=map p =photo

absolute location, H1 Abu Bakr, 80-81 adoration, 70 Advancement of Learning, The

(Francis Bacon), 365 Africa: H3; art of, 118, 150-5 1;

Catholic missionaries to, 338; culture of, 116-18; effects of Columbian Exchange, 455-5 7; environments of, 114, 114m; exploration of, 448-49; farming in, 114-15, 117; fossil from, 7p; Ghana Empire in, 130-35; in histori­cal evidence, 13; historical traditions of, 147-49; Mali Empire in, 136-40; Muslim trade with, 83; Niger River in, 112, 114; physical geogra­phy of, 112, 113m, 114-15, 114p-115p; religion of, 117; resources of, 114-15, 130; Songhai Empire, 142-46; spread of Islam to, 77p, 82m, 138, 142; technology of, 118; trade of, 118p, 119, 130, 462; village society in, 117f

Africanus, Leo, 144, 145, 149 Age of Buddhism, 168-69 Age of Reason, 4 7 4-7 7. See also

Enlightenment age-sets, 116 agriculture. See farming Ainu culture, 200 Akbar, 92 alchemy, 356-5 7 Ali, 65 Alighieri, Dante, 306 al-jabr (al-Khawarizmi), 96 Almoravids, 134 Alps, 230, 231m

R66 INDEX

Amazon region, 386 Amazon River, 386 American Indians, 45 7 American Revolution, 470p-71p,

485p,486 Americas: Aztec Empire, 410-14,

416-21; Catholic mission­aries to, 338; Columbian Exchange and, 454-55, 456; conquest of, 450; democracy in, 486-87; early civilizations in,387-89, 389m; European exploration of, 448m, 449-5 1; geography of, 384, 385m, 386; historical evidence in, 13; Inca Empire, 422-26, 423m, 427-31; Maya civiliza­tion in, 390-99, 391m; migra­tion to, 386, 386m; missions in, 471p; pre-Inca civilizations in, 422-23; religious division in, 341; spread of Enlighten-

. ment to, 482f Analysis Skills, H23; Analyz-

ing Benefits and Costs, 190, 192; Analyzing Information, 58,150,175,215,273,332, 366,382-83,404,424,456; Analyzing Points of View, 262, 388; Analyzing Primary Sources, 95, 149, 182, 205, 236,277,306,329,331,361, 399, 417, 450; Analyzing Visuals, 57, 68, 85, 99, 183, 207,213,243,244-45,249, 270-71,275,302-03,308-09, 392-93,397,412,428-29, 430-31, 44 7; Cause and Effect, 258-59, 288; Chance, Error, and Oversight in His­tory, 42, 44; Chronological Order, 52-53, 74; Continuity and Change in History, 490, 492; Determining Context, 100, 102; Fact and Opinion, 128-29, 156; Framing Ques­tions, 78-79, 102; Identify­ing Central Issues, 466, 468; Historical Interpretation, 16, 18; Interpreting Maps, 28, 31, 32, 37, 55, 62, 81,82, 87,89, 91,92, 113,114,121,131, 137, 143, 154, 156, 169, 189, 199,216,231,235,237,238,

261,267,281,283,286,288, 299,301,320,322,339,341, 385,386,389,411,423,433, 434,436,448,453,455,461, 479; Reading and Using Time Lines, 35, 61, 72, 74, 146, 278, 313,343,482

Andes Mountains, 385m, 386, 423, 423m

Angles, 32m, 33 animism, 117 aqueducts, 26, 411 Aquinas, Thomas, 273-74, 274f,

274p,356,475 Arabia, H27m, 54p, 55m; geog­

raphy of, 54; Islamic changes in society, 67; life in, 56-58, 57p, 58; location of, 55, 55m; physical features and climate, 56; rise of Islam in, 59-62, 62m; spread of Islam, 63-64, 80-83, 80f-81f

Aragon, 284 archaeologists, 8-15 archaeology, 8-15, 130 architecture: of Aztecs, 420; of

Buddhists, 168; of Byzantine Empire, 40; Christian influ­ence on, 274; of Incas, 430; of Islamic world, 97-99; of Japan, 207; of Maya, 392, 392p-93p,398;ofMughal Empire, 92p, 93; of Renais­sance, 309; Roman contribu­tion, 26c, 27, 27p; as source of history, 12

Arctic Ocean, H3 Aristotle, 355, 355p, 358, 475 arquebus, 145 Ar-Razi, 96 Arthur (mythical King), 8-9 Articles of Confederation, 48 7 artifacts, 7p, 8, 8p-9p, 11, 11p,

12p, 13, 13p, 15,387,431 artisans, 418, 418p arts: of Aztecs, 420, 420p-21p;

ofBaghdad,84;ofByzan­tine Empire, 39; of Chavin culture, 388; in China, 173; Christian influence on, 27 4; classical revival, 305-6; clas­sical vs. Renaissance, 305f; in Florence, 302; of Incas, 407p,430-31,430p-31p;of

Asia

Islamic world, 97, 98; of Ital­ian Renaissance, 307-9, 307p, 308p;ofJapan,204-8,206p-07p; of Maya, 392, 398, 399f; of medieval Europe vs. Japan, 250, 250p; of Ming dynasty, 295p; of Nok, 109p, 118; of Northern Renaissance, 314-15, 314p, 315p; of Olmec, 387; of pre-Inca civilizations, 423; Roman contribution, 26c, 27-28; as source of his­tory, 1, 11, 12, 12p, 13, 13p; used to spread ideas, 329p; of West Africa, 150, 151p

Asia: Catholic missionaries to, 338; conquests of Genghis Khan, 180; effects of Colum­bian Exchange, 455-56; Muslim trade with, 83; spread of Islam to, 82; trade with Europe, 299-303, 462. See also China; Japan

Asia Minor, 89 Askia the Great, 144-45, 145f,

145p,443f astrolabe, 94p, 95, 447 astronomy: advances in, 359-61;

of Aztecs, 419-20; in Baghdad, 84; in Islamic world, 95, 95p; of Maya, 398p; of Ptolemy, 356; of Renaissance, 309-10; use of telescopes, 351 p

asunder, 71 Atahualpa, 425-26, 425f, 425p,

426p Atlantic Ocean, H3 Atlas, H7, 461 Atlas Mountains, 112 Attila, 33-34 Augustus, 24p, 25, 305p Aung San Suu Kyi, 332f, 499p Austria, 23 7 Avicenna,96 Aztec Empire, 411m; art of, 127p,

406p,420,420p-21p;build­ing of, 410-14; conquest of, 450; defeat of, 413-14; engineering of, 411; farmers, 418, 418p; farming of, 413; festivals of, 417f; language of, 420-21; religion of, 418-19, 419p; scientific achievements of, 419-20; society of, 416-18, 416f-18f; wars of, 410-11

Babur, 92 Babylonia, 13 Bacon, Francis, 364-65, 365f,

365p,366,369,481 Baghdad,83-84,94,96 Bahamas, 449 ai-Bakri, 149 balance of trade, 459-60 banking, 145, 302, 462 barbarians, 30, 31-34 barometer, 363 Bastille, the (Paris), 488-89, 488p Battutah, Ibn, 77p, 95, 95f, 149f bay,H10p beliefs, 12-13 Benedict, Saint, 236 Benedictine Rule, 236, 236f Beowulf, 240f-41f , Berbers, 82, 119, 130, 142 Bering Strait, 386 beseech, 71 Bible, 313, 331, 332 bishops, 261, 262, 263, 271, 328 Black Death, 279, 280f-81f, 285,

298 Black Sea, 36, 37m Block Style, 222 Blue Mosque, the (Istanbul), 97,

99f Botticelli, Sandra, 308 Brahe, Tycho, 360 Brazil, 449 Britain, 235, 237. See also England brocade, 71 Brueghel, Pieter, the Elder, 314,

314p-15p Brueghel the Younger, 314 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 309 Buddha, 194p,201p,203p,207p Buddhism, 194, 202p; in China,

168-69, 169m, 177; inJapan, 201£, 203, 208, 215, 250; spread of, 169c, 169m

bureaucracy, 178 Bushido, 214-15, 249 Byzantine Empire, 37m, 40f;

Christianity in, 39-40; con­quest of, 21p, 81, 89, 305; Constantinople as capital of, 36; government of, 38-39; under Justinian, 36-37; new society in, 38; Turkish raids

Charles I

on, 264; Western Roman Empire vs., 40c

Cabot,John, 450 Cabral, Pedro, 449 cacao beans, 391 Caernarfon Castle, 226p-27p Cai Lun, 174 Cairo, 138 Calakmul, 393 calendars, 387, 398, 398p,

419-20,421p caliphs, 80, 84, 90 calligraphy, 98, 206, 206p calpulli, 416-17 Calvin, John, 332, 333f, 333p Canada, H1, 341 Canterbury, 270 Canterbury Tales~ The (Geoffrey

Chaucer), 270 canyon, H11 p capitalism, 463, 496-97,

496p-97p caravans, 54, 54p-55p, 56, 119,

299 Caravel, 447, 447f, 447p Cartier, Jacques, 450 cartography, 452f-53f, 452m-

53m, 452p; advances enabling exploration, 447; and creation of a new world view, 359, 451; Muslim contribution to, 95; of Ptolemy, 356; of Renais­sance, 310

Castile, 283, 284 castles, 226p-27p, 243 Catherine the Great (empress of

Russia), 479, 479p Catholic Reformation, 334-37,

336f-37, effects of, 340-45, 344f

Catholics, 342-44 cause, 7, 494 causeways, 411, 414 censorship, 476-77 Central America, 14, 341, 384,

385m Chang'an, 167, 172 charity, 68 Charlemagne, 227p, 237, 239f;

empire of, 237, 237m, 262 Charles I (king of England), 484

INDEX R67

Charles II

Charles II (king of England), 485 Chaucer, Geofftey, 270 Chavez, Cesar, 332f, 332p Chavin culture, 388, 389m, 423 Chevalier, Tracy, 464f-65f chief of clan, 200 Chimu culture, 423 China, H27m, 167m, 199m;

achievements of, 170-75, 227p; artifacts of, 8p-9p, 9, 12, 12p; art of, 295p; Bud­dhism in, 168-69; cities and trade of, 172-73; Confucian­ism in, 176c-77c, 177; effects of Columbian Exchange, 455; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, 168; For­bidden City, 163p, 184f-85f; government of, 178-79; Han dynasty, 21p, 168, 174, 177; influence on Japanese culture, 199, 201-3, 201f, 207; inven­tions of, 17 4, 17 4f; isolation­ism in, 185; Ming dynasty, 183-86; Mongol rule, 180-82; Muslim trade with, 83; Neo­Confucianism in, 178; Period of Disunion, 166; Silk Road, 299; sources of history of, 13; Sui, Tang, and Song dynas­ties, 51p, 162f, 167-68, 167m; Yang dynasty in, 163p

chinampas, 413, 419 chivalry, 249 Christian humanism, 314 Christianity: in Byzantine Empire,

39-40; challenges to author­ity of, 282-85; Crusades of, 264-68, 267m; effect of Crusades, 268; effect on education, 273-7 4; effects of Columbian Exchange, 456; Enlightenment thinking and, 4 7 5; exploration for missions of, 446, 450; great thinkers of, 356p; holy book of, 60p; humanism and, 304, 314; influence in Eastern Roman Empire, 36-3 7; influence on arts and architecture, 27 4; introduced into China, 186; Judaism, Islam and, 60c, 61; in medieval Europe, 250, 269-7 4; missionaries in Japan, 217; powerful women in, 246; power of popes, 260-61;

R68 INDEX

Reformation, 328-31; in Roman Empire, 28-29, 28m, 28p-29p; Scientific Revolu­tion and, 368-69; split within, 40,262-63, 328-33,340-41; spread of in Europe, 235m, 238; spread of to Northern Europe, 234-37; on treatment of American Indians, 45 7. See also Protestants; Roman Catholic Church

Christians: Muslim tolerance for, 83; Muslim treaties with, 81; in Ottoman Empire, 90; Span­ish Inquisition and, 335

Chu Yuan-chang. See Zhu Yuanzhang

circumnavigate, 449 cities. See towns and cities citizenship, 25-26 civic duty, 28 civilizations, 26-28, 387-389,

389m civil service, 178 clans, 200, 201, 213 clergy, 269, 282; Council of Trent

and, 337; in France, 478, 488; political involvement of, 271; Renaissance view of, 314, 328; as teachers, 273; on treatment of American Indians, 457

climate: of Africa, 114; of Arabia, 54,56;ofEurope,232

Clovis, 33, 237 Cluny Monastery, 270f-71f, 271-72 coast,H11p Code of Hammurabi, 13 codex,420 Columbian Exchange, 454-58,

455f, 455m, 456f Columbus, Christopher, 359, 449,

450p; letter from, 450f; ships of, 442p-43p

compass, 174, 174p, 447 compass rose, H6 Compostela, 270 Confucianism, 176c-177c, 177,

178p, 179, 250; in China, 178; in Japan, 201f, 203

Confucius, 13, 177, 177p, 178, 203 congregation, 345 conic projection, H4p, HS conquistadors, 413-14 Constantine, 31 Constantinople, 32m, 38f-39f;

capital of Roman Empire

culture

moved to, 31, 36; capture of, 37; conquest of, 89; location of, 36, 37m; as trade center, 38. See also Istanbul

Constitution of United States, 26, 26p,487

continent, H3p convents, 272 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 359-60,

359f, 359p, 369 coral reef, H10p C6rdoba,83,84-85,84p-8Sp,94 corruption, 34-35, 35f, 328 Cortes, Hernan, 77p, 413, 413f,

413p,450 cottage industry, 460 cotton, 171 council of elders, 117 c Council ofTrent, 337, 337f, 337p court, 163p, 204 Critical Thinking Skills: Analyzing,

98, 146, 217, 247, 399; Cat­egorizing, 9, 29, 69, 151, 175, 186,203,233,275,285,421, 431; Comparing and Con­trasting, 40, 58, 93, 251, 263, 333, 352-53, 363, 372; Deter­mining Relevance, 382-83, 404; Drawing Conclusions, 35, 164-65, 192; Evaluating, 414; Fact and Opinion, 128-29, 156; Finding Main Ideas, 22-23, 44, 140; Identi­fying Cause and Effect, 15, 85, 119,135,258-59,268,279, 288,310,339,345,357,369, 394, 463, 482; Recognizing Bias and Stereotypes, 196-97, 220; Sequencing, 64, 169, 179,303, 389,426,489; Solving Problems, 218, 220; Summarizing, 115, 164-65, 192,208,238,317,451,458, 477

Cromwell, Oliver, 484 crusaders, 25 7p Crusades, 264-68, 265p, 267m,

268f culture: achievements of Islamic

world, 94-98, 94p-97p; of Aztecs, 419-21; in China during Tang dynasty, 172; in Chinese Period of Disunion, 166; Christianity and, 270; effect of spread of Islam on, 83; effects of Columbian

Cuzco

Exchange, 456; European vs. Japanese, 250-51; of Flor­ence, 302; of Ghana, 130-134; ofJapan, 198-99,204-8;of Mughal Empire, 93; revival of classical, 305; of Safa-vid Empire, 91; during Song dynasty, 173; during Tang dynasty, 168, 173; of West Africa, 116-118; during Yuan dynasty, 181

Cuzc~ 423,423m,427,430 cylindrical projection, H4p

daimyo, 212, 213f, 216, 248 Damascus, 81 dance, 151 Dausi, 148-49 da Gama, Vasco, 449 da Vinci, Leonardo, 308-09,

308f-09f de Cervantes, Miguel, 316 de las Casas, Bartolome, 45 7 Declaration of Independence,

486-87,487f,487p Declaration of the Rights of Man

and ofthe Citizen (France), 487f, 487p, 489

degree, HZ delayed subject, 439 delta, H10p democracy, H1, 479; begin­

nings of in England, 278f, 367; documents of, 486f-87f, 486p-87p; of Greeks, 11; rationalism and, 367p

Descartes, Rene, 365, 365f, 365p, 366,369

Description of the World (Marco Polo), 182f

desert, H1 1p, 56, 114, 114p, 385m, 386; climate, 56

Dias, Bartolomeu, 449 Diderot, Denis, 476-77 Diocletian, 31 direct quotation, 375 directional indicator, H6 diseases: Black Death , 279,

280f-81f, 285, 298; in Roman Empire, 31; spread to Ameri­cas, 414,426,450,455

Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 306

divine right of rule, 478, 479, 484, 485

Djenne, 126p-27p, 138, 143, 144 Dominic, 272 Dominican Order, 272 Don Quixote (Miguel de

Cervantes), 316, 316p Drake, Francis, 451 Drakensberg Range, 112 drama, 207 Du Fu, 173 dune, H11p Durer, Albrecht, 315, 315p

Earth: as center of universe, 358p Eastern Orthodox Church, 40, 263 Eastern Hemisphere, H3p Ebadi, Shirin, 499p economic sanctions, 497 economic systems: development

of capitalism, 459-63; effects of Columbian Exchange, 45 7, 459; of Incas, 424-25; manor system, 245-46, 245f; of Maya, 396; of Safavid Empire, 91; sources of facts about, 11

Edict of Nantes, 343 education: in Baghdad, 84;

in Cordoba, 84; effects of Columbian Exchange, 456; in Europe, 237; European uni­versities, 273; of Incas, 427, 428; in Mali, 138; Medici fam­ily and, 302; during Renais­sance, 309, 310; Renaissance universities, 313-14; in Song­hai Empire, 144; vs. today's schools and universities, 273f; in West Africa, 147

effect, 7, 494 efficient, 34 Egypt, 12, 89,89p, 138,446 Eleanor of Aquitaine, 246, 246f,

246p elements, 250 Encyclopedia (Denis Diderot),

476-77 engineering: of Aztecs, 411; of

Maya, 392, 398; of Renais­sance, 309; of Roman Empire, 26-27, 26f; Scientific Revolu­tion and, 498

Europe

England: HZ; beginnings of democracy in, 278c; Crusad­ers from, 266; development of trade and banking, 461-62; discrimination against Jews in, 284; Enlightenment writ­ers of, 477; exploration of America, 450-51; feudalism in, 244; government of, 261, 261m, 276-77, 278; legends of, 8- 9; plague in, 279; poli­cies in North America, 481; Reformation in, 332, 333; religion of, 340; Renaissance literature of, 316-17; revolu­tion and reform in, 484-85

English Bill of Rights, 485, 486f, 486p

Enlightenment: democracy in America and, 486-8 7; effect on English monarchy, 484-85; effects on today's world, 496-99, 497; ideas of, 474-77, 476f; in America, 482f; think­ers of, 479-80, 480p; views on government,478-82

epic poems, 148-49 Erasmus, Desiderius, 314, 329 Esfahan, 91 Esma'il, 90 equator, HZ, H3 Euclid, 355p Eurasia, 230, 299m Europe: H3, H27m; after fall of

Rome, 234-38; art of, 250, 250p; Catholic Reforma-tion in, 336--37; challenges to Christianity in, 282-85; Charlemagne's empire in, 237; climate and vegetation, 232-33, 232p-33p; Crusade impact on, 268; Crusaders sent from, 264-68; economic policy of, 459-60; Enlighten­ment in, 474-80; explora­tion from, 359, 413, 448m; Hundred Years' War, 278; influence of Christianity in, 269-7 4, 269p; interest in China of, 182; invasions of, 237-38, 238m; Japan vs., 248-51; in late Middle Ages, 261m; lifestyle in, 232-33; litera-ture of, 250; monarchies of, 479m, 479p; physical features of, 230-32, 231m; plague

INDEX R69

Evaluation Questions

in, 279, 280f-81f; power of popes and kings in, 260-63, 276-77; power shifts in, 461-62; Protestant Reforma­tion in, 328-33; religions of, 341m; religious division in, 340-41, 341m; religious wars in, 342-44; Renaissance in, 303-10, 312-17; revolutions in, 484-85, 488-89; Scientific Revolution in, 358-63; Span­ish Inquisition in, 335; spread of Christianity in, 234-36, 235m, 250; spread of Islam to, 82; trade with Asia, 298-303; trade with China, 186; world view of, 451

Evaluation Questions,47, 105, 159,223,291,377,439,495

evidence, 438 excommunication, 261, 262, 263,

330 exploration, 448m-49m; Colum­

bian Exchange, 454-58; desire and opportunity for, 446-4 7; effects of, 458f; by England and France, 450-5 1; knowl­edge and technology for, 357, 357p; Muslim contribu­tion enabling, 9 5; new views after, 451; by Portuguese and Spanish, 448...:.50; of South America, 413, 425-26, 425f; of space, 498

extended family, 116-17, 117 c, 200

farming: advances in China, 170-71, 170p-71p; in Ameri­cas, 386-87; of Aztecs, 413, 420; effects of Columbian Exchange, 456-58; in Europe, 232, 233, 233p; in Ghana, 130-31, 134, 135p; of Incas, 425; of Mali, 13 7; under man­or system, 244f-45f, 246, 247; ofMaya,390,392,396,398;in Mesoamerica, 384; of pre-Inca civilizations, 423, 423p; spread of, 387-89; in West Africa, 114-15, 117, 118, 133

R70 INDEX

fashion, 93, 205 Fatimah, 63, 65f, 65p features, 56 federalism, 345 Ferdinand (king of Spain), 284,

335,449 feudalism, 245p; Church as

lord of, 271; European vs. Japanese, 247-51, 251c; in Holy Land, 266; in medieval Europe,242-44,243f

fiefs, 243, 245 figurehead, 213 First Continental Congress, 486 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Period, 168 Five Pillars of Islam, 68, 68c Five Themes of Geography, H1 flat-plane projection, H4p, H5 Florence, 300, 301p, 302-3,

302f-3f, 309 food preservation, 424f, 424p Forbidden City, 162p-63p,

184-85, 184p-85p forest, H 1 Op fossils, 7p, 8 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,

The (Albrecht Durer), 314p France: artifacts of, 13p; under

Charlemagne, 237; Cluny Monastery in, 270f-71f, 271-72; crusade against heretics in, 282-83; Crusades and, 265, 266; discrimination against Jews in, 284; Enlightenment philosophers of, 476-77, 477f, 477p; exploration of America, 450-5 1; feudalism in, 244; government of, 261, 261m, 278; monarchy of, 478; Mus­lim attack on, 82; Renaissance literature of, 316; revolution in, 488-89; spread of Chris­tianity to, 235; wars over religion, 342-43; wars with Britain over colonies, 481. See also Gaul

Franciscan Order, 272 Francis of Assisi~ 272, 272f, 272p Franklin, Benjamin, 481 Franks, 32m, 33, 237, 242, 244 Frederick II (king of Prussia), 4 79 freeze-dried food, 424f friars, 272, 282

globe

Galilei, Galileo, 361p; discoveries of, 361, 361f; Enlightenment and, 476; inventions of, 363; letter from, 361f; trial of, 368, 368p-69p

Gao, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146 Gaul, 33, 237. See also France Genghis Khan, 9, 180 Genoa,300,301m, 300p-301p geography, 232f; of Mrica, 112,

113m, 114-15; of Ameri-cas, 384,385m, 386, 389;of Arabia, 54-56, 55m; of Aztec Empire, 411, 414; effect on Maya, 390;ofEurope,230-33, 231m;ofJapan, 198-99, 199m; study of, 95, 95p

Geography and Map Skills, H1-H11

Geography Skills 28, 31, 32, 3 7, 55, 62,81,82,87,89,91,92, 113, 114, 121, 131, 137, 143, 154,156,169,189,199,216, 231,235,237,238,261,267, 281,283,286,288,299,301, 320,322,339,341,385,386, 389,411,423,433,434,436, 448,453,455,461,479

George Ill (king of England), 479p

Germanic peoples, 30-31 German woodcuts, 315, 329f,

329p Germany: under Charlemagne,

237; Crusades and, 266; feu­dalism in, 244; independence of, 344; Reformation in, 330-31; spread of Christian­ity to, 235, 235m; wars over religion/politics, 342

Ghana Empire, 131m; conquest of, 136; control of trade, 130-33, 132p-133p;expan­sion and decline of, 134-35; traditional arts in, 151 p

Girl with a Pearl Earring (Tracy Che­valier): excerpt from, 464f-65f

Girl with a Pearl Earring (Vermeer), 465p

glacier, H11 p globe, HZ, H5

gold

gold: explorations for, 413, 450; for jewelry-making, 398, 420, 43().,.-31; king's claim to, 133; Mansa Musa's gifts of, 138; as motive for war, 145; as ransom for Inca king, 426; as trade item, 83, 119, 131, 132, 132p; from West Africa, 115

Gothic architecture, 27 4, 27 4p Goths, 31-33, 32m, 33p government: H1, of Byzantine

Empire, 38-39; capitalism, 463, 496-97; changes after Reformation, 345; Christian­ity and, 271; in Empire of Ghana, 133-34; of Empire of Mali, 140; in Europe, 237; feudalism in Europe, 242-45; of Incas, 424-25; of Italian states, 301; of Japan, 203, 212-17; in late Middle Ages, 260-63; manor system of Europe,24S-46,24Sp;mon­archies and Enlightenment, 4 78-80; of Ottoman Empire, 90;popesand,260-62;prob­lem solving, 499; of Roman Empire, 24-26, 26c, 26p, 34; science and, 367; of Song dynasty, 178-79; of Songhai Empire, 145; during Yuan dynasty, 181-82. See also kings

Granada,284,33Sp Grand Canal, 172-73, 172m,

172p-73p, 182 gravity, 362 Great Mosque (Cordoba), 84p-

8Sp Great Plains, H1 Great Wall of China, 184-85, 186,

188f-89f Greeks: art of, 27-28; Enlighten­

ment thinking and, 475; first democracy, 381p; as great thinkers, 355-56, 35Sp-S6p; influence on Romans, 27-28; philosophy of, 28; rebirth of ideas of, 305; sources of his­tory of, 11, 12, 13

GregoryVII (pope), 262f, 262p, 263

grid,H2 griots, 147-49, 148p gulf,H10p gunpowde~ 174, 174p Gutenberg,Johann, 313, 313p

habeas corpus, 277 hadith, 67 Hagia Sophia (church) 40, 89 haiku, 250-S 1 hajj, 138 Han dynasty, 21p, 166, 168, 174,

177 Hangzhou, 182f harem, 90 hegira, 63 Heian, 204-8, 212; arts in, 206p hemisphere, H3 Henry IV (emperor of Holy

Roman Empire), 262f, 262p, 263

Henry IV (king of France), 343, 343p

Henry the Navigator, 448 Henry VIII (king of England), 333 heresy, 282 hieroglyphics, 381p hiii,H11p Hindus, 92, 93 historians: archaeologists and,

8-9; changes in views of, 13-15; storytellers as, 147-49; visitors as, 149; work of, 6-7, 10-15

historical map, H8 Historical-Social Science Standards,

H18-H22 history: African communication

of, 117; of Aztecs, 420-21; changes in views of, 13-15; of Japanese language, 202; oral tradition, 147-48; Renaissance interest in, 305, 310; sources of, 6-12; writings of travelers as, 149

Holbein, Hans, 315 Holland. See Netherlands Holy Land, 264-6 7 Holy Roman Empire: Crusaders

from, 266; effects of Reforma­tion in, 340; fear of Jews in, 285; kings of, 261m; power of kings of, 261-62; Thirty Years' War in, 343-44

Huascar, 425 Huguenots, 342-43, 342p Huitzilopochti, 419, 419p Human-Environment Interaction,

H1

Islam

humanism: Christianity and, 304-5, 313-14; Enlighten­ment thinking and, 475-76; Scientific Revolution and, 356-57

human rights, 499 Hundred Years' War, 278, 406p Huns,31-34,32m,33p hunter-gatherers, 385, 386 hypothesis, 366

Iberia, 238 lbn-Sina, 96 ideals, 486 al-ldrisi, 8Sm, 95 Ignatius of Loyola, 336, 336f, 336p 1/iad(Homer), 14, 15 Inca Empire, 423m; arts and

architecture of, 407p, 430-31, 430p, 431 p; conquest of, 425-26, 450; economy of, 424-25; farming in, 422p-23p, 425; geography of, 422p-23p; gov­ernment of, 424; language of, 424; lower class life style, 428; oral tradition of, 431; religion of, 429-30; rise of, 422-24; society of, 42 7 -30; upper class society, 42 7

incentive, 178 India: H6m; Catholic missionar­

ies to, 338; Mughal Empire in, 92-93, 92m; Muslim trade with, 83; origin of Buddhism, 168; social structure of, 10; spread of Islam to, 82; trade with Europe, 462

Indian Ocean, H3 Indonesia, 82 indulgence, 329 Innocent Ill (pope), 282 innovation, 27 interest, 302 Iraq, 83 Ireland, 235-36, 235m, 23 7 iron, 83, 118, 131 irrigation, 170, 423 Isabella (queen of Castile), 284,

284f,284p, 335,449 Islam, SOp-S 1 p; in Africa, 77p;

in Arabia, 62m; banned in Spain, 284; division within,

INDEX R71

island

65, 90; Five Pillars of, 68, 68f; great cities of, 83-85, 84p; holy books of, 60p, 66-69, 69c; Judaism, Christian-ity and, 60f, 61; laws of, 69; origin of, 60; second leader of, 80; spread of in Africa, 138, 142; spread of through conquest, 80-82, 81m; spread of through trade, 80, 82-83, 82m; Sufism and, 96; teach­ings of, 59, 61-62, 66-69. See also Muslims

island, H3, H10p isolationism, 185, 186, 217 Istanbul, 89, 89m, 97. See also

Constantinople isthmus, H10p Italian Renaissance, 304-310 Italy: Byzantine scholars in, 305;

under Charlemagne, 237; Christianity in, 237; con-trol of trade, 446; effects of Columbian Exchange, 455; feudalism in, 244; govern­ment during Renaissance, 301; Renaissance in, 304-10; Roman Catholic Church in, 336; trade cities of, 300-303, 300p-301 p, 301m; Viking raid on,237

jade, 391p, 398 Jahan (Shah of Mughal Empire),

92p,93 James II (king of England), 485 Janissaries, 88 Janssen, Zacharias, 363 Japan, H27m, 199m, 204m; art

of, 204-8, 206p, 207p,250, 250p; Catholic missionar-ies to, 338; Chinese and Korean influence on, 201-3, 201f; emperors of, 201, 213f; Europe vs., 249-51; geogra­phy of, 198-99; government of, 203, 204; internal rebel­lion in, 216; isolationism of, 217; literature of, 205, 205£, 250; military society of, 212-17, 248; Mongol attacks on, 182, 216, 216m; religion

R72 INDEX

of, 200, 201f, 202p, 203, 203p; social structure, 213f; society of, 200-203; trade with Europe, 462; unification of, 217; written records from, 7p,207p

Jefferson, Thomas, 481-82, 486 Jerusalem, 264, 266, 270 Jesuits, 336, 336f, 338 Jews: Catholic Church and,

282; in Cordoba, 85; Cru­saders' attacks on, 265, 268, 268f; discrimination against, 284-85; great thinkers of, 356p; growth of banking and, 462; holy book of, 60p; Mus­lim tolerance for, 83; Muslim treaties with, 81; in Ottoman Empire, 90; in Spain, 334-35. See also Judaism

jihad, 67 jinn, 71 Joan of Arc, 224p-25p, 278 John (king of England), 77p, 276 Judaism, 60c. See also Jews Justinian (emperor of Roman

Empire) 36-37, 38, 41f, 41p Justinian Code, 37 Jutes, 32m, 33

Kaaba,62, 68 Kaifeng, 172 kami, 200, 201 kamikaze, 182, 216 kente, 150-51 Kepler, Johannes, 360-61, 360p;

discoveries of, 360f key,H6 Khadijah, 59 ai-Khawarizmi, 96 Khayyam, Omar, 97, 97f, 97p King, Martin Luther, Jr., 332f,

332p kings, 479m; of Aztecs, 416p,

417; Catholic Church and, 263, 333; Crusades and, 266, 268; Enlightenment influ­ence on, 478-80; of Incas, 427; limitations of powers of, 276-78; of Maya, 396, 396p-397p; religious wars and, 342-343; revolution in

literature

England, 484-85; revolution in France, 488-89; rise to power in Europe, 260; Span­ish Inquisition by, 335

knights: as Crusaders, 265-67, 268; manor system and, 245; power of, 260; samurai vs., 249-50, 249p; work of, 242, 243f

Korea, 199, 199m,201-03,201f Koumbi Saleh, 131m, 133, 134 Kublai Khan, 181, 187f, 187p,

216,299 Kyoto. See Heian

lake,H10p land bridge, 386 language: Arab as main lan­

guage, 138; of Aztecs, 420-21; development of Japanese, 201f, 202; effects of Colum­bian Exchange, 456; of European universities, 273; of Inca Empire, 424; of Mughal Empire, 93; Shakespeare's influence on, 317f; spread of knowledge and, 95; study of, 12; translations of Bible, 331, 332; uniting of Arabs by, 83; use of Arabic, 83; vernacular in literature, 306; in West African nations, 14 7

latitude, H2p, H5 laws: in China, 168; of Islam, 69;

Justinian Code, 37; of Otto­man Empire, 90; of Roman Empire, 25, 26

leeuwenhoek, Antoni van, 363 legend,H7 legends: as clues for historians,

8-9, 10; of Mali Empire, 136; of Maya, 399; of Troy, 14, 14m, 14p, 15p

leo Ill (pope), 23 7 leo IX (pope), 262-63 leo X (pope), 330 li, 177 li Bo, 173 lima, 425f li Qingzhao, 173 literature: of Baghdad, 84;

Beowulf, 240f-41f; of China,

llamas

173; in Florence, 302; of Incas, 431; of Islamic world, 97; of Italian Renaissance, 306; ofJapan, 205-6, 205£, 209£, 210f-11f; of medieval Europe vs. Japan, 250; of Mughal Empire, 93; of North­ern Renaissance, 316-17; Romeo and Juliet, 318f-19f; as source of history, 10

llamas, 425 Location, H1 locator map, H7 Locke,John, 471p, 480p, 483£,

483p; ideas of, 479-80, 483£; influence on Thomas J effer­son, 481, 486-8 7

lords. See nobles longitude, H2p lost subject, 439 Louis XIV (king of France), 478 Louis XVI (king of France), 479p,

488,489 Luther, Martin, 330-31, 330£,

330p, 331£, 476

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 306 Machu Picchu, 406p-7p, 428f-29f Madison, James, 487 Magellan, Ferdinand, 443p, 449,

449m Maghan, 140 Magna Carta, 77p, 276-77, 277£,

485' 486£, 486p Magyars, 237, 238m, 242 Maimonides, 356 maize, 381p, 387, 387p, 388,

418,425 Malaysia, 82 Mali Empire, 137m; establishment

of, 127p; fall of, 140; music of, 150£; rise of, 136-39

Malintzin, 414, 415£, 415p Mandela, Nelson, 499p manor, 245, 244p-245p; manor

lords, 246, 247, 248; manor system, 244£-45£, 245-46, 279

Mansa Musa, 136, 138, 140, 141£ mansas, 137-38 map, H4, H6, H8, H9 map projection, H4

mapmaking. See cartography Map Skills: H1-H7; Interpret­

ing Culture Maps, 434; Interpreting Maps: Cultural Features, 286; Interpret­ing Maps: Expansion of Empires, 154

Marie-Antoinette, 488 market economy, 462-63, 462£-

63£, 462p-63p Mary (queen of England), 485 masonry, 430 material culture, 8 mathematics: invention of cal-

culus, 362; Islamic contribu­tions, 96, 96c; symbols used in Renaissance, 309; system of Maya, 398

Maya civilization, 380p-81 p; achievements of, 397-98, 398p; artifacts from, 7p, 11 p, 399£, 399p; changing histori­cal views of, 14; cities of, 391, 392, 392f-93f; Classic Age of, 391-93; class structure in,395-96, 395p, 396p-97p; decline of, 394; effects of geography on, 390; religion of, 397; warfare of, 393

Mayflower, 351 p Mecca, 21p, 50p-51p; birth­

place of Muhammad in, 59; mosques of, 98; Ottoman rule, 89; pilgrimages to, 68; prayer facing, 63; spread of Islam from, 62-63; trade in, 57£

Medici, Cosima de, 302 Medici family, 302 medicine, 96, 96p, 144 , medieval period, 234. See also

Middle Ages Medina, 62p, 63-64, 64p, 89 Mediterranean Sea, 24, 25m,

28m, 30, 31m, 32m, 36, 37m, 300

Mehmed II, 89, 89£ Memphis (Tennessee), 150f mendicants, 272 mercantilism, 459-61 Mercator projection, H4p merchant class, 173 merchants, 82-83, 186, 396,

417p,418 Merici, Angela, 336, 337p meridian,H2, H3, H4

Mont St. Michel monastery

Mesoamerica, H26m, 385m; Aztec Empire in, 410-14, 411m, 416-21; farming in, 384; farming settlements in, 38 7; Maya civilization in, 390-99; Olmec people of, 387; pre-Inca civilizations in, 422; spread of farming from, 388; trade goods available in, 391, 391m

Mexico, H1, 384, 410-14 Michelangelo, 308, 311£, 311p microscope, 363, 363p Middle Ages, 246p; challenges to

the church during, 282-85; Christianity arid, 269-7 4; feudalism and manor sys­tem of, 242-4 7; invasions of Europe during, 237-38; life style during, 264; political changes, 276-78; rise of kings and popes, 260-63; Roman Catholic Church during, 329; spread of Christianity during, 234-36

Milan, 300, 300p millets, 90 Minamoto clan, 213 minaret, 97 Ming dynasty, 183-86, 295p; sea

voyages of, 183p minute,H2 missionaries, 235-36, 338, 339p,

456 missions, 338p, 45 7p mita, 425 Moche culture, 423 Moctezuma II, 413, 413£, 413p Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci),

308p,309 monarchs. See kings monasteries, 236, 256p-57p,

270£-71£, 271-72 Mongol Ascendancy, 181-82 Mongol Empire, 180-82, 181m,

216 Mongols, 12.7p, 181p, 186, 195p,

299 monks, 236, 271, 271c monotheism, 61. See also Christi­

anity; Islam; Judaism Montesquieu, Charles Louis, 480,

480p,487 Mont St. Michel monastery

(France), 256p-57p

INDEX R73

Moors

Moors, 82, 283 Morocco, 145 mosaics, 39, 420 Moses, 305p mosques, 64p, 85p; construc­

tion of, 97-98; in Esfahan, 91; Hagia Sophia as, 89; in Mali, 138; in Medina, 63; purpose of, 68

movabletype, 174-75, 174p, 313, 313p

Movement, H1 Mount Fuji, 194p-95p mountain, Hll p Mughal Empire, 92-93, 92m,

471p Muhammad: birthplace of, 21p,

5lp; death of, 64p; life of, 59-60, 63, 64; teachings of, 61-62,63,66-67

Murasaki Shikibu, Lady, 195p, 205, 205p, 209f, 209p, 210f-llf

music, 150f, 151 Muslims, 6lp, 238p; achieve­

ments of, 94; beliefs of, 66-69, 70-71; Catholic Church and, 282; conquests of, 80-82, 8lm; Crusades and, 264-67, 268; as followers of Islam, 60; great cities of, 83-85; 85m; great thinkers of, 356p; invasion of Europe, 237, 238m, 242; loss of control in Europe, 283; Mughal Empire of, 92-93; Ottoman Empire of, 88-90, 89m; prayers of, 63, 68; rebellion against Sunni Baru, 144; rejection in Mecca, 63; as rulers of Mali, 138; Safavid Empire of, 90-91; in Spain, 334-35; split between, 65; study of Qur'an, 67p; trade of, 82-83, 83p; trade routes of, 82m. See also Islam

ai-Musudi, 149

NAFTA, 496 National Assembly, 488, 489 natural law, 274, 476 natural rights, 480, 486-87

R74 INDEX

navigational tools, 94p, 95, 442p, 446,447

Nazca culture, 423 Neo-Confucianism, 178, 179 Netherlands, 461-62 Newton, Sir Isaac, 351 p, 362p;

discoveries of, 362, 362f; Enlightenment and, 476; influence on Thomas Jeffer­son, 481; laws of, 367; reli­gious beliefs of, 369

NigerRiver, 112, 113m, 114, 130, 136, 142, 144p

Nina (ship), 449 Ninety-Five Theses (Martin

Luther), 330, 330p, 33lf nobles, of Aztecs, 416p, 417; as

Crusaders, 265-67, 268; in feudal Europe, 242, 243c; of France, 478, 488; of Japan, 204-8, 216; power of, 260; rebellion against kings, 276; responsibilities and privileges of, 242-43, 243f, 246; samu­rai vs., 248-49, 249p. See also lords

Noh plays, 207 Nok, 118 nomads: of Arabia, 56, 57f;

capture of Timbuktu, 140; of China, 166; Mongols as, 180-82; as threat to Soninke, 130

North America, 385, 385m; democracy in, 486-8 7; Enlightenment in, 481-82, 482p; exploration of, 450; farming in, 388; sources of history of, 11; trade with Europe, 462

North American Free Trade Agree­ment (NAFTA), 496

North Pole, HZ, H5, H6 Northern European Plain, 231,

231m Northern Hemisphere, H3p nuns, 272

oasis, H11 p, 56 observatories, 84, 95, 350p-51p,

398,398p

obsidian, 390, 39lp ocean, H3, HlOp Oda Nobunaga, 217

Petrarch

Olmec, 38lp, 387, 388f, 389, 392 On the Revolution of the Celestial

Spheres (Nicolaus Copernicus), 359

oral history, 147, 398-99, 420, 431

Order of Importance, 46 Ottoman Empire, 88-90, 89m, 91,

407p Ottoman Turks, 37, 88-90,

264-67,305 overgrazing, 135, 135p

Pacal, 392, 393f Pachacuti, 423, 423f, 423p Pacific Ocean, HZ, H3 Pact of Umar, 81 Palenque, 392, 392f-93f Palestine, 264-67 paper, 174p, 313 paper money, 174p, 175f, 300 parallel, HZ paraphrase, 3 7 5 Paris, 232 Parliament, 277, 278, 477,

484-85 Participation Skills: Accepting

Social Responsibility, 402, 404; Making Group Decisions, 122, 124

Patrick, Saint, 226p, 235-36, 235f patrons, 97 peasants: as Crusaders, 266; in

feudal Europe, 242, 243f, 248; French Revolution and, 488-89; of manor system, 245-46; rebellion in Germany, 342; in samurai society, 212, 213f

peninsula, H10p~ 54-55, 55m, 231m, 232, 232f

Period of Disunion, 166, 168, 169, 177

Persia, 30, 90, 109p Persian Empire, 81 perspective, 307, 307p Peru, 423 Petrarch, 310

philosophy

Petrarch, 310 philosophy: basis of in Age of

Reason, 475; Confucian-ism, 176c, 177c, 177, 201f; of enlightenment, 476; of Islamic world, 94, 96; Neo­Confucianism in China, 178; Roman contribution, 26c, 28

physical map, H8 pilgrimage, 62, 136, 138, 144 Pillow Book, The (Sei Shonagon),

205f Pinta (ship), 449 Pizarro, Francisco, 425, 425f,

425p,450 Place,H1 Places You Will Study, H26-H27 plague, 279, 280f-81f, 285, 298 plain,H11p plantations, 456, 45 7 plant life. See vegetation plateau, H11 p Plato, 355p Point-by-Point Style, 222 Poles, HZ, H4 political map, H8 politics: Christianity and, 271,

328, 331; of Maya, 396; sources of facts about, 11. See also government.

Polo, Marco, 182, 182f, 294p, 299-300,299m,299p,446

polytheism, 62, 397, 418-19, 427 popes, 329p; authority of, 262;

Crusadesand,268;fight against Protestants, 337; Henry VIII's divorce and, 333; power of in Rome, 29; Renais­sance view of, 328; rise to political power, 260-61; rule of Papal states, 301; sending of missionaries, 235

Popol Vuh, 399; excerpt from, 400f-401f

popular sovereignty, 480 porcelain, 83, 173, 174p Portugal: advances enabling

exploration, 44 7; Christians fight Moors in, 283; explora­tion by, 448-49; Inquisition in, 284; mercantilism in, 461; rise to power, 284

Praise of Folly, The (Desiderius Erasmus), 314

Preamble, R6

predestination, 332 priesthood of all believers, 331 priests, 330f; of Aztecs, 417,

417p; of Catholic church, 282; complaint against, 328; discrimination against jews, 284; of Incas, 427; of Maya, 396

primary source, 7, 10-13 Primary Sources: An Aztec Fes­

tival, 417; The Benedictine Rule, 236; A Chinese City, 182; A Description of Mali, 149; German Woodcuts, 329; A Letter from Columbus, 450; Luther's Ninety-Five The-ses, 331; Magna Carta, 277; A Maya Carving, 399; The Pillow Book, 205; The Prince, 306, 361; Travels in Asia and Africa, 9 5; Views of Power, 262; Views of Writing, 388

prime meridian, HZ, H3 Prince, The (Niccolo Machiavelli),

306, 306f Principia Mathematica (Sir Isaac

Newton), 362 principles, 366 printing, 312-13, 312f-13f, 330 Protestant Reformation, 328-33,

340-45 Protestants: break from Roman

Catholicism, 331-34; Catholic conflict with, 337, 340-44; missionaries of, 338; religious wars, 342-44; self-government in France, 343, 344p; Spanish Inquisition and, 335

proverbs, 148 Ptolemy, 356, 358, 359 Pure Land Buddhism, 208 purgatory, 329 purpose, 13 Pythagoras, 355p

Quechua, 424 Quetzalcoatl, 413 Quick Facts: Beginnings of

Democracy in England, 278; Chapter 1 Visual Summary, 17; Chapter 2 Visual Summary, 43;

Qur'an

Chapter 3 Visual Summary, 73; Chapter 4 Visual Summary, 101; Chapter 5 Visual Sum­mary, 123; Chapter 6 Visual Summary, 155; Chapter 7 Visual Summary, 191; Chap­ter 8 Visual Summary, 219; Chapter 9 Visual Summary, 253; Chapter 10 Visual Sum­mary, 287; Chapter 11 Visual Summary, 321; Chapter 12 Visual Summary, 347; Chap­ter 13 Visual Summary, 371; Chapter 14 Visual Summary, 403; Chapter 15 Visual Sum­mary, 435; Chapter 16 Visual Summary, 467; Chapter 17 Visual Summary, 491; Chinese Inventions, 17 4; Columbian Exchange, 455; Comparing and Contrasting Europe and Japan, 251; Documents of Democracy, 486; Effects of Exploration, 458; Evidence of the Past, 7; Feudal Society, 243; Ideas of the Enlightenment, 476; Influences from China and Korea, 201; Kepler's Dis­coveries, 360; People in Aztec Society, 416; Problems Inside the Empire, 35; Rationalism and Democracy, 367; Rebirth of Classical Ideas, 305; Results of the Council of Trent, 337; Roman Accomplishments, 26; Samurai Society, 213; Some Results of the Reformation, 344; Sources of Islamic Beliefs, 69; Supply and Demand, 462; The Crusades, 268; The Five Pillars of Islam, 68; The Legacy of Rome, 26; The Legend of Troy, 14; The Scientific Meth­od, 365; The Western Roman and Byzantine Empires, 40; Village Society, 117; West Afri­can Empires, 146

quipus, 424 Qur'an, 60p; as basis of Shariah,

69; excerpt from, 70f-7lf; structure of, 70f; study of, 67p; study of in Mali, 138; teachings of, 66-67, 69c; writ­ing of, 60

INDEX R75

Rabelais

Rabelais, Fran<;ois, 316 racism, 457 rain forests, 114, liSp, 386 Ramadan fast, 68 Ramayana, 10 Raphael, 307, 307p rationalism, 273, 498-99; and

democracy, 367f rationalists, 356, 358 Reading Skills: Understand-

ing Specialized Vocabulary, 4; Finding Main Ideas, 22; Understanding Chronologi­cal Order, 2; Understanding Through Questioning, 78; Understanding Fact and Opinion, 128; Drawing Conclusions, 164; Under­standing Stereotypes and Bias, 196; Understanding Cause and Effect Structure, 258; Understanding the Roots of Our Language, 296; Evaluat­ing Web-Based Information, 326; Comparing and Con­trasting, 352; Understanding Texts by Setting a Purpose, 382; Understanding Propo­sition and Support, 408; Understanding Summarizing, 444; Understanding Points of view, 472

Reading Social Studies, H12-H15 realism, 314, 31Sp reason, 273, 367, 438, 474-77,

498-99 Reconquista, 283-84, 283m Reformation: Enlightenment

thinking and, 476; in modern times, 332f; results of, 344f; trial of Galileo, 368; from without, 328-31

regent, 202 Region, HI Reign of Terror, 489 relative location, Hl religion: of Aztecs, 418-19;

Buddhism, 168-69, 20lf, 203, 208; Catholic Reforma­tion, 334-37; in China, 168; conflict over in England, 485; conflict with science, 368-69, 368p; Crusades, 264-68; divi-

R76 INDEX

sian and wars over, 340-44, 341m; effects of Columbian Exchange, 456; effects of Reformation, 340-45; Enlight­enment thinking and, 476; of Europe in Middle Ages, 234-38,260-61,262-63, 269-74,282-8S;human-ism and, 304-5, 310, 314; of Incas, 429-30; of Japan, 199, 200, 20lf, 203, 208; of Mali, 137-38, 140; of Maya, 396, 397; of medieval Europe vs. Japan, 250; as motive for exploration, 446; Protestant Reformation, 328-31; Scien­tific Revolution and, 368-69; similarities in different faiths, 60c; in Songhai Empire, 144; sources of history of, 12; unification of cultures, 83; of West Africa, 117, 150, 151. See also Buddhism; Christianity; Islam; Judaism

religious orders, 272, 336 ren, 177 Renaissance, 303-10, 312-17,

475-76; art of 30Sc, 30Sp, 307p,308p

Return of the Hunters (Brueghel the Elder), 314p

revolution, 484-85 Rhine River, 233p rice, 171, 171p Richard I (king of England), 266,

266f rifts, 112 RigVeda, 10 rivers, HlOp, 232-33; See also

Niger River roads: of Incas, 430, 431m, 431p,

432, 432f-33f; in Mongol China, 182; solving problems of, 498p, 499

Robespierre, Maximillen, 489 Roland, 249 Roman Catholic Church: challeng­

es to in Middle Ages, 282-85; conflict with Protestants, 340-44; Crusades of, 264-68; missionaries of, 338, 338m-39m,338p,339p,413;new orders, 272, 336; Reforma­tion, 328-31, 334-37, 336p, 368-69; science and, 368-69; in Spain, 334-35

science

Roman Empire, 25m; after fall of, 234; architecture of, 12, 20p-21 p, 34p; beliefs and values in, 13; building of, 24; changing historical views of, 13-14; citizenship in, 25-26; contributions to civilization, 26-28, 26f, 26p-27p; divi­sion of, 31, 31m; emperors of, 25; Enlightenment thinking and, 475; fall of, 34-35, 3Sc; influence of, 24; invasions of, 31-34, 32m; under Justinian, 36-37; legal system, 25-26; problems of, 30-31; rebirth of ideas of, 305; spread of Chris­tianity in, 28m; time line of, 34f-3Sf; use of Silk Road, 299

Rome, 31, 32-33, 34-35, 3Sp, 36, 270

Romeo and Juliet (William Shakespeare): excerpt from, 318f-19f

Rosetta Stone, 12 · Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 480,

481p,487 route map, H9 Rubdiydt, The (Omar Khayyam),

97

Safavid Empire, 90-91, 91m Sahara Desert, 114, 114p, 131 Sahel, 114 Saladin, 266, 267f, 267p salon, 477 salt: mining of, 115; as motive

for war, 145; as trade item, 83, 119, 131-32, 132p, 143

samurai, 214p, 21Sf; knights vs., 248, 249-50, 249p; life of, 212-15; society of, 213f

sand dunes, 56 Santa Maria (ship), 449 savannah, 114, liSp Saxons, 32m, 33 scale,H6 Scandinavia, 232, 233p Schliemann, Heinrich, 14, 14p scholar-officials, 178-79, 179p,

186 . science: acceptance of, 364-66;

achievements of Islamic

I

~

scientific method

world, 94-95; advances of pre-Inca civilizations, 423; Aztec achievements in, 419; of Baghdad, 84; birth of modern form, 354; effect of Reformation on, 345; gov­ernment and, 367; of Maya, 398; methods of, 355; Mus­lim achievements in, 94-95; rational problem solving, 498-99; religion and, 368-69, 368p; of Renaissance, 309-10; revolutionary discoveries, 358-63; roots of revolution in, 355-57; in today's schools, 366f, 366p

scientific method, 364-66, 369, 476, 498; contributions of Bacon and Descartes, 365f

Scientific Revolution: advances in astronomy, 359-61; birth of modern science, 354; discov­eries and, 358-59; Enlight­enment thinking and, 476; government and, 367; inven­tions of, 363; Newton's laws, 362; Roman Catholic Church and, 368-69; roots of, 355-57, 356p-5 7p; scientific method, 364-66,498

Scotland, 340 secondary source, 7 secular, 4 7 5 sedentary life, 56 self-government, 345 Seljuk Turks, 256p Senegal River, 130 serfs, 245, 247, 248 Shakespeare, William, 295p,

316-17, 317f, 317p, 318f-19f Shariah, 69, 69c Shia Muslims, 65, 90 Shinto, 200, 200p, 250 shipbuilding, 447, 447f, 447 shoguns, 195p, 213, 213f, 216-17 Shonagon, Sei, 205f Shotoku (prince of Japan), 51p,

202-3, 202f shrine, 62 signoria, 301 silent barter, 132 Sikhs, 93 silk, 173 Silk Road, 299 sinkhole, H10p

slavery: in Americas, 457-58; Aztecs and, 418, 418p; blues music and, 150p; in Mali, 137; in Maya civilization, 396; Muslims and, 67; in Ottoman Empire, 88; in Rome, 34-35; trade for in Songhai Empire, 145; African trade for, 119; triangular trade pattern and, 461; Vikings raids for, 237. See also serfs

Smith, Adam, 477 social structure, 10-13 Social Studies Skills, 16, 42, 72,

100,122,154,190,218,252, 286,320,346,370,402,434, 466,490

society: in Africa, 116-17, 117 c; of Americas, 45 7; of Aztecs, 416-18,416p,416p-17p, 418p; changes after Reforma­tion, 345; changing views of, 13-14; Christianity and, 270; effects of Columbian Exchange, 457; of France, 488;of]apan, 199,200-203; ofMaya, 395-99,395p;of Ottoman Empire, 90; reason and, 474-77; of samurai, 213f; sources of history of, 10-13

Song dynasty, 167m; arts of, 173; cities and trade during, 172-73; Confucianism during, 178; farming in, 170-71; gov­ernment of, 176-77; inven­tions of, 17 4-7 5; nomadic invasions of, 180; reunifica­tion of China by, 168; scholar­officials of, 178-79, 179p

Songhai Empire, 143m, 295p; cul­ture of, 144; fall of, 145-46; origins of, 142-43; trade and government, 145

Soninke, 130 souk, 56, 5 7p, 58f South America, H26m, 385,

385m, 386m; Chavin culture, 387; discovery of, 449; Inca Empire in, 422-26, 427-31; pre-Inca civilizations in, 422-23; religion of, 341

South Pole, HZ, H5 Southern Hemisphere, H3 space exploration, 498 Spain: Catholic culture in, 334-

35, 340; under Charlemagne,

Syria

237; Christianity in, 237; Christians fight Moors in, 283; conquests in Americas, 413, 425-26; Cordoba, 83, 84; exploration by, 449-50; feu­dalism in, 244; Inquisition in, 284, 285p; mercantilism in, 461; Muslim conquest of, 82; Renaissance literature of, 316; rise to power: 284; on treat­ment of American Indians, 457

Spanish Armada, 195p, 451 Spanish Inquisition, 284, 285p,

335 Spatial Order, 46 Speaking Skills, 126, 350 Spirit of the Law, The (Montes-

quieu), 480 spy merchants, 411 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre,

343 Stamp Act, 481 Stoics, 28 stonework, 420, 430 storytellers, 8-9, 10, 147-49,

148p,420-21,431 strait, H 1 Op Study Skills: Analyzing Tables,

370, 372; Interpreting Dia­grams, 252, 254; Interpreting Graphs, 346, 348; Interpret­ing Maps, 154, 156, 286, 288, 320,322,434,436

sub-Saharan Africa, 112, 130-35 Sufism, 96, 97p Sui dynasty, 167, 167m, 168, 169 Suleyman I, 90 sultans, 89-90 summary, 375 Sundiata (collection of stories),

148-49; excerpt from, 152f-53f

Sundiata (ruler of Mali), 136-38, 146, 152f-53f

Sunnah,66,67-69,69c Sunni Ali, 143-44 Sunni Baru, 144 Sunni Muslims, 65, 90 supply and demand, 462f-63f,

462f-63f Sweden, 340 Switzerland, 332 Syria, 89

INDEX R77

Taizong

Taizong, 167 Taj Mahal, 92p, 93, 351p, 443p Tale of Genji, The (Lady Murasaki

Shikibu), 205, 206, 206p, 209; excerpt from, 210f-11f

Tang dynasty, 51p, 163p, 167m; arts of, 173; Buddhism and, 168-69; cities and trade during, 172-73; Confucian­ism during, 178; farming in, 170-71; founding of, 167-68; inventions of, 17 4

taxes: on Christians and jews, 83; in France, 488; in Ghana, 133; Inca labor system, 424-25, 427; in Mongol China, 181-82; in North American colonies, 481, 486; in Roman Empire, 31, 34, 35

tea, 171 technology: advances enabling

exploration, 447, 447p; effects of Columbian Exchange, 456, 457p; for farming, 247; ratio­nal problem solving, 498-99; source of history of, 12; of West Africa, 118

telescope, 363 temples, 420, 430 Tenochtitlan, 411, 411p, 412f,

412p,413,414,419,420 terracing, 423 Texcoco,Lake,410,411p textiles, 430p, 431 · Theodora, 3 7, 41£, 41 p

. theories, 355 thermometer, 363 Thirty Years' War, 343-=44 Thousand and One Nights, The, 9 7 Tikal, 393 Timbuktu: capture by Mansa Musa,

138; capture by Sunni Ali, 143; captured by Tuareg nomads, 140; as center of learning, 144; establishment of, 119; learning in, 144; Moroccan conquest of, 146; schools in, 138; trade in, 139f, 145

time lines, 13, 20p-21p, 50p-51p, 76p-77p, 108p-9p~ 126p-27p, 162p-63p, 194p-95p,226p-27p,256p-57p,294p-95p, 350p-51p,380p-81p,442p-

R78 INDEX

43p, 470p-71p; Beginnings of Democracy in England, 278; The Enlightenment Reaches America, 482; Key Events in Roman History, 34p-35p; Printing in Europe, 312p-13p; Religious Wars in Europe, 342p-43p; The Spread of Islam, 80-81; Three Reli­gions, 60p-61 p; West Mrican Empires, 146

Titan, 308 Tlaloc, 419, 419p Tokugawa leyasu, 217 tolerance, 83, 88, 92-93 topography, 230. See also

geography towns and cities: of China, 172; of

Europe, 232, 232p; of Islamic world, 83-84; of Maya, 390, 391, 392, 398; of medieval Europe, 246-47; in Meso­america, 387; of pre-Inca civi­lizations, 423. See also specific city or town

trade, 118p; on Arabian Penin­sula, 55, 56-58, 57p; between Asia and Europe, 298-300; of Aztecs, 411; camels used for, 109p, 119; of China, 172-73; of Cordoba, 84; effect of Cru­sades, 268; effect on cultures, 83; exchange of knowledge through, 419; exchange of products, 83, 83p; free trade agreements, 496; with Holy Land, 266; influence of Byzan­tine society, 38; of japan, 217; of Mali, 136, 139f; of Maya, 391, 396; of medieval Europe, 247, 247p; in Mongol China, 182; as motive for explora­tion, 446; movement of prod­ucts by, 83; of Muslims, 82m, 83p; new markets for, 462-63; northern European routes, 461-62; of Olmec, 387; pro­hibition of in China, 185-86; purpose of, .390; routes in . 5 70, 55m; routes of Maya, 391m; of Safavid Empire, 91; of Songhai Empire, 145, 146; as source of plague in Europe, 279; spread of Islam through, 80, 82-83; in West Africa, 119, 130-33, 133p; world patterns o~460QJ-61m,461

trade fairs, 247p Trajan, 20p

voting

transportation, 172-73, 182, 183-84', 183p

Travels, The (Ibn Battutah), 95f, 149f

tribute, 133, 410-11, 418, 419 Troy, 14, 14m, 14f-15f · T'sai Lun. See Cai Lun Tuareg nomads, 140 Tumujin. See Genghis Khan Tunka Manin, 134, 134f Ture, Muhammad, 144 Turks. See Ottoman Turks Tyndale, William, 332

Umayyads, 81 United Nations (UN), 499 United States of America, H1, H5,

341,486-87,497 universities, 273, 273f, 313 Ural Mountains, 230, 231, 231m Urban II (pope), 264-65 Ursuline Order, 336, 33 7p Use This Book for Success, H24-

H25 Uzbeks, 90, 91, 91m

valley,H11p values: decay of in Rome, 34;

sources of history of, 12-13; of West Africa, 117

Vandals, 32m, 33 van Eyck,Jan, 315 vassals, 243, 243f, 248-49 vegetation: of Africa, 114; of

Arabia, 56; of Europe, 232; exchange of, 455

Venice,295p,300,301p Vermeer, Johannes, 464f vernacular, 306 Vikings, 227p, 237-38, 238m,

238p,242 village chiefs, 117 c Visigoths, 21p, 32m volcano, H11 p Volta, Alessandro, 475p Voltaire, 476, 477f, 477p voting, 497

Washington

Washington, George, 48Sp warriors, 396, 417-18, 417p weapons: arquebus, 145; of

Japan, 217; made of iron, 131; of Nok, 118; of Ottomans, 88; of Spanish explorers, 414, 426

West Africa, H27m, 131m; arts of, 150-51, lSlp; climate and plants of, 114; cultures of, 116-18; Empire of Ghana, 130-35; Empire of Mali, 136-40; historians of, 147-49; Niger River, 112, 113m, 114; resources of, 114-15, 130; Songhai Empire, 142-46; trade, 119

Western Hemisphere, HI, H3p Western Roman Empire, 30-34,

40f Westphalia, Treaty of, 344 wetland, HlOp William of Orange, 485 William the Conqueror, 244, 276p Wollstonecraft, Mary, 47lp, 477 women: in convents, 272; of

Enlightenment, 477; of Inca Empire, 427; Islamic teachings about, 67; Japanese authors, 205-6; in Maya civilization,

396; in Middle Ages, 246; in Ottoman Empire, 90; reform­ers, 332f; of Renaissance, 314; in Roman politics, 37, 41f, 41p; ruler of China, 168, 168f; as samurai, 214

woodblock printing, 17 4, 17 4f, 315, 31Sf, 329p, 329f

woodcuts, 315, 329f, 329p Writer's Framework, A, 46, 104,

158,222,290,375,438,494 Writing Skills: Focus on Writ­

ing,2,20, 56, 76,108,126, 162,194,226,256,294,324, 380, 406, 442, 470; Writing Workshop, A Description of Ancient Architecture, 46; A Summary of a History Lesson, 104; How and Why in Histo­ry, 158; Comparing Cultures and People, 222; A Historical Narrative 290; A Social Studies Report, 3 7 4; Opinions About Historical Events, 438; Cause and Effect in History, 494

writing system: of Aztecs, 420-21; of Japan, 201f, 202; of Maya, 398; of Olmec, 387, 388f; of West Africa, 14 7

written records, 7p; of Aztecs, 420; of Incas, 424, 431; Japanese

Zhu Yuanzhang

diaries, 205; Renaissance interest in, 305; of Roman legal system, 25; as source of history, 7, 10, 11, 12-13, 15

Wu (empress of China), 168, 168f

Wu Daozi, 173

Xavier, Francis, 338 Xuanzong, 167

Yamato rulers, 201 Yang Jian, 167 Yuan dynasty, 181-82, 186 Yucatan Peninsula, 391

Zara, 266 zen,208,208p,215 Zheng He, 183-84, 185, 257p ZhuYuanzhang, 182-83

INDEX R79

/

I ·. I

I

r

r-l

..

Acknowledgments For permission to reprint copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to the following sources:

Dutton Signet, a division of Penguin (USA) Group 'Inc.: From Beowulf, translated by Burton Raffel. Translation copyright © 1963, renewed copyright © 1991 by Burton Raffel.

Gracewing: From "The Clothing and Footwear of the Brethren" from The Rule of Saint Benedict by Saint Benedict, translated by Abbot Parry, OSB, and Esther de Waal. Translation copyright© 1988 by the Estate of Abbot Parry, OSB; introduction copyrig)1t © 1995 by Esther de Waal.

Grove Press, Inc.: "Very soon they die-" by Matsuo Basho, translated by Harold G. Henderson and "The breezes of spring" by Ki no Tomonori from Anthology of Japanese Literature, compiled and edited by Donald Keene. Copyright© 1955 by Grove Press.

The Hakluyt Society, London: From The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, 2nd ser., no. 110, edited by H. A. R. Gibb. Copyright© 1958 by The Hakluyt Society.

Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.: From The Tale of Genji by Lady Murasaki Shikibu, ·translated by Edward G. Seidensticker. Copyright © 1976 by Edward G. Seidensticker.

Pearson Education Limited: From Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali by D. T. Diane, translated by G. D. Pickett. Copyright © 1965 by Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.

Penguin Books, Ltd.: "Quiet Night Thoughts" by Li Po from Li Po and Tu Fu, translated by Arthur Cooper. Copyright© 1973 by Arthur Cooper. From "The Blood Clots" and "The Merciful" from The Koran, translated by N.J. Dawood. ·Copyright © 1956, 1959, 1966, 1968, 1974 by N.J. Dawood.

Plume, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.: From Girl with a Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier. Copyright© 1999 by Tracy Chevalier.

Routledge, Ltd.: From The Pillow-Book of Sei Shonagon, translated by Arthur Waley. Copyright 1928 by Arthur Waley.

Simon & Schuster Adult Publishing Group: From Papal Vuh by Dennis Tedlock. Copyright© 1985, 1996 by Dennis Tedlock.

Stanford University Press, www.sup.org.: From The Tale of the Heike, translated with an introduction, by Helen Craig McCullough. Copyright© 1988 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Jr. University. All rights reserved.

Weidenfe/d & Nicolson, Ltd.: Excerpt (Retitled "A Knight Speaks") by Rutebeuf from The Medieval World: Europe 1100-1350 by Friedrich Heer, trans­lated from the German by Janet Sondheimer. Copyright© 1961 by George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd. English translation copyright © 1962 by George Weidenfeld and Nicolson Ltd.

Sources Cited:

Two African proverbs from "African Proverbs -A Collection of My Favorites" from Princeton Online web site, accessed October 20, 2004, at http://www. princeton o !.com/groups/ iad/lessons/ middle/af-prov2.htm.

From "Al-Bakri" and "Al-'Umrari" from Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History, tran~lated by J. F. P. Hopkins, edited and annotated by N. Levtzion and J. F. P. Hopkins. Published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1981.

lllustrations.and Photo Credits Front Matter: Page insOl, © Roger Viollet/Getty

· Images; ins03, © Roger Viollet/Getty Images; insOS,

Copyright British Museum, London; ins06, Dept. of the Environment, London, UK,/Bridgeman Art Library; ins08, The Granger Collection, New York; ins09, Musee des Gobelins, Paris, France, Lauros/The Bridgeman Art Library; vi (t), Justin Kerr, K5174/Kerr Associates; vi (b) Chuck Nacke/ Woodfin Camp & Associates; vii, Richard T. Nowitz/National Geographic Image Collection; viii- ix, ©Ali Kazuyoshi Nomachi/Pacific Press Service; ix (c), ©Ali Kazuyoshi Nomachi/Pacific Press Service; ix (r), Bibliotheque Nationale de Cartes et Plans, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library; x (b), Rossi Xavier /Gamma Press, Inc.; x (t), Dagli Orti (A)/The Art Archive; xi, PhotoDisc; xii, Dallas and John Heaton/Corbis; xiii (1), © Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; xiii (r), Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/Corbis; xiv, Scala/Art Resource, NY; xv, Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; xvi, Ray Manley/SuperStock; xvii, AKG-Images; ~iii, ©Justin Kerr, K1453/Kerr Associates; xix (t), Angelo Cavalli/SuperStock; (b), The Trustees Of The British Museum, London; xx, Image cour-tesy of NASA/Kennedy Space Center; xxi (1), The Granger Collection, New York; (r), Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; xxv, Archivo lconografico, S.A./CORBIS; H11 (t) © Daily News Pix; (c)© Robert Maass/CORBIS; (bl) © Randy Wells/CORBIS; (br) © Glen Allison/Getty Images.

Unit One, Chapter 1: 2-3, Alexis Rosenfeld/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 7(tl), Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd/ Topham/The Image Works/The Image Works, Inc.;? (tr), Justin Kerr/Kerr Associates; 7(c), Pascal Goetgheluck/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.; 8, Chuck Nacke/Woodfin Camp & Associates; ; 9, 0. Louis Mazzatenta/National Geographic Image Collection;11(cr), White Star S.R.L.; 11(tl), Douglas Mason/Woodfin Camp & Associates; 13, Gaillarde Raphaei/Ministere de Ia Culture/Draclyo/Gamma Press, Inc.; 14(tl), Bettmann/Corbis; 14(t), Yann Arthus-Bertrand/ CORBIS; 19, Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; Chapter 2: 20-21, RichardT. Nowitz/National Geographic Image Collection; ZO(br), AKG-Images; Zl(cl), Bildarchiv Preussischer KUlturbesitz/ Art Resource, NY; Zl(cr), Haghia Sophia Istanbul/Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 24, SuperStock; 26(cr), PRISMA/Ancient Art & Architfcture Collection Ltd.; 26(br), Joseph Sohm/The Image Works; 27 I, SEF/Art Resource, NY; 27(br), Andrew McKinney/Ambient Images; 27(cr), SIME s.a.s/eStock Photo; 29, Scala/Art Resource, NY; 34(tl), Scala/ Art Resource, NY; 34(tr), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 35(tl), Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 35(tc), Carolyn Brown/Image Bank/Getty Images; 41(br), Danny Lehman/CO RBIS.

Unit Two, Chapter 3: 50-51, Ali Kazuyoshi Nomachi/Pacific Press Service; SO(br), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 51(cl), Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; Sl(bl), Bettmann/CORBIS; Sl(br), R<;::union des Mus<;::es Nationaux/ Art Resource, NY; 54(b), Peter Ginter/Bilderberg/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 58, Sergio Pitamitz/Alamy Images; 60(tl), Topham/The Image Works, Inc.; 60(tc), AKG­images; 60(tr), Art Directors & TRIP Photo Library; 60(c), Murat Ayranci/SuperStock; 62(bl), Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 64(t), Ali Kazuyoshi Nomachi/Pacific J.?ress Service; 65(bl), Christine Osborne/CORBIS; 65(bc), John

· and Lisa Merrill/CORBIS; 67(tl), Ali Kazuyoshi Nomachi/Pacific Press Service; 71, Hazem Palace Damascus/Dagli Orti/The Art Archive; Chapter 4: 76-77, Peter Marlow/Magnum Photos; 77(c), · Burt Silverman/National Geographic Image Collection; 77(bl), _Bettmann/CORBIS; 77(bc), Army Museum Madrid/Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 83, Mary Evans Picture Library; 84(tr), Ian Dagnall/Alamy Im·ages; 84(t), Vanni Archive/ CORBJS; 86(br), Karman Jebreili/AP/Wide World Photos; 86(tr), EPA/Mike Nelson/AP/Wide World

Photos; 87(tr), Vahed Salemi/AP/Wide World Photos; 87(cl), EPA/Mike Nelson/AP/Wide World Photos; 89, The Granger Collection, New York; 92, Hilarie Kavanagh/Stone/Getty Images; 94(bl), Bibliotheque Nationale de Cartes et Plans, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Liqrary; 94(br), R & S Michaud/Woodfin Camp & Associates; 95(br), The Granger Collection, New York; 96, R & S Michaud/Woodfin Camp & Associates; 97, Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 98(tl), Helene Rogers/ Art Directors & TRIP Photo Library; 98(tr), Art Directors & TRIP Photo Library; 98(cl), Robert Frerck/ Odyssey I Chicago.

UnitThree, Chapter 5: 108-109, Rossi Xavier/ Gamma Press, Inc.; 108(cr), Andoni Canela/ ASA/Aurora Photos; 109(bc), Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 109(br), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 114(tr), Frans Lemmens/Photographer's Choice; llS(tl), Nicholas Parfitt/Stone/Getty Images; 115(tr), Gary Cook/Alamy Images; 117(tl), Robert Frerck/Odyssey/Chicago; 118, Colasanti/TravelSite; 120(cl, br), Dagli Orti (A)/ The Art Archive; 120(tr), Nik Wheeler/CORBIS; 120(bl), Aldo Tutino/ Art Resource, NY; 121(cr), Reza; Webistan/CORBIS; 121(tr), HIP/Scala/Art Resource, NY; Chapter 6: 126-127, PhotoDisc; 126(br), Bob Burch/Index Stock Imagery; 127(cl), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 127(bc),

· Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 127(bl), The Art Archive; 127(br), Trustees of the British Museum, London; 131(tr), Dr. Roderick Mcintosh;. 132, John Elk III Photography; 133(cl), Carol Beckwith&Angela Fisher/HAGA/The Image Works, Inc.; 135, Steve McCurry/Magnum Photos; 137(tr), Private Collection, Credit: 1-leini Schneebeli/ Bridgeman Art Library; 141(br), The Granger Collection, New York; 143(cr), Trustees of The British Museum, London; 144, Sandra Vannini/ Corbis; 148, Pascal Meunier/Cosmos/ Aurora Photos; lSO(br), AFP/Getty Images; lSO(bc), Reuters/Corbis; 151, Penny Tweedie/Corbis;153, The Newark Museum/ Art Resource, NY.

Unit Four, Chapter 7: 162-163, Dallas and John Heaton/Corbis; 162(br), Art Directors & TRIP Photo Libraty;163(c), National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan/Bridgeman Art Library; 163(cr), Freelance Consulting Services Pty Ltd/Corbis; 163(bl), Sekai Bunka Photo/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Ltd.;163(br), G K & Vikki Hart/PhotoDisc; 170(b), Keren Su/China Span; 171(cr), Keren Su/Corbis; 172(b), Carl & Ann Purcell/Corbis; 173(c), Ric Ergenbright/Corbis; 174(bl), Liu Liqun/Corbis; 174(cl), China Photo/ Reuters/Corbis; 17 4(tl), Paul Freeman/Private Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 175(tr), Tom Stewart/CORBIS; 175(tc), Private .Collection/ Bridgeman Art Library; 176, Traditionally attributed to: Yan Liben, Chinese, died in 673. Northern Qi Scholar's Collating Classic Texts (detail), Chinese, Northern Song dynasty, 11th century. Object place: China. Ink and color on silk. 27.6 x 114 em (10 7/8 x 44 7/8 in.), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; 178(tc), Snark/Art Resource, NY; 187(br), National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan/Bridgeman Art Library; 188-189, Keren Su/CORBIS; 193, Peter Harholdt/CORBIS; Chapter 8: 194-195, Spectrum Colour Library; 194(br), Royalty Free/CORBIS;195(cr), National Museum, Tokyo/A.K.G., Berlin/SuperStock;195 (bl), The Art Archive; 195(bc), Detail), Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library; 195(br), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 200, Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde Leiden (Leyden)/Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 201(bl), Ro11ald Sheridan/ Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Ltd.; '201(bc), The Granger Collection, New York; 201(br), Royalty Free/CORBIS; 202(cr), Bettmann/ Corbis; 202(b), Kenneth Hamm/Photo Japan; 203, Art Directors & TRIP Photo Library; 205, (Detail) Musee des Beaux-Arts, Angers, France/ Giraudon/Bridgeman Art Library; 206, Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 207(c), Burstein

CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS R81

a~ction/Corbis; 207(bl), Sakamoto Photo Research Laboratory/Corbis; 208, Catherine Karnow/Corbis; 209(br), Sekai Bunka Photo/ Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Ltd.; 211, Private Collection/Dagli Orti/The Art Archive; 214(cl), Roger Viollet/Getty Images; 214(bc), Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 215(br), Gunshots/Art Archive; 215(bc), Kenneth Hamm/Photo Japan.

Unit Five, Chapter 9: 226-227, Robert Harding Picture Library; 226(br), The Crosiers/Gene Plaisted, OSC; 227(c), SuperStock; 227(bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 227(bc), Art Archive; 232, Vittoriano Rastelli/Corbis; 232(tl), Stephen Studd/Stone/Getty Images; 233(tr), Stefano Scata/Getty Images; 235, The Crosiers/Gene Plaisted, OSC; 238(tr), North Wind Picture Archives; 239(br), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 240, Snark/ Art Resource, NY; 241, The Art Archive/Prehistoric Museum Moesgard Hojbjerg Denmark/Dagli Orti; 247, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/Bridgeman Art Library; 249(tl), Sakamoto Photo Research Library/Corbis; 249(tr), Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 250(br), Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Purchase, F1963.5/ Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M Sackler Gallery of Art/Smithsonian; Chapter 10: 256-257 Archiv Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 256 (br), The British Museum/HIP/Topham/The Image Works, Inc.; 257(cl), The British Library/Topham-HIP/ The Image Works, Inc.; 257(cr), G K & Vikki Hart/PhotoDisc; 257(bc), ChinaStock; 261(b), Elio Ciol/CORBIS; 261(cr), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 262(tr), Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 262(tl), Hulton Archive/Getty Images; 265(t), Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 266, Mary Evans Picture Library; 267(tr), Galleria degli Uffizi Florence/Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 269, Ben Mangor/SuperStock; 273(tr), Archivo lconografico, S.A./CORBIS; 273(c), Jim Cummins/ Corbis; 274(tl), Vanni/ Art Resource, NY; 274(tr), Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 275(tr), Gjon Mili/ /Time Life Pictures/Getty Images Editorial; 276, Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Ltd.; 277(t), Dept. of the Environment, London, UK/ Bridgeman Art Library; 278(cl), Bettmann/Corbis; 278(tr), The Granger Collection, New York; 278 (c), Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis; 285, Scala/Art Resource, NY.

Unit Six, Chapter 11: 294-295, Ray Manley/ SuperStock; 294(br), Giraudon/Art Resource, NY; 295(cl), North Wind Pictme Archives; 295(cr), SuperStock; 295(bl), R<::union des Mus<::es Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 295(br), Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 299(bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 299(tr), SuperStock; 300(b), Massimo Piacentino/ Sylvia Cordaly Photo Library Ltd./Alamy Images; 300(cr), Ted Spiegei/Corbis; 301(cr), Yann Arthus-Bertrand/ CORBIS; 305(bl), Alinari/Art Resource, NY; 305(br), San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy/Mauro Magliani/SuperStock; 306(t), Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 307(cr), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 307(bc), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 308(cl), The Granger Collection, New York; 308(tl), ~ettmann/CORBIS; 308(t), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 308(cr), Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 311(br), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 312(bl), The Bodleian Library, Oxford/Art Archive; 313(bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 314(b), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 315(cr), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 316, Bettmann/CORBIS; 317, National Portrait Ga llery, London/SuperStock; 319, AKG-Images; Chapter 12: 324-325, ]ames L. Amos/Corbis; 324(br), SEF/Art Resource, NY; 325(cl), Scala/Art

Staff Credits

Resource, NY; 325(cr), AKG-Images; 325(bl), Darling Kindersley Ltd. Picture Library; 325(br), G. Tortoli/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Ltd.; 329(tl, br), AKG-Images; 330(br), Scala/ Art Resource, NY; 330(bl), AKG-Images; 332(tr), AP/Wide World Photos; 332(tc), Liaison/Getty Images; 335, Snark/Art Resource, NY; 336(tl), Scala/Art Resource, NY; 336(tc), Centro Mericiano Brescia I Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 336('1c), R<::union des Mus<::es Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 337(tr), Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 338(tr), David Muench/Corbis; 339(tc), Art Resource, NY; 339(cr), Museu do Caramuio, Portugai/Bridgeman Art Library; 342(bl), AKG-Images; 342(br), The Granger Collection, New York; 343(bl), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 343(tr), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 344, Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; Chapter 13: 350-351, Bill Ross/Corbis; 350(cr), The Stocktrek Corp/Brand X Pictures/Aiamy Images; 350(br), Fundacion Miguel Mujica Gallo, Museo do Oro del Peru; 351(cl), Royal Society, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 351(cr), Galleria degli Uffizi Florence/ Dagli Orti (A)/Art Archive; 351(bl), Burstein Collection/CORBIS; 351(bc), Hilarie Kavanagh/Stone/Getty Images; 355, Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 356(tr), The Granger Collection, New York; 357(tl), Rabatti- Domingie/akg-images; 357(tr), Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana Venice I Dagli Orti (A)/ Art Archive; 358(bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 363, Science Museum, London/Topham­HIP/The Image Works, Inc.; 365(tl), Sotheby's/ akg-images; 365(tr), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 366, Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 368, R<::union des Mus<::es Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 369(tl), Scala/ Art Resource, NY.

Unit Seven, Chapter 14: 380-381, David Hiser/ Stone/Getty Images; 381(cl), Burke/Triolo Productions/Foodpix; 381(c), Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; 381(bl), Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 381(bc), Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; 387(tr), Stephanie Maze/Corbis; 38S(cr), Richard Brunck./ Mary Ellen Deland Pohl, Ph.D.; 391(bl), Justin Kerr, K4809/Kerr Associates; 391(br), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 391(cr), Kimberly White/Reuters/Corbis; 393(cr), Scala/ Art Resource, NY; 395(b), Justin Kerr, K4806/Kerr Associates; 396(b), Justin Kerr, K1453/Kerr Associates; 398(bl), Robert Frerck/Odyssey Productions, Chicago; 399(tr), The Trustees Of The British Museum, London; Chapter 15: 406-407, Angelo Cavalli/SuperStock; 406(cr), The Trustees Of The British Museum, London; 406(br), British Library/Art Archive; 407(cl), Werner Forman/ Art Resource, NY; 407(cr), Fundacion Miguel Mujica Gallo, Museo do Oro del Peru; 407(bc), Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., Purchase F1932.28/Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M Sackler Gallery of Art/Smithsonian; 411(tr), Mexican National Museum, Mexico City 9-2256/D.Donne Bryant/ DDB Stock Photography; 413(br), Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 413(bl), Academia BB AA S Fernando Madrid/Dagli Orti/ Art Archive; 415(br), Bettmann/Corbis; 416(bl), The Granger Collection, New York; 416(br), Art Directors & TRIP Photo Library; 417(bl, be), The Granger Collection, New York; 417(br), Hettmann/CORBIS; 418(bl), Antochiw Collection i.ie,Jco/Mireil le Vautier/Art Archive; 418(bc), Bettmann/CORBIS; 418(br), Biblioteca Medicea­Laurenziana, Florence, Italy/Bridgeman Art Library; 419(br), Banco Mexicano de Imagenes/ INAH/Bridgeman Art Library; 419(tr), Museo del Templo Mayor Mexico/Dagli Orti/ Art Archive; 420(tl, cr), Trustees of the British Museum,

London; 421(tr), David Sanger Photography; 422(b, Robert Frerck/Odyssey/Chicago; 423(tr), New York Historical Society, New York/Bridgeman Art Library; 424(tc), The Granger Collection, New York; 424(tr), Sam Dudgeon/HRW; 425(bl), Museo Pedro de Osma Lima/Mireille Vautier/Art Archive; 425(br), Mus<::e du ChEteau de Versailles /Dagli Orti/Art Archive; 426, Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY; 428, Robert Giusti/National Geographic Image Collection; 430(tl), American Museum of Natural History, New York/Bridgeman Art Library; 430(tr), Stuart Franklin/Magnum Photos; 431(tl), Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador-Quito. 0-19224/D. Donne Bryant/DDB Stock Photography; 433(cr), Kevin Schafer/CORBIS.

Unit Eight, Chapter 16: 442-443, Image cour-tesy of NASA/Kennedy Space Center; 442(br), National Maritime Museum; 443(bc), R<::union des Mus<::es Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 443(bl), Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY; 443(br), Dave Jacobs/Index Stock Imagery; 450, SuperStock; 452- 453, Royalty Free/CORBIS; 452(br), The Stapleton Collection/Bridgeman Art Library; 453(tr), Royalty Free/CORBIS; 453(br), The Granger Collection, New York; 456, Victoria Smith/HRW; 457, Giovanna Paponetti ; 465, Scala/Art Resource, NY; Chapter 17: 470-471, Phil Degginger/Alamy Images; 471(cl), Philip Mould, Historical Portraits Ltd, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 471(c), Tate Gallery, London/Art Resource, NY; 471(cr), Explorer, Paris/SuperStock; 47l(bl), Burstein Collection/CORBIS; 471(bc), David Muench/Corbis; 475, Scala/Art Resource, NY; 479(tl), National Portrait Gallery, London/ Supe:Stock; 479(cl), Alexander Burkatovski/ Corbis; 479(tr), Erich Lessing/ Art Resource, NY; 480(1), The Granger Collection, New York; 480(r), Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis; 481, R<::union des Mus<::es Nationaux/ Art Resource, NY; 482, The Granger Collection, New York; 483(bc), Archivo Iconografico, S.A./Corbis; 485, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York/Bridgeman Art Library; 486(cl), Bettmann/CORBIS; 486(bl), Dept. of the Environment, London, UK/Bridgeman Art Library; 486(cr), The Granger Collection, New York; 486(br), Custody of the House of Lords Record Office/Parliamentary Archives; 487(cl), Bettmann/Corbis; 487(bl), joseph Sohm; Visions of America/Corbis; 487(cr), R<::union des Mus<::es Nationaux/Art Resource, NY; 487(br), Document conserv<:: au Centre historique des Archives nationales b Paris/Centre historique des Archives nationales (CHAN); 488, AKG-Images; Chapter 18: 496(b), Panoramic Images; 497(tr), David Paul Morris/Getty Images; 498(b), Harvey Schwartz/ Index Stock Imagery 499(cr), David Longstreath/ AP/Wide World Photos; 499(br), Mary Altaffer/ AP/Wide World Photos.

Back Matter: Pages RO-R1, Spectrum Colour Library; R42 (!),Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; (c), ©HIP/Scala/ Art Resource, NY; (r), ©Scala/Art Resource, NY; R43 (t), ©Musee Cernuschi Paris I Dagli Orti/Art Archive; (b), ©National Archaeological Museum Athens I Dagli Orti/Art Archive; (r), ©Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, NY; R44 (!), The Art Archive; (r), Private Collection, Credit: Heini Schneebeli/Bridgeman Art Library; R45 (t), Gianni Dagli Orti/Corbis; (bl), National Maritime Museum; (r), Hilarie Kavanagh/ Stone/Getty Images; R46 (tr), Snark/Art Resource, NY; (bl), Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ CORBIS; (br), SuperStock; R47 (tl), HRW Photo Research Library; (tr), Robert Maas/CORBIS; (bl), Sovfoto/Eastfoto; (br), Beth A. Keiser/AP/Wide World Photos.

The people who contributed to Holt California Social Studies: World History, Medieval to Early Modern Times are listed below. They represent editorial, design, intellectual property resources, production, emedia, and permissions.

Lissa B. Anderson, Melanie Baccus, Charles Becker, Jessica Bega, Ed Blake, Gillian Brody, Shirley Cantrell, Erin Cornett, Rose Degollado, Chase Edmond, Mescal Evler, Rhonda Fariss, Marsh Flournoy, Leanna Ford, Bob Fullilove, Matthew Gierhart, Janet Harrington, Rhonda Haynes, Rob Hrechko, Wilonda leans, Cathy ]enevein, Kadonna Knape, Cathy Kuhles, Debbie Lofland, Bob McClellan, joe Melomo, Richard Metzger, Andrew Miles, Cynthia Munoz, Karl Pallmeyer, Chanda PearmoPI, jarred Pre jean, Shelly Ramos, Desiree Reid, Curtis Riker, Marleis Roberts, Diana Rodriguez, Gene Rumann, Annette Saunders, Jenny Schaeffer, Kay Selke, Ken Shepardson, Michele Shukers, Chris Smith, Christine Stanford, Elaine Tate, jeannie Taylor, ]ani Wackwitz, Ken Whiteside

R82 CREDITS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ;t

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