Quan Ly o Nhiem Kk Theo Mo Hinh Dpsir

8/14/2019 Quan Ly o Nhiem Kk Theo Mo Hinh Dpsir

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B ti nguyn v mi tr-ngCc bo v mi tr-ng

d n thng tin v bo co mi tr-ng

xy dng ch th mi tr-ng i vilnh vc nhim khng kh theo m hnh DPSIR

Bin son : GS.TSKH. Phm Ngc ng

H ni 01-2005

I. M hnh DPSIRMt ch th l mt thng s c s dng n gin ho, lng ho v truyn tmt vn . Trong lnh vc mi trng, mt lnh vc v cng phc tp, r rng cnphi xc nh cc ch th c th nh lng cc kha cnh quan trng ca mitrng nhm n gin ho nhng kha cnh ny. Theo , bn c th truyn t


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nhng thng tin mi trng i vi mi i tng v cung cp thng tin lp boco hin trng mi trng.

R rng l cng p dng nhiu ch th (vi cht lng mc chp nhn c), ta cngc kh nng m t chi tit hn v cc din bin ca mi trng. Tuy nhin, tu thucvo tng hon cnh nht nh, m vic p dng qu nhiu cc ch th s c th lmcho bc tranh tr nn ri mt trong khi ci ang cn l mt bc tranh tng qut.

M hnh DPSIR c la chn lm m hnh nh hng cho hot ng xy dng chth mi trng. M hnh ny rt mnh trong vic cung cp mt ci nhn tng quan bicnh vn mi trng v cng nh minh ho v lm r nhng mi quan h nhn -qu ni chung. Nhng mi quan h nhn - qu ny thng mang tnh khi nim v vbn cht mang tnh nh tnh ch khng phi c xc nh bng phng trnh tonhc. Mi quan h nhn - qu ny c th c nhiu ngi bit ti nhng li kh cth nh lng c. Ch c rt t trng hp c th m trong c th xc nh cmt tp hp cc phng trnh ton hc c th xu chu/ lin h c cc yu t/thnhphn vi nhau m t ton cnh theo m hnh DPSIR. Tuy nhin, i vi tng phnring l trong mi lin h nhn - qu th cc ch th th li cho php xc nh v gip

ta hiu c v cc thnh phn ph thuc ln nhau ring l ca chng m trn c s c th phn tch cc xu hng.

1.1. M t chungLc v DPSIR (hnh 2.1) m t mi quan h tng h gia hin trng mi trng(S), nhng p lc do con ngi gy ra (P) v nhng ng lc quan trng trc tip hocgin tip (D). Ngoi ra, m hnh cn bao gm c nhng tc ng (I) ca s thay ihin trng mi trng v nhng p ng (R) t x hi chng li nhng tc ngkhng mong mun ny. M hnh DPSIR minh ho c nhng hot ng x hi nhhng n hin trng mi trng v nhng p ng t hin trng mi trng ti xhi di hnh thc nhng ng thi v chnh sch mi trng cho tng lnh vc ring

(nng nghip, giao thng, cng nghip,...). Nhng p ng ny bao gm nhng mctiu v bin php m x hi t ra chng li nhng thay i khng mong mun vtnh trng mi trng v tc ng tiu cc ca nhng thay i ny ln h sinh thicng nh iu kin sng ca con ngi.

Hin trng mi trng thng c miu t theo hin trng vt l v ho hc cngnh hin trng sinh hc ca mi trng. Hin trng vt l gm nhng vn thuvn, kh tng hc, thu lc hc, cnh quan thin nhin v d tr ti nguyn thinnhin. Hin trng ho hc gm cht lng khng kh, nc v t tnh theo thnhphn v nng nhiu cht khc nhau trong cc mi trng ny. Cc hp cht nhnto cng nh t nhin s to ra cc cht hu c, cht dinh dng v xy ho tan. Hintrng sinh hc bao gm s tuyt chng ca mt s loi, h sinh thi cng nh nhngtrng thi : s a dng v th trng ca cc yu t sinh hc lin quan : V d cy ci,ng vt, c, chim chc,...


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ng lc

Pht trin ni chung v mtdn s.

Cc ngnh tng ng, v d: Nng nghip Giao thng vn ti Ngun nc Nng lng bao gm cthu in Cng nghip Dch v Cc h gia nh Nng nghip Thu sn

p lcThi cc cht gy nhim vonc, khng kh v t

Khai thc ti nguyn thinnhin

Nhng thay i trong vic sdng t

Cc ri ro v cng ngh

Hin trng mi trng

Hin trng vt l :

Lng nc v dng chy Lu chuyn trm tch, lngng bn Hnh thi hc Nhit , kh hu

Hin trng ho hc :

Nng cht nhimtrong nc, khng kh, t Hm lng cht hu cxy ho tan, dng cht trongnc

Hin trng sinh hc :

Mt cn bng h sinh thituyt chng mt s loi Hin trng thc vt, cntrng, ng vt, loi thusinh, cc loi chim,v.v...

p ng

Cc hnh ng gim thiu Cc chnh sch mi trng nhm t c cc mc tiu quc gia v mi trng (V d : cc chun mc v tiu Cc chnh sch ngnh (cc gii hn v kim sot vic pht trin ca ngnh gim/thay i cc hot ng hay Nhn thc v mi trng Cc bin php gim ngho c th

Hnh 1.1. M hnh DPSIR


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Hin trng mi trng b nh hng ca nhiu yu t, c th Vit Nam l nhngthm ho mi trng c tnh nh k. Tuy nhin, trong bi cnh hin ti, trng tmca chng ta l tp trung vo s lng ln nhng p lc do con ngi gy ra c tcng ti mi trng, m trc ht l cc cht thi kh, nc thi v vic tch t rcthi. Tuy nhin, vic s dng ti nguyn cng nh nhng m hnh s dng t khcnhau ca con ngi v nhng ri ro khi ng dng cc cng ngh, v d a vo mitrng cc loi sinh vt bin i gien (GMO) cng cn c coi l nhng p lc quan

trng.

Nhng p lc ny to ra bi nhng hot ng ca con ngi. Do , cc hot ngca con ngi nh l sn xut v tiu dng chnh l nhng ng lc ng sau nhngp lc ny. Nhng ng lc ny thng c lin h vi cc ngnh kinh t ca x hinh l nng nghip, cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, nng lng. Mt loi p lc cth sinh ra t mt ngnh c th ca x hi hoc t nhiu ngnh. Tng t, cc hotng trong mt ngnh c th c th to ra 1 vi hoc mt chui nhng p lc khcnhau v th nh hng ti 1 vi hoc nhiu vn /ch mi trng. Mc p lcdo cc hot ng ca mt ngnh c th gy ra tu thuc vo mc v loi hnh hotng, cng ngh p dng khi tin hnh hot ng cng nh "hnh vi mi trng" ca

nhng ngi ang thc hin cc hot ng . 3 yu t : hot ng, cng ngh ngdng v hnh vi chnh l cc im trng tm ca cc chnh sch v bin php m xhi c th p dng nhmf gim cc p lc i vi mi trng.

Mc d lm gim cc p lc c th l mc ch trc mt ca rt nhiu chnh sch vmi trng, tuy nhin khng phi l l do c bn ca cc chnh sch ny. L do cbn chnh l hn ch nhng tc ng khng mong mun m mt mi trng ang bsuy thoi c th s to ra. Nhng tc ng ny c th c m t nh nhng tc ngvo 3 ngun lc c bn : c th l thin nhin, con ngi v cc ngun lc nhn to.Nhng tc ng vo t nhin c th l lm suy gim ngun ti nguyn thin nhin,lm suy yu cc chc nng ang vn hnh rt tt ca nhiu h sinh thi khc nhau

(sng, h, rng...) hoc ni theo mt cch khc l lm gim tnh a dng sinh hc.Nhng tc ng ny cng bao gm vic lm cn kit hoc ph hu ngun ti nguynthin nhin nh t nng nghip. Nhng nh hng tiu cc n sc kho do nhngvn mi trng gy ra l mt kha cnh quan trng ca nhng tc ng ti conngi, hoc thm ch l trong mt s trng hp cn c kh nng e do ti mi sinhk ca con ngi. Tc ng ln ngun lc nhn to gm rt nhiu loi tn tht khcnhau (v d xi mn, lt li) lm gim thi gian tn ti v chc nng ca ngun lcny. Nhng ngun lc khc nhau ny t bn thn chng vn d l nhng ti sn rtqu gi. Nhng quan trng hn l vic gn gi chng mc bn vng s l mt iukin tin quyt cho s pht trin sn xut cng nh mc sng ca con ngi trongtng lai.

Trn c s nhng nh gi v cc tc ng khng mong mun, m t mt cch hthng bc tranh cng nh tng quan v nhng tc ng tng h gia cht lng mitrng, cc p lc v cc hot ng trong nhng lnh vc khc nhau m khung hotng DPSIR a ra, x hi s a ra cc bin php p ng chng li nhng tcng khng mong mun ny. Vic p dng cc bin php p ng ny hm cha vica ra nhng vn u tin, t ra nhng mc tiu v mi trng v xy dng, thchin cc chnh sch ph hp v mi trng (hoc nhng iu chnh hp l cc chnhsch ngnh). Nhng chnh sch v bin php ny c th bao gm c nhng bin phpv php l v nhng bin php ti chnh, nhng bin php thuyt phc, u t v cc


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hot ng cng cng, hng dn v t vn, thng tin ... Tt c nhng yu t u tinnh :- t ra cc mc tiu;- Thit k, thc hin v nh gi cc chnh sch;- Theo st chin lc;- Nng cao nhn thc v cung cp thng tin;- m bo y ngun lc ti chnh, nhn lc v cng ngh cho nhng qu trnh

ny.

Chnh l nhng g cha ng trong cm t "qun l mi trng". Cc ch th cn cxem nh nhng cng c hu hiu qun l mi trng.

M hnh DPSIR rt hu dng trong vic m t cc mi quan h gia ngun gc(nguyn nhn) v hu qu trong cc vn mi trng. Tuy nhin hiu c nglc chnh ca nhng tng tc ny vic xem xt mi lin h gia cc yu t trong mhnh DPSIR cng rt hu ch. V d nh mi quan h gia cc yu t "D" v "P" trongcc hot ng kinh t chnh l hm tnh hiu qu v mt mi trng ca cng nghv cc h thng c lin quan khc ang c s dng. Tnh hiu qu v mt mi

trng ca cng ngh cng cao, s cng gim c p lc (P), l kt qu ca s giatng cc yu t "ng lc" (D). Cng tng t nh vy, mi lin h gia cc nhhng i vi con ngi hay h sinh thi v "hin trng" (S) ph thuc rt nhiu vonng lc v mc ngng ca cc h thng ny. Vic x hi liu c "p ng" (R) licc nh hng ny cn ph thuc vo cch nhn thc v nh gi cc nh hng ny;v cc kt qu ca "R" i vi "D" ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh hiu qu ca "R".

1.2. M hnh DPSIR i vi nhim khng kh thHnh 2.2 di y cho thy v d m hnh DPSIR p dng cho vn nhim khngkh th trong bi cnh Vit Nam. Bc tranh tng qut ny ph hp vi vic nhgi tnh trng nhim khng kh th trn bnh din quc gia. Tuy nhin cp tnh,

huyn, nhim khng kh c th ch do mt vi tc nhn nhim c nu ra trny, v khng hn tt c cc tc nhn nhim li l vn i vi mt tnh, thnh cth. Do vy m hnh c th c hiu chnh li phn nh ng cp ang cxem xt.

ng lcCc yu t ng lc c th l s gia tng dn s cng nh cc din bin trong cc lnhvc ca x hi c lin quan. Nguyn nhn chnh dn n nhim khng kh th Vit Nam l cc ngnh cng nghihp, giao thng, cc ngnh dch v (khch sn, vnphng, siu th ...), cc h gia nh v ngnh nng lng m c th l ngnh nhitin.

p lcCc cht gy nhim thng c xem xt khi nh gi mc nhim khng kh th l : SO2, NOX (NO2 v NO), CO, ch (pb) v bi m thng hay c o vithng s l PM10 v tng lng bi l lng (TSP). Vic pht thi cc cht ny t cclnh vc nu trn to ra sc p i vi cht lng khng kh th. Mt s cht gy nhim khc nh VOC v dioxin c th cng cn phi xem xt n.


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Hin trng mi trngCc tiu chun v cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh c qui nh ivi cc cht nhim nh m t trn : TSP, SO2, NO2, Pb, CO. o c/quan trc chtlng khng kh mt s a im Vit Nam c tin hnh trong khun khcc hot ng ca mng li quan trc quc gia. Sau tin hnh phn tch/nhgi hin trng mi trng trn c s so snh s liu o c vi cc tiu chun v chtlng mi trng khng kh xung quanh.

Tc ngNhng tc ng trc tin v ng lo ngi nht ca nhim khng kh th lnhng tc hi i vi sc kho con ngi. Ngoi ra cc vng nng thn ph cn cathnh ph, cng nh xung quanh khu vc cng nghip cng c th phi gnh chu tchi ca nhim khng kh.

p ngCc bin php p ng c th hng ti cc ngnh c lin quan, v d bng cch xydng cc tiu chun v mc tiu th nng lng cho xe my, t (ngnh GTVT),hoc bng cch tng hiu qu sn xut nng lng v xy dng cc tiu chun i vi

cc loi nhin liu/cht t s dng cc nh my nhit in (ngnh nng lng)cng nh l hng ti vic lm sch mi trng khng kh bng cch a vo s dngcc b chuyn in s dng cht xc tc trong t, cng nh thit b lm sch khngkh ti cc nh my nhit in.

Hnh 1.2 -M hnh DPSIR p dng i vi nhim khng kh th

ng lc

S gia tng dn sni chung

Cc lnh vc c linquan :

Giao thng Cng nghip Dch v Cc h gia nh Nng lng

p lc

Cht thi nhim

NO, NO2, SO2, NH4,

Bi (PM10),NMVOC, ch, CH4,CO, dioxin

Hin trngmi trng

Cht lng khngkh th

NO, NO2, SO

2, Bi

(PM10), O3, ch, CO,dioxin v.v...

Tc ng

H sinh thi th- v d nh trongcng vin

Nng nghip ti ccvng ph cn ngun

gy nhimSc kho con ngi -VD : Bnh ng hhp, ri lon ngh hp, ung th, bnhv h thn kinh, tngt l cht yu.

p ng

Hnh ng gim thiu

Cc chnh sch mi trng t c mc tiu ca quc gia v mi trng (VD : cc tiu chun, cc tiu chnhm iu tit p lc)

Cc chnh sch i vi ngnh (cc gii hn v kim sot s tng trng ca ngnh nhm lm gim hoc thayi cc hot ong hay cc p lc m cc hot ng ny gy ra)

Nhn thc mi trng

Chnh sch xi i, gim ngho c th


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II. Nhng kh khn v tr ngi khi thit lp cc biu mu chth (Indicator Fact Sheets) mi trng khng kh vit nam

Khi nh gi tnh trng nhim khng kh hay tc ng ca mi trng khng khngi ta thng tp trung ch ti cc cht nhim chnh ca mi trng khng khnh sau: Dioxit Sulphur (SO2), Oxit Nit (NOx), Oxit Cacbon (CO), bi c ng knht 10 m tr xung (PM

10) hay bi l lng tng s (TSP), O

3, bi ch (Pb - airborne

lead) v mt s ni cn bao gm thm cc cht nhim HC, H2S, CH4 v NH3. V cccht nhim khng kh ny c tc ng mnh n sc kho cng ng, cng nh cch sinh thi trn mt t.

Nh mc II trnh by, theo m hnh DPSIR, ch th mi trng khng kh l thco c tnh i din nh gi trng thi ca mi trng khng kh, thng cphn chia thnh 5 loi ch th sau: Ch th v ng lc (Driving forcer) - cc ng lcpht trin kinh t - x hi to ra cc p lc i vi mi trng, ch th v p lc(Pressure) - cc ngun thi gy nhim khng kh, ch th v trng thi ca nhimmi trng khng kh (State of the air environment), ch th v tc ng ca mitrng khng kh (Impacts) - tc ng ca nhim mi trng i vi sc kho con

ngi v cc h sinh thi, v ch th v cc p ng (Responses) - cc gii php ca xhi bo v mi trng khng kh. Trong ni dung nghin cu phn ny khng xtn cc ch th v ng lc (D) v p ng mi trng (R). V cc ch th v ng lcmi trng (D) c th d dng thit lp t cc s liu thng k v pht trin dn scng nh cc ch tiu pht trin kinh t - x hi theo k hoch pht trin kinh t - xhi ca tnh thnh cng nh ca quc gia. Cc ch th p ng cng d dng thit lpt cc k hoch, chin lc, chnh sch BVMT ca tnh thnh hoc quc gia.

cc nc trong cng ng Chu u (EU), cng nh nhiu nc pht trin khcnh M, Canada, c, Nht Bn..., ngi ta thng thit lp cc biu mu ca ch thmi trng khng kh i vi th l ch th v ngun thi cht nhim, tc l ch

th v p lc (Pressure), ch th v s ngy c nng cht nhim khng kh vtqu gii hn tiu chun cho php, tc l ch th v trng thi mi trng (State of theenvironment) v ch th v s phi nhim v b ri ro sc kho cng ng bi nhimkhng kh (Human health exposure and risk by air pollutants), cng nh din tch ccvng sn xut nng nghip b tc ng ca nhim mi trng.

Theo yu cu ca D n EIR, biu mu thu thp thng tin cho cc ch th s c sdng trong qu trnh xc nh phng php lun, xy dng b ch th v m t cc chth. Biu mu thu thp thng tin cho cc ch th do C quan Mi trng Chu u xydng s c s dng. Bn m t d tho phng php lun xy dng b ch th baogm c din gii ni dung ca biu mu thu thp thng tin cho cc ch th v biu ghi

mu. Cc ch th sau y lin quan ti nhim khng kh th cn c kimnghim thng qua vic xy dng biu mu thu thp thng tin cho cc ch th.


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Cu hi chung Cu hi chnh sch Tiu ca ch th M t c thVn ang dinbin nh th no ?

Tin trnh no cth t c cc gitr gii hn cho phpv cht lng kh ?

AP1 : S ngy c ccgi tr o c catng thng s sauy SO2, NOX,PM10 /TSP, Pb.

Vt

qu ngng mc tiucho php v chtlng khng kh cc khu th.

Din bin theo thigian;c tnh quy mquc gia v tnh phhp vi bn tnh

tham gia d n

AP2 : Tng lngthi SO2 v lngthi theo tng ngnh(nng lng, giaothng, h gia nh,cng nghip, dchv)AP3 : Tng lng

thi NOX v lngthi theo ngnh(nng lng, giaothng, h gia nh,cng nghip, dchv)AP4 : Tng lngthi PM10 /tng lngbi l lng v lngthi theo ngnh(nng lng giaothng, h gia nh,cng nghip, dchv)

Cc bn lin quan/cc ngnh ng vaitr nh th no ?

c cc tiu chunhay ngng mc tiucho php i vi cckh thi ?

AP5 : Tng lngthi Pb v lng thitheo ngnh (nnglng, giao thng, hgia nh, cngnghip, dch v)

Din bin theo thigian;c tnh quy mquc gia v tnh phhp vi bn tnhtham gia d n.

Tc ng ca nhim khng kh tisc kho (cc ri ro)

AP6 : Kh nng bphi nhim v ri rov sc kho conngi do cc cht nhim khng kh

Din bin theo thigian;

Nhng tc ng angdin bin nh thno?

Tc ng i vinng nghip

AP7 : Din tch nngnghip b nh hngbi nhim khngkh th (km2) va im (bn )

Hin trng ti thiim nht nh;

Mc vt qu gi tr gii hn cho php v cht lng khng kh ti khu th c tnh bng t l phn trm dn s dd th s ngyvt qu gi tr gii hn. S ngy vt qu gi tr gii hn ca mt thnh ph c tnh bng cch ly bnh qun kt qu ca tt c cctrm quan trc trong thnh ph. Dn s th l tng s ngi sng ti cc thnh ph c t nht 1 trm quan trc. T l phn trm dn s th c tnh l t l dn s ca mt thnh ph trn tng dn s th.


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2.1. V ch th cc ngun thi cc cht nhim khng kh (Pressure Indicator)Thng thng, cc th c cc ngun thi nhim chnh sau y: ngun thi thot ng cng nghip, ngun thi t hot ng giao thng vn ti, ngun thi t unnu ca nhn dn v cc ngun thi khc (hot ng xy dng, t cht thi, bc hit b mt nc b nhim v.v...). Cn phi xc nh c mt cch nh lng lngcht thi i vi mi cht nhim, th d nh bao nhiu tn SO2 trong mt nm csinh ra t mi ngun thi trn, tc l phi c s liu v lng tiu th nhin liu, tnh

cht ca nhin liu, c tnh ca cng ngh l t, hiu qu ca thit b x l nhimca mi nh my, x nghip; i vi ngun nhim giao thng cng phi bit trongthnh ph c bao nhiu xe t to, xe t trung bnh, xe t con, xe my, mi nm,mi loi xe trn tiu th bao nhiu tn xng, bao nhiu tn du; i vi ngun nhim khng kh pht sinh t sinh hot ca th cng phi tnh ton t s liu vmi nm nhn dn thnh ph, cc ca hng n ung v.v... tiu th bao nhiu tn than,bao nhiu tn du un nu v.v.... Khi c cc ch th v lng thi t cc ngunkhc nhau i vi mi loi cht nhim khng kh ta c th tnh ton xc nh ct l phn trm ca mi ngun ng gp sn sinh ra mi loi cht nhim .

Phn tch ch th ny c th bit c ngun nhim no gy ra nhim nhiu nht

i vi mi cht nhim, t c th xut cc gii php gim thiu nhim thchhp. Kh khn v tr ngi ln nht trong vic thit lp ch th p lc mi trng cc th nc ta l khng c c quan no thng k v lu tr cc s liu v ngun thi. cc nc tt c cc c s sn xut cng nghip u thc hin ng k ngun thi nhim mi trng ti c quan qun l mi trng, do d dng xc nh lng thicc cht nhim t sn xut cng nghip. nc ta khng c quy nh ng kngun thi cng nghip, do mun tnh ton xc nh ngun thi cng nghip thphi tin hnh iu tra trc tip tt c cc ngun thi. i vi ngun thi giao thngcng tng t nh vy, c nhiu cng ty cung cp xng du, nn khng c cng tyno thng k c s lng xng du tiu th cho hot ng ca mi loi phng tingiao thng mi th. Cho nn rt kh tm c s liu thc t v lng xng du

tiu th cho hot ng giao thng vn ti ni chung v cho tng loi xe t v cho xemy ni ring. Tuy rng S Giao thng Cng chnh c th cung cp tng s lngtng loi xe t, tng lng xe my ng k.

i vi ngun thi t un nu, sinh hot th cng rt kh xc nh v khng c sliu thng k bao nhiu gia nh un nu bng than, bao nhiu gia nh un nu bngdu ho, bng ci, bng gas hay bng in, c bao nhiu ca hng n ung un bngthan, du v lng tiu th l bao nhiu. Vic tnh ton cc ngun thi khc, nhlng bi t hot ng xy dng sinh ra, hay l lng bi t ng ph bn, mt vsinh bay ln th li cng kh khn hn.

2.2. V ch th trng thi mi trng khng kh (State of the air environment)Ch th hay trng thi mi trng khng kh, chnh l ch th v cht lng mi trngkhng kh, n thng c th hin bng nng trung bnh gi, trung bnh ngy haytrung bnh nm ca cc cht nhim SO2, NO2, CO, bi l lng/PM10, O3 v ch (Pb)v s ngy trong nm c nng vt qu gii hn tiu chun cho php i vi micht nhim trn.

Cc cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin khhu, a hnh v s bin i ca ngun thi (c bit l ngun thi t hot ng giaothng) nn n bin i rt nhanh theo tng gi trong mi ngy v theo tng ngy


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trong mi nm. Ch c cc trm quan trc cht lng khng kh t ng o lin tcmi c th o lng chnh xc s bin i ca cc cht nhim khng kh, mi cth xc nh c s ngy m nng cht nhim vt qu gii hn cho php. Cctrm quan trc khng kh t ng nc ta o cc thng s sau: cc thng s kh hu,cc thng s cht nhim: PM10, SO2, NOx, CO v O3, khng o bi ch (Pb) v cckh khc. nc ta ch c H Ni c 4 trm quan trc khng kh t ng (nu kthm mt trm ca Cc Kh tng Thu vn th l 5 trm), Hi Phng c 1 trm(nu k thm 1 trm ca Cc Kh tng Thy vn l 2 trm), TP. H Ch Minh c10 trm, cn li cc thnh ph khc u cha c trm quan trc khng kh t ngno. Cc trm ca h thng quan trc mi trng quc gia u tin hnh quan trcmi trng khng kh bng thit b xch tay, ly mu khng kh ti hin trng ri vphng th nghim phn tch. Cng ch tin hnh quan trc mi trng khng kh cc thnh ph ln v cc ni tp trung cng nghip, s lng im o trong mi thrt t (thng ch l 3-5 im o), tn sut o cng rt tha (trc nm 2002 mi nmo 4 ln, t nm 2002 n nay o 6 ln trong nm), mi ln o mi im o cngch tin hnh o 1 ngy (trong mt s gi ban ngy, ban m khng o). Cc thng squan trc l bi l lng tng s (TSP), kh SO2, NO2 v CO, i khi c o thm bich (Pb) cnh ng giao thng. mt s tnh/thnh c trm quan trc mi trng

a phng (trc y thuc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, nay thuc STi nguyn v Mi trng) cng nh k tin hnh quan trc mi trng khng khthuc a phng mnh, nh l H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng, Hi Phng, Nng, Thi Nguyn v.v..., nhng s im o cn t v tn sut o cn tha hn tnsut o ca h thng quan trc mi trng quc gia. Mt s B ngnh nh B Nngnghip v Pht trin Nng thn, B Xy dng, B Giao thng, B Cng nghip v.v...cng tin hnh quan trc mi trng khng kh mt s t, khng c tnh nh khay lin tc nhng mc ch ca cc t quan trc ny l phc v mc tiu qun lmi trng ca mi B, kt qu quan trc khng c cng b cng khai, cng nhkhng gi v B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Mt s ti khoa hc cp nh nc vcp a phng, cng nh mt s D n mi trng do cc t chc quc t ti tr

cng tin hnh quan trc mi trng khng kh mt s a phng. Vic quantrc ny cng khng c tnh thng xuyn nh k, v cng ch nhm mc ch phcv nghin cu ca mi ti hay d n .

Nh vy c th rt ra kt lun rng tr H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh, tt c cc th nc ta khng c s liu quan trc cht lng mi trng khng kh thit lp biu mu ch th v cht lng mi trng khng kh (Indicator Factsheets onthe State of Air Environment) theo yu cu lp cc ch th mi trng khng kh cacc nc trong cng ng Chu u (EU) cng nh ca cc nc pht trin khc.

2.3. V ch th tc ng ca mi trng khng kh (On the Impact Indicator of

Air Environment) cc nc trong cng ng Chu u (EU) ngi ta thit lp cc ch th tc ng cami trng khng kh i vi sc khe cng ng v h sinh thi nng nghip nhsau:

a) S lng dn c trong th b phi nhim (pollution exposure), tc l s lngdn c trong th sng trong khu vc b nhim khng kh theo tng cht nhim(nng cht nhim vt qu tr s tiu chun cho php) v c phn thnh cccp khc nhau, th d i vi kh SO2 c phn thnh 4 cp: khng c ngy no, t


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0,1 - 3 ngy, t 3,1 - 9 ngy v ln hn 9 ngy. Ch th ny cng c th hin bng tl s dn b phi nhim trn tng s dn trong th.

b) Din tch t nng nghip b phi nhim (pollution exposure), tc l tng dintch t nng nghip (km2) nm trong khu vc b nhim theo tng cht nhimkhng kh (nng cht nhim vt qu gii hn cho php i vi h sinh thinng nghip).

xc nh c cc ch th tc ng trn th cn phi c y s liu v nng ca tng cht nhim khng kh phn b chnh xc trn ton b din tch ca thnhph theo tng ngy trong nm, mi xc nh c cc ng gianh gii phm vi dintch trong th b nhim v thng k s dn trong khu vc b nhim 1-3 ngy, 3-9 ngy v ln hn 9 ngy, tc l phi b tr rt nhiu trm quan trc mi trng khngkh t ng cc khu vc khc nhau trong thnh ph.

H thng quan trc mi trng khng kh ca nc ta, ngay c h thng quan trc mitrng khng kh t ng ca thnh ph H Ni v TP. H Ch Minh cng cha cs d liu (base data) xy dng cc ch th ny. i vi vng nng nghip, nc

ta cha c quan trc mi trng khng kh, tuy nhin h sinh thi nng nghip chyu b tc ng ca cc ngun thi cng nghip, c th bng phng php tnh tontheo m hnh khuych tn nhim khng kh cng nghip xc nh c din tcht nng nghip xung quanh nh my b nhim, nhng iu ny khng phi d dngthc hin c, c bit l nc ta cha c qui nh tiu chun gii hn nng cht nhim cho php i vi sn xut nng nghip.

III. xut phng php lun thit lp cc biu mu ch th(Indicator Fact Sheets)mi trng khng kh ph hp vi iukin Vit Nam

3.1. Phng php thit lp cc ch th p lc (Presure Indicator) - ch th vngun thi

a) Xc nh lng thi cht nhim t cc c s cng nghip xc nh ngun thi t cng nghip trong iu kin nc ta khng c tin hnhng k ngun thi cng nghip, cn phi tin hnh iu tra tt c cc ngun thicng nghip trong a bn nghin cu (tnh/thnh) i vi H Ni cng nh cc tnhH Nam, Thi Nguyn, Qung Nam u phi tin hnh tng t nh nhau. S liuiu tra cn thu thp i vi mi nh my ti thiu l v tr nh my, cng ngh snxut ca nh my, kch thc ng khi, lng nhin liu than, du, kh tiu th trong1 gi, 1 ngy, 1 nm, tnh cht ca nhin liu (c bit l hm lng S, C v tro) v

hiu qu thit b x l i vi mi loi cht thi nhim (%). Sau s dngphng php kim k ngun thi nhanh ca WHO [6] xc nh lng thi tngcht nhim ca nh my, x nghip. Th d nh tnh vi l t than nghin ca nhmy in th dng bng (3.1) di y.


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Bng 3.1. H s cc cht nhim i vi ngun thi cng nghip [6]

H s nhimNh my in,

loi l t

n vnhinliu(U)

TSP(kg/U)

SO2(kg/U)

NOx(kg/U)

CO(kg/U)

VOC(kg/U)

L t thannghin:Khng c kimsot

tn 5A 19,5 S 9,0 0,3 0,055

Lc bi bngxiclon

tn 1,25A 19,5 S 9,0 0,3 0,055

Lc bi tnh in tn 0,36A 19,5 S 9,0 0,3 0,055Lc bi ti vi tn 0,01A 19,5 S 9,0 0,3 0,055

B ch: S- Hm lng lu hunh trong than (%); A - tro ca than (%)

Lng thi cht nhim s bng tch s ca h s nhim bng 3.1 nhn vi lngnhin liu tiu th. i vi cc kh SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, nu c thit b kim sot

nhim vi h s hiu qu l (%) th nhn thm vi h s (1-).

Trung tm CEETIA ch tr ti cp Nh nc KT02-03 (1991-1995) v KHCN07.11 (1996-2000) tin hnh iu tra ngun thi cng nghip H Ni. C thdng kt qu iu tra ca 2 ti ny trong vic thit lp ch th p lc cng nghipi vi mi trng khng kh ca H Ni.

b) Xc nh lng thi cht nhim t hot ng giao thngPhng php xc nh ngun thi nhim t hot ng giao thng cng tng t nhphng php i vi sn xut cng nghip. Bng kim k ngun thi giao thng theoWHO [6] c dng nh bng 3.2 di y:

Bng 3.2. H s cc cht nhim i vi ngun thi giao thng [6]

H s nhimLoi xe

nv

(U)TSP

(kg/U)SO2

(kg/U)NOx

(kg/U)CO

(kg/U)VOC

(kg/U)Pb

(kg/U)Xe t chy xng, csn xut trong giai on1985-1992

- ng c < 1400 cc

1000kmtn

xng

0,071,10

1,27 S20 S

1,523,75

15,73248,3

2,2335,25

0,09 P1,35 P

- ng c 1400-2000 cc

1000kmtn

xng

0,070,86

1,62 S20 S

1,7822,02

15,73194,7

2,2327,65

0,11 P1,35 P

- ng c > 2000 cc

1000kmtn

xng

0,070,76

1,85 S20 S

2,5127,11

15,73169,7

2,2324,09

0,13 P1,35 P

B ch: S - Hm lng lu hunh trong xng du; P - Hm lng ch trong xng du


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Kh khn ln nht trong vic tnh ton ngun thi t hot ng giao thng ca thnhph l thiu s liu thng k v lng xng du tiu th cho mi loi xe. C th iutra gn ng tng lng xng du tiu th mi nm v s lng xe t, xe my ngk mi thnh ph. xc nh gn ng lng thi nhim t hot ng giaothng, chng ti ngh tha nhn mt s iu kin gn ng nh sau: (1) Lngxng du m xe ca thnh ph s dng i ra ngoi phm vi thnh ph tng ngxng du ca cc xe t ngoi thnh ph i vo hot ng trong thnh ph; (2) Lng

xng du phn chia cho tng loi xe s dng t l thun vi s lng xe ng k vlng xng du tiu hao khi chy 100 km. Th d, i vi thnh ph H Ni, chngti c Cng ty xng du khu vc I cung cp lng xng du do cng ty cung cpcho H Ni nm 2003 nh sau:

n v m3 150CXng Mogas

83, 90Xng Mogas

92Du Diesel

(DO)Du Mazut

(FO)Du ha

57.230 152.700 129.987 8.489 61.716

Lng xng trn ch chim khong 65-70% th phn xng du tiu th ca H Ni, v

cn nhiu ngun khc cung cp. Chng ti cho rng du ha ch yu l dn mua un nu v s dng trong mt s x nghip, du Mazut (FO) ch yu dng cho cngnghip, du Diesel (DO) ch yu l dng cho cc xe but, xe ti v xe t chy du,cn xng ch yu dng cho xe t chy xng v xe my.

Vy lng xng dng cho t l:

t. b= GX x ------------------------------- , m

3/nm t . a + xe my . b

S lng xng dng cho xe my l:

xe my. b= GX x ------------------------------- , m

3/nm t . a + xe my . b

Trong :a - s lt xng tiu hao ca t chy 100 kmb - s lt xng tiu hao ca xe my chy 100 km.GX - Tng lng xng cung cp cho t - xe my trong 1 nm, i vi H Ni

nm 2003 l70

100).700.152230.57( +.

Khi bit lng xng du s dng ca mi loi xe t v xe my nh trn, c thtnh c lng thi cht nhim do hot ng giao thng bng cch s dng bng hs nhim, bng 4.2.

c) Xc nh lng thi cht nhim t sinh hot thMun xc nh c lng thi cht nhim t sinh hot th, cng cn phi iutra thng k trong 1 ngy hay 1 nm nhn dn th s dng bao nhiu tn than,


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du ha, kh gas un nu, sau nhn vi h s thi cht nhim tm ra lngthi. Cc ti khoa hc cp nh nc KT03.02 v KHCN 07.11 tin hnh iu tralng nhin liu tiu th cho sinh hot ca nhn dn mt s phng in hnh HNi, c th tham kho s liu ny tnh gn ng tng lng nhin liu dng chosinh hot ca nhn dn H Ni. y tr ngi cn l khng c ti liu tham khoquc t v h s thi nhim i vi un nu bng than t ong hay du ha. ncta cng cha c c quan no nghin cu y v h s thi nhim ny.

3.2. Phng php thit lp cc ch th v trng thi cht lng khng kh (State ofthe air environment)i vi iu kin ca nc ta, ch th v cht lng khng kh cn phn bit i vicc tnh/thnh c h thng cc trm quan trc mi trng khng kh t ng (nh lH Ni, TP. H Ch Minh) v cc tnh/thnh ch c quan trc mi trng khng khbng thit b xch tay (nh l cc tnh Thi Nguyn, H Nam v Qung Nam).

i vi cc tnh/thnh c h thng cc trm quan trc mi trng khng kh t nglin tc c th thit lp cc biu mu ch th (Indicator Fact Sheets) tng t nh ccnc Cng ng Chu u (EU), bao gm cc biu mu ch th v din bin nng

tng cht nhim trung bnh ngy v trung bnh nm v cc biu mu ch th v sngy hay s gi c nng cht nhim vt qu tr s cho php.

Theo qui nh ca EU th: Biu mu ch th din bin nng trung bnh cc cht nhim trong ngy v trong nm c thit lp thng thng v so snh vi cc tr sTiu chun cho php nh gi cht lng mi trng khng kh tt hay xu; Biumu ch th v s thi gian c nng vt tr s tiu chun cho php i vi nhimbi PM10 phn thnh cc cp theo s ngy c nng trung bnh vt qu TCCP(50g/m3) l 0 ngy, 1-35 ngy, 36-45 ngy v ln hn 45 ngy; i vi nhim khSO2 c phn thnh cc cp theo s ngy c nng trung bnh vt qu TCCP(125g/m3) l 0 ngy, 1-3 ngy, 4-9 ngy v ln hn 9 ngy; i vi nhim kh

NO2 c phn thnh cc cp theo s ngy c nng trung bnh gi vt qu tr sTCCP (200 g/m3) l 0 gi, 1-18 gi, 18-36 gi v ln hn 36 gi.

i vi cc tnh/thnh cha c h thng quan trc mi trng khng kh t ng lintc (y l trng hp ph bin nc ta hin nay v tng lai ti nm 2020) thchng ta ch c th xy dng mt cch gn ng cc biu mu v din bin nng trung bnh ngy ca cc cht nhim. Cc biu mu y ch l gn ng, bi v vicquan trc mi trng nhiu a phng khng c tnh h thng, nh k v tn suto rt tha v cng ch o c mt s thi im (p o) trong thi gian ban ngy(khng o lin tc 24 gi/24 gi).

3.3. Phng php thit lp cc ch th v tc ng mi trng khng kh(The Impact Indicator of Air Environment) cc nc trong Cng ng Chu u (EU) cc ch th tc ng mi trng bao gmch th tc ng mi trng i vi sc khe cng ng v ch th tc ng i vi hsinh thi nng nghip. nc ta hin nay cha c c s thit lp ch th tc ngi vi h sinh thi nng nghip, bi v nc ta cha c h thng quan trc mitrng i vi vng nng thn, mt khc chng ta cng cha c chun nh gi thno l mc nhim i vi h sinh thi nng nghip.


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V vy chng ti kin ngh nc ta ch thit lp ch th tc ng mi trng khngkh i vi sc khe cng ng. Ch th ny cc nc EU c th hin bng t ls dn th b phi nhim (pollution exposure) trn tng s dn th. xcnh mt cch nh lng ch th ny cn phi thit lp c bn phn b nhimkhng kh mi th, xc nh r gianh gii phm vi th b nhim v tin hnhthng k s dn sng trong phm vi b nhim . iu ny tht l kh khn i vinc ta.

Do chng ti kin ngh ch th tc ng mi trng nc ta c xc nh bngt l s dn th, hay t l s ngi n khm bnh v iu tr bnh b cc bnh vng h hp (vim mi, vim xoang, vim hng, vim cung phi, bnh bi phi,lao phi v.v...) trn tng s s ngi n khm v iu tr. c s liu t l s ngimc cc bnh v ng h hp trn tng s dn th cn phi tin hnh iu tra dcht hc i vi mi th. c s liu t l s ngi n khm v iu tr b ccbnh v ng h hp cc bnh vin c th tin hnh tng hp thng k s liu nhtk t cc bnh vin trong th.

3.4. Phng php thit lp cc ch th mi trng khng kh chung cho quc gia

Ch th mi trng chung ca quc gia c xc nh trn c s xc nh c chth mi trng mi a phng tnh/thnh ( th)

Ch th mi trng khng kh th chung cho quc gia c th xc nh mt cch ngin l ch th mi trng chung cho quc gia s bng tr s trung bnh c trng lngca ch th mi trng ca tt c cc th trong nc, c th l:

IM,i x NiIM (quc gia) = -------------------- ,

NiTrong :

IM (quc gia), IM,i - l ch th mi trng chung ca quc gia v ca ringtng tnh/thnh (tng th)Ni - l s dn th mi tnh/thnh

Chng ti ngh ch cn thit lp ch th mi trng cc th sau y: H Ni,TP. H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng, Cn Th. Bi v tng s dn th ca ccthnh ph trn gn bng mt na tng dn s th nc ta.

Iv. th nghim xy dng mt s biu mu (Fact Sheet) ch th mitrng khng kh i vi thnh ph H Ni

Trong phn ph lc I v ph lc II trnh by phng php thu thp thng tin vthit lp cc biu mu ch th mi trng khng kh i vi thnh ph H Ni, diy ch gii thiu cc kt qu cui cng l cc biu mu ch th c th :


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Ch th p lcbiu mu ch th : ngun thi TSP

Hnh 4.1 - Ch th v ngun thi TSP. Tng lng thi v s ng gp t mt s lnhvc ch yu H Ni

S liu thit lp biu

1996 2003 2010Lnh vc

tn % tn % tn %Cng nghip 9.289 62,44 9.238 66,82 11.821 77,63Giao thng vn ti 251 1,69 482 3,48 752 5,22Sinh hot th 30 0,2 23 0,20 19 0,14Do ng bn 5.307 35,67 4.083 29,50 2.450 17,01

Tng 14.877 13.826 14.402

Kt qu v nh gi1. Quan h ca ch th i vi pht trin mi trngNgun thi tng bi l lng (TSP) l mt thnh phn chnh gy nhim mi trngkhng kh xung quanh, n c tc hi mnh i vi sc kho ca con ngi, c bit l cc th, ni m c nng bi ln nht.

2. nh gi thnh ph H Ni trong giai on t 1996 n 2010 nhng ngun thi bi l lngchnh l hot ng cng nghip (chim ti 62 - 78%) v do giao thng cun bi mtng b bn (chim ti 36 - 47%). Tng lng thi TSP trong nm 2003 gim ikhong 7,1%, so vi nm 1996. Tng lng thi TSP n nm 2010 s gim ikhong 4,2% so vi nm 2003.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Cngnghip

Giaothng

Sinhhot

Bing

1996

2003

2010

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Cngnghip

Giaothng

Sinhhot

Bing

2010

2003

1996

tn/nm T l %

a)Ngun thi TSP b)T l ng gp ca cc lnh vc chnh


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Ch th p lcbiu mu ch th : ngun thi SO2

Hnh 4.2 - Ch th v ngun thi SO2. Tng lng thi v s ng gp t mt s lnhvc ch yu H Ni

S liu thit lp biu

1996 2003 2010Lnh vc

tn % tn % tn %Cng nghip 7.169 99,91 8.003 99,9 10.675 99,89Giao thng vn ti 3 0,045 5,4 0,07 9 0,08

Sinh hot th 3 0,045 2,3 0,03 2 0,03Tng 7.175 8.011 10.686

Kt qu v nh gi1. Quan h ca ch th i vi pht trin mi trngNgun thi SO2 l mt thnh phn nhim gy ra vn lng ng axit xuyn bingii. i vi mi trng th n gy tc hi mnh n sc kho con ngi v cc hsinh thi, c bit l ni c nng cao.

2. nh gi thnh ph H Ni trong giai on t 1996 n 2010 ngun thi chnh SO2 l lnh

vc hot ng cng nghip (chim ti 99,9%), ngun thi SO2 t giao thng vn ti vt sinh hot ca th l khng ng k (t hn 1%). Tng lng thi SO2 trong nm2003 tng hn nm 1996 l 11,6%, tng lng thi SO2 n nm 2010 s tng hnnm 2003 khong 33,4%.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Cngnghip

Giao thng Sinh hot

1996

2003

2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cngnghip

Giaothng

Sinh hot

2010

2003

1996

tn/nm T l %

a) b)


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Ch th p lcbiu mu ch th : ngun thi NO2

Hnh 4.3 - Ch th v ngun thi NO2. Tng lng thi v s ng gp t mt s lnhvc ch yu H Ni

S liu thit lp biu

1996 2003 2010Lnh vc

tn % tn % tn %Cng nghip 5.763 85,01 6.822 69,60 9.725 67,17Giao thng vn ti 773 11,40 2.784 28,40 4.599 31,76

Sinh hot th 243 3,59 186 2,00 154 1,07Tng 6.779 9.792 14.478

Kt qu v nh gi1. Quan h ca ch th i vi pht trin mi trngNgun thi NO2 l mt thnh phn nhim gy ra vn lng ng axit xuyn bingii. i vi mi trng th n gy tc hi mnh n sc kho con ngi v cc hsinh thi, c bit l ni c nng cao.

2. nh gi thnh ph H Ni trong giai on t 1996 n 2010 ngun thi chnh NO2 l cng

nghip (chim t l 67 - 85%), th hai l thi t giao thng vn ti (11 - 32%), t sinhhot ca th l rt nh (1 - 4%). Tng lng thi NO2 trong nm 2003 tng hnnm 1996 l 44,4% v tng lng thi NO2 n nm 2010 s tng hn nm 2003 l47,8%.

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Cngnghip

Giao thng Sinh hot

1996

2003

2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cngnghip

Giaothng

Sinh hot

2010

2003

1996

tn/nm T l %

a) b)


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Ch th p lcbiu mu ch th : ngun thi CO

Hnh 4.4 - Ch th v ngun thi CO. Tng lng thi v s ng gp t mt s lnhvc ch yu H Ni

S liu thit lp biu

1996 2003 2010Lnh vc

tn % tn % tn %Cng nghip 577 1,42 715 0,82 1.110 0,84

Giao thng vn ti 40.139 98,55 86.327 99,16 130.976 99,15Sinh hot th 14 0,03 11 0,02 10 0,01

Tng 40.730 87.053 132.096

Kt qu v nh gi1. Quan h ca ch th i vi pht trin mi trngNgun thi CO l mt thnh phn chnh gy nhim mi trng khng kh xungquanh, n c tc hi mnh n sc kho con ngi, c bit l cc th, ni m nc nng CO ln nht.

2. nh gi

thnh ph H Ni trong giai on t 1996 n 2010 ngun thi chnh vi CO l thot ng giao thng (98 - 99%), t pht thi cng nghip ch chim khong 1%, cnt sinh hot ca th chim t l khng ng k (0,01 - 0,03%).

Tng lng thi CO trong nm 2003 tng hn 2 ln nm 1996, tnh n nm 2010 ns tng hn nm 2003 khong 51,7%.

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Cngnghip

Giao thng Sinh hot

1996

2003

2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cngnghip

Giaothng

Sinh hot

2010

2003

1996

tn/nm T l %

a) b)


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Ch th p lcbiu mu ch th : ngun thi VOC

Hnh 4.5 - Ch th v ngun thi VOC. Tng lng thi v s ng gp t mt s lnhvc ch yu H Ni

S liu thit lp biu

1996 2003 2010Lnh vc

tn % tn % tn %Cng nghip 340 5,24 465 3,42 603 2,94

Giao thng vn ti 6.141 94,69 13.129 96,55 19.846 96,94Sinh hot th 5 0,07 4 0,03 4 0,02

Tng 6.486 13.598 20.471

Kt qu v nh gi1. Quan h ca ch th i vi pht trin mi trngNgun thi VOC l mt thnh phn chnh gy nhim mi trng khng kh xungquanh, n c tc hi mnh n sc kho con ngi, c bit l cc th, ni m nc nng VOC ln nht.

2. nh gi

thnh ph H Ni trong giai on t 1996 n 2010 ngun thi chnh vi CO l thot ng giao thng (94 - 97%), t pht thi cng nghip ch chim khong 3-5%, vt sinh hot ca th chim t l rt nh b (0,02 - 0,07%).

Tng lng thi VOC trong nm 2003 tng hn 2 ln nm 1996, tnh n nm 2010n s tng hn nm 2003 khong 50,5%.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

Cngnghip

Giao thng Sinh hot

1996

2003

2010

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Cngnghip

Giaothng

Sinh hot

2010

2003

1996

tn/nm T l %

a) b)


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Ch th v hin trng mi trng khng kh

S dng tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN) v tiu chun quc t (EEU, WHO) nhgi mc nhim ca mi trng khng kh xung quanh ca H Ni.

Tr s gii hn cho php (g/m3) ca nng cc cht nhim trong mi trng

khng kh xung quanh theo Tiu chun Vit Nam v Tiu chun quc t

No Cht nhimThi gian

trungbnh

TCVN EEU WHO

1 Sulphur dioxide SO2 1 gi24 ginm

500300

35012520

30012550

2 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 1 gi24 ginm

400100

2004030

400150

3 PM10 1 gi24 ginm

5040

12050

4 SPM 1 gi24 ginm

300200 120

905 Ozone O3 1 gi

8 gi24 gi

200

60

120120

6 Carbon Monoxide CO 1 gi8 gi24 ginm

40.10310.1035.103

10.00030.103

10.103

7 Benzene 1 gi24 ginm

1500100

5

55

8 Lead Pb 1 gi24 ginm

555 0.5

1.5

0.5


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ch th v hin trng mi trng khng khbiu mu ch th : cht lng khng kh h ni

Cc s liu thit lp biu

Tr s trung bnh v cc i trong nm ca nng cc cht nhim trong khng khti trm CEETIA (mg/m3)

CO NO2 SO2NmTB Max TB Max TB Max

1999 2.456 14.410 0.006 0.023 0.006 0.0822000 2.209 11.060 0.009 0.117 0.008 0.150

2001 2.122 8.737 0.016 0.160 0.022 0.2612002 2.468 12.391 0.029 0.173 0.038 0.2082003 3.520 8.750 0.033 0.090 0.038 0.1422004

O3 PM10 TSPNmTB Max TB Max TB Max

1999 0.014 0.057 0.155 0.97 0.330 0.3502000 0.016 0.075 0.126 1.000 0.336 0.3702001 0.021 0.086 0.122 0.997 0.310 0.4302002 0.022 0.048 0.090 0.777 0.300 0.353

2003 0.019 0.042 0.122 0.589 0.342 0.4052004

B ch: Ring s liu TSP l tng bi l lng ph L Quc S (1 ln /2 thng)

Kt qu v nh gi

Lin quan n chnh schCh th ny c lin quan n thng tin chnh sch v Chng trnh "Khng kh sch"

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

TB

Max

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

TB

Max

Hnh 4.6a. Din bin nng bi PM10trung bnh v cc i theo cc nm ti

trm CEETIA

Hnh 4.6b. Din bin nng kh SO2trung bnh v cc i cc nm ti

trm CEETIA

mg/m3 mg/m3


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22

Mc tiu ca chnh schBi mn PM10 v dioxit sulphur SO2 l hai cht nhim chnh trong mi trng khngkh xung quanh ca H Ni. Theo Chin lc Bo v mi trng Quc gia Vit Namth nng cc cht PM10 v SO2 trong khng kh xung quanh ca H Ni ca HNi n nm 2020 s khng vt qu tr s gii hn cho php theo tiu chun quc t.

nh gi

Mi trng khng kh xung quanh b nhim nng bi mn PM10 v kh dioxitsulphur l hin trng ph bin i vi thnh ph H Ni cng nh tt c cc th Vit Nam, chng gy ra tc ng nguy hi i vi sc kho cng ng. S bin inng PM10 theo cc nm trong giai on t 1999 n 2004 l khng ng k. Nng trung bnh nm ca kh SO2 trong giai on t 1999 n 2004 tng dn t nm nyn nm sau. Nng kh SO2 trung bnh nm 2003 tng hn tr s trung bnh nm1999 l 6,3 ln, nhng tt c cc tr s trung bnh nm u thp hn tr s tiuchun cho php.

Ch th v hin trng mi trng khng khBiu mu ch th : SO2 trong khng kh th h ni

Bng tng kt gi tr trung bnh thng ca nm 2003 vi kh SO2 (g/m3)

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12TBSO2

115,9 71,7 32,7 197,1 35,9 36,6 29,5 29,4 29,3 33,41 36,75 34,8

Kt qu v nh gi

Lin quan n chnh schCh th ny c lin quan n thng tin chnh sch v Chng trnh "Khng kh sch".

Mc tiu ca chnh schSO2 l mt cht nhim chnh trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh ca H Ni.Theo Chin lc Bo v Mi trng Quc gia th nng SO 2 trong khng kh xungquanh H Ni n nm 2020 s khng vt qu tr s 50 g/m3 i vi tr s trungbnh nm v khng vt qu 125 g/m3 i vi tr s trung bnh ngy.


- Tng s ngy o: 365 ngy (100%)

- Tng s ngy c SO2 > 50 g/m3 :

54 ngy (14.8%)

- Tng s ngy c SO2 > 125 g/m3:

19 ngy (5.2%)

- Tng s ngy c SO2 > 300 g/m3 :

0 ngy (0%)

14.8

5.2

0

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

SO2>50 SO2>125 SO2>300

Hnh 4.7. T l s ngy c nng SO2(2003) vt tiu chun

%


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nh giTuy rng, SO2 c tc ng nguy hi i vi sc kho cng ng, c mt s tc ngi vi thc vt, v n l mt trong cc cht gy ra lng ng axit, c tc ng nguyhi i vi vt liu, cngg trnh xy dng v cc cng trnh k nim, nhng mitrng khng kh xung quanh ca H Ni cha b nhim kh SO2.

T l s ngy c nng SO2 vt qua 50 g/m3 trong nm 2003 l 14,8%, s ngy

c SO2 vt qu 125 g/m3 l 5,2% v s ngy c SO2 vt qu 300 g/m3 l 0%.

Ch th v hin trng mi trng khng khBiu mu ch th : PM10 trong khng kh th h ni

Bng tng kt gi tr trung bnh thng ca nm 2003 vi bi PM10 (g/m3)

Thng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12TBSO2

115.9 71.7 32.7 197.1 35.9 36.6 29.5 29.4 29.3 33.41 36.75 34.8

Kt qu v nh giLin quan n chnh schCh th ny c lin quan n thng tin chnh sch v Chng trnh "Khng kh sch".

Mc tiu ca chnh schBi mn PM10 l mt cht nhim chnh trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh caH Ni. Theo Chin lc Bo v Mi trng Quc gia th nng PM 10 trong khngkh xung quanh H Ni n nm 2020 s khng vt qu tr s 50 g/m3 i vi trs trung bnh nm v khng vt qu 120 g/m3 i vi tr s trung bnh ngy.

nh giMi trng khng kh xung quanh H Ni b nhim rt nng v PM10, n c tcng rt nguy hi i vi sc kho cng ng. T l s ngy c nng PM 10 ln hn50 g/m3 trong nm 2003 l 98,4%, t l s ngy c nng PM10 ln hn 120 g/m

3l 97,8% v t l s ngy c nng PM10 ln hn 200 g/m

3 l 87,4%.


- Tng s ngy o: 365 ngy (100%)

- Tng s ngy c PM10 > 50 g/m3:

359 ngy (98,4%)

- Tng s ngy c PM10 > 120 g/m3 :357 ngy (97,8%)

- Tng s ngy c PM10 > 200 g/m3 :

359 ngy (87,4%)

Hnh 4.8. T l s ngy c nng PM10(2003) vt tiu chun

98.497.8

87.4

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

100

P M1 0>50 P M10 >1 20 P M10 >2 00

%


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24

vI. Kt lun v kin ngh

1. Cc phn trn trnh by cc tr ngi kh khn khi p dng phng php lun xydng cc ch th mi trng khng kh theo EU vo Vit Nam; xut phng phplun xc nh cc ch th mi trng khng kh Vit Nam; v th nghim xy dngmt s biu mu ch th mi trng khng kh i vi thnh ph H Ni.

2. c th xy dng c cc ch th mi trng khng kh nc ta cn phi thchin mt s vic sau y:a) Tin hnh xy dng h thng cc trm quan trc mi trng khng kh t ng lintc cc thnh ph loi I tr ln nc ta, bao gm H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh, HiPhng, Nng, Cn Th; khng nhng l cn phi u t kinh ph xy dng trm,m iu quan trng hn l o to nhn lc vn hnh cc trm . Rt kinh nghimvic u t cc trm quan trc khng kh t ng lin tc H Ni v TP. H ChMinh thy rng nguyn nhn chnh m cc trm quan trc c u t cha hotng tt l do i ng nhn lc vn hnh cc trm cng nh h thng thng tin nimng cc trm vi nhau v ni mng vi c quan qun l mi trng Trung ng cnrt thiu v s lng v yu v trnh chuyn mn k thut. S liu quan trc mi

trng ca cc trm, cng nh ca mi a phng phi c phn tch, tng hp,thng k theo mt phng php thng nht trong phm vi ton quc v bo co vTrung tm iu hnh quc gia.

b) Cn thit lp h thng kim k ngun thi gy nhim mi trng quc gia v cc tnh/thnh ln v cc lnh vc sau:

- H thng kim k (ng k hoc thng k cp nht) cc ngun thi nhim khngkh: cc ngun thi nhit in, cc ngun thi cng nghip, cc ngun thi giao thngvn ti (s lng cc loi xe t, xe my, s lng nhin liu xng du tiu th chotng loi phng tin giao thng vn ti), cc ngun thi sinh hot v cc ngun thi

khc (s lng nhin liu than du tiu th cho sinh hot v cc hot ng khc). Ccs liu trn c th ly t B Cng nghip, B Giao thng, cc tng cng ty sn xut,tng cng ty than, tng cng ty xng du v cc S tng ng cc a phng v cccng ty sn xut, cc cng ty mua bn v cung cp nhin liu than, xng, du cca phng.

- H thng thng k v y t: thng k t l s dn ca mi tnh/thnh b cc bnh vng h hp, t l s ngi lao ng b cc bnh ng h hp v t l s ngi nkhm bnh v iu tr cc bnh v ng h hp trn tng s ngi n khm v iutr cc bnh vin. S liu thng k ny c th ly t cc S y t, B y t.

c) Cn ci tin ni dung v yu cu i vi Bo co hin trng mi trng ca cc aphng, ca cc B/ngnh cng nh ca quc gia, sao cho cc bo co ny phi ctrnh by, nh gi v cc ch th mi trng theo biu mu thng nht ca quc gia(B Ti nguyn v Mi trng qui nh).


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Ti liu tham kho

1. Project Document. Environmental Information and Reporting. February 2003.

2. Hanne Back. Project Document. Draft description of methodologies and processesfor indicator development. August 2004.

3. European Environment Agency. Web-page on Indicator factsheets :http://themes.eea.eu.int/indicators/all factsheets box.

4. Trung tm Mii trng v pht trin bn vng. Bo co v xy dng b phiu chth mi trng. H Ni, 10/1997.

5. Phm Ngc ng v nnk. Bo co ti KHCN 07.11. Nghin cu din bin mitrng v xut cc gii php BVMT i vi thnh ph H Ni, H Ni 1998.

6. Phm Ngc ng, L Trnh, Nguyn Qunh Hng. nh gi din bin v d bomi trng hai vng kinh t trng im pha Bc v pha Nam. xut cc gii php

BVMT. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni - 2004.

7. WHO, Geneva - 1993. Alexander P. Economoponlos - Assessment of sources ofAir, Water and Land Pollution. Part one : Rapid inventory techniques inenvironmental Pollution.

Quan Ly o Nhiem Kk Theo Mo Hinh Dpsir

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