qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi...

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

F

irma yruaSvili

F

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo orientaciis

sakiTxi XVIII s-is 70-80-ian wlebSi

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D) akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: vaJa kiknaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

dimitri SveliZe istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

Tbilisi

2015

avtoris stili daculia

- 2 -

Sesavali

saqarTvelos geografiuli mdgomareoba

warmoadgens yvelaze did xifaTs da dabr-

kolebas am qveynis damoukideblobis gzaze.

remon diuge

azia-evropis Sesayarze mdebare saqarTvelosTvis yovelTvis aqtu-

aluri iyo sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi. agresiul saxelmwifoTa garemoc-

vaSi myofi patara qveynis politikis dRis wesrigSi mudmivad idga aRniS-

nuli problema. sagareo kursis Sedegebi xSirad arsebiTad cvlida da

gansazRvravda saqarTvelos Semdgom istorias. Tavisi xangrZlivi arsebo-

bis manZilze saqarTvelo araerTxel mdgara sagareo orientaciis prob-

lemis gansazRvris winaSe, im iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, roca axerxeb-

da gaerTianeba-gaZlierebas da Tavad ganagebda sakuTar beds. iyo ubralo

lavirebis da iyo didi istoriuli mosabrunis momentebic aRmosavleTi-

dan dasavleTze da dasavleTidan aRmosavleTze _ Zvel Tu axal, warmar-

Tul Tu qristianul xanaSi. saqarTvelos aseT xvedrs garkveulwilad

misi unikaluri adgilmdebareobac gansazRvravda. aRmosavleTTanac da da-

savleTTanac saqarTvelos urTierTobis mdidari da xangrZlivi istoriu-

li gamocdileba hqonda. am urTierTobiT igi ivsebda, gardaqmnida da ki-

dev ufro sainteresos xdida Tavis kulturas (iTvisebda da irgebda aR-

mosavlursac da dasavlursac) da, rac mTavaria, am mravalmxriv urTier-

TobaTa miuxedavad, axerxebda SeenarCunebina TviTmyofadoba da TavisTava-

doba, raSic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda misi maRali sulieri kultura,

swored es ganapirobebda qarTuli kulturis mdgradobas da sicocxlis-

unarianobas.

marTalia, istoriis bedukuRmarToba rTul garemoebaSi agdebda sa-

qarTvelos, magram saboloo jamSi igi mainc yovelTvis axerxebda Tavis

gadarCenas. mezobel saxelmwifoTa agresiuloba xSirad saqarTvelos ar-

Cevanis winaSe ayenebda. maT Soris yvelaze didmniSvnelovani politikuri

nabiji, romelic ki qarTvelobam gadadga saerTaSoriso asparezze, iyo

iranidan romze mkveTri Semobruneba IV saukunis dasawyisSi. rogorc po-

litikuri, ise sulieri TvalsazrisiT msgavsi mniSvnelobis movlena qar-

- 3 -

Tul politikur sinamdvileSi ar moiZeveba. IV-V saukuneebi, marTlac,

rom didi istoriuli mosabrunia Cveni qveynis istoriaSi (s. janaSia).Aami-

eridan calsaxad da erTmniSvnelovnad saqarTvelo qristianul roms (da-

savleTs) daukavSirda. amieridan qarTlis sulieri da politikuri ,,moq-

cevaჲ“ aRmosavleTidan dasavleTze gansazRvravda Semdgomi saukuneebis sa-

gareo kurss. Tumca qristianul bizantia-romTan dakavSireba sulac ar

niSnavda maradiuli mSvidobis mopovebas. isic dasapyrobad umzerda mokav-

Sires da saamisod rogorc aqamde, ise merec gauTavebel brZolebs awar-

moebda. ise, rom erTmorwmune mezoblisgan mimZlavrebul saqarTvelos

xSirad dasaxmareblad igive iranisaTvis miumarTavs. saqarTvelos isev da

isev sakuTari ZalisxmeviT uwevda Tavdacva, meobisaTvis brZola. ai, aq ki

mas did daxmarebas uwevda sulieri (sarwmunoebrivi) ,,moqcevaჲ“, qristes

sjuli, romelic esoden moirgo da gaiTavisa qarTvelma erma da romelic

TviTon iqca qarTvelobisaTvisac farad. amgvarad, mniSvnelovani iyo Ta-

visi arsiT ara imdenad qarTvelTa politikuri, aramed sulieri moqceva.

sarwmunoebrivi erTianoba politikaSi arafers cvlida. romze orientire-

bam, piriqiT, situacia kidev ufro daZaba. gaizarda iran-bizantiis urTie-

rTdapirispireba da qiSpi da Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos mdgomareobac gau-

resda. gamZvinvarebuli irani meti mondomebiT Seudga qarTlis damorCile-

bas. es Widili, male, VI saukunis dasawyisSi (523 wels) qarTvelTa mar-

cxiT _ qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebiT dasrulda. erTmorwmune bizantiam ki

532 wlis zaviT scno qarTlis dapyroba iranelTagan, misi daxmareba mar-

tooden politikur devnilTa TavSefarebiT amoiwura.

amdenad, romze orientacia dadebiTi aRmoCnda ara Tavisi politi-

kuri SedegebiT, aramed imiT, rom sparseTTan (aRmosavleTTan) SedarebiT

ufro ganviTarebuli berZnul-romauli (bizantiuri) civilizaciis areal-

Si moqceva gacilebiT keTilsasurveli iyo. marTlac, rogorc ki sagareo

garTulebaTa (arabTa, selCukTa, monRolTa, osmalTa, sparselTa Semoteve-

bis) gamo irRveoda erTiani kulturul-ideologiuri sivrce dasavleTTan,

saqarTvelo ganmartoebuli rCeboda xolme. xolo mogvianebiT am sivrcis

daketva _ bizantiis dacema-ganadgureba (osmalTa mier 1453 wels) misTvis

sabediswero aRmoCnda. amis Semdeg iwyeba Seunelebeli brZola am daxSu-

- 4 -

li sivrcis gasarRvevad, gzebis Zieba mahmadianur-barbarosuli garemocvi-

dan Tavis dasaRwevad, Zieba mokavSirisa (pirvel rigSi isev dasavleTis

politikur sivrceSi). sabolood am Ziebam saqarTvelo rusul orientaci-

amde miiyvana.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelom calsaxad gezi aiRo

qristianul ruseTze iran-TurqeTis sawinaaRmdegod. am SemTxvevaSic gan-

meorda igive istoria, oRond saqarTvelosaTvis kidev ufro mZime da sa-

valalo SedegebiT. erTmorwmune ruseTma saqarTvelos STanTqma daisaxa

miznad da, imdenad, ramdenadac igi teritoriulad axlomdebare imperia

iyo, xolo imperialisturi mizandasaxulobiT da marTvis meqanizmebiT

yvelaze uxeSi da sastiki, vidre romelime evropuli imperia, moaxerxa ki-

dec Tavisi imperialisturi ambiciebis realizeba. sul mokle droSi man

mospo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba, gaauqma eklesiis

avtokefalia da oraswlovani koloniuri uRlis qveS moaqcia igi.

XXI s-is saqarTveloc igive politikuri sirTuleebis winaSeEdgas.

gansxvaveba mxolod droSia, xolo arsi am problemisa ucvleli darCa,

ramdenadac odnavac ar Secvlila marTlmadidebeli mezoblis dampyrob-

luri damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT. TanamedroveobaSic iseve mwva-

ved dgas sagareo orientaciis gansazRvris sakiTxi, rogori simZafriTac

igi daisva XVIII s-is bolos. ise, rom orientaciis sakiTxi saqarTvelos

Tanamdevi problemaa da dResac uaRresad aqtualuria.

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba pirveli diplomatiuri kavSiris

damyarebidan (1483 w.) dRemde xuTsaukunovan istorias moiTvlis.

XVIII s-is II naxevarSi am ori qveynis urTierToba axal fazaSi Se-

vida. mefis ruseTis mzard imperiul miswrafebaTa fonze xdeba ruseTis

safuZvliani daintereseba kavkasiis regioniT. axlo aRmosavleTSi gabato-

nebis survilSepyrobilma saimperatoro karma axla ki miapyro yuradReba

qarTvel mefeTa saTxovar punqtebs da imTaviTve Seecada igi sakuTar in-

teresTa gansaxorcieleblad gamoeyenebina. am gzaze carizmis pirveli di-

di gamajveba iyo swored 1783 w-is georgievskis traqtati, romlis Zali-

Tac kavkasiis placdarmis dauflebisaTvis sagareo'ZalTa _ erTis mxriv

ruseTis, meores mxriv iran-TurqeTisa da maT zurgs ukan mdgomi inglis-

safrangeTis WidilSi ruseTma didi upiratesoba moipova. amieridan cariz-

- 5 -

mi daJinebuli mizandasaxulobiT cdilobs am placdarmis ganmtkiceba-ga-

farToebas, rac, sul male, 1801 w-is manifestiT _ saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

foebriobis gauqmebiT daagvirgvina.

miRwevad Tvlida 1783 wlis traqtats, erTmorwmuneobis politikas

mindobili rusuli orientaciis momxre qarTveli Tavkacobac, romelic

imedovnebda, rom erTmorwmune,'Zlieri marTlmadidebluri ruseTi daifa-

ravda mahmadianur garemocvaSi moxvedril qristianul qveyanas. ruseTze

orientacias imTaviTve hyavda mowinaaRmdege dasic, romelic, sruliad sa-

marTlianad, XVIII s-is II naxevris saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobis

gauaresebas ruseTze orientirebis nayofad Tvlida. xsnas isini qveynis

gaerTianebaSi, Sinagan Zalebze dayrdnobasa da yovelmxriv mojaruli

mtriს mimarT manevrirebadi sagareo politikis warmoebaSi xedavdnen. ru-

seTis saxiT Zlieri mesame Zalis gamoCena amierkavkasiaSi arsebiTad cvli-

da aq arsebul situacias _ saukuneTa manZilze Seqmnili qarTvelTaTvis

avbediTi wonasworoba _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelo _ irans, dasavleT saqar-

Tvelo – osmaleTs, dairRva. qarTvel politikosebs axali didi asparezi

gaexsnaT dapirispirebul ZalTa WidilSi sakuTari TviTmyofadoba gadae-

rCinaT da sagareo situacia qveynis sasargeblod waremarTaT. es gaxldaT

qveynis mxsneli erTaderTi saRi politikuri gezi, romlis ganxorciele-

bac, vfiqrobT, savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo, rom eris mesveurebs ruseTze

maincdamainc sworxazovani orientaciis mcdari da damRupveliF gza ar aer-

CiaT. misi mcdaroba xom safuZvelSive cxadze cxadi iyo, rac sul mokle

xanSi, traqtatis me-18 wlisTavze, yvelasaTvis naTeli Seiqna.

problemis aqtualoba. XVIII saukune erT-erTi urTulesi periodia

Cveni qveynisa da saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi. samwuxarod, garkveul

garemoebaTa gamo, swored am dros wamoiWra problemebi, romlebmac war-

moudgeneli safrTxe Seuqmnes saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. drom da ga-

remoebam saqarTvelos bed-iRbalze pasuxismgebloba qarTl-kaxeTs daakis-

ra. misi mmarTvelebis SorsgamWvret politikaze didad iyo damokidebu-

li movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTareba. saSinao da sagareo urTierTobebis

yvelaze rTuli kvanZi XVIII saukuneSi gainaskva da im sabediswero nabi-

jis gadadgmaSi iCina Tavi, romlis Sedegebmac saboloo arCevanis auci-

leblobis winaSe daayena qveyana.

- 6 -

saukunis dasawyisSi vaxtang VI-is mier erTmorwmune mezobelTan

kavSiris dasamyareblad gadadgmulma sarisko nabijma savalalo Sedegebi

gamoiRo. SeiZleboda yvelaferi ase ar ganviTarebuliyo, ufro meti siR-

rmiT rom ganeWvritaT is Sedegebi, rac SeiZleba mohyoloda musulmanu-

ri qveynebidan mkveTri Semobrunebis politikas. vaxtangis sagareo orien-

taciiT miRebulma Sedegebma daRi daasva mTeli XVIII saukunis istorias.

sabediswero nabijma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra momdevno mmarTvelTa

sagareo orientaciis kursi. saukunis dasawyisSi datrialebuli ,,qarTlis

Wiri“ saukunis dasasruls zogadqarTul WirSi gadaizarda.

naSromis mizanic es aris – aCvenos, rom XVIII s-is II naxevris saqa-

rTvelos swori sagareo politikis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi yovelgvari ga-

regani Zalis daxmarebis gareSe gaaCnda qveynis xsnis perspeqtiva. is Znel-

bedoba-ubedurobani, rac Tavs daatyda saqarTvelos XVII-XVIII ss-Si, Se-

degi iyo ara mxolod Seqmnili rTuli sagareo situaciisa, aramed mmarT-

veli wris araswori politikisac. aRniSnuli periodis sinamdvileSi cal-

saxovani orientaciis aReba ruseTze ar iyo mizanSewonili.

msoflios uZlieres mahmadianur imperiebs (arabTa, Turq-selCukTa,

monRolTa, osmalTa, yizilbaSTa) saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi daZabuli ur-

TierTobis miuxedavad ar gauuqmebiaT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba,

maSin roca erTmorwmuneobis niRbiT mosulma qristianulma ruseTma Tavi-

si cbieri da Sefaruli politikiT kavkasiaSi fexis SemodgmisTanave mos-

po saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba. georgievskis traqtati ar

SeiZleba xangrliv sicocxlisunariani yofiliyo. istoriis Semdgom dro-

indelma msvlelobam es srulebiT daadastura.

ra gza ganvlo vidre aqamde movidoda qveyana? ra iyo gamomwvevi mi-

zezebi? arsebobda Tu ara sxva gamosavali? es Tema dRemde inarCunebs aq-

tualobas. problematuria Tundac ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis isto-

riis gadafasebisa da istoriografiaSiQWeSmaritebis damkvidrebis Tval-

sazrisiT. TiTqmis saukunis manZilze am procesebis obieqturi Sefaseba

ar xdeboda. Tanamedrove pirobebSi, marTalia, interesiT ekidebian Cvens

mier dasmul problemebs, iwereba mecnieruli gamokvlevebi, magram sabWo-

Ta epoqis propagandistuli manqanis mier ise gamrudebulad iyo warmod-

genili yvelaferi, rom albaT, ramdenime aTeuli weli iqneba saWiro nor-

- 7 -

maluri viTarebis aRsadgenad. Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom Tanadrou-

lobis bevri mwvave problemis fesvebi swored XVIII saukunis movlenebi-

dan iRebs saTaves, aSkara gaxdeba Cvens mier sakvlevad SerCeuli Temis

aqtualoba. amasTan unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom amJamad sakmaod xel-

sayreli pirobebia movlenebisa da faqtebis obieqturi SefasebisaTvis. bu-

nebrivia, es yvelaferi dagvexmareba sakvlevi sakiTxis irgvliv obieqturi

daskvnebis gakeTebaSi. miT ufro, rom sagareo orientaciis problemebi Ta-

visi aqtualobiT gamoirCeva Tanamedrove pirobebSic damoukideblobis mo-

povebis Semdeg. rogorc maSin, axlac dgas sakiTxi swori politikuri ar-

Cevanis Sesaxeb. dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare, warsulis sworad

gaazreba da gaTvaliswineba aucilebeli pirobaa Tanadroulobis urTu-

lesi problemebis gadasaWrelad. ise, rom Cvens mier dasmuli sakiTxi ise-

Tive aqtualuria dRes, rogorc am ori saukunis win iyo.

qronologiuri CarCoebi. disertaciaSi ganxiluli sakiTxi XVIII

saukunes moicavs, radgan swored am periodSi gamoikveTa mTeli simZafriT

sagareo orientaciis problema, Tumca naSromSi garkveulwilad mimoxilu-

lia adreuli periodis saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTmimarTebani evropul

Tu aziur qveynebTan. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris warmoCenis mizniT, ganxi-

lulia is ZiriTadi istoriuli movlenebi, saidanac saTaves iRebs Cven-

Tvis saintereso periodis problemebi.

mecnieruli siaxle. naSromi im tradiciuli standartuli ideolo-

giuri marwuxebisagan gaTavisuflebis mcdelobaa, romelic yalibdeboda

200 wlis ganmavlobaSi caristul Tu sabWour epoqebSi da erTgvar dog-

mad mkvidrdeboda istoriografiaSi, xolo Semdeg adamianTa cnobierebaSi.

xdeboda ganzrax Selamazeba ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisa

da SeTxzva sxvadasxva Teoriebisa. magaliTad, saqarTvelos damxmare Za-

lis gareSe ,,ueWveli daRupvis“, ,,sami mtridan erT-erTis arCevis aucileb-

lobis“ Teoriebi mogonilia carizmis istorikosebis mier TviTmpyrobe-

luri politikis gasamarTleblad. Cvenis azriT, aseTi arCevanis gakeTeba

saWiro ar iyo da Tu arCevani gaakeTa erekle mefem, es iZulebiTi nabiji

iyo. politikur gulubryvilobaTa gamovlenis miuxedavad, erekle da misi

momxreni xedavdnen saqarTvelos ubedurebani ruseTTan daaxloebis Sede-

gi rom iyo, sayvedurobdnen kidec ruseTis mTavrobas, imasac cdilobd-

- 8 -

nen rogorRac aemoqmedebinaT igi dasaxmareblad, magram amaod, yvelaf-

ris miuxedavad kursi ar Secvlila, ruseTze orientacia erekles saxel-

mwifoebriv politikas Seadgenda. arsebul saerTaSoriso viTarebaTa ga-

TvaliswinebiT orientiri udavod swori iyo, magram taqtika mcdari _

mkveTri politikuri nabijebi ar iyo saWiro. sabolood am politikam qve-

yana saxelmwifoebriobis srul dakargvamde miiyvana. sabWour da caris-

tul istoriografiaSi ruseTis moqmedeba (dampyrobluri politika) gama-

rTlebulia im motiviT, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis faqtoris gareSe ueWve-

lad daiRupeboda. amitom sakvirveli აr aris, rom 1801 w-is manifestis da-

debisTanave warmoiSva Teoria _ ,,saqarTvelos ruseTis gareSe arseboba

ar SeuZlia“, da „saqarTvelos SemoerTeba istoriul movlenebTan dakavSi-

rebiT gardauvali iyo“(10,22; 29-30). aqedan gamomdinare, 1801 wlis aqti prog-

რesuli mniSvnelobis movlenad da saukeTeso gamosavlad iyo miCneuli:

`saqarTvelos progresis saqme amieridan mxolod am gziT SeiZleboda war-

marTuliyo. Seqmnili mdgomareobidan saukeTeso gamosavali axla es iyo“

(64,139). yvelaze saSinel da gansacdelian momentebs gauZlo saqarTvelom

mahmadian mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi sxvebis dauxmareblad (Sah Tamazi,

Sah-abasis Semosevebi) da ar dacemula, da axla, roca iran-osmaleTi misus-

tebuli iyo, roca sakuTar Tavs ZlivsRa icavdnen, saqarTvelos, Tundac

daSlils da dauZlurebuls, SeeZlo maT gverdiT Tanaarseboba. sabWouri

istoriografia (marqsistuli skolis warmomadgenlebi: g. naTaZe, s. jana-

Sia, n. berZeniSvili da sxv.) agrZelebda am Teoriebis dacvas, da Tavis mx-

riv axalsac umatebda _ iseTi, rogoricaa ,,naklebi borotebis, umciresi

borotebis~ Teoriebi (dResdReobiTac msgavsi saeWvo Teoriebi jer kidev

myarad zis qarTul cnobierebaSi). es iyo stalinis dakveTili Teoria,

romelsac igi karnaxobda iseT did istorikosebs, rogorebic iyvnen s.

janaSia da n. berZeniSvili (saubrebi stalinTan _ n. berZeniSvilis dRi-

uri). ,,marTalia, boroteba iyo, magram im istoriul pirobebSi umciresi“

(65,104;75,64) _ ase fiqrobda didi beladi. ai, rogor cdilobda sabWouri

imperiis Semoqmedi Tavisi didmpyrobeluri politikis ideologiur gama-

rTlebas: ,,erekles anderZis gamrudeba iqneboda, burJuazias rom gaemarj-

va: ,,namdvili damoukidebeli burJuaziuli saqarTvelo ver iqneboda da

- 9 -

Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis gaSlas qarTveli xalxi ver SesZlebda~...

`burJuazias rom gaemarjva, miviRebdiT burJuaziul saqarTvelos, prole-

tariatma gaimarjva da miviReT damoukidebeli socialisturi saqarTvelo

sabWoTa kavSirSi“ (75,64).

esaa TvalsaCino da cocxali magaliTi istoriis gayalbebisa. ase-

Ti azrovneba gagrZelebaa im imperiuli ideologiisa, romelmac XVIII s-

Si warmoSva ,,samudamo mfarveloba“ ruseTisa saqarTveloze. ise, rom sab-

WoTa marqsistul-leninuri ideologiis marwuxebSi Zalauneburad maxinj-

deboda movlenaTa Sefaseba-analizi. miT ufro, Tu saqme exeboda qarTve-

li xalxis orientacias, politikur arCevans, mowinave evropul ganmanaT-

leblur ideebs da a.S. metad mokrZalebulad gamoiyeneboda iseTi termi-

nebi da cnebebi, rogoricaa ,,erovnuli“, ,,dapyroba-aneqsia“, ,,ruseTis rea-

qciuli roli“, ,,ruseTi dampyrobeli“. yvela azri da mizani myarad iyo

morgebuli marqsizm-leninizms. marqsistuli skolis warmomadgenlebi (ro-

mlebic istoriul procesebs materializmis kanonebiTa da kategoriebiT

xsnidnen) erTis mxriv, akritikebdnen da aZagebdnen carizmis koloniur

politikas, magram meores mxriv, rusi da qarTveli xalxebis uryev megob-

robas xotbas asxavdnen, propagandas uwevdnen „ori ruseTis“ ideas; maga-

liTisaTvis moviyvanT am skolis saukeTeso warmomadgenlis n. berZeniSvi-

liseul Sefasebas: „progresisaTvis mebrZolma saqarTvelom Tavis damxma-

red (mfarvelad) progresuli ruseTi moiwvia... es iyo saukeTeso gamosava-

li, romelsac erTaderTs SeeZlo qveyana progresis gziT axali cxovre-

bisaken waeyvana“(64,138-39). misive TqmiT, 1783 w-is traqtati iyo udidesi mni-

Svnelobis politikuri aqti saqarTvelos istoriaSi, `es iyo amave dros

saqarTvelos didi istoriuli damsaxureba amierkavkasiis xalxTa winaSe ~

(61,II,248). traqtats qveynisaTvis sasikeTo araferi moutania, magram miuxe-

davad amisa, igi iyo udidesi mniSvnelobis progresuli movlena. igive av-

tori sxva SemTxvevaSi wers: „qarTveli eris (iseve rogorc sxva erebis)

gaqrobis mizniT ruseTi yovel Rones misaRebad sTvlida: ficistexa, mda-

bali mosyidva, utifari sicrue, mzakvruli provokacia, ulmobeli simkac-

re, RalatiT mkvleloba - yvela es da sxva aseTi „saTnoebani“ ruseTis

Tandayolili Tviseba iyo damorCilebul xalxTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi,

am xalxTa gasaqrobad“(61,III;348). aseTi gaorebuli, urTierTgamomricxavi

- 10 -

azrovnebisa da Sefasebis uamravi nimuSi gvxvdeba imdroindel samecnie-

ro literaturaSi. es zogadi suraTia da igi sabWouri ideologiis wne-

xis Sedegs warmoadgens. ise, rom rogorc vxedavT, JamTa siavis gamo istო-

rikosebsac met-naklebad uwevdaT xarkis gadaxda sabWouri ideologiisad-

mi.

naSromSi axleburi interpretaciiTaa warmoCenili ruseTis didmp-

yrobeluri miznebi, romlebic izrdeba da Zlierdeba mis imperiul zrda-

sTan erTad, naCvenebia, Tu rogor vlindeboda es zraxvebi sxvadasxva dros

sxvadasxva formiT. ase magaliTad, ruseTis imperialisturma miznebma XVIII

s-is 20-ian wlebSi vaxtang VI-e da misi samefo faqtiurad Seiwira. petre I-

is mier dapirebebiT waqezebuli da ruseT-sparseTis omSi Cabmuli qarT-

lis mefe gawbilebuli da motyuebuli darCa. mokavSirem sami Tvis ganmav-

lobaSi, vidre vaxtangi ganjaSi idga da eloda mas, isic ki ver `moaxer-

xa~ droulad ecnobebina mefisaTvis, rom laSqroba ar Sedgeboda; amis

Semdegac bevri atyues ruseTs TavSefarebul vaxtangs, viTomcda mterTa-

gan gasaTavisufleblad jariT daexmarebodnen, magram ise ganuteva suli

qarTlis mefem emigraciaSi, rom nanatri daxmareba ver miiRo. faqtiurad,

petrem vaxtangi qarTlidan ,,gaityua“ da Semdeg upatronod darCenili qvey-

nis politikur bedze ,,zrunvas“ Seudga TurqeTTan erTad.

naSroSi naCvenebia, aseve ruseTis roli erekle meoris winaaRmdeg

`legitimizis~ formiT ganxorcielebul dapiripispirebaSi. saimperatoro

kari xSirad Tavis sasargeblod iyenebda qarTlel da kaxel bagratio-

nebs Soris taxtis garSemo warmoqmnil dapirispirebebs _ ,,legitimis-

tebs“ _ qarTlis taxtis kanonier memkvidreebs aqezebda qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefo xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdegod.

kidev ufro mZafrad gamovlinda Crdiloeli mezoblis dampyroblu-

ri zraxvebi 1768-74 ww-is ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, roca saqarTveloSi gamo-

igzavna gen. totlebeni saidumlo davalebiT _ gaenadgurebina qarTveli

mefe da dapatroneboda qveyanas. istoriul literaturaSi totlebenis

,,ucnauri“ da ,,uTavbolo“ moqmedebani Sefasebulia, rogorc TviTneboba

da avantiurizmi. Tu es asea, maS ratom ar daisaja Tavneba generali?! pi-

riqiT, ruseTs Casuli totlebeni daajildoves kidec.

- 11 -

xolo 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, maSin, roca gadawyvetilia traq-

tatis dadeba, iTxzveba amierkavkasiel mmarTvelTa gulismisazidi proeq-

tebi. ase magaliTad, e.w. ,,saberZneTis proeqti“, romelic sxva araferi

iyo, Tu ara kargad mofiqrebuli satyuara. misiT qarTvel mefes (amierkav-

kasiaSi liders) Tvals ubamen, rom igi iqneba mezobel saxanoTa mbrZane-

beli, erTiani amierkavkasiis monarqi (maSin, roca erekles erevnis saxa-

nos SemoerTeba CauSales bevri sxva msgavsi mniSvnelovani wamowyebebis

msgavsad). es ukanasknelic didi SemarTebiT ibrZoda ruseT-TurqeTis om-

is dros rusTa mier wamowyebul yvela sabrZolo kampaniaSi, romelTac

saqarTvelosTvis sasikeTo araferi moutania. imperia sazRvrebs ifarTo-

ebda kavkasiaSi da amas misive politikuri erTeulebis da, pirvel rigSi,

Zlieri qarTl-kaxeTis samefoze dayrdnobiT cdilobda.

traqtatis dadebis Semdeg ruseTis imperialisturi fantazia kidev

ufro mravalsaxovani gaxda. iyenebda ra dapyroba-miTvisebis nairnair for-

mebs da xerxebs _ igi xan dayvavebis, xanac iZulebis taqtikas mimarTavda.

qarTlis memkvidreobis mSvidobiani gziT misaTviseblad, g. potiomkinma

erekles siZeoba moisurva, aseve qalaq ananuris da darialis samxedro

gzis gadacema. 1784 w-is 19 seqtembers ki erekles ukve pirdapir da aSkar-

ad mosTxoves (gen. potiomkinma) marTva-gamgeoba Cven, rusebs gadmogvecio

(30,30; 39,156).

XVIII s-is sagareo orientaciis problema naSromSi ganxilulia,

rogorc iZulebiTi arCevani, xolo georgievskis traqtati _ mkacri isto-

riuli realobis Sedegi _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefos yvela gza gadauketa

Crdilourma imperializmma _ mefe erekle faqtis winaSe daayenes.

naSromSi uaryofilia saqarTvelos garegani Zalis daxmarebis ga-

reSe daRupvis Teoria. mfarvel-mokavSiris Zieba bolo saukuneebSi erTg-

var tradiciad damkvidrda da maSinac ki, roca garemoeba amis saWiroebas

gamoricxavda, qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi mainc daJinebiT eZiebdnen mxsnels.

aseTad miiCnies kavkasiaSi movlenili marTlmadidebeli ruseTi. masTan

daaxloebis mTavari faqtori erTmorwmuneoba gaxda. qarTveli mefeebi aS-

karad gaitaca im imedebma, rom Zlieri marTlmadidebluri qveyana uanga-

rod daexmareboda musulmanuri qveynebis mier dajabnil qristianebs. swo-

red am zedmet ndobaSi gamoeparaT umTavresi, rom Zlier TanamoZmesac Se-

- 12 -

iZleboda sakuTari miznebi gasCenoda patara mezobelTan mimarTebaSi. ru-

seT-saqarTvelos daaxloebis saqmeSi yvelaferi damokidebuli iyo imaze,

qarTveli mefeebi ramdenad zustad gansazRvravdnen ruseTTan urTierTo-

bis problemebs. qarTvel diplomatebs warsulis magaliTebiT SeeZloT

ganeWvritaT, rom erTmorwmuneoba politikaSi arafers cvlida, rom igi

aseT SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelo faqtoria. ise, rom calsaxad ruseTze gezis

aReba taqtikurad mcdari nabiji iyo _ mkveTri orientaciis saWiroebas ga-

remoeba ar iTxovda. samwuxarod, bolo 300 wlis manZilze, sxvadasxva dro-

is xelisuflebs xSirad abnevda is garemoeba, rom Cveni Crdiloeli me-

zobeli, ruseTi, marTlmadidebelia da araswori daskvnebis gamotanisken

ubiZgebda.

rac Seexeba Tavad xelSekrulebis Sinaarsobriv mxares, is naSro-

mSi Sefasebulia kritikuli TvalTaxedviT; marTalia mas ,,megobruli“

xelSekruleba ewoda SemomqmedTa mier, magram Tavisi arsidan gamomdinare

Wirs misi zusti iuridiuli statusis gansazRvra. erTi ram cxadia, faq-

tiurad, ruseTma am dokumentiT (Tavisi separatuli muxlebiTurT) iuri-

diuli safuZveli Seiqmna qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Semdgomi dapyrobisaT-

vis. sazogadod, mTlianobaSi dokumenti orazrovania da misi muxlebi _

winaaRmdegobrivi. bundovaneba da orazrovneba saerTod rusuli diploma-

tiis stili gaxldaT (gavixsenoT Tundac quCuk-kainarjis zavis 23-e muxli

da saqarTvelos sakiTxi). did saSiSroebas Seicavda gansakuTrebiT qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis ruseTis imperatorisagan damtkicebis muxli, rac Semdeg wa-

rmatebiT gamoiyena kidec carizmma, roca daviT giorgis Ze aRar daamtki-

ca mefed; aseve pirdapir, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobisaken mimarTul

maxvils warmoadgenda qarTuli avtokefaluri eklesiis tobolskis saepis-

koposos Semdeg merve adgilze dasaxeleba, rasac qarTuli mxare traqta-

tis dadebisas ar Tanxmdeboda.

naSromSi xazgasmuli da warmoCenilia is momenti, rom erekle mefe

arasodes dadebda aseT xelSekrulebas ruseTTan, gamoyenebuli rom ar

yofiliyo mis mimarT iZulebis berketebi. erekles ,,saTxovari punqtebi“

(igulisxmeba 1771 wlis Txovnis wigni) principulad gansxvavebulia 1783

wlis xelSekrulebisagan. Txovnis wigni, romlis safuZvelzec viTomcda

aigo traqtati, mxolod samxedro kavSirs gulisxmobda ruseTTan, romli-

- 13 -

Tac erekle mtrisagan mitacebuli miwebis dabrunebas isaxavda miznad. ase,

rom erekle samxedro urTierTkavSirs eswrafvoda da ara Tavsmoxveul

e.w. ,,samudamo mfarvelobas“, rac rusuli imperializmis enaze, faqtiurad,

miTvisebas da dapyrobas niSnavda.

aseTi daZabuli sagareo urTierTobis fonze mimdinareobda Sida

progresuli Zalebis brZola da winaaRmdegobis gawevis didi unari, rac

qveynis gaerTianebisaken mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi vlindeboda, Tumca es ma-

cocxlebeli ZarRvic gadaWres Crdiloelma dampyroblebma.

ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis cnobili iyo ra erekles yoveli azri, mi-

zani, ganzraxva, rac ar unda moemoqmedna mas, saimperatoro kari kontrzo-

mebiT win eRobeboda. kavkasiaSi poziciebis momagrebamde ruseTi politi-

kuri mosazrebiT ,,Tanaxma“ iyo da ,,iTmenda“ Zlier politikur erTeul-

ebs am regionSi, traqtatis dadebis Semdeg, Semodga Tu ara myarad fexi

amierkavkasiaSi, taqtika Secvala. damoukidebeli da miT ufro gaerTiane-

buli samefo-samTavroebi misTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo. igi TviTon

cdilobda maT mitacebas. mas, rogorc TviTmpyrobels, sxva enaze saubari

arc SeeZlo. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da sagareo orientaciis proble-

mebi mWidrod gadaexlarTa erTmaneTs da saboloo jamSi Sida erovnuli

Zalebis marcxiT dasrulda XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis bolos.

amis Semdeg ukve ioli iyo ,,velikorusuli“ wadilis aRsruleba:

aRa-mahmad-xanis mier dauZlurebuli da welSi gatexili qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos dapatroneba. krwanisis tragediidan saboloo miznamde, 1801 w-is

manifestamde (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapyrobamde), erTi nabijiRa dar-

Ceniliyo.

- 14 -

wyaroebi da istoriografia

XVIII saukunis meore naxevris periodis amsaxveli saistorio wya-

roebi naklebad mogvepoveba. XVIII saukunis wyaroebs, iseve rogorc misi

winare epoqisas, ar ascda samwuxaro bedi. gamudmebulma omianobam weri-

lobiTi Tu nivTieri Zeglebis mniSvnelovani nawili Seiwira. ase magali-

Tad, 1795 wels iranelma dampyroblebma cecxls misces samefo biblioTe-

ka da arqivi, ris Sedegadac mecniereba samudamod gamoeTxova mdidar sais-

torio masalaTa mniSvnelovan nawils.

werilobiTi masalebis simciriT da zogjer maTi calmxrivobiTac

aixsneba is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli periodis politikuri Tu social-

ekonomikuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxis saTanado sisruliT gaSuqeba

jer kidev ver xerxdeba.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis is-

toriis, Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani dokumenturi wyaroebi moipoveba mari bro-

ses 1861 w-s gamocemul dokumentebis krebulSi, sadac daculia qarTvel

mefeTa werilebi rusi xelmwifeebisadmi, masSi Sesulia dokumentebi 1639

wlidan moyolebuli 1770 wlamde.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis amsaxvel masalas uxvad gvawvdis

ruseTis mTavrobis moxeleTa iniciativiT 1864 wels Seqmnili kavkasiis

saarqeografio komisiis namoRvawari _ dokumentebis 12@ tomeuli, romle-

bic 1866-1904 wlebSi gamoica. dokumentebis am uzarmazar tomebSi Sesulia

qarTuli, rusuli da ucxouri dokumentebi X saukunidan XIX saukunis

60-ian wlebamde. dokumentebis udidesi nawili ganekuTvneba 1762-1862 wlebs.

XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan ruseTis mTavrobis winaSe mwvaved idga kav-

kasiisa da kerZod, saqarTvelos koloniuri aTvisebis problema, amitom

dokumentebis gamocemas miznad daesaxa carizmis koloniuri sistemis ga-

marTleba kavkasiaSi. masalebis SerCevac am TvalsazrisiT warmoebda, rac

didi naklia am gamocemisa, magram miuxedavad aRniSnuli xarvezisa, masSi

sayuradRebo cnobebs vxvdebiT ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakiT-

xis irgvliv.

XVIII saukunis dokumentebis Segrovebasa da gamocemaSi didi Rvawli

miuZRvis profesor aleqsandre cagarels, romelmac 1890 w-s gamoaqveyna

- 15 -

saqarTvelos mefe-mTavarTa da sxva politikur moRvaweTa mimowera ruse-

Tis imperatorebTan XVIII saukuneSi. misive gamocemuli rusul-qarTuli

sigel-gujrebi da sxva xasiaTis wyaroebi dRemde fasdaudebel ganZs war-

moadgens XVIII saukunis istoriis da kerZod, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTier-

Tobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. masSi Sesulia dokumentebi 1768 w-dan 1801

w-mde. gamomcemlis mier SesavalSi gamoTqmuli kritikuli damokidebule-

ba dokumentebisadmi metad sayuradRebo da misaRebia. udidesia al. caga-

relis damsaxureba saistorio mecnierebis winaSe. pirvelxarisxovani do-

kumentebis publikaciiT man axal safexurze aiyvana ruseT-saqarTvelos

urTierTobis istoriis Seswavlis saqme.

saqarTvelos istoriis dokumenturi wyaroebis Seswavla-publika-

ciis saqme kidev ufro gaRrmavda XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan. ruseT-sa-

qarTvelos urTierTobis garSemo arsebuli saarqivo dokumentebis Ses-

wavla TvalsaCinod gaaRrmaves profesorebma m. polievqtovma, i. cincaZem,

v. maWaraZem. saintereso sabuTebi erTvis i. cincaZis wigns ,,1783 wlis mfar-

velobiTi traqtati~. valerian maWaraZis ,,masalebi XVIII saukunis II naxev-

ris ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriisaTvis~ da ,,besiki diplo-

matiur sarbielze~ gajerebulia dokumenturi wyaroebiT.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis politikuri istoriis Sesaswavlad

cnobebs gvawvdian sakanomdeblo Zeglebi: ,,saqarTvelosa da ruseTs So-

ris 1783 wels dadebuli traqtati~ da ,,erTobis traqtati iverielTa mefe-

Ta da mTavarTa~, romlebic gamosca i. doliZem 1965 wels.

sakvlevi Temis irgvliv metad sayuradRebo cnobebs iZlevian XVIII

s-is istorikosebi: vaxuSti bagrationi, sexnia CxeiZe, papuna orbeliani,

oman xerxeuliZe.

vaxuSti batoniSvili (1676-1755 ww) feodaluri xanis saqarTvelos

udidesi istorikosi iyo. man dagvitova saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi

droidan moyolebuli Tavis epoqamde. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa misi

Txzulebis meore nawili, romelic XV-XVIII saukuneebis ambebs moicavs.

misi kvlevis sagans umTavresad politikuri istoria warmoadgenda. XVIII

s-is am sworupovarma istorikosma mecnierul-kritikuli meTodis gamoye-

nebiT bevri Secdoma gaaswora da mravali istoriuli faqti marTebulad

daadgina.

- 16 -

sexnia CxeiZis ,,cxovreba mefeTa~ aRwers 1653-1739 wlebis ambebs. es

naSromi metismetad mokle da erTferovania. aq TiTqmis mxolod mefeTa

saqmianobaa moTxrobili. TxzulebaSi gazviadebulia aRniSnuli periodis

mefeTa Zliereba da avtori ver amCnevs misi drois qarTl-kaxeTis umweo

mdgomareobas. miuxedavad amisa, es naSromi, rogorc wyaro, mniSvnelobas

moklebuli araa. igi gamoirCeva qronologiuri cnobebis siuxviT.

s. CxeiZis naSromTan SedarebiT gacilebiT ufro Rirebulia papuna

orbelianis ,,ambavni qarTlisani~, romelic 1739 w-dan iwyeba da mTavrdeba

1758 w-iT. p. orbeliani exeba qveynis rogorc politikur, aseve socialur-

ekonomikur mdgomareobas. niWier damkvirvebels SeumCneveli ar darCenia

movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiric. umetes SemTxvevaSi avtori TviT-

mxilveli da monawilea mis mier aRwerili ambebisa, zog SemTxvevaSi mas¬

gamouyenebia ,,sarwmunoTa kacTagan monaTxrobic~. samSoblosaTvis gul-

Sematkivari istorikosi mTeli siRrmiT iTvaliswinebs qveynis mZime mdgo-

mareobas da Teimuraz-erekles moRvaweobas mis gamosasworeblad.

erekle II-is periods exeba oman xerxeuliZis naSromi ,,mefoba irak-

li meorisa, mefisa Teimurazis Zisa~. igi 1722 w-dan iwyeba da mTavrdeba

XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisiT. mis erT-erT wyaros s. CxeiZis da p.

orbelianis Sromebi warmoadgens. naSromi mokle, mSrali matianea da mdi-

daria TariRebiT.

1850 w-s peterburgSi rusul enaze gamoqveynda daviT batoniSvilis

(1767-1819 ww.) saqarTvelos mokle istoria. masSi moTxrobilia saqarTve-

los warsuli uZvelesi droidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde. daviT bato-

niSvilis meore naSromi ,,axali istoria~ da bagrat batoniSvilis ,,axali

moTxroba~ qronikis wesze agebuli mimoxilvebia. pirveli 1744 w-iT iwyeba

da ambebis Txroba moyvanilia 1812@w-mde, meore 1753-1819 wlebis istoriul

movlenebs asaxavs.

mravalmxriv sainteresoa ioane batoniSvilis enciklopediuri xa-

siaTis naSromi ,,kalmasoba~, igi im periodis sazogadebriv-politikuri

da kulturuli cxovrebis sakiTxebs arkvevs.

erekle meoris politikuri azrovnebisa da sagareo orientaciis

sakiTxebis saTanado SefasebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs XVIII s-is qar-

Tveli moazrovnis aleqsandre amilaxvaris (1750-1801 ww.) politikur Sexe-

- 17 -

dulebebs. misi Txzuleba ,,georgianuli istoria~ mniSvnelovan cnobebs

Seicavs qarTlis samefo taxtze bagrationTa kaxeTis Stos damkvidrebis

Sesaxeb. aq gadmocemulia im winaaRmdegobebis arsi, romelic Teimuraz-

ereklesa da amilaxvarTa gvaris warmomadgenlebs Soris sufevda. mis na-

Sroms sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi saTanadod ar afasebdnen (g. akofa-

Svili). mcdaria Sexeduleba, TiTqos al. amilaxvari ,,Tavaduri ideolo-

giis mesveuri, idealisti da utopistia~ (g. akofaSvili). al. amilaxvaris

Sexedulebebis gaazreba-Sefaseba unda moxdes mTeli misi Semoqmedebisa

da cxovrebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ar aris marTebuli qarTul istoriogra-

fiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba, TiTqos al. amilaxvari tendenciuria erek-

le meorisadmi da mis naSromebs mxolod amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda viye-

nebdeT (g. akofaSvili, iv. surgulaZe da sxvebi). piriqiT, igi ar Ralat-

obs istoriul sinamdviles.

araobieqturia is Sefasebac, romelic exeba erekle meorisadmi

al. amilaxvris pretenzias mamis, dimitri amilaxvris, memkvidreobis dab-

runebis Sesaxeb. faqti isaa, rom TviT ereklemac Seicvala Tavisi damoki-

debuleba amilaxvris ojaxisadmi imis dasturad, rom Tavis droze, zoma-

ze meti simkacre gamoiCina mis mimarT (p. cxviloeli _ p. karbelaSvili).

al. amilaxvris naSromebis mimarT tendenciuri damokidebuleba ic-

vleba XX s-is bolodan, roca drom da garemoebam gazarda interesi im ep-

oqis mimarT, romelsac aRniSnuli avtoris Txzulebebi exeba. am periodi-

dan iwyeba Zvel avtorTa Sexedulebebis gadafaseba. am TvalsazrisiT sa-

yuradreboa 1997 w-s v. kiknaZis mier bibliografiul iSviaTobad qceuli

al. amilaxvris ori Txzulebis - ,,brZeni aRmosavleTisa~ da ,,georgianu-

li istoriis~ gamocema, romelsac darTuli aqvs SeniSvnebi da biografi-

uli narkvevi (pirvelad igi gamoaqveyna e. TayaiSvilma 1902 w-s, meored _

petre geleiSvilma 1936 w-s). avtors kargad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli am

TxzulebaTa mniSvneloba XVIII s-is saqarTvelos sinamdvilis warmoCenis

saqmeSi. igi cdilobs Seitanos Sesworebebi Zvel mkvlevarTa SefasebebSi.

avtori Tavisufalia tendenciuri midgomisagan da al. amilaxvari warmo-

Cenili hyavs im saxiT rogoriTac is warmosdgeba Tavad misive Txzulebe-

bidan _ aleqsandre gaxldaT uaRresad ganaTlebuli, evropel ganmanaT-

lebelTa ideebiT aRWurvili, mravalmxrivi niWiT dajildovebuli pirov-

- 18 -

neba, romlisTvisac miuRebelia Zaladoba, despotizmi da sxva ubedureba-

ni. mas amoZravebs ara piradi siZulvili da angariSsworebis survili er-

eklesadmi, aramed usamarTlobis gancda.

XIX s-Si samoRvaweo asparezze gamovida istorikosi platon iose-

liani (1809-1875 ww.) mis mravalricxovan SromebSi asaxulia XVI-XIX sau-

kuneebis istoriis bevri sakiTxi. igi uxvad sargeblobs qarTuli da uc-

xouri wyaroebiT. platon ioselianis naSromTagan amjerad Cvens yurad-

Rebas ipyrobs ,,cxovreba giorgi XIII-sa~. masSi sainteresodaa moTxrobi-

li erekle II-isa da misi Zis – qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi

XII-is, droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ambebi, mama-Svilis saSinao da

sagareo politikis sakiTxebi.

saqarTvelos da kerZod, ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis isto-

riis Sesaxeb mdidari da mravalmxrivi cnobebi moepovebaT rus mogzau-

rebs, elCebs.

adreuli saukuneebis (XVI-XVII) ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis

amsaxveli cnobebi mocemuli aqvT moskovis mefis elCebs kaxeTSi – zikins,

zvenigorodskis, sovins (XVI s-is 80-90-iani ww.), tatiSCevs (XVII s-is dasaw-

yisi), volkonskis (1637-1639 ww.), miSeckis da kliuCovs (1641-1643 ww.). dasaxe-

lebul elCobaTa aRwerilobebSi aris cnobebi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, sa-

mefo-samTavroTa Soris damokidebulebis, iran-TurqeTTan urTierTobebis

Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT, isini mdidar cnobebs iZlevian qarTul samefo-sam-

TavroTa politikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

XVIII saukunis II naxevris Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian ruseTis samsa-

xurSi myofi kapitani iazikovi (1770 w.), burnaSovi, germaneli rainegsi, mu-

sin-puSkini (1799 w.).

XVIII saukunis II naxevris saqarTvelos istoriis Sesaswavlad ca-

lke aRniSvnis Rirsia ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevris gi-

uldenStedtis ortomiani naSromi. giuldenStedtma saqarTveloSi imogza-

ura 1771-1772 wlebSi. igi saqarTvelos imdroindeli cxovrebis yvela mxa-

res exeba.

aRsaniSnavia germanel avtorTa i. d. gensterbergis (1797 w-s gamoce-

muli d-r iakob rainegsis biografiuli narkvevi), iulius fon klaproTis

(1814 w-s berlinSi gamoqveynebuli ,,kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs Soris mdebare

- 19 -

ruseTis provinciaTa aRwera~), karl fridrix noimanis (1840 w-s gamocemu-

li ,,ruseTi da CerqezeTi~) naSromebi, romlebic exebian ruseT-saqarTve-

los urTierTobis CvenTvis saintereso momentebs; kerZod, rainegsis pi-

rovnebas, mis moRvaweobas da saqmianobas erekles samefo Tu ekaterines

saimperatoro karze. germanuli wyaroebi gamosca d. kandelakma naSromSi

,,saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis sakiTxebi germanul wyaroebSi~(2003w).

aseve uaRresad Zvirfasi da yuradsaRebi cnobebi moepovebaT saqar-

Tvelos Sesaxeb butkovsa da dubrovins.

butkovis 1869 wels gamocemul vrcel naSromSi ,,Материалы для но-

вой истории Кавказа~ moTxrobilia, saerTod, kavkasiisa da kerZod, saqarTve-

los ambebi XVIII saukunis @20-iani wlebidan XIX saukunis dasawyisamde.

mis wignSi bevria iseTi masala, romlebic sxvagan ar gvxvdeba; amaSia but-

kovis naSromis, rogorc saistorio wyaros erT-erTi Rirseba.

n. dubrovinis kalams ekuTvnis eqvstomiani naSromi - ,,История войны

и владычества русских на Кавказе~, romelic umTavresad kavkasiaSi ruseTis

gabatonebis istorias exeba. specialurad narkvevSi ,,amierkavkasia 1803-

1806^wlebSi~ ganixila man saqarTvelo giorgi XII-is dros da amierkavka-

siis viTareba XIX saukunis damdegs.

aranakleb mniSvnelovania CvenTvis dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva

qveynis mogzaurTa, elCTa Tu misionerTagan danatovari cnobebi.

mniSvnelovani Rirebulebisaa is masala da msjeloba, romlebic ex-

eba XVII s-is miwurulisa da XVIII s-is pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelos

warsuls. poloneli iezuiti TadeuS ian krusinski, ingliseli hanvei da

sxv. gamoxataven im drois iranis saxelmwifoSi mimdinare Sinaomebis isto-

rias, romlebSic qarTvelebi xSirad wamyvan rols asrulebdnen; gvamcno-

ben XVIII s-is 20-iani wlebis qarTlis tragikul ambebs, petre didis amier-

kavkasiaSi laSqrobas rom mohyva.

sayuradRebo masalaa XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloze ,,karme-

litebis qronikaSi~. igi mogviTxrobs saqarTvelos dauflebisaTvis mebr-

Zoli saxelmwifoebis im xSir omebze, romelTac qarTveli xalxisaTvis

sabediswero Sedegebi moqonda. ,,qronika~ gvauwyebs araerT saintereso am-

bebs Sah-abasis mier kaxelTa ayra-gadasaxlebis, vaxtang VI-is saxelmwi-

- 20 -

foebrivi saqmianobis, Teimuraz II-is Tu erekle II-is sagareo politikisa

da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ambebs mogviTxrobs italieli misioneri

monsiniore leoni, romelic 31 weliwadi cxovrobda saqarTveloSi (1742-

1773 ww.).'Zvirfasia misi cnobebi Teimuraz-erekles saxelmwifoebrivi moR-

vaweobis, maTi saSinao da sagareo politikis Sesaxeb.

ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-1774 ww-is omTan dakavSirebul saqarTvelos

ambebze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis kapitani de grai de fuas vrceli

moxseneba. igi maSin saqarTveloSi imyofeboda da kritikuli TvaliTac

uyurebda xilul ambebs.

saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani cnobebi moipoveba somxur, spa-

rsul da Turqul wyaroebsa da literaturaSi, ramdenadac saqarTvelos

intensiuri urTierToba hqonda am qveynebTan.

somexi istorikosebis naSromebSi xSirad vxvdebiT saintereso msje-

lobas saqarTvelos XVIII s-is istoriis calkeul movlenebze. maTTan ga-

Suqebulia saqarTvelos urTierToba iranTan, osmaleTan, ruseTTan, ami-

erkavkasiis saxanoebTan.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze somxur enaze daiwera ramdenime mci-

re moculobis istoriuli qronika, sadac umTavresad erekle II-is moR-

vaweobaa aRwerili. didi adgili uWiravs am qronikebSi aRa-mahmad-xanis mi-

er 1795 w-s Tbilisis aRebisa da aoxrebis ambebs.

mniSvnelovani cnobebia daculi leos (araqel babaxanianis) samto-

mian naSromSi ,,somxeTis istoria~, romlis mesame tomi mTlianad XVI-

XVIII saukuneebs eZRvneba. istorikosi sakmaod did adgils uTmobs saqar-

Tvelos istoriis sakiTxebs, gansakuTrebiT ki gaZlierebuli qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mefes erekle II-s da mis politikas.

ramdenadac saqarTvelos didi adgili eWira iranisa da osmaleTis

sagareo politikaSi, aqedan gamomdinare, bunebrivia, rom gansaxilveli sa-

kiTxis istoriisaTvis iran-osmalur wyaroebsa da literaturas gansakuT-

rebuli mniSvneloba aqvs.

CvenTvis sakvlevi periodis Sesaxeb metad saintereso istorikosia

ahmed jevdeT-faSa. misi 12 tomiani istoria moicavs periods 1774 w-dan

1825 w-mde.

- 21 -

a. jevdeT-faSas istoriis sxvadasxva tomebSi uxvadaa gabneuli

cnobebi XVIII s-is saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: dawvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili ru-

seT-TurqeTis omebi, am omebSi kavkasiis xalxTa monawileoba, saqarTve-

los sakiTxi. saintereso faqtebi aqvs motanili erekle II-is da osmale-

Tis sulTnis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. avtori exeba quCuk-kainarjis sazavo

xelSekrulebis muxlebs, farTod mimoixilavs erekle II-is ruseTis mfar-

velobaSi Sesvlis sakiTxs, dawvrilebiT Cerdeba aRa-mahmad-xanis saqarTve-

loSi Semosevaze, Tbilisis dangrevaze da sxva. ise, rom jevdeTis istori-

is sxvadasxva tomebSi uxvadaa mimobneuli cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavka-

siis Sesaxeb.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxi farTod aris gaSuqebuli istoriog-

rafiaSi.

jer kidev XIX s-is xanis istoriografia did interess iCenda XVII-

XVIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxTa kvlevaSi.

1888 wels gamovida anton furcelaZis vrceli monografia giorgi

saakaZis Sesaxeb. avtoris azriT, saakaZe saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Tavda-

debuli moRvawe iyo, romelmac samSoblo mospobisagan ixsna. saakaZis po-

litikuri figuris fonze saintresodaa ganxiluli saqarTvelos sagareo

urTierTobis sakiTxebi.

erekle II-is epoqas exebian istorikosebi m. janaSvili Tavis 1898

wels gamocemul TxzulebaSi ,,erekle II~, l. oyroSiZe (saqarTvelo da

ruseTi XVIII-XIX ss-is mokle istoriuli mimoxilva, 1918), g. wereTeli

(mefe erekle II, Jurnali ,,kvali~ 1893w. #29-30) da im drois sxva avtorTa

naSromebi, romlebic ufro popularulobiTa da gmiruli saqmeebis aRwe-

riT gamoirCevian, vidre romelime istoriuli problemis SeswavliT.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakiTxis mecnieruli Seswavlis

saqmeSi al. cagareli erT-erTi pirvelTagani iyo, romelmac mogvca saqa-

rTvelo-ruseTTan dakavSirebiT mizezTa'ZiriTadad swori axsna.

aRniSnul sakiTxebze warmatebiT muSaobda iv. javaxiSvili. misi na-

Sromebi am Temaze dRemde rCeba avtoritetulad. maTSi sruli istoriuli

simarTliTaa movlenebi gaSuqebuli.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakiTxebi gaSuqebulia agreTve

n. berZeniSvilis, g. qiqoZis, s. kakabaZis, i. cincaZis, o. markovas, v. gabaS-

- 22 -

vilis, v. maWaraZis, g. paiWaZis, S. burjanaZis, q. CxataraiSvilis, m. dumbaZ-

is da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

i. cincaZis bevri naSromi exeba XVIII saukunis Sua wlebis da meo-

re naxevris ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobas. mis naSromebSi ZiriTadad

yuradRebas ipyrobs pirvelwyaroTa siuxve.

n. nakaSiZem specialur monografiaSi gaaSuqa saqarTvelo-ruseTis

politikuri urTierToba XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. g. paiWaZes Ses-

wavlili aqvs igive urTierToba XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi.

mravali dRemde ucnobi dokumenturi masala gamoavlina, Seiswav-

la da gamosca v. maWaraZem; mis naSromebSi asaxulia XVIII s-is II naxevris

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis ambebi.

XVIII saukuneSi evropis qveynebTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis pro-

blemebis kvlevis saqmes didi Rvawli dasdo profesorma i. tabaRuam. mis

naSromebSi mecnieruli siRrmiTa da evropis qveynebTan dakavSirebis di-

di surviliT aris gadmocemuli qarTvel politikosTa miswrafeba. gansa-

kuTrebiT saintereso siaxles Seicavs prof. i. tabaRuas mier 1999 wels

gamoqveynebuli naSromi, romelic 1783 wlis traqtats mieZRvna. unda aRi-

niSnos, rom es naSromi am dokumentis mecnieruli Sefasebis erT-erTi pir-

veli cdaa.

istorikosTa did yuradRebas ipyrobda iseTi mniSvnelovani movl-

ena saqarTvelos istoriaSi, rogoricaa 1783 w-is georgievskis traqtati.

istoriografiaSi georgievskis traqtatisadmi ar yofila erTgva-

rovani damokidebuleba. samwuxarod, misi Sefasebis sakiTxi icvleboda po-

litikur cvlilebaTa kvaldakval. sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde

istorikosebi mis mimarT kritikulad iyvnen ganwyobili (m. xelTufliSvi-

li, z. avaliSvili). sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSic, gansakuTreb-

iT 30-ian wlebSi, aRniSnuli dokumentis mimarT iyo sakmaod mwvave Sefas-

ebis SemTxvevebi (p. geleiSvili, f. maxaraZe). sabWoTa xelisuflebis wle-

bSi arsebiTad Seicvala damokidebuleba misi Sefasebisadmi (gansakuTre-

biT 200 wlisTavis saiubileo dReebSi), saTave daedo istoriuli faqte-

bis gayalbebas. dasmul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ,,mcire borotebis~ cne-

bac ki ganidevna istoriis sarbielidan, es cneba metnaklebi sizustiT ma-

inc asaxavda im obieqtur realobas, romelic ruseTTan saqarTvelos Seer-

- 23 -

Tebis Sedegad damkvidrda. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg (1991 w.) iw-

yeba traqtatis obieqturi Sefasebis procesi.

1783 wlis traqtatis momzadeba-ganxorcielebis sakiTxs jer kidev

1919 wels Seexo iv. javaxiSvili Tavis naSromSi ,,damokidebuleba ruseT-

sa da saqarTvelos Soris XVIII saukuneSi~. avtorma sworad daaxasiaTa me-

fis ruseTis politikuri miznebi saqarTvelos mimarT XVIII s-is 80-ian

wlebSi da gviCvena, rom TviTmpyrobeloba mxolod sakuTari politikuri

da ekonomikuri gegmebis realizaciisaTvis ibrZoda. misive daxasiaTebiT,

aRniSnuli aqti amave dros orive mxaris interesebs upasuxebda da ,,mfar-

velobiT mokavSireobas~ gamoxatavda, magram ruseTma ar Seasrula nakis-

ri valdebulebani da saboloo angariSSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefom damou-

kidebloba dakarga. am marcxis erT-erT mizezad igi Tvlida ara marto me-

fis ruseTis cbier politikas, aramed qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mesveurTa

gulubryvilobas, rac sarwmunoebriv-qristianul niadagze damyarebul

,,dauSretel ndobaSi~ gamoixateboda.

1783 w-is traqtatze vrceli monografia gamoaqveyna (1960 w.) i. cin-

caZem. monografias erTvis dokumenturi masalebi, romelTa didi nawili

TviT avtorma gamoavlina moskovis samxedro-istoriul arqivSi.

1983 wels traqtatis 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamoica v. maWa-

raZis monografia ,,georgievskis traqtati~, sadac dawvrilebiTaa ganxi-

lul-gadmocemuli xelSekrulebis gaformebis sakiTxebi.

,,georgievskis traqtati~-s Sefasebisadmi obieqturi midgoma saqar-

Tvelos damoukideblobis (1991 w.) mopovebis Semdeg iwyeba. qarTvel mecni-

erTa da sazogado moRvaweTa mier r. gordeziani, v. boWoriSvili, n. kir-

TaZe, g. lorTqifaniZe, n. naTaZe saTanadod aris es dokumenti Sefasebu-

li gazeTSi ,,axali qarTuli gazeTi~ (#6, 1998 w. 30 ivlisi).

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobisa da saqarTvelos ruseTTan Seer-

Tebis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis TvalsazrisiT ganxi-

luli aqvT m. xelTufliSvils ,,saqarTvelos Sesvla ruseTis imperiaSi~,

zurab avaliSvils - ,,saqarTvelos SeerTeba ruseTTan~, aseve gr. veSapels,

ak. surgulaZes, iv. surgulaZes. es ukanasknelni zogjer iZulebulni ari-

an daskvnebi im ideologiuri moTxovnebis Sesatyvisad gaakeTon, romelic

yovelTvis rodi iZleoda sinamdvilis obieqturi asaxvis saSualebas. ise,

- 24 -

rom qarTul istoriografiaSi XVIII saukunis problemebisadmi miZRvnili

mecnieruli gamokvlevebis simcire ki ar igrZnoba, aramed dasmuli prob-

lemebisadmi obieqturi Sefaseba.

XVIII saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis problemebi ganxilulia pro-

fesor m. samsonaZis wignSi ,,saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema da saga-

reo orientacia meTvramete saukuneSi~. prof. m. samsonaZe qveynis sagareo

orientacias Seiswavlis rogorc erekle mefis samoqmedo gegmas. misi yu-

radRebis centrSi moqceulia ,,saqarTvelos istoriul sazRvrebSi gaerTi-

aneba~ da misi mniSvneloba ,,qveynis sagareo orientaciis CamoyalibebaSi~.

am mimarTebiT prof. m. samsonaZe rusuli orientaciis problemebze amaxvi-

lebs yuradRebas da misi simpaTiebic aqeT aris mimarTuli, ,,saWiro iyo

gareSe Zalis gamonaxva~, _ aRniSnavs igi. amgvar Zalad, romelsac SeeZlo

daxmareba gaewia da TviTonac amiT dainteresebuli iqneboda, mxolod ru-

seTi Canda. wignSi saTanado adgili aqvs daTmobili im problemebs, rom-

lebic qveynis saSinao da saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TvalsazrisiT ga-

napirobebda brZolas misi gaerTianebisaTvis. prof. m. samsonaZis gamokvle-

va gamoirCeva problemis originaluri dayenebiTa da dasabuTebiT, mas ere-

kle meoris ruseTze orientacia warmoCenili aqvs rogorc erTgvari saxe-

lmwifoebrivi programa, qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli mo-

Rvaweoba.

Tanamedrove qarTul-rusul damokidebulebaTa problemis aqtualu-

robam gazarda interesi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis mimarT. amis

dasturia is uamravi literatura _ eseebi, statiebi, krebulebi, narkveve-

bi Tu calkeuli wignebi, romelic am bolo, ori aTwleulis, manZilze

gamoica. xdeba mTeli rigi sakiTxebis gadafaseba, rac marTlac, saSuri

saqmea. Cven SevexebiT mxolod maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovan da Cven-

Tvis sainteresi naSromebs.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriis calkeuli sakiTxebi

ganxilulia m. vaCnaZe, v. gurulis naSromebSi: ,,saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTi-

erToba. istoria. Sedegebi. gakveTilebi~ (2001 w.), ,,ruseTTan erTad da uru-

seTod~ (2007 w.); aRniSnul problemebs exeba aseve a. silagaZe, v. gurulis

naSromebi _ ,,sami istoriul-politikuri ese~ (1996 w.), ,,istoriul-poli-

tikuri narkvevi~ (2001 w); saintereso naSromia prof. v. gurulis ,,erovnu-

- 25 -

li cnobiereba, saxelmwifoebrioba, politikuri orientacia~ (2008 w.); bo-

lodroindel naSromebs Soris aRsaniSnavia aseve 2007 wels gamocemuli

wigni _ ,,saqarTveloSi ruseTis koloniuri politikis istoriis narkveve-

bi~ (2007 w.), romelSic Tavmoyrilia sxvadasxva avtorTa statiebi ruseT-

saqarTvelos urTierTobis mTel rig sakiTxebze. sayuradReboa agreTve

politologiis institutis mier gamocemuli statiebis krebuli _ ,,ruse-

Ti da saqarTvelo, agresiis gakveTilebi~ (2008 w.). krebulSi avtorTa mier

sainteresodaa warmodgenili rusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi. aseve yurad-

Rebas ipyrobs amave wels gamocemuli sqeltaniani wigni `rusuli kolo-

nializmi saqarTveloSi~, sadac avtorTa koleqtivis _ al. bendianiSvil-

is, al. dauSvilis, m. samsonaZis, x, qoqraSvilis, d. WumburiZis, o. janeli-

Zis naSromebia Tavmoyrili (2008 w.). amave wels gamoica aseve v. feraZisa

da l. mumlaZis naSromi `ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis istoriis na-

rkvevebi(X-XXI saukuneebi). gverds ver avuvliT agreTve, axalgazrda mkvle-

varis ap. TabuaSvilis wigns ,,erekle meoris ekonomikuri koncefciebi qve-

ynis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisTvis~, romelic 2010 w-s gamoica. avtori

ikvlevs ra qveynis saSinao mdgomareobis yvela niuanss, saintereso dask-

vnebamde midis _ samefo karis mier XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi gatarebul-

ma farTomasStabianma gardaqmnebma qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba gaamyara

da aRmosavleT saqarTvelo uwyveti progresis gzaze daayena. samwuxarod,

misi Semdegi ganviTareba Sewyvita gareSe Zalam 1801 w-is aqtiT. mecnieris

marTebuli daskvniT, rasac Znelia ar daeTanxmo, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo

sulac ar iyo ise dakninebuli, Tundac 90-ian wlebSi (aRa-mahmad-xanis Se-

mosevis Semdeg), rom damoukideblad arseboba aRar SeeZlo da dasaRupad

iyo ganwiruli, rogorc amas caristuli, Semdeg sabWouri) istoriograf-

ia RaRadebda sakuTari dampyrobluri politikis gamarTlebis mizniT. yu-

radsaRebia prof. d. SveliZis axlaxans gamocemuli naSromi `saqarTve-

los mfarveloba da dapyroba ruseTis mier~ (2014). es naSromi kidev erTi

mcdelobaa istoriografiaSi ori saukunis manZilze dagrovili yalbi da

mcdari formulirebebisagan gaTavisuflebisa. wignSi sainteresodaa war-

modgenili ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakvanZo epizodi _ saqar-

Tvelos mfarvelobisa da dapyrobis istoria.

- 26 -

saqarTvelos istoriis warsuls swavloben Tanamedrove dasavleT-

evropeli mkvlevarebic. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia ingliseli mecnierebi u.

aleni, d. lengi.

1932@w-is ingliselma mecnierma u. alenma gamoaqveyna ,,saqarTvelos

istoria~, sadac didi nawili daTmobili aqvs CvenTvis saintereso XVI-

XIX saukuneebs. igi emyareba ra qarTul-ucxour wyaroebs da zepirgadmo-

cemebs, TanmimdevrobiT gadmocems faqtebs da movlenebs. mis naSromebSi

XVIII s-is II naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo saerTo-amierkavkasiuli

mniSvnelobis samefodaa daxasiaTebuli.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa d. lengis monografia _ ,,saqarTvelos

samefos ukanaskneli wlebi~ (2003 w). romelSic avtori cdilobs gaaSuqos

qarTveli xalxis istoria 1658-1832@ wlebSi. igi kargad icnobs Cveni qvey-

nis istoriis wyaroebsa da literaturas. uxvad sargeblobs agreTve saf-

rangeTis sagareo saqmeTa saministros arqivSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb dacu-

li masalebiT. d. lengi sakmaod farTo gegmiTa da masStabiT udgeba aRni-

Snuli periodis istoriul movlenaTa Seswavlas. igi ikvlevs rogorc so-

cialur-ekonomiur, ise politikuri Tu kulturuli warsulis sakiTxebs

da xSirad originalur mosazrebebsac gvTavazobs.

avtori cdilobs obieqturad Seafasos urTierToba ruseTsa da

saqarTvelos Soris. lengis mixedviT, ruseTis SeRweva kavkasiaSi daiwyo

XVI-XVII ss-is mijnaze da XVII s-Si mSvidobianad viTardeboda. Semdgomi

periodi xasiaTdeba carizmis ,,sagangebo meryevi~ politikiT, romlis mi-

zani saqarTvelos dasusteba da misi dapyrobis momzadeba iyo.

ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi asaxulia aseve italieli qarT-

velologis luiji magarotos axlaxans gamocemul naSromSi ,,saqarTve-

los aneqsia ruseTis mier ~(2008 w.). naSromSi ganxilulia movlenebi 1783

w-dan 1801 w-mde _ traqtatidan aneqsiamde.

- 27 -

I Tavi. sagareo urTierTobaTa ZiriTadi Strixebi

saqarTvelos daSlidan XVIII s-is II naxevramde

$1. sagareo orientaciis problemebi XV s-dan XVIII s-is I naxevramde

XIII s-dan, TaTar-monRolTa Semosevebis droidan moyolebuli, vid-

re XVIII s-mde axlo aRmosavleTis da, kerZod, kavkasiis politikuri ru-

ka'Zirfesvianad Seicvala. oqros xana warsuls Cabarda, daiSala saqarT-

velo da masTan erTad kavkasiis politikuri mTlianobac. gviani Sua sau-

kuneebi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi momTabarე veluri tomebis moZalebiTa

da kulturul saxelmwifoTa ngreviT aRiniSna. msgavs process dasavleT

evropaSi adgili hqonda V s-Si, roca barbarosTa Semosevebis Sedegad

arseboba Sewyvita romis imperiam, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom barbaros-

Ta damkvidrebam iq erTgvarad xelic ki Seuwyo feodaluri warmoebis we-

sis ganviTarebas, axlo aRmosavleTSi ki maTma mosvlam xelovnurad gaa-

xangrZliva feodaluri urTierTobis arseboba da igi sazogadoebrivi gan-

viTarebis Semaferxeblad aqcia. mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi barbarosul-

feodaluri urTierToba gabatonda.

monRolTa uRlisagan ganTavisuflebul saqarTvelos verc ki moes-

wro normaluri amosunTqva, rom samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da samxreT-dasav-

leTiT TiTqmis erTsadaimave dros, ori uaRresad agresiuli saxelmwifo

gaumezoblda iranisa da osmaleTis saxiT. Temur-lengis imperiis daSlis

Semdeg iranis teritoriaze ramdenime Turqmanuli saxelmwifo warmoiqmna;

cota mogvianebiT, XVI s-is dasawyisSi erT-erTi maTganis, kerZod, TeTrba-

tknian TurqmanTa saxelmwifos nangrevebze axali, kidev ufro Zlieri da

agresiuli yizilbaSTa saxelmwifo Camoyalibda sefianTa dinastiiT saTa-

veSi. Tu sparseTsa da aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis did nawils, aseve som-

xeTs Turqmanebi daepatronen, mcire aziasa da balkaneTSi osmalo-Turqebi

gabatondnen, romlebmac TavianTi saxelmwifos daarsebidan (XIVs.) sul

cota xanSi dapyrobiTi omebis Sedegad uzarmazari imperia Seqmnes. 1453

w-s osmalebma aiRes bizantiis dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli _ Savi zRvis

gasaRebi da evropas barbarizaciiT daemuqrnen; magram bizანtiuri tragiz-

- 28 -

mi _ es msoflio mniSvnelobis tragedia - yvelaze savalalo saqarTvelos-

Tvis aRmoCnda - daiketa dasavleTis qveynebTan damakavSirebeli erTaderTi

kari, saqarTvelo mowyda kulturul msoflios da igi barbarosul saxel-

mwifoTa garemocvaSi aRmoCnda. bizantiis ganadgurebiT saqarTvelos irg-

vliv sabolood Seikra musulmanuri garemocvis rkali _ samxreT-dasavleT

da Crdilo-dasavleT karibWeebTan osmalebi gabatonebuliyvnen, samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT _ sparselebi; cota ufro adre XVs-is dasawyisSi Crdilo-

eTis bunebrivi sazRvari _ kavkasiis mTianeTic, romelic saukuneebis man-

Zilze saqarTvelos saimedo mokavSires warmoadgenda, gamahmadianda da

amieridan saqarTvelosadmi dapirispirebul ZalTa dasayrdenad iqca.

XVI s-dan moyolebuli wina aziis uZlieres saxelmwifoebs iransa

da osmaleTs Soris gaafTrebuli brZolebi warmoebda. davis mTavar obi-

eqts kavkasia, kerZod, amierkavkasia warmoadgenda, amitom am ori veSapis

urTierTWidilSi yovelTvis saqarTveloc isriseboda. 1453 w-s bizantiis

dacemam kidev ufro gaauaresa saqarTvelos isedac mZime politikur-ekon-

omikuri mdgomareoba. qveynis mesveurebi Seecadnen gaerRviaT es mtruli

rkali. romis papTan SeTanxmebiT SemuSavda kidec ,,jvarosnuli laSqro-

bis~ mowyobis gegma mcire aziidan Turq-osmalTa gandevnisa da bizantiis

aRdgenis mizniT, magram antiosmalur koaliciaSi, romis papis didi mcde-

lobis miuxedavad ver moxerxda dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis Cabma,

(romelTaTvisac konstantinopolis dacema umTavresad savaWro-ekonomiku-

ri interesebis SezRudvas niSnavda), ris gamoc es wamowyeba uSedegod da-

mTavrda. saqarTvelo bedis anabara darCa agresiul saxelmwifoTa garemo-

cvaSi, romelic Seqmnil araxelsayrel sagareo mdgomareobas, politik-

ur-ekonomikur-kulturulad dakninebuli da damcrobili Sexvda.

XV s-is bolosaTvis saqarTvelo, romlis erTianobasac bzari jer

kidev monRolTa Semosevebis droidan gauCnda, qarTlis, imereTis da ka-

xeTis samefoebad da samcxis damoukidebel samTavrod daiSala. სaqarTve-

los erTiani feodaluri saxelmwifos daqucmaceba samefo-samTavroebad

gamowveuli iyo qveynis ekonomikuri safuZvlebis moSliT, saTavadoTa si-

stemis aRmocenebiT, mefis xelisuflebis politikuri Zalauflebis Sesu-

stebiT. qarTlis samefo karis araerTgzis mcdeloba qveynis kvlav gaer-

Tianebisa marcxiT mTavrdeboda, gankerZoebuli samefo-samTavroebi yovel-

- 29 -

nairad cdilobdnen (ucxo Zalis gamoyenebiTac) sakuTari Seuvalobis Se-

narCunebas. feodaluri partikularizmi, urTierTSuRli da mtroba RrRni-

da qveyanas, rac yovelmxriv moZalebuli mtris wisqvilze asxamda wyals.

saqarTvelo imedis TvaliT Sescqeroda daxSul kars miRma darCe-

nil dasavleT evropas, samwuxarod, saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani mcde-

lobani evropidan politikuri daxmarebis miRebisa uSedegod mTavrdebo-

da, ,,maTi daxmareba“ gamoixateboda mowodebebiT, manugeSebeli sityvebiT,

martooden moraluri mxardaWeriT.

osmalur problemamdec da merec, romis papebis mxridan aqtiuro-

bas ganapirobebda aRmosavleT-dasavleTis eklesiebis uniisadmi swrafva

da papisadmi daqvemdebareba. qarTvelebs politikuri daxmarebis sanacvlod

eklesiaTa gaerTianebas da gakaTolikebas Txovdnen. am mizans emsaxurebo-

da kaTolike misionerTa aqtiuri moRvaweoba saqarTveloSi.

mahmadianur garemocvaSi moqceuli saqarTvelo da misi politiku-

ri mesveurni romis papTan urTierTobaSi kompromisebze midian da zogi

maTgani kaTolikobasac iRebs (levan II dadiani _ pirveli qarTveli gaka-

Tolikebuli politikosia), Tanaxmaa eklesiaTa uniaze (Tumca Tanasworo-

bis principiT da ara daqvemdebarebis), rameTu kaTolikobaSi xedavdnen

progress, SesaZlebeli iyo erovnulobis SenarCuneba. am SemTxvevaSi es

iyo saSualeba evropasTan dasakavSireblad. qarTveloba aseT kompromi-

sebs Tanxmdeboda pirvel rigSi politikuri, Semdeg ki religiur-kultu-

ruli da ekonomiuri motiviT. miuxedavad qarTvelTa socialur-ekonomi-

kuri da politikuri cxovrebis mTlianobis darRvevisa, misi aqtiuri ku-

lturul-ideologiuri fenomeni mainc uswrebda droisa da obieqtur pi-

robaTa viTarebas.

Zlierma kulturulma tradiciebma sasowarkveTis Jams isev iner-

ciiT iCines Tavi da aziis politikuri qaosidan saqarTvelom piri ibruna

evropisaken. evropa-saqarTvelos urTierTobis naTelsayofad sakmarisia

is didi faqti, rom ,,kaTolikoba miiRes iseTma didma qarTvelebma, rogo-

rebic iyvnen vaxtang meeqvse, sulxan-saba orbeliani da anton kaTaliko-

si“ (97,81). amas garda dasavleTis kultura ar SeiZleba ar SemoetanaT it-

aliaSi swavlamiRebul qarTvelebs. evropasTan daaxloebis maCvenebelia

- 30 -

qarTvel diplomatTa da swavlulTa mogzauroba evropis qveynebSi. `ev-

ropa gaecno Cvens enasa da literaturas... bevr qarTvel Svilebs gaexsna

gza evropaSi, romlebmac maRal saswavloSi swavla miiRes“ (97,298).

XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi evropulma orientaciam fiasko ganica-

da. uSedegod dasrulda sulxan-sabas evropuli mogzauroba.QქarTul-ev-

ropuli urTierTobani mxolod miwer-moweraSi grZeldeboda. amis mere ki

igi karga xniT Sewyda kavkasiaSi petre I-is politikis gaaqtiurebis Sede-

gad. man vaxtang VI-is evropul orientacias wertili dausva. amieridan,

mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebis garda, evropisaken saval gzaze saqarTvelos

ruseTis imperiac gadaeRoba da, faqtiurad, mas arCevanis saSualeba aRar

dautova. ise warmarTa politikuri viTareba, rom qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs

sxva mxares gaxedvis saSualeba mTlad mouspo da iZulebiTi arCevanis wi-

naSe daayena.

ise, rom vidre ruseTs miapyrobdnen mzeras qarTveli politikose-

bi, teritoriuli siSoris miuxedavad, evropasTan dakavSirebas cdilobd-

nen, radgan es iyo maTTvis is bunebrivi sivrce, organuli nawili, romel-

sac xelovnurad moswyvites mahmadianma mezoblebma. xolo geografiulad

axlomdebare ruseTi jer kidev rCeboda ,,teritoriul evropad~, romelic

TviTon cdilobda ,,gaevropelebas“_progresis gzaze gamosvlas (petre I-

is dros) da ramdenadac ar unda cdiliyo warmoeCina Tavi marTlmadideb-

luri bizantiis imperiis memkvidred, igi maRalganviTarebuli bizantiuri

civilizaciis mxolod garegnul memkvidred Tu CaiTvleboda, xolo kul-

turuli memkvidreobis gamgrZeleblad dasavleT evropa rCeboda. gaZlie-

rebuli „moskovis samTavros mesveurebi axali politikur-ideologiuri

safuZvlebis Ziebas iwyeben.“ ჯer kidev XVI-saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi „mox-

da beri filoTeis cnobili ideis „moskovi-mesame romi“-s warmoCena“(143,32-

33). am koncefciis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom „moskovis mesveurebma bi-

zantiel imperatorTagan memkvidreobiT miiRes qristianul-marTlmadideb-

luri imperia.Aam ukanasknelT ki es imperiuli Zalaufleba romis impera-

torTagan ergoT“(143,22).GAN

swored am Seqmnilma uaRresad mZime istoriulma garemoebebma aiZ-

ula saqarTvelo eZebna gareSe damxmare Zala, ramac igi sabolood imperi-

- 31 -

uli suliskveTebiT Sepyrobil Crdiloel mezobels gadahyara. dasavleT

evropis qveynebis yuradRebis mipyrobis araerTi mcdelobis uSedegod da-

mTavrebis Semdeg qarTvelma mefe-mTavrebma mzera politikurad mzard

ruseTis saxelmwifos miapyres, Tumca dasavleTze orientaciis idea, ro-

gorc swrafva kulturul samyarosTan kavSiris aRdgenisa da ara mxolod

fizikuri mokavSire'Zalis Ziebisa, kvlavac cocxlobda. axalgazrda marT-

lmadidebeli ruseTis saxelmwifoSi qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi garkveulwi-

lad bizantiis xatebas xedavdnen. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, kul-

turuli da religiuri TvalsazrisiT, bizantia bevrad maRla idga ruseT-

ze. es kargad esmodaT qarTvel politikosebsac _ rom ruseTi ar iyo Sua-

guli evropa _ civilizaciis akvani. is es esaa idgamda fexs da ufro me-

tad izrdeboda horizontalurad (teritoriulad), vidre vertikalurad

(kulturulad). amitom iyo, rom qarTveli politikosebi, pirvel rigSi, ev-

ropasTan kavSirs eZiebdnen. ismis SekiTxva: SeeZlo ki ruseTs realurad

etvirTa romis memkvidreoba, romlis ambiciasac is ase aSkarad gamoxa-

tavda? ,,yofiliyo is WurWeli, romelic universaluris Semcveli iqnebo-

da? SeeZlo mas universaluri ideisTvis msxverplad mietana Tavisi erov-

nuloba (velikorusoba)? mas hyavda mravalricxovani morwmune xalxi, mas

hqonda aRebuli qani sazRvrebis gansavrcobad qveynis oTxive kuTxiT, hqon-

da samxedro Zlevamosileba da sxv. magram mas ar hqonda is safuZveli, ra-

mac bizantiis qristianuli saxelmwifos fundamenti Seqmna. is jer kidev

erovnulad unda momwifebuliyo, raTa universaluris tvirTva SeZlebo-

da. is jer unda damdgariyo, rogorc nacia“(114,4). savsebiT marTebulad

SeniSnavda kirion episkoposi, rom bizantiis dacemis Semdeg marTlmadideb-

lobis dacvis funqcia realurad saqarTvelom Seasrula _ xolo gavrce-

lebuli Tvalsazrisi, XV s-Si konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg qristia-

nuli aRmosavleTis religiur-kulturul centrad moskovis aRiarebis Se-

saxeb, rus istოrikosTa patriotul gazviadebas warmoadgens (92,77). vidre

patara iveria ramodenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi marto, gmirulad umklav-

deboda mozRvavebul mahmadianebs da sisxlisagan iwriteboda, vidre igi

agresorTa Semdgom dapyrobebs winaRobas uqmnida kavkasiaSi, ruseTi mSvi-

dobianad viTardeboda da Zalebs ikrebda; xolo roca kavkasias moadga mi-

si ,,politikuri ubedurebiT“ isargebla da mzakvrulad daepatrona dasus-

- 32 -

tebul qveyanas. `muslimanur garemocvaSi martod darCenilma saqarTvelom

sasicocxlo energia Sealia islamur saxelwifoebTan brZolas. aRmosav-

leT evropisaTvis saqarTvelom erTgvari buferiis roli iTamaSa. ruse-

Tis Semdgomi politikuri warmatebebi garkveulwilad ganapiroba qristi-

anuli aRmosavleTis politikurma ubedurebam~(92,82). realurad, swored

rom saqarTvelo warmoadgenda qristianobis damcvel burjs aRmosavleT-

Si. ruseTis politikur asparezze gamoCenis Semdeg, qristianuli bizantiis

sulieri da politikuri - (Sinagani da garegani) memkvidreobis funqciebi

saqarTvelo-ruseTs Soris gadanawilda. sulier memkvidred saqarTvelo

aRiqmeboda, xolo politikur memkvidred - ruseTi. erTis mier Sinagani,

xolo meores mier garegani memkvidris funqciis SeTavseba maT mizan-swraf-

vaTa Seusabamobis saSiSroebas hqmnida da imTaviTve gamoricxavda or qve-

yanas Soris Tanasworobis principze damyarebul keTilmezoblur urTier-

Tobas.

ruseTma 1480 w-s gaiTavisufla ra Tavi monRolTa batonobisagan,

igi TviTon gadaiqca udides agresorad. ruseTi TandaTanobiT'Zlierdebo-

da erTis mxriv baltiispireTis, xolo meores mxriv volgispireTisa da

dasavleT cimbiris winaaRmdeg warmoebuli dapyrobiTi omebis xarjze da

nela, magram mtkiced moiwevda samxreTisaken. TaTarTa damarcxebam da erT-

morwmune ruseTis gaZlierebam imedi Causaxa qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs; isini

ruseTisagan, rogorc marTlmorwmune qristianebisagan uangaro daxmare-

bas moelodnen. garkveulwilad masSi bizantiis xatebasac xedavdnen: ,,Zvel-

Ta Sina droTa, odesca marTmadidebelni imperatorni konstantinopolisa

flobdnen aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTsa... mefeni saqarTvelosani bagrato-

vanni iRebdnen maTgan niWs uricxvsa, aqundaTca saxlisa maTisa kurapala-

toba, romel ars saxlTuxucesoba da SewevniTa maTiTa hflobdnen kaspiis

zRvidan vidre Savs zRvamden“(1,II,156). roca bizantiis imperia daeca da mis

nangrevebze muslimuri saxelmwifoebi gaCnda ,,Sevida queyana ganuseveneb-

lobasa Sina. raJams ukue ganavrcna xelmwifeba rossiisa imperiisa, mom-

gonebelTa mefeTa saqarTvelosaTa ZvelTa maT mfarvelobaTa moinebes, ra-

Ta Seavedron Tavi Tvisi qriastianesave imperatorsa da romelica safar-

veli sdebiesT ZvelTa maT imperatorTa mier, moeniWoTca imperatoris mi-

erve mzgavsisa maTisa marTlmadideblisa“ (1,II,156). axladmovlenili Crdi-

- 33 -

loeli mezobeli mahmadianuri agresiisagan mxsnelad da mfarvelad miiC-

nies qarTvelma mefeebma da ruseTTაn jer kidev XV s-dan daamyares inten-

siuri diplomatiuri kavSir-urTierTobani. „qarTvel politikosTa arCeva-

ni ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom, ruseTi perspeqtivaSi aucileblad Seeja-

xeboda iransa da TurqeTs; amitom erTmorwmune ruseTis gamoyeneba irani-

sa da TurqeTis winaaRmdeg qarTvel mefeebs realurad esaxebodaT.Mmag-

ram maTi Secdoma imaSi mdgomareobda, rom XVI-XVII ss-Si ruseTi ar warmo-

adgenda im Zalas, romelic win aRudgeboda iranisa da TurqeTis damkvid-

rebas saqarTveloSi“(93,12).

XVIII s-Si imperiadqceuli da kidev ufro gaZlierebuli ruseTis

aqtiuroba kavkasiis regionSi axali imedebiT aRavsebda marTlmorwmune

mmarTvelebs. maTi warmosaxviT, ruseTi uangarod daicavda qristianebs,

politikurad da sarwmunoebrivad. samwuxarod, molodini da Sedegebi gan-

sxvavebuli aRmoCnda. marTebulad SeniSnavs mitropoliti a. jafariZe:

,,XVI-XVIII ss-Si cxadi gaxda, rom marTlmadideblobas ganSorebuli qar-

Tvelebi erovnebasac kargavdnen, grigoriani qarTvelebis armenofiluri

cnobiereba, kaTolike qarTvelebis ,,frangoba“ da mahmadiani qarTvelebis

,,TaTroba“ Cvens mosaxleobasa da politikur wreebs arwmunebda, rom qar-

Tvelobis erTaderTi sayrdeni marTlmadidebloba iyo. amitom egonaT, qar-

Tvelobis SesanarCuneblad samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi mahmadianuri

TurqeTisa da sparseTisagan gansxvavebiT ruseTi, surda Tu ar surda, Ta-

visi marTlmadideblobis gamo ,,qarTvelobas“ safuZvels ara Tu ver gamo-

aclida, aramed ganamtkicebda kidec. magram ruseTis imperiam 1801 w-s sa-

qarTvelos saxelmwifo gaauqma da mefoba mospo“ (210,228).

ruseTTan urTierToba yvelaze adre kaxeTis samefom daamyara, ram-

denadac igi ufro axlo iyo im gzebTan, romliTac maSin saqarTvelo Crdi-

loeTs ukavSirdeboda. rusuli orientaciis damwyebad kaxTa mefe aleqsan-

dre I (1476-1511 ww.) iTvleba. man pirvelma aiRo gezi erTmorwmune ruseT-

ze. aleqsandres kurss mtkiced gahyvnen daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos yve-

la momdevno mefe-mTavrebi. miuxedavad am orientaciiT gamowveuli damRup-

veli Sedegebisa, saqarTvelos mesveurebi 1491 w-dan 1801 w-mde e.i. 300 w-ze

- 34 -

meti xnis manZilze erTxel aRebul gezs mihyvebodnen, vidre 1801 w-s saqar-

Tvelo ar miiyvanes daRupvamde.

1483 w-s kaxeTis mefe aleqsandrem elCebi gaagzavnina moskovis did

mTavar ivane III-sTan mosalaparakeblad. es iyo ruseT-saqarTvelos pirve-

li diplomatiuri urTierToba. aqedan moyolebuli kidev ufro gaZlier-

da rogorc kaxeTis, aseve saqarTvelos sxva samefo-samTavroebis daaxlo-

eba ruseTTan. XVI s-saTvis ruseTma dauqvemdebara ra Tavis batonobas ya-

zaneli da astraxaneli TaTrebi, agreTve baSkirebi, mordovelebi, mare-

lebi, udmurtebi da das. cimbiris xalxebi, kavkasiac TandaTanobiT moeq-

ca misi mxedvelobis areSi; yazan-astraxanis TaTrul saxanoTa dapyro-

biT ruseTma gaaTavisufla volgis didi savaWro gza da uSualod kavka-

sias gaumezoblda. ,,mas Semdeg, rac ruseTsa da kaxeTs Soris elCebis mi-

mosvla daiwyo, rusTa qveynis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi zogadad dadebiTi

Sexeduleba Camoyalibda. qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi igi Zlevamosil marTl-

madidebel saxelmwifod aRiqmeboda, romelsac SeeZlo mfarvelobis xeli

gaewvdina muslimTa urdoebiT Seviwroebuli qristiani TanamoZmeebisaT-

vis. maSin aravis mosvlia azrad, efiqra safrTxezec, rac SeiZleboda moh-

yoloda ruseTis kavkasiur orbitaze gamoCenas“ (208,6).

ruseTi gabatonda Tu ara ვolga-astraxanis gzaze, kavkasiis xelSi

Cagdebac ganizraxa. am mizniT ruseTis mefe (ivane mrisxane) kaxeTis mefe

levans daukavSirda da ,,mfarveloba“ SesTavaza. am ukanasknelma siamovne-

biT miiRo igi. 1564 w-s ivane mrisxanem md. Tergisa da sunjis SesarTavTan

cixe-simagre aago da Sig jari Caayena. „am droidan ruseTis istoriaSi kav-

asiaze gabatonebis fiqri xdeba TiTqosda memkvidreobiTi. TviT mSvidobi-

ani mefe Tevdorec agrZelebs mamis politikas, man aRadgina cixesimagre

sunjasTan da fiqrobda axali cixis yoisus safuZvelis Cayras, TviT su-

layTan... raTa pirdapir Samxals damuqreboda~(42,8-9). კavkasiis politikur

asparezze ruseTis gamoCenam kidev ufro daZaba or veSaps, irans da os-

maleTs Soris moqceuli saqarTvelos mdgomareoba. irani da TurqeTi Si-

SiT adevnebdnen Tvals ruseTis gaZlierebas da mis agresiul svlas sam-

xreTisaken. cxadia, isini kargad xedavdnen im diplomatiur Zafebs, ro-

melic ruseT-სaqarTvelos Soris ibmeboda. 1501 w-s iranis Sahi ismaili pi-

- 35 -

robiT Seekra TurqeTis sulTans, rom saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad

gaewyvitaT mTeli saqarTvelo. ,,Sah ismaili afrTxilebda selims, rom saq-

ristiano saqarTvelosagan cudi bolo moelis samahmadiano osmaleTsac

da sparseTsaco~ (174,53). ruseTis kavkasiaSi damkvidrebiT SeSfoTebulma

TurqeTma gadamwyvet RonisZiebas mimarTa. man omis muqariT aiZula ruse-

Ti gaeyvana jarebi Tergis cixidan.

ruseTis saxiT, saqarTvelos, CrdiloeTis mxaridanac mesame Zlie-

ri da agresiuli saxelmwifo gaumezoblda. magram ubedureba is iyo, rom

saqarTvelos maSindeli da Semdgom droindeli mesveurebic sami mtridan

mxolod ors xedavdnen. mesame ki, yvelaze ulmobeli megobrad da mfarve-

lad eCvenebodaT sarwmuneobrivi erTianobisa gamo. swored es sarwmuno-

ebrivi principiT xelmRvaneloba Seiqna saqarTvelos damRupveli. qarTve-

lma mefe-mTavrebma sarwmunoeba politikur saxelmRvanelod aqcies da

erTmorwmuneobis imediT Sepyrobilni xSirad TviTonve xdebodnen saku-

Tari erisa da qveynis ubedurebis mizezi. sagareo politikaSi sarwmuno-

ebrivi faqtoris wamyvanoba erTgvar dogmad damkvidrda. ruseTis cbieri

politikac swored qarTvelTa mxurvale sarwmunoebriv grZnobaze, maT gu-

lubryvilobaze iyo agebuli Tavidanve. ruseTis politikurma xelmZRvane-

lebma icodnen ra saqarTvelos gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba, ise warmoudgi-

nes qarTvelebs saqmis viTareba, rom TiTqos ruseTis erTaderTi mizani

qristiani qarTvelebis Svela yofiliyos. am moCvenebiTi TanagrZnobiT 1585

w-s ruseTis mTavrobam kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-s mfarveloba SesTava-

za. cxadia, aleqsandrem siamovnebiT miiRo ,,RvTiT movlenili mfarvelis“

winadadeba. 1587 w-s mefe aleqsandrem ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebis fi-

ci miiRo. 1589 w-s ki ruseTis mefem aleqsandres wyalobis sigeli gamou-

gzavna. kaxeTis magaliTiT Segulianebuli ruseTs daukavSirda agreTve,

qarTlis mefe giorgi X. rac ufro win moiwevs ruseTi, rac met warmate-

bas aRwevs misi politika kavkasiaSi, miT ufro iZabeba saqarTvelo-iransa

da saqarTvelo-TurqeTs Soris damokidebuleba. ,,ruseTTan daaxloebis ga-

mo kaxeTis mefe gansakuTrebul rTul mdgomareobaSi moeqca: erTi mxriT

mas moskovTan kavSirisa da osmaleTis ,,orgulobisaTvis“ sultani emuqre-

boda, meore mxriv, iranis Sahic ,,moRalated“ sTvlida. amave dros xelSe-

- 36 -

saxebi ram sanugeSo kaxeTisaTvis moskovis mefesTan kavSirs ar mohyol-

ia“ (154,326). rogorc Tavad rusi istorikosebi aRniSnaven, ruseTis saxelm-

wifos XVI s-Si ar SeeZlo daxmareba aRmoeCina misgan ase daSorebuli sam-

flobeloebisaTvis, miT ufro daecva igi. Tumca amis miuxedavad, mefe Tev-

dorem maSinve moirgo axali titulatura: „mefe iveriis miwebisa, qarT-

lisa da saqarTvelos mefeebisa, yabardos miwebisa, CerqezeTisa da mTiel-

Ta saTavadoebisa“ (42,11).

kaxeTma male igema Tavis mmarTvelTa aramarTebuli politikis na-

yofi _ Sah-abasis gamanadgurebeli Semosevebi. es iyo rusuli orientaciiT

gamowveuli pirveli yvelaze tragikuli Sedegi, romlis Sedegadac saqar-

Tvelos es ayvavebuli mxare, aqamde Turq-osmalTa Semosevebisagan ase Tu

ise daculi, miwasTan gasworda. Sah-abasma sworad Seafasa sparseTisaT-

vis mosalodneli safrTxe Tu ruseTi kavkasiaSi damkvidrdeboda. pirvel

xanebSi safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad man qarTvel TavkacTa ganadgure-

ba scada. 1605 w-s sakuTari Svilis xeliT sicocxles gamoasalma aleqsan-

dre II ... bolo mouRo agreTve ruseTis motrfiale qarTlis mefes gior-

gi X-s. magram am xerxma ar gasWra, qarTlisa da kaxeTis momdevno mefeebi

Teimuraz I da luarsab II kvlav rusul orientacias mihyvebian da rac

dro gadis, miT ufro metad uaxlovdebian ruseTs. xolo am ukanasknels

maTi daxmarebis arc SesaZlebloba hqonda da, arc survili. ruseTi mxo-

lod diplomatiuri SuamdgomlobiT kmayofildeboda da isic xandaxan.

misi momrigeblis rolSi gamosvla iranis gaRizianebas iwvevda da saqar-

TvelosTvis meti ziani mohqonda, vidre sargebloba. `es daamtkica 1619 da

1623 ww-Si moskovSi gagzavnilma elCobebma. samoqalaqo omidan axlad ga-

mosuli qveyana, romelic TviTon miiswrafoda iranTan Sewyvetili savaW-

ro da politikuri urTierTobis aRdgenisaken, mxolod diplomatiuri

gziT Tu SeZlebda gamoqomageboda gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil saqarTvelos. es

ra Tqma unda, aramc Tu sakmarisi iyo, aramed xandaxan zianis momtanic

xdeboda xolme~(165,72). erT-erT aseT Suamdgomlobas is mohyva Sedegad,

rom 1622 wels Sahma daasaWurisebina Teimurzis vaJebi _ levani da aleq-

sandre, xolo 1624 wels saSineli wamebiT amoxades suli qeTevan dedo-

fals. ,,amis ukan ris momlodine unda yofiliyo yoveli gonieri xelmwi-

fe sparseTisa saqarTvelosagan? ra RonisZiebaRa darCeniliyo, rom spar-

- 37 -

seTi ascdenoda im saSinel momavals, romelic moeloda amgvari mZlavri

saxelmwifos damezoblebiT?! erTaderTi Rone iyo... an mospoba qarTvelT

saxelisa, an gawirva sparsTa sabolovosi. raRa Tqma unda, rodesac sxva

mecadineoba ar gauvida, abasma arCia, Tavis saxelmwifos daRupvas bolos

moReba saqarTvelosi. amas ara hxedavdnen dRevandlamdisac Cveni mematiane

da mweralni, romelTac yvela ubedurebaSi xeli Camoawmindes saakaZes“

(174,56-57). xolo rac Seexeba ruseTis ,,daxmarebas“ saqarTvelos mimarT,

igi imaSi gamoixatა, rom mociqulebi gaagzavnes iranSi Sah-abasTan Txov-

niT luarsab mefis, Teimurazis dedisa da Svilebis tyveobidan gasaTavi-

sufleblad, Sah-abasi isedac SeSfoTebuli iyo saqarTveloSi ruseTis

damkvidrebis saSiSroebiT da axla rusTa mociqulebis aSkara gamosvlam

qarTvelTa ,,mfarvelis“ rolSi mTlad gaacofa igi. es faqti gaxda erT-

erTi mizezi Sah-abasis mier luarsabisa da qeTevanis mokvlisa (174,66). mar-

Tlac, mahmadian mezobelTa agresiis xarisxi pirdapir kavSirSi iyo kav-

kasiaSi ruseTis gaaqtiurebasTan: `kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi ruse-

Tis mosalodneli SemoWris safrTxis Tavidan acilebis mizniT iranisa

da TurqeTis agresiis kidev ufro gaZliereba sasikvdilo safrTxes uqmni-

da saqarTvelos“ (93,8).

ruseTis Suamdgomlobam ver ixsna saqarTvelo 1625 wlis Semoseve-

bisganac. daaxloebiT igive ganmeorda mogvianebiT. 1646 wels Teimurazma

elCi, giorgi ColoyaSvili, gaagzavna moskovSi. igi iTxovda SaჰTan Suam-

dgomlobas qarTlis dabrunebis saqmeSi. Tumca mas sakuTari gamocdile-

bidan unda codnoda ra mohyveboda xolme aseT Suamdgomlobas. moskovma,

marTlac, gaagzavna ,,1647 wels Sikriki grigol bulgakovi da Sahs sTxova,

Tavi Seekavebina saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mtruli moqmedebisagan“(15,62). el-

Cobam sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegi gamoiRo _ 1648 wels Teimurazi sa-

bolood gaaZeves kaxeTidan. aRniSnuli periodis ruseT-iranis mmarTvel-

Ta mimowerebSi kargad Cans is mwvave diplomatiuri Widili, romelic Te-

imuraz pirvelis gamo warmoiSva. Sahisadmi daumorCileblobisa da urCo-

bisTvis dasjili Teimurazis mfarveloba da dacva ruseTis mefis mier,

ukidures agresias aRZravda iranis mmarTvelebSi.ASesabamisad, es agresia

Tavisi ukiduresi formiT aisaxeboda qarTul samefoebze. rusTa e.w ,,dip-

- 38 -

lomatiuri mfarveloba~, faqtiurad, mdgomareobas arTulebda, saqmis re-

alur arss ki ver cvlida. gaZevebuli Teimurazis damcvel mefe aleqsi mi-

xeilis Zes Sahi aRSfoTebuli werda: `Cvenma rostom xanma Teimurazis Svi-

li daviTi mokla da Tavad Teimurazi gaaZeva saqarTvelodan, Tqven ki

gindaT rom saqarTvelo isev Teimurazs mivceT~(166,#45-46,37). xelmoca-

ruli Teimurazi 1658 wels Tavad gaemgzavra ruseTSi taxtis dabrunebis

daxmarebis imediT. magram amaod, araerTi sabuTis motana SeiZleba imis na-

Telsayofad rom ruseTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daexmareboda saqarTve-

los iranTan urTierTobis gauaresebis xarjze. amgvari politikis arsi

kargad Cans im instruqciidan, romelic misces iranSi elCebad gagzavnil

korobinsa da kuvSinovs. maT iranis SahisaTvis unda ganecxadebinaT: `me-

fis udidebulesoba Tavis ZmasTan, Sahis udidebulesobasTan, megobrobas

Teimuraz mefis gulisaTvis ar daarRvevs“(40, 153).

ase, rom Teimurazis rusulma politikam sruli marcxi ganicada

da es gardauvalic iyo arsebul konkretul istoriul viTarebaSi. mar-

Tebulad SeniSnavs m. polievqtovi: `moskovi romlis mizani kavkasiaSi ga-

batoneba iyo, cdilobda moemzadebina safuZveli momavali eqspansionistu-

ri gegmebis ganxorcielebisaTvis... niadagi aseTi SetevisaTvis XVII sauku-

neSi mzaddeboda“(41,23). aseve Znelia ar daveTanxmoT S. mesxiasa da i. ცinca-

Zis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTvelebs ar qondaT sruli warmodge-

na ruseTis sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze da rom ruseTi

amierkavkasiis sakiTxs Soreuli momavlisaTvis gegmavda (135, 76-77).

im situaciaSi saqarTvelos politikur mesveurebs Tavi rom Seeka-

vebinaT ruseTTan urTierTobisagan, romelsac mxolod sakuTari miznebi

amoZravebda, vfiqrobT, ascdeboda qveyana aseT tragikul Sedegebs. im pi-

robebSi saWiro iyo ara daJinebuli svla ruseTisaken, aramed rogorc

TurqeTTan, ise iranTan frTxili politikis warmoeba, Tundac darCena

garkveul momentamde im vasalur mdgomareobaSi, romelSic maSin saqar-

Tvelo imyofeboda. `iran-TurqeTis urTierTdapirispirebaSi mesame Zalis _

ruseTis Semoyvanam da masze naadrevma aqcentma daaCqara 1614-20 ww-is ka-

xeTis tragedia~(167,110). sazogadod, saqarTvelos geopolitikis Tavisebu-

rebebis gauTvaliswineblobas uaryofiTi politikuri Sedegebi mohqonda.

„sayovelTaod miRebuli formuliT, saqarTvelos, rogorc saxelmwifos,

- 39 -

geopolitikur adgils erTi mTavari faqtori ganapirobebda _ dasavle-

Tisa da aRmosavleTis, anu qristianul da mahmadianur samyaroTa, mijna-

ze mdebareoba“ (156,25). aqedan gamomdinare „universalur strategias warmo-

adgenda gonieri manevrireba“ (156,24;156,93).

ruseT-saqarTvelos istoriaSi unda aRiniSnos erTi metad sayura-

dRebo momenti. qarTveli mefeebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ise sTxovdnen saja-

rod daxmarebas ruseTs da Sediodnen mis e.w. ,,mfarvelobaSi“, riTac uaR-

resad aRizianebdnen iran-osmaleTs da amxedrebdnen saqarTvelos winaaR-

mdeg, rom srulebiTac ar swavlobdnen TviT ruseTis SesaZleblobas da

miswrafebas qarTvelTa dasaxmareblad: magaliTad, Teimuraz I ruseTs da-

ukavSirda iranis winaaRmdeg da daxmarebas sTxovda, roca TviT ruseTi

welSi iyo gawyvetili polonel interventebsa da maT warmomadgenel ,,cru

dimitrebTan“ brZolaSi. ra daxmareba SeeZlo aseT pirobebSi ruseTs di-

di survilic rom hqonoda amisaTvis? ,,rogorc gamoirkva saqarTvelos

ruseTis samefosa da rusT xelmwifis Sesaxeb maSin namdvili warmodgena

ar hqonia. am qveynisa da misi mbrZaneblis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos mefe-mTav-

rebisaTvis cnobis mimwodeblebi Tavidan SemTxveviTi pirebi iyvnen, romel-

Tac sxvaTagan gagonilis moTxroba SeeZloT mxolod. am zepiri, zerele

naambobiT saqarTvelos politikis xelmZRvanelebma maSindeli ruseTi sa-

qarTvelosTan teritoriulad ukve miaxloebul qveynad da misi xelmwife

uZlevel da uqristianes mefed warmoidgines, romelsac marto mahmadian-

Ta damarcxebiTa da aRmosavleTis dajabnul qristianebis daxmarebiT uR-

vivoda guli“(203,55). Teimurazi zogjer cdilobda iranis winaaRmdeg dax-

mareba mieRo osmaleTSi an evropaSi, magram ZiriTadad igi ruseTis moi-

meded rCeboda. XVII saukunis I naxevris ruseTi, dasustebuli Sida Tu

gare brZolebiT, TviTon saWiroebda daxmarebas _ irans iqiT Txovdnen

finansur daxmarebas da cdilobdnen masTan keTilmezobluri urTierTo-

bis damyarebas. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daexmare-

boda saqarTvelos da ar gaiuaresebda urTierTobas iranTan. marTalia,

ruseTi saqveynod acxadebda Tavs qarTveli qristiani mefeebis mfarvelad,

siamovnebiT Rebulobda maTgan erTgulebis fics da a.S. magram arasodeს

ufiqria, gaewia maTTvis realuri daxmareba. am gziT igi ubralod mimar-

- 40 -

Tavda diplomatiur eqpansias; ufrTxoda ra iran-osmaleTTan urTierTo-

bis gafuWebas, ruseTi mkveTr politikur nabijebs Tavs aridebda. rogorc

vxedavT, saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris politikuri kavSiri „SemoisazR-

vreboda elCebisa da saCuqrebis gacvliT, ar aisaxeboda sparselebisa da

Turqebisagan ganukiTxavad Cagruli patara qristianuli saxelmwifos ma-

terialur mxardaWeraze~(198,113). tradiciulad am diplomatiuri urTier-

Tobebisas qarTuli mxare „iTxovda samxedro daxmarebas saerTo mtris

winaaRmdeg, xolo rusi elCebi _ moskovis mefis uzenaesobis cnobas“(181,5).

XVII saukunis rus mmarTvelebs ambicia didi hqondaT, magram realuri Se-

saZlebloba - naklebi, amitomac Tavis dafarvis mizniT „iranis mflobe-

lebTan mimoweris dros TviTmpyrobelobis diplomatia kaxi batonebis

ruseTTan daaxloebas TviT kaxeTis mesveurebis iniciativas miawers da

saqmis viTareba ise gamohyavs, viTomc Seqmnil pirobebSi qristiani qarTve-

li mefeebis Txovnis ugulebelyofa ruseTs ar SeeZlo“ (186,113).

XVII s-Si ruseTis amocana iyo, ideologiurad gabatonebuliyo sa-

qarTveloSi, raTa Soreul momavalSi, xelsayrel viTarebaSi, kavkasiaSi

saimedo dasayrdeni hqonoda. amitom iyo, rom ruseTis xelmwifeebi cru

dapirebebiT kvebavdnen qarTvel mefeebs, hpirdebodnen uaxloes momaval-

Si daxmarebas. ise, rom ruseTis mTavroba mTeli XVI-XVII ss-is manZilze

diplomatiur eqspansias mimarTavda da ,,am meTodiT amzadebda samxedro-

politikur agresiis winapirobebs“ (60,7). samwuxarod, politikuri winaRo-

ba qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mxridan am mimarTulebiT ar arsebobda.

„XVI-XVII s-Si vercerTma qarTulma samefom an samTavrom ver SeimuSava met-

naklebad realisturi, dasabuTebuli, Seqmnili situaciis yovelmxriv ana-

lizze damyarebuli sagareopolitikuri kursi iranTan, TurqeTTan, dasav-

leT evropasa da ruseTTan mimarTebaSi. obieqtur siZneleebs emateboda

subieqturi mizezebiT gamowveuli sabediswero Secdomebi.... qarTuli dip-

lomatia aSkarad CamorCa gare samyaros diplomatias. im qveynebis umaR-

lesi politikuri wreebidan, sadac saqarTvelos bedi wydeboda, qarTuli

diplomatia informacias TiTqmis ver Rebulobda. srul vakuumSi moqmedi

qarTuli diplomatia mxolod momxdarze axdenda reaqcias, rac saqmes,

cxadia, veRar Sveloda. qarTuli diპlomatiis ususuroba xels uwyobda

saxelmwifoebriobis ngrevas“ (93,10-11).

- 41 -

ramdenadac kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidreba saqarTvelos TaosnobiT

xdeboda, amitom Sah-abasma Tavdapirvelad gadawyvita saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze qarTveli eris savsebiT aRmofxvra da iq sparselTa dasaxleba.

magram qarTvelTa gmirulma winaaRmdegobam Sah-abass xeli aaRebina am

gegmaze. irani bolos imiT dakmayofilda, rom saqarTvelos mefed gamah-

madianebuli rostomi daniSna. Tu ra damRupveli iyo saqarTvelosaTvis

rusuli orientacia da SedarebiT sasargeblo im pirobebSi sparseTisad-

mi moCvenebiTi erTguleba, kargad Cans erTis mxriv im saSineli SedegebiT,

rac saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSirebam moutana, xolo meores mxriv im

xelsayreli pirobebiT, rac saqarTvelos Seeqmna rostomis mefobis xana-

Si iran-qarTls Soris kompromisuli urTierTobis damyarebiT. qarTlis

am gaTaTrebulma gvirgvinosanma mahmadianobis niRbis qveS mravali erov-

nuli saqme akeTa. frTxili da windaxeduli politikis wyalobiT daaSoS-

mina ganmZvinvarebuli irani da grandiozuli muSaoba Caatara dangreuli

qveynis aRsadgenad. rostomis dros Sewyda spars-osmalTa TareSi, mSvi-

dobianoba da wesrigi damyarda. Seiqmna garegani pirobebi dangreuli qa-

laqebisa da soflebis gaSenebisaTvis, aSenda axali qalaqic (wiTelqala-

qi, dR. axalqalaqi), gamococxlda vaWroba-xelosnoba. saqalaqo cxovre-

basTan erTad kvlav aRorZinda soflis meurneobac. swrafad wavida win

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba. qveynis aRmSeneblobasTan erTad sakmaod

nayofieri muSaoba warmoebda kulturis sferoSic. rostomma Tavisi Wkvi-

anuri da moqnili politikis wyalobiT miimxro ara marto qarTlis maRa-

li feodaluri sazogadoebis didi nawili, aramed kaxeTisac. ,,rostomis

RonisZiebebi qarTul sazogadoebriv da sameurneo wyobas ar Sehxebia. aq

yvelaferi ucvlelad darCa. arc qristianoba ganicdida mis dros aSkar-

ad devnas, gamahmadianeba umTavresad feodal moxeleTa umaRles wreebs

exeboda. samagierod, qveyana didi xnis nanatr mSvidobas eRirsa~(62,314).

magram mSvidobiani xana didxans ar gagrZelebula.

ruseTi momdevno _ XVIII saukuneSic warmatebiT axorcielebs dip-

lomatiur da, amjerad ukve, politikur eqspansias saqarTvelosa da, sa-

zogadod, kavkasiaSi. qarTul realobaSi „aRniSnuli xana axali politi-

kuri kursis gamorkvevis, samxedro-ideologiur mokavSireTa daZabuli Zi-

ebis xanaa. am dros, rogorc arasdros mJRavndeba usazRvro zizRi da si-

- 42 -

Zulvili saqarTvelos damRupveli mahmadianuri aRmosavleTis mimarT,

roca aziisadmi sabolood zurgSeqceuli qveyana xan dasavleTSi da xan

ruseTSi eZebda mfarvel politikur mokavSires“ (101,45). esaa ormagi, wina-

aRmdegobrivi da uaRresad rTuli xasiaTis epoqa.

- 43 -

$2. sagareo orientiri vaxtang VI-is politikaSi;

Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is mefobis dasawyisi

axali etapi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTოbaSi vaxtang VI-is dro-

idan iwyeba. XVIII s-is dasawyisSi saqarTvelo (qarTli) ruseTis TviTm-

pyrobeli imperatoris petre I-is politikur interesTa sferoSi moeqca

da bolos imperiis politikuri TamaSebis msxverpli Seiqmna kidec. aseTi

damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mimarT, ruseTis mxridan, Semdgom xanebSi

ufro dramatul xasiaTs iZens.

vaxtangis mkveTrma sagareo politikurma nabijma _ ruseTTan dakav-

Sirebam _ SeiZleba iTqvas, mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra qveynis momava-

li _ XVIII s-is mTeli istoria.

qarTlis mefe vaxtang VI-s didi Rvawli miuZRvis qarTuli mecnie-

rebisa da kulturis ganviTarebis saqmeSi. rostomis mmarTvelobaSi dawye-

buli erTgvari aRmavloba literaturaSi, istoriaSi da sxva, kidev ufro

mZlavrad gaiSala vaxtangis mefobis xanaSi. ganaTlebisa da kulturis

sferoSi aRmSeneblobiT saqmianobas, romelSic CarTuli iyo im epoqis

araerTi gamoCenili moRvawe, Tavad mefe vaxtangi xelmZRvanelobda.

saubedurod, vaxtang VI ramdenadac Zlieri iyo kulturuli moRva-

weobis sferoSi, imdenadve igi susti politikosi aRmoCnda. vaxtang VI iyo

,,kulturis gatacebuli motrfiale, mwignobari, magram ar iyo arc jaris

sardali da arc iseTi mmarTveli, rogoric sWirdeboda maSindel da-

ngreul saqarTvelos“ (118,99).

vaxtangis sagareo politikurma kursma qveyana katastrofamde miiy-

vana. mefobis dasawyisSi igi evropuli orientaciis gzas daadga. evropis

saxelmwifoebis daxmarebis imediT, gadaWriT uaryo mahmadianoba da evro-

paSi diplomatiuri misiiT gagzavna sulxan-saba. ukve es faqti mowmobs,

rom vaxtangi da qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebi naklebad erkveodnen

imdroindel saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi. evropis saxelmwifoTa umravleso-

bas sakuTari savaWro-ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCnda iranSi, amave dros

evropa yovelTvis Tvlida irans TurqeTis potenciur mowinaaRmdeged, ami-

tom is mudam Tavs aridebda iranTan urTierTobis gauaresebas da, cxadia,

- 44 -

iranis winaaRmdeg saqarTvelos saqmeebSi ar Caereoda. vaxtangi yvelaze

did imedebs safrangeTze amyarebda, magram, rogorc marTebulad SeniSn-

avs v. gabaSvili, iran-safrangeTis savaWro SeTanxmeba winaswar gamoric-

xavda sabas elCobis warmatebas lui XIV-is karze (73,125).

amis Semdeg vaxtangma ruseTs miapyro mzera, romlis Zlieri impera-

tori petre didi rixiT da omaxiT moiwevda amierkavkasiisaken. vaxtangma

jer kidev iranSi Sahis sapatio tyveobaSi yofnis dros daamyara kavSiri

petre I-is elC volinskisTan. saidumlo molaparakebis Temas warmoadgen-

da sparseTze laSqrobis sakiTxi, rac gaTavisuflebis imediT aRavsebda

mefes. man Suamavlis meSveobiT acnoba volinskis Tavisi survili - „mieRo

mefis samsaxuri da ebrZola sparsTa winaaRmdeg im imediT, rom gaTavisuf-

lebuliyo misi udidebulesobis daxmarebiT“ (172,40). petres diplomatTa

da mzveravTa dakvirvebiT, dasustebuli sparseTis dapyroba did siZneles

ar warmoadgenda. volinski 1717 wels werda petres: „rac aqaur sisustes

vxedav, SegviZlia sruliad uSiSrad daviwyoT omi, radgan araTu mTeli

armia, aramed mcire korpusiTac ki SeiZleba (sparseTis) didi nawili advi-

lad SevuerToT ruseTs“(159,IX,368). am saqmeSi ki karg mokavSired warmosa-

xavda vaxtangs, aseve somxebs, azerbaijanelebs. misi TqmiT, vaxtangs „SeuZ-

lia gamoiyvanos 30-dan 40 aTasamde jari da gvpirdeba mivides TviT ispaa-

namde, igi sparselebs diacebs uwodebs“(159,IX,371). male volinski astraxa-

nis gubernatorad dainiSna da saidumlod ebrZana omisTvis mzadeba (27,-

19). vaxtang mefe moCvenebiT „beds damorCilda da gadawyvita mahmadianuri

CalmiT dabruneboda samSoblos“(29,63), raTa am gziT moepovebina Tavisi

saqmianobis gagrZelebis saSualeba.

XVII s-is bolos portasTan miRweulma warmatebebma petre I-Tvis

,,открывало новые перспективы для устоновления ещё более прочних взаимоотношений

России с народами Кавказа~ (158,55). petre I-is saxelmwifo farTovdeba samxre-

Tis mimarTulebiT, paralelurad izrdeba misi interesic kavkasiis, sazo-

gadod, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mimarT. saqarTvelo-kavkasiis xelSi Cag-

deba petres dapyrobiT politikas gzas uxsnida ori mimarTulebiT: Savi

zRviT xmelTSua zRvisaken da sparseTis yuriT indoeTisaken. imperatori

gegmavda: „rac SeiZleba unda mivuaxlovdeT konstantinopols da indo-

- 45 -

eTs, vinc iq gabatondeba is iqneba namdvili batoni mTeli qveynisa. maSa-

sadame, vawarmooT ganuwyveteli brZolebi xan sparseTTan da xan osmale-

Tis mimarT. unda gavamagroT Cveni floti Sav zRvaze“(128,2). surda ra kas-

piispireTis SemoerTeba, 1720 wels petre I-ma samxedro-politikuri kavSi-

ri Sekra qarTlis mefesTan. vaxtangma viTareba xelsayrelad CaTvala,

raTa ruseTis daxmarebiT ganTavisuflebuliyo iranis batonobisagan. pe-

tre vaxtangs hpirdeboda, rom kaspiispireTisa da Semaxiis dakavebis Sem-

deg jarebs Seiyvanda saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es SeTanxmeba iur-

idiulad ar gaformebula. petre ar apirebda Tavisi dapirebis asrulebas,

misTvis mTavari iyo CaeTria vaxtangi laSrobaSi. amitom aarida Tavi xel-

Sekrulebis iuridiul gaformebas. petre pirvelma Tavisi laSqroba dip-

lomatiuradac moamzada. iranis Sahs atyobinebda, rom laSqrobas awyo-

bda iranis mtrebis – daRestnelebis dasasjelad. rac mTavaria, petrem

SesaniSnavad gaiTvaliswina TurqeTis mosalodneli reaqcia. man kargad

icoda, rom ruseTis mier kaspiispireTis dapyroba osmaleTis protests

gamoiwvevda. petre ki ufrTxoda TurqeTTan oms. amitom, jer kidev 1720 w-s,

man stambolSi xelSekruleba gaaforma TurqeTTan. orive mxare valdebu-

lebas kisrulobda ar daerRvia zavi. rodesac vaxtangi Tavis laSqrobas

iwyebda, am xelSekrulebis pirobebi unda gaeTvaliswinebina. magram igi

moxibla da daabrmava petres dapirebebma; `Tu ramdenime saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi qarTveli mefeebi amaod sTxovdnen daxmarebas ruseTis xelmwife-

ebs, axla TviTon didi da Zlieri, ruseTis yvelaze gamoCenili xelmwife

uwodebda maT xels samegobrod da daxmarebas sTxovda im iranis winaaR-

mdeg, romelmac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi sisxlidan dacala saqarTvelo...

aba, amaze bednier SemTxvevas rogor warmoidgenda qarTveli politikis

xelisufali da vaxtang VI sruliad uyoymanod, sruliad daufiqreblad

Seudga petres winadadebis asrulebas~ (76,14-15).

1722 wlis 15 ivniss imperatorma petre didma omi gamoucxada spar-

seTs da jari astraxanidan daiZra: ,,2 ivliss petre didma gamogzavna mefe

vaxtang VI-Tan beJan TurqistaniSvili gramatiT _ Senc ebrZole sparseT-

sao“ (1.9,#16.30). rogorc mematiane gadmogvcems ,,oqmi ro waikiTxa, vaxtangs

sixarulisgan Tavbru daexva, metadre Zalian eama ,,sityvani sulTa da xo-

rcTa sakurnebelni“ (1.9,#31.9).

- 46 -

vaxtang VI-m Tavisi politikuri windauxedaobiT saSinel gansacde-

lSi Caagdo saqarTvelo. am SemTxvevaSic saqarTvelos daRupvis mizezi

,,erTmorwmune“ ruseTi Seiqna. vaxtangi, miuxedavad darbazis wevrTa rCe-

visa, uyoymanod daTanxmda ruseTis imperatoris, petre I-is, winadadebas

gamosuliyo sparselebis winaaRmdeg omSi, romelic, rogorc Tavis elCis

piriT warmoudgina saqmis viTareba petre I-ma vaxtang VI-s, viTomc mahma-

dianTagan Seviwroebuli erTmorwmune qarTvelebis dasaxmareblad wamo-

iwyo. სinamdvileSi ki, petre I ruseTis vaWroba-mrewvelobis gafarToebis

mizniT sparseTis bazris xelSi Cagdebas da aqedan indoeTSi SeWras geg-

mavda; xolo kavkasiaSi damkvidreba da aq mcxovrebi qristianebis damxma-

re'Zalad gamoyeneba mas Tavisi gegmis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis sawin-

drad esaxeboda. vaxtangma „ara scna brZnuli rCeva vezirebisa, romelnic

1722 w-s mefes eubnebodnen: gveyofa amdeni wyveta-tmasnoba, ori sabeli

(sparsTa da osmalTa) gvabia da mesamesac nu movibamTo, sams dids xel-

mwifes rom piri mivceT gars mogveWireba muxruWio“ (207,398).

Tavdapirvelad laSqrobis dawyebamde vaxtangi aucileblad Tvli-

da saqarTveloSi rusTa 5 aTasiani jaris Semoyvanas, magram Semdeg, 1722

wlis 3 agvistos, ratomRac uari Tqva am gonivrul gegmaze.

ruseTis imperatoris mowodebisTanave vaxtang VI-m 40 000 jariska-

ciT ganjisaken gailaSqra da, Tanaxmad pirobisa, SamqorSi dabanakda ru-

sis jaris momlodine. am dros ki ruseTis imperatori, romlisTvisac

cnobili gaxldaT qarTlis mefis samxedro moqmedeba, darubandidan aiya-

ra da astraxanSi dabrunda, `vaxtangs lekebTan Setakeba ar mouxda, mag-

ram mainc udidesi daxmareba gauwia petre pirvels. or cecxls Sua momw-

yvdeuli, SeSinebuli daRestani TiTqmis sruliad ubrZolvelad dasTanx-

mda petre pirvels yvela moTxovnis Sesrulebaze. petrem TiTqmis sru-

liad ubrZolvelad `moaWaxraka~ Tavisi saqmeebi: aneqsia uyo iranis mdid-

ar provinciebs da ukan gabrunda ise, rom erTxelac ar dafiqrebula Ta-

vis mokavSire mefe vaxtangis da misi jarebis bedze~ (76,15).

vaxtang mefe petres molodinSi TiTqmis mTeli sami Tve – agvisto-

dan noembris Sua ricxvebamde – idga ganjaSi. sainteresoa erTi garemoe-

ba – petrem mosTxova vaxtangs, mdgariyo ganjaSi 1723 wlis zafxulamde,

rodesac ganaaxlebda laSqrobas kaspiispireTSi (125,213). es petres mxriv

- 47 -

kidev erTi aSkara muxanaToba iyo. saqme isaa, rom am dros petrem SesaniS-

navad icoda, TurqeTi saqarTveloSi SesaWrelad rom emzadeboda. jer ki-

dev ,,1722 wlis 12 oqtombers stambolSi ruseTis rezidents nepliuevs

oficialurad ganucxades, rom portam gadawyvita qarTlSi 50 aTasiani

armiis Seyvana da Tbilisis dakaveba“ (125,223). aseT viTarebaSi metad gasa-

ocrad gamoiyureba rusTa imperatoris saomari mowodeba qarTlis mefi-

sadmi. es aSkarad niSnavda omis provocirebas TurqeT-saqarTvelos So-

ris. amave dros unda aRiniSnos, rom vaxtangma mxolod maSin dainaxa is

didi safrTxe, romelic qarTls emuqreboda osmaleTis mxridan, rodesac

miiRo cnoba petres ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. SeSfoTebulma vaxtangma

1722 wlis 29 noembers sagangebo werilebi gaugzavna romis paps inokenti

XIII-s da avstriis imperators karlos VI-s da maT TurqeTis mTavrobas-

Tan Suamdgomloba sTxova, raTa Tavidan aecilebina osmalTa Semoseva.

rasakvirvelia, am Txovnas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. xolo rac See-

xeba Tavad erTmorwmune mokavSires, misi damokidebuleba mimdinare mov-

lenebis mimarT, gasaocari aRmoCnda. mas mere, rac petre I ukan dabrunda

da veragulad gaacura vaxtangi, imdeni cinizmi da Tavxedoba gamoiCina,

rom isev brZolis gagrZelebisaken mouwodebda gansacdelSi Cavardnil

mefes. mis mier omSi CaTreul da mtris pirispir mitovebul saqarTvelos,

marTalia, samxedro daxmareba ver gauwia, magram samagierod vaxtang me-

fes imisTana ,,Wkuaze darigeba“ SemouTvala, rom samxedro daxmarebas ,,nam-

dvilad sjobda“. ,,brZola ganagrZeo“, _ urCevda igi mefes Tavisi elCis

piriT da ,,Tu gaimarjveb, maSin didad moigeb, imitom, rom urwmunoTa ba-

tonobisgan gaTavisufldebio“ (203,64). Tanac, samomavlo dapirebebiT kveba-

vda „mokavSires~, viTomcda Semdegi laSqrobisas gauwevda samxedro dax-

marebas: „vaxtangs petre dapirda rom momaval kampaniaSi aiRebda Semaxias,

gamagrdeboda kaspiispireTSi da samxedro daxmarebas gauwevda“ (172,48). ki-

dev ufro ucnaurad mosCans petres SeTavazeba imis Tobaze, rom vaxtangs

ruseTSi „gaegzavna 2 an 3.000 qarTveli meomari, romelTac Semdeg gamoi-

yenebda TurqeTTan omis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc saqarTvelos adgilmdebare-

obisa da iqauri pirobebis mcodneebs“(15,LXXVIII). rogorc Cans, petres qar-

Tlis samefos bedi odnavadac ar aRelvebs. gansacdelSi Cavardnili qvey-

- 48 -

nidan, Tundac am raodenobis jaris gayvana namdvilad didi danaklisi

iqneboda. cxadia, es qarTlis samefos TavdacviTunarianobis dasustebas

gamoiwvevda; marTlac, saocaria pirdapir, Tavisi samxedro ZalebiT dax-

marebis nacvlad (rogorc igi pirdeboda vaxtangs), iqiT iTxovda jars.

bunebrivia, TviTmpyrobeli imperatoris aseTi ucnauri survilebi didi

kiTxvis niSnebs aCens. vaxtangi jer Tavzardacemuli imiT, rom petre did-

ma uRalata da miatova brZolis velze, meore garemoebam sul daabnia:

roca 1723 w-s sparseTis daxmarebiT qarTls kaxeTis mefe konstantine Se-

moesia, ruseTma vaxtangs daxmarebaze uari uTxra. es imitom, rom konstan-

tinopolSi swored am dros xdeboda molaparakeba 1724 w-is xelSekrule-

bis Sesaxeb; im xelSekrulebisa, romlis ZaliTac petre didi osmaleTs

uTmobda saqarTvelos. aseTi Ralatis Semdeg kidev Sors midis vaxtangi;

roca 10 oqtombers daeca iranis sataxto qalaqi da Sahad gamocxadda Ta-

mazi, vaxtangi aaxlebs axal Sahs Tavis elCs sexnia CxeiZes, Sahi auare-

bel saCuqrebs ugzavnis vaxtangs da kidev erTxel sTxovs miaSvelos misi

Svili baqari jariT, raTa daexmaros mas, samagierod, Sahi hpirdeba vax-

tangs, rom daicavs. magram am SemTxvevaSic, vaxtangi petres erTguli rCeba

da uars eubneba Sahs. amgvari movlena ganmeordeba SemdegSic, mefe erekle-

sa da aRa-mahmad-xanis urTierTobaSi.

saSinel gansacdelSi Cavarda saqarTvelo. vaxtangma kvlav mosinja

daxmarebis miReba da 1724 wlis gazafxulze rusuli jaris moSvelieba

iTxova: „...erTi Sebraleba rame maRirseT; Tu ram iqneba am zafxul Tva-

ram amas ukan aqauri saqme da Sewyaleba urgebi iqneba“ (157,182), magram qar-

Tvel mefes jaris nacvlad ruseTs wasvlis nebarTva gamoegzavna. mis-

Tvis sparseTis winaaRmdeg omSi gamosvla ruseTis mxareze sabediswero

aRmoCnda. ruseT-sparseTis omamde saqarTvelo mSvidobian urTierTobaSi

imyofeboda rogorc sparseTTan, ise osmaleTTan. ,,mas rom sparseTis wi-

naaRmdeg ruseTis omSi monawileoba ar mieRo da ruseTs cxadad ar mimx-

roboda, osmaleTisagan mainc saqarTvelos gansacdeli ar moeloda. piri-

qiT, sanam petre I vaxtang mefes sabediswero nabijs gadaadgmevinebda, os-

maleTi arzrumis faSis piriT vaxtang VI-s mfarvelobas hpirdeboda. mag-

ram raki osmaleTma dainaxa, rom ruseTi sparseTis dapyrobas lamobda

da qarTvelebic maTi mokavSireni iyvnen, rusebis SiSiT daiZra da jer

- 49 -

erevnidan Tavrizamdis mTeli qveyana daiWira, xolo Semdeg gamoilaSqra

TviT saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg... magram saqme marto amiT ar damTavrebula.

rodesac petre I-ma dainaxa, rom osmaleTi rusTa samxedro moqmedebiT spa-

rseTSi imdenad ganrisxebuli iyo, rom ruseTisaTvis omis gamocxadebas

apirebda, 1724 w-is 12@ivniss swrafad osmaleTTan zavi Sehkra, romlis pir-

vel muxlSi ,,rusTa xelmwifem mTeli aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo osmaleTs

dauTmo, Tumca igi mas srulebiTac ar ekuTvnoda“(203,65-66).

sparseTi kidev ufro uaresad iyo aRSfoTebuli saqarTvelos moq-

medebiT. saqarTvelos mesveurebis rusulma orientaciam da sparseTis wi-

naaRmdeg gamosvlam ,,SesamCnevad gaamwvava sparseTis mZulvareba... misi gaS-

magebuli mtroba saqarTvelos mimarT mTeli XVIII saukunis manZilze um-

Tavresad ruseTisa da saqarTvelos daaxloebiT aixsneba. sparseT-osma-

leTis eqspansiis gaZlierebam aucileblad daaCqara saqarTvelos poli-

tikuri ngreva“(118,103).@iran-osmalTa batonoba 20 wels gagrZelda. isini

rigrigobiT Zarcvavdnen da aoxrebdnen qveyanas. maTgan waqezebuli lekTa

yaCaRuri bandebis TareSis Sedegad xom iseTi viTareba Seiqna, rom Tavis

gamoyofa ar SeiZleboda gareT. saqarTvelos istoriaSi es periodi cno-

bilia rogorc Znelbedobis xana. TviTon maT, visi mizeziTac daRupvis

piramde mivida qveyana, Tavs uSveles. 1724 wels vaxtangma gaumarTlebeli

nabiji gadadga _ imis magivrad, rom saTaveSi Casdgomoda qarTveli xal-

xis ganmaTavisuflebel brZolas osmalo dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, da-

tova saqarTvelo da ruseTs gaemgzavra. vaxtang VI Tavisi uCveulod mra-

valricxovani, 1200 kaciani, amaliT astraxanSi gadasaxlda, Semoseul

mters ki SeZlebisgvarad, umeTaurod darCenili xalxi umklavdeboda. vax-

tangis mTavari imedi _ petre I, qarTveli mefis moskovSi Casvlamde gar-

daicvala. SeuZlebelia ar daeTanxmo qvemomoyvanil istorikosTa naaz-

revs vaxtangisa Tu sxva mmarTvelTa sagareo politikuri kursis Sefase-

bisas: ,,ruseTi, petres, saxiT pirveli didi saxelmwifo iyo, romelic am-

ierkavkasiis miwazed movida, iransac da osmaleTsac daupirispirda da

kavkasiis qristian xalxebs kavSiri da mfarveloba SesTavaza. petre xelm-

wifem „erTmorwmune“ saqarTvelo miindo. Cqara aRmoCnda, rom ruseTs arc

imJamad gaaCnda sakmao Zalebi amierkavkasiaSi iran-osmaleTTan sametoqe-

od. petre I-ma saqarTvelo osmaleTs „dauTmo“, xolo misma memkvidreebma

- 50 -

ukan daubrunes irans misgan minatacebi zRvispira qveynebi“(61,VI,315). qarT-

veli mefeebi Tavis urTierTobaSi ruseTTan „avlendnen brma optimizms“,

rac maT ar aZlevda saSualebas, daenaxaT, rom TurqebTan da iranelebTan

urTierTobaSi, rusebs Tavisi miznebi hqondaT, vidre saqarTvelos gaTavi-

sufleba. „...vaxtangis politika axlo aRmosavleTSi ZalTa Tanafardobis

mcdar Sefasebas emyareboda“(119,115,129). ,,es Secdoma vaxtangisa mkafioT

TvalsaCinoa yvelasTvis imitom, rom mefe Teimuraz pirvelisa da erekle

pirvelis magaliTi Tvalwin edoT, romelTac ruseTTan daaxlovebis sur-

vilma da sparsTa urCobam daaRupvina qarTlic da kaxeTic, xolo TviTon

xom sicocxle Caimwares. amas garda, vaxtangi Zalian kargad xedavda, rom

ruseTi im JamaT friad uZluri iyo raime Semweoba aRmoeCina qarTvelebi-

saTvis, xolo Zala da samarTali im dros osmalebis da sparselebis

xelT iyo“ (1.9,#31.10). iv. surgulaZis TqmiT: „vaxtangi motyuvda, ver Seafa-

sa movlenebi, saTanadod ver gaerkva saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi da es Sec-

doma sabediswero aRmoCnda rogorc piradad misTvis, ise qarTlis samefo-

saTvis“ (161,196).

erTaderTi „mowyaleba“, rac ruseTis mTavrobam gaiRo, iyo reStis

1732 wlis sazavo xelSekrulebaSi me-8 muxlis CarTva, romlis ZaliTac

Sahi hpirdeba ruseTis mefes, rom, rodesac saqarTvelo gadava Sahis pro-

teqciis qveS, maSin vaxtang VI-s aRadgens qarTlis mefed. 1735 w-is ruseT-

irans Soris dadebuli ganjis xelSekrulebiTac igives adasturebda na-

diri. oRond taxtis dabrunebis pirobad vaxtangs masTan gamocxadeba mo-

sTxova. vaxtangma avadmyofoba moimizeza da ar wavida (140,171-73). man xe-

lidan gauSva taxtis dabrunebis SesaZlebloba da iqneb „yizilbaSobis“

safrTxisagan qveynis daxsnisac. male nadirma, marTlac, daibruna saqar-

Tvelo, magram „urC“ vaxtangs taxti aRar misca. vaxtangi yvelas mier mi-

viwyebul iqna, pirvel rigSi ki ruseTis mier. sparseTis mier xelSekru-

lebis darRvevaze mas, rogorc ityvian, yuric ar Seubertyia. surda ki

realurad ruseTis mTavrobas taxtze vaxtangis dabruneba? Tuki mas spar-

seTis Soreuli teritoriebis dapyroba-mitacebis survili da miznebi

amoZravebda, es xom TavisTavad gulisxmobda ufro axlo mdebare qarT-

lis teritoriebis miTvisebasac (ramdenad realizdeboda maTi es mizne-

- 51 -

bi im droisaTvis, es sxva sakiTxia). TviTmpyrobeli imperatoris es misw-

rafeba darCa vaxtang mefis politikuri xedvis miRma; savsebiT cxadia,

rom ufro meti sifrTxile da windaxeduloba iyo saWiro, roca Crdilo-

eli mezoblis SemoTavazebas Tanxmdeboda da Tavis mxrivac, didi xalisiT

epatiJeboda maს sparseTze salaSqrod _ ,,eomeT sparselebs, dedakacebi

arian, me an 30, an 40 aTas jars gamoviyvan da ispaanamdis avamtutebTo“ _

werda vaxtang VI astraxanis gubernators (1.9,#16.30). ,,didi politikuri

Secdoma Caidina vaxtangma, rom ahyva ,,sityvaTa sulisa da xorcTa sakur-

nebelTa“ ruseTSi gadasaxlebiT da mere qarTlSi daubruneblobiT, ro-

ca givi amilaxvari, SanSe da barZim erisTavebi, besarion kaTalikozi emu-

darebodnen ,,qarTlSi mobrZandi da xelaxla gamefdi, exla kargi dro

ariso“ (1.9,#31.10). qarTlSi osmalobis gadavardnis Semdeg kaxeTis mefis

Teimuraz II-is mier 1736 w-s ruseTs mivlenili elCobis erT-erT saTxovar

punqts Seadgenda qarTlSi vaxtang VI-is dabruneba, raTa bolo moReboda

umefobas da qarTlis samefoSi saxelmwifoebrivi wesrigi aRdgeniliyo

(25,389). vaxtangis Tanamedrovenic uaryofiTad afaseben mis sagareo poli-

tikur kurss: daviT guramiSvili, kaTalikosi besarioni; es ukanaskneli

pirdapir sdebda brals mefes: „bolos rac moxdes, nuravis daabralebT,

arc RmerTTan geqnebaT pasuxi, arc kacTan, am qveynis sisxlsa da waxdenas

Tqvengan iZevs“ (15,199); cota mogvianebiT al. orbelianic gulistkiviliT

aRniSnavda: „mefe vaxtangma daangria saqarTvelo... Tavi moarida maSindels

saqarTuelos garemoebas, gadvida ruseTs“. iqve gakvirvebuli dasZens: ,,Tu

brZeni, Tu didsulovani iyo mefe vaxtang, anu Tavisi mamuli guliT uyua-

rda, ruseTidgan didi Semweoba unda moeca Tavis siZis mefis Teimurazis-

Tvis“ da ara xeli SeeSala da qveyana aeria iqedano(35,32-33). Semdeg ki ur-

TierTs adarebs ra nadir Sahsa da vaxtangs, daaskvnis: nadiris meSveobiT

qarTl-kaxeTi gaerTianda, xolo qristianma vaxtangma qristianisve momxre-

obiT qveyana daaqciao: „axla SevaTanasworoT nadirSa mefe vaxtangTn, ra

gansaxuebaa imaTSi? im mahmadianma nadirSam qarTli da kaxeTi SeaerTa

erTs qristianes samefoT da qristianma mefe vaxtangma ki qristianes momx-

rebiTa saqarTuelo daaqcies. amis Semdeg raSi gavamarTlo mefe vaxtang?“

- 52 -

(35,36). garkveulwilad, STambeWdav Sedarebas da daskvnas akeTebs al.

orbeliani.

mimdinare movlenebidan gamomdinare aSkara xdeba rom, jer kidev vax-

tang VI-is dros igegmeboda saqarTvelos dasusteba-miTviseba. ruseTis

imperator petre I-is gamiznuli sicruec aqedan momdinareobda. impera-

tors, is xom mainc SeeZlo droulad ecnobebina vaxtangisaTvis, rom la-

Sqroba ar Sedgeboda; sxva SemTxvevaSi riT unda aixsnas is ambavi, rom

sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi, vidre mefe ganjaSi idga da eloda mas, yovlis-

SemZle petre I-ma mokavSiris informireba ver ,,moaxerxa“. amis Semdegac,

ruseTs TavSefarebuli vaxtang mefe mravalgzis iqna motyuebuli. mas sa-

qarTvelos gasaTavisufleblad Zlieri jariT daxmarebis imeds aZlevd-

nen, vaxtangi karga xans ,,suldgmulobda imediT, rom ruseTis jaris Tan-

xlebiT male ukan mobrundeboda da Tavis qveyanas dampyrobTagan gaaTavi-

suflebda, magram amaod“ (59,130). qarTlis mefem nanatri daxmareba ver mii-

Ro, ise ganuteva suli emigraciaSi 1737 წ-ს. petres (gind mis Semdgom impe-

ratorebs) marTlac, rom gaeTavisuflebina amierkavkasiis qristianebi,

sul cota or did muslimur saxelmwifos unda Sebmoda erTad, rac ru-

seTis realur Zalebs aRemateboda. Cven ki vnaxeT, imperatori rogor uf-

rTxoda kaspiispireTis kampaniis dros TurqeTis gaRizianebas, masTan

oms. ruseTis mTavrobam umeTaurod darCenili emigrantebi ruseTis sam-

xedro samsaxurSi Caayena. carizmi maT praqtikuli mosazrebiT umzerda –

surda gamoeyenebina isini iranis kuTvnili samflobeloebis daWera-aTvi-

sebaSi. rogorc n. berZeniSvili SeniSnavs: petre da misi memkvidreebi qar-

Tvel emigrantebs iwvevdnen umTavresad imitom, rom isini gamoeyenebinaT

kaspiis zRvis sanapiros aTvisebaSi. rac Seexeba Tavisi qveynis gasaTavis-

ufleblad daxmarebis miRebas, qarTveli emigrantebi im moments unda da-

lodebodnen, roca ruseTis sagareo politikis interesebi moiTxovda sa-

qarTvelos saqmeebSi Carevas (63,183). ise, rom ruseTis saxelmwifo kari

marjved sargeblobda (maSinac da Semdegac) imperatoris qveSevrdomad

qceuli qarTvelebiT, iyenebda ra maT Tavis sasargeblo ideologiis gan-

vrcobisa Tu politikuri intrigebisaTvis qarTuli samefoebis winaaRmdeg.

,,feodaluri saqarTvelos gviandeli mesveurebic naklebad acnobierebd-

- 53 -

nen, rom ruseTi imperia iyo da igi Tavis gavlenas sxva xalxebsa Tu qve-

ynebze Zaladobrivi gziT avrcelebda; rom imperiuli samflobeloebis

gafarToebis mizniT ruseTis xelisufalni, samxedro eqspansiis garda

farTod mimarTavdnen TavianT diplomatiur arsenalSi damkvidrebul San-

taJis, gadabirebis, motyuebis, daSinebisa da sxva xerxebs, romlebic jer

kidev ucxo iyo qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis“ (208,6).

romanovebis dinastia didmpyrobelur ambiciebs yovelTvis amJRav-

nebda saqarTvelosa da saerTod, kavkasiis qveynebis mimarT.

რogorc, zemoT aRvniSneT, moskovi kavkasiis regioniT dainteres-

da 1550-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoTa dap-

yrobis Semdeg. magram es interesi interesad darCa petre I-is aRzevebamde.

წarumatebeli iyo boris godunovis 1606 w-is mcdelobac gavlena moepove-

bina CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. marTalia, 1718 w-is daRestnisa da CeCneTis Sam-

xalma erTgulebis fici misca petre I-s, magram realurad, es nabiji Sam-

xalis mxridan martooden formalur xasiaTs atarebda, igi ar apirebda

am ,,ficis“ Sesrulebas. Tumcა petres ambiciebi imdenad didi iyo, rom jer

kidev 1697 w-dan mis titulTa Soris (iseve, rogorc wina periodis ruseTis

mTavarTa) iyo: ,,...mefe iveriis miwebisa, qarTlisa da saqarTvelos samefo-

ebis, yabardos miwebisa, CerqezeTisa da mTielTa saTavadoebisa“... amas is

iyenebda saerTaSoriso xasiaTis sabuTebSi. sabolood, petres kavkasiuri

politika warumateblad dasrulda. samagierod, misi dawyebuli saqme –

kavkasiaSi ruseTis eqspansiuri politika, warmatebiT gaagrZela da daas-

rula ekaterine II-m.

TiTqos katastrofa gardauvali iyo, magram qarTveli xalxis dau-

cxromelma energiam aqac gauZlo Tavze datexil gansacdels. Tavganwiru-

li brZoliT ukugdebul iqna jer ,,osmaloba~, xolo Semdeg ,,yizilbaSo-

ba~. Teimurazma kargad gamoiyena qarTlis feodaluri jgufisa da Sahis

dapirispireba da qarTlSi poziciebi gaimagra; saparseTTan ,,mizanSewonil

da loialur politikis saSualebiT SeZlo qarTlSi gabatoneba da imave

dros msxvil feodalebis SesamCnevad alagmva“(110,146). iranis Sahma gaauqma

is Zveli wesi, romlis mixedviTac qarTveli mefeebi movaleni iyvnen mahma-

- 54 -

dianoba mieRoT da 1744 w-s `Teimuraz II qarTlis mefed, xolo misi Svili

erekle II kaxeTis mefed ekurTxa~ (8,24) qristianuli wesiT.

XVIII s-is II naxevridan saqarTvelos saSinao da sagareo mdgomare-

oba aRmavali xaziT warimarTa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dawinaurebas xe-

li Sewyo nadir-Sahis saRma politikamac _ miswrafebam, ruseTis moZale-

bisაTvis daepirispirebina Zlieri politikuri erTeulebi kavkasiaSi. 1747

wels iranSi dawyebuli anarqiiT isargebles qarTvelma mefeebma da „mTe-

li sisruliT aRidgines suvereniteti. kidev meti, Teimurazma da ereklem

ymadnaficobis saxiT daiqvemdebares ganjis, yarabaRis da erevnis xanebi“

(59,131-32).

mama-Svilma, Teimurazma da ereklem, pirvel xanebSi, didi energia

gamoiCines saxelmwifos aRdgenisa da mtrisagan dacvis saqmeSi. qarTvel-

ma xalxma sakuTar'Zalebze dayrdnobiT farTo kulturul-aRmSeneblobi-

Ti muSaoba gaaCaRa. „orTave mefe scdilobdnen yvelgan da yvelaferSi ax-

ali cvlilebani SeetanaT, daemyarebiaT evropuli wesrigi yvelaferSi; am

dros dawesda ufro mtkice kavSiri mefeTa da maT qveSevrdomTa Soris.

SemoiRes saxelmwifo Semosaval-gasavalis wyaroebi da ukanasknel, scdi-

lobdnen dacemuli ganaTleba kvlav aRedginaT saqarTveloSi“ (55,#11.1069).

1749 w-s kvlav amuSavda, gaumjobesebuli saxiT Tbilisis stamba, gaixsna

filosofiis seminaria TbilisSi (1755 w.), safuZveli Caeyara samTamadno

warmoebas, gaCaRda vaWroba-mrewveloba da sxv. `samefo karma daiwyo qvey-

nis mmarTvelobis modernizaciisaTvis mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebis gata-

reba. upirvelesad yuradReba gamaxvilda ekonomikis ganviTarebaze. erek-

le II swored ekonomikis ganviTarebas miiCnevda im garantad, romelsaც

,,mtrisgan Cveni qveynis morCena SeeZlo“ (96,199). amitom samefo karma didi

yuradReba dauTmo vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebis saqmes da am kuTxiT

mravali RonisZieba gaatara. ,,saxelmwifos ekonomikurma politikam daaC-

qara fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebis ganviTareba. Camoyalibda erTiani

Sida bazari da mas mfarvelobas samefo kari uwevda. ...ganviTarda sagareo

vaWroba da iran-ruseTis savaWro operaciebSi erekle II-is qveSevrdomma

vaWrebma wamyvani roli daikaves“(96,199). samefo kars am aRmSeneblobiT sa-

qmeSi gverdiT edga eklesia kaTalikos anton I-is meTaurobiT, romelic

- 55 -

al. xaxanaSvilis TqmiT, yovelnairad cdilobda ,,centraluri xelisuf-

lebis ganmtkicebas“, mefes aZlevda saeklesio qonebas saxelmwifo intere-

sebisaTvis (199,250). is erekles marjvena xels warmoadgenda, misi ideuri

momxrea yvela saqmeSi _ omianobis dros saeklesio-samonastro glexebs

jarSi aZlevda, xandaxan omSi TviTonac axlda erekles da jars mterze

aqezebda. gaWirvebis dros rCeva-darigebas aZlevda mefes, gansacdelis

dros _ nugeSs (55,#12,1162).

evropuli gardaqmnebis mosurne erekle mefem 70-ian wlebSi gaata-

ra aseve mTeli rigi reformebisa centralizebuli xelisuflebis gasa-

Zliereblad. burnaSevis marTebuli SeniSvniT ,,erekle mefe ise arafris-

ken miiswrafoda, rogorc Tavisi xalxis evropulad gardaqmnisaken“ (12,10).

igives aRniSnavda butkovic(205,11). marTlac, erekle II-is moRvaweobis, ro-

gorc saSinao, ise sagareo sfero, erT mTlianobaSi warmodgenili da ga-

azrebuli, iyo dauokebeli ltolva evropeizaciisaken da evropeizaciisa-

Tvis (,,evropiuli cxovrebis“ Sesaqmnelad). erekle `saqarTvelos didi so-

cialur-kulturuli naxtomisaTvis amzadebda~(102-36). SeiZleba iTqvas, ru-

seTze orientaciaSic igi ,,evropiuli cxovrebis“ iersaxes eZiebda. ,,ere-

kle II-m 1770-ian wlebSi gaatara mniSvnelovani reformebi: 1) saxelmwifo

kontrolze aiyvana qveynis aRweris organizeba. 2) Seqmna centralizebu-

li sagadasaxado sistema. 3) Camoayaliba mudmivi jaris nairsaxeobebi. 4)

centralur xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara sasamarTlo da sapolicio saq-

mianoba. 5) mmarTveloba dayo sxvadasxva dargebad. 6) SemoiRo axali sa-

moxeleo Tanamdebobebi da moxeleTa did nawils samsaxurisaTvis jamagi-

ri dauniSna... erekles droindeli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo mkveTrad gascda

feodalur-decentralizebul saxelmwifos farglebs. erekle II-is refor-

mebis Sedegad saTavadoebma dakarges imuniteti, rac maT faqtobriv gauq-

mebas niSnavda da Seqmna centralizebuli mmarTveloba. aseTi tipis saxe-

lmwifo, ,,absolutur monarqias“ ufro emsgavseba, vidre CamorCenil, Ta-

vadur samefos. erekle II-is RonisZiebebi bevr msgavsebas amJRavnebs petre

I-is reformebTan“ (96,177-78)

ise, rom saboloo jamSi, XVIII s-is II naxevrisaTvis ,,qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo araTu aRar warmoadgenda saTavadoTa krebuls, aramed is absolu-

- 56 -

turi monarqiisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr elements Seicavda. miRweuli

warmatebebis gasaRrmaveblad da kidev ufro TvalsaCino aRorZinebisaTvis

saWiro iyo sagareo uSiSroebis ganmtkiceba. mtrisagan Tavdacvis sruli

uzrunvelyofisa da warsuli Zlierebis aRsadgenad ki aucilebeli iyo

qveynis gaerTianeba. am mxrivac TvalsaCino nabiji gadaidga erekles moR-

vaweobis pirvel periodSi. Teimurazma da ereklem jer aragvis, xolo Sem-

deg qsnis saerisTao gaauqmes da uSualod mefis Zalauflebas daumorCi-

les. 1762@w-s ki Teiuraz II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, ereklem Tavi qarTl-

kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada, riTac qarTl-kaxeTi erT samefod gaerTianda

(7,51). erekles Zalauflebas daemorCilnen agreTve ganjis, yarabaRis, nax-

Wevanis da erevnis saxanoebi. ramdenime wlis gmiruli brZolis Sedegad

aRikveTa sagareo Zalis mxriv saqarTvelos dapyrobis cdebi da qarTl-ka-

xeTis samefom mTel aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi politikuri upiratesoba

moipova. im pirobebSi es iyo udidesi monapovari, romelsac aseve gafrTxi-

leba da SenarCuneba sWirdeboda.

qveynis konsolidaciis procesma dasavleT saqarTveloSic garkve-

ul warmatebas miaRwia. 1752 w-s imereTSi gamefda aleqsandre V-is ufro-

si vaJi 17 wlis solomoni (71,72). imereTis niWierma da energiulma mefe so-

lomon I-ma (1751-1784ww.) Semoiriga guriisa da samegrelos mTavrebi, daa-

marcxa reaqcioneri Tavadebi; warmatebiT igeriebda gareSe mtrebsac. 1757

w-s xresilis brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxa TurqeTis jari da qveynis sa-

boloo dapyrobaze xeli aaRebina. ise, rom 1759 w-s dasavleT saqarTve-

los saeklesio da saero feodalebis sagangebo krebaze, romlis umniSvne-

lovanesi gadawyvetileba iyo tyveebiT vaWrobis akrZalva, solomon I uk-

ve mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos saqmeebSi uzenaes mflobelad iqceoda,

xolo mTavrebi (dadiani, gurieli) da Tavadebi misi morCili da brZane-

bis aRmsrulebelni iyvnen. es movlena solomon mefisa da im¬droindeli

qarTveli sazogadoebis mowinave nawilis didi gamarjveba iyo. erTi sity-

viT, cal-calke gaerTianda rogorc aRmosavleTi, ise dasavleT saqarTve-

lo. amis Semdeg dRis wesrigSi dgeboda saqarTvelos orive nawilis erT

samefod gaerTianebis problema. aseTi miswrafebebi, rogorc l. tuxaSvi-

li SeniSnavs, aki gamovlinda kidec 60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan: `60-iani

wlebis daswyisidan qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi didi saqmeebisaTvis emzade-

- 57 -

bodnen. es kargad Cans erTi TiTqos mcire, dRemde yuradReba miuqceveli

detalidan. swored am periodSi zogierT qarTul dokumentSi (umTavresad

saeklesio sabuTebSi) erekle II gamocxadebulia sruliad saqarTvelos

mefed. ... es SemTxveviTi movlena ar unda iyos. ... arcerT oficialur sabu-

TSi misi tituli ar scildeba realur Sinaarss. maS, saidan gaCnda zemoT

xsenebuli dokumenti? albaT, progresulad moazrovne im qarTveli moRva-

weebis gamaerTianebeli survilebidan, romlis aseTi mkafio gamoxatvac 60-

iani wlebis dasawyisis politikuri programis bunebrivi anareklia~ (169,

80). qveynis gaerTianeba sawindari iqneboda gareSe mtris mogeriebisa da

damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa. am drois swori politikuri mimarTuleba

iqneboda ara uSedego da damRupveli politikuri svla ruseTze, aramed

saqarTvelos gaerTianeba da iran-osmaleTTan moqnili diplomatiis wya-

lobiT mSvidobiani, keTilmezobluri urTierTobis SenarCuneba. ai, sad

iyo saqarTvelos xsna. iran-osmaleTsa da kavkasiaze ruseTis mzardi ze-

wolis pirobebSi, am qveynebis diplomatia moiTxovda ara urTierTdapiris-

pirebas, aramed mWidro SekavSirebas CrdiloeTis imperiis mzardi agresiis

SesaCereblad. iran-osmaleTi amas droulad mixvda da garkveulwilad taq-

tikac Secvala, rac dadebiTad aisaxa kidec qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saga-

reo politikazec. Teimuraz meoris, rogorc niWieri diplomatis, sasaxe-

lod unda iTqvas, rom saerTaSoriso arenaze momxdar cvlilebebs moxer-

xebulad iyenebda _ misma moqnilma, manevrirebadma politikam didad gana-

piroba XVIII s-is I naxevris qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo warmatebani.

miseuli aRdgomisa da gamoxsnis gegma emyareboda `sami didi saxelmwifos

_ ruseTis, TurqeTis, iranis urTierTwinaaRmdegobas. saqarTvelos momava-

li suvereniteti dafuZnebulia swored am urTierTwinaaRmdegobebidan ga-

momdinare wonasworobaze~ (169,18).

Seqmnil konkretul istoriul situaciaSi sruliad SesaZlebeli

iyo ara marto arsebuli warmatebebis SenarCuneba, aramed misi ganmtkice-

ba-gafarToebac. es ki damokidebuli gaxldaT swori sagareo politikis

warmoebaze, romlis prerogativac erekle II-is xelT iyo moqceuli; exla

masze, mis politikur gamWriaxobaze iyo damokidebuli, qveynis momavali.

erekles swored iseT kritikul situaciaSi mouwia mefoba, roca eris mo-

mavali wydeboda. samwuxarod, XVIII saukunis II naxevridan qarTvelma dip-

- 58 -

lomatebma taqtika Secvales da Sefaruli diplomatiidan gezi aSkarad

ruseTze aiRes. aseTi taqtikuri cvlileba gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa er-

ekle meoris sagareo politikur kursSi. erekle II-Tvis sagareo politi-

kaSi sakiTxi ase dadga: an saukunovani mosisxle mahmadianuri iran-osma-

leTi an kavkasiis asparezze axlad gamoCenili mravalgvar keTil aRTqma-

Ta momcemi erTmorwmune ruseTi. man calsaxad ruseTze aiRo kursi. erek-

le Tavis sagareo politikaSi, iseve rogorc misi winamorbedi araerTi

mefe aleqsandre I-is Semdeg, xelmZRvanelobda sarwmunoebis erTobis mo-

tivebiT. igi erTmorwmuneobis princips ahyva da aRmavali gziT mimavali

qveyana saeWvo gziT waiyvana. ra Tqma unda, imas ar vambobT, rom yovelgva-

ri diplomatiuri urTierToba gawyvita mahmadian mezoblebTan, magram am

mxriv ruseTze orientaciam garkveulwilad SezRuda qarTl-kaxeTis mefe;

amave dros kidev ufro gazarda samxreTeli mezoblebis undobloba da

agresia.

saerTaSoriso movlenaTa SezRuduli, viwro TvalTaxedva an saer-

Tod ver xedva da aqedan gamomdinare araswor daskvnaTa Sesabamisad moq-

medeba saerTod damaxasiaTebelia daSlilobis xanis qarTveli mefeebisa-

Tvis. amaSi, raRa Tqma unda, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda feodaluri pa-

rtikularizmi. damxmare Zalis, mfarvelis'Zieba bolo saukuneebSi erT-

gvar tradiciad damkvidrda da maSinac ki, roca garemoeba mis aucileb-

lobas gamoricxavda qarTveli gvirgvinosnebi mainc daJinebiT ganagrZob-

dnen mokavSire-mfarvelis Ziebas. me-18 s-is II naxevridan, rogorc aRiniS-

na, erekle da Teimuraz mefeebi orientacias icvlian iranidan ruseTisa-

ken. ,,XVIII s-is 50-iani wlebis miwurulidan da 60-iani wlebis damdegidan

dasrulda Teimuraz II-is da erekle II-is proiranuli orientacia, daiwyo

axali, prorusuli orientacia“ (82,28).

miuxedavad mopovebuli warmatebisa, Teimuraz II-sa da erekle II-s

Tvali mainc ruseTze eWiraT. jer kidev 1752@w-s Teimuraz II,-m ruseTis

dedofals elisabed petres asuls elCebi gaugzavna da mahmadiani mezob-

lebisagan mfarveloba sTxova. magram ruseTis mTavrobam am Txovnaze

uariT upasuxa. qarTvel gvirgvinosans imedi mainc ar daukargavs da ga-

dawyvita personalurad xleboda ruseTis imperators, raTa amgvarad ma-

inc mieqcia ruseTis mTavrobis yuradReba da aemoqmedebina igi saqarTve-

- 59 -

los dasaxmareblad. 1760-62 wlebSi misi TaosnobiT ganxorcielebuli

elCoba sruli kraxiT dasrulda. ,,qarTl-kaxeTis diplomatebma elCobisa-

Tvis xelsayreli dro ver SearCies da Sedegic ver miiRes“ (33,II,62). Svid-

wlian omSi Cabmul ruseTis imperias saqarTvelosaTvis ar cxeloda _

mas jer evropuli saqmeebi hqonda mosagvarebeli. jer evropaSi hqonda

poziciebi gasamagrebeli da ,,araviTari survili ar hqonda, rom saqarTve-

los gulisaTvis osmaleTs da sparseTs wasCxubeboda. mSvidobianoba iyo

da saqarTvelo maSin ruseTs ar esaWiroeboda. magram 16 wlis Semdgom,

1768 w-s, rodesac osmaleTma ruseTs omi gamoucxada da ruseTi uneblied

brZolaSi unda Cabmuliyo, maSin misTvis saqarTvelo, rasakvirvelia, Za-

lian gamosadegi iqneboda da amitom saqarTvelos arsebobac gaaxsenda“

(203,68).

istoriisaTvis analogiebi ucxo ar aris. is politikuri TamaSi

(mTeli Tavisi cbierebiTa da gaiZverobiT), rac ruseTis imperiam wamoiw-

yo vaxtang VI-is droidan, Semdgom xanebSi, Teimuraz-erekles mefobis pe-

riodSic, ganagrZo da kidev ufro did warmatebasac miaRwia. am saqmeSi,

ruseTi aqtiurad iyenebda TviT qarTvelebs, romlebic ukve mravlad da-

saxlebuliyvnen ruseTis miwaze da „axal patrons“ erTgulad emsaxure-

bodnen.

- 60 -

II Tavi. ruseT-TurqeTis omi da saqarTvelo

ruseT-TurqeTis politikuri dapirispireba XVIII s-is 60-ian wleb-

Si saomar situaciaSi gadaizarda. 1768 w-is ivlisSi ruseTis warmomadge-

nels konstatinopolSi, a. obrezkovs, mosTxoves dauyovnebliv gaeyvanaT

ruseTis jari poloneTidan. 25 agvistos sulTanma Secvala didi veziri,

romelic ruseTisadmi keTilad iyo ganwyobili. ,,rusi diplomatebi ukve

amCnevdnen, rom omis manqana amoqmedebuli iyo“ (159,XIV,251-52).

1768 w-is 25 seqtembers ruseTis rezidenti obrezkovi daapatimres,

riTac konfliqtis diplomatiuri gziT, molaparakebis saSualebiT gadaW-

ra SeuZlebeli gaxades (133,24). amgvarad TurqeTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs.

ase daiwyo 1768-74 ww-is ruseT-TurqeTis omi.

ruseTis mTavrobam icoda, rom TurqeTis winaaRmdeg omSi mokavSi-

ris gamoZebna evropis did qveynebSi gamoricxuli iyo. amitom, 1768 w-is 4

noembers saxelmwifo sabWos pirvelsave sxdomaze, samxedro gadawyvetile-

bis miRebis Semdeg, TurqeTis uRelqveS myofi xalxebis amxedrebis sakiT-

xi wamoiWra(133, 25-6). saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi imperatori ekaterine II

didad dainteresda qarTuli samefo-samTavroebiT: ,,1769 w-s sagareo saqme-

Ta kolegiisagan dawvrilebiT informacias iTxovs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb _

Tu sad mdebareobs igi, vis emezobleba, aqvT Tu ara qarTvel mflobelebs

sazRvao portebi kaspiis an Sav zRvaze... mas ramdenime xnis win smenoda

rom ereklem miiRo kaTolikuri wesi (kanoni); kolegias daavala yvelaferi

kargad gamoerkviaT da misTvis moexsenebinaT“(182,39).

imisaTvis, rom ufro warmatebiT ewarmoebina omi TurqeTTan, ruse-

Tis mTavrobam gadawyvita, TurqeTis winaaRmdeg Tavis sasargeblod omSi

CaeTria TurqeTis mezobeli qristiani erebi (berZnebi, slavebi, qarTvele-

bi). magram qarTvelebis garda yvelam saTanado windaxeduleba gamoiCines

da ruseTis mTavrobis mier dagebul maxeSi ar gaebnen. peterburgel dip-

lomatebs, romlebic didad iyvnen dainteresebulni gaZlierebuli qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos omSi CabmiT (osmaleTTan mudmivad dapirispirebuli imer-

Ta mefis mimxroba eWvs ar iwvevda), gauqarwyldaT imis SiSi, rom TurqeT-

Tan mSvidobian ganwyobilეbaSi myofi erekle ar isurvebda osmaleTis wi-

naaRmdeg gamosvlas. ,,saZnelo saqmea erekles daTanxmeba, radgan mas awu-

- 61 -

xeben mxolod lekebi, TurqeTis mezoblobis simZimes igi ar grZnobso~ _

bWobdnen rusi diplomatebi~(45,I.6-7). maT imisic eSinodaT, rom ereklem so-

lomons ar urCios TurqeTTan brZolaze xelis aReba da Tu meti ara, is

mainc movaxerxoT, rom solomons Tavi ar Seakavebinos TurqeTis winaaRm-

deg aqtiuri moqmedebisagano (45,I.7); magram, rogorc solomoni, ise erek-

le daeTanxmnen ruseTis mTavrobis winadadebas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg om-

Si monawileobaze im pirobiT, Tu ruseTi sakmao raodenobis jars gamog-

zavnida saqarTveloSi. ra Tqma unda, qarTveli mefeebi am omSi TavianTi

miznebiTa da gegmebiT Caebnen. erekle mefe cdilobda TurqeTis imperia-

Si, Tu axlo aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili politikuri krizisiT esargebla da

samcxe-javaxeTi daebrunebina. saqarTvelos es ZirZveli da sisxlxorceu-

li nawili ager ukve ori saukune iyo, rac mahmadianTagan dapyrobil-miT-

visebuli iyo. am xnis manZilze misi eTnikuri Semadgenloba, marTalia,

metad mravalferovani gaxda, _ ,,qarTvelebis garda aq cxovrobdnen Tur-

qebi, Taraqamebi, somxebi, ebraelebi~ (16,I.215), magram XVIII s-is II naxevarSi

mosaxleobis did nawils jer kidev qarTvelebi Seadgendnen. deda samSob-

los mowyvetili samcxe-saaTabagos bedi mosvenebas ar aZlevda qarTvel

politikosebs da misi gaTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen. am brZolas agrZe-

lebda erekle II-c.

erekle 1769 wels ugzavnis werils graf panins, sadac didi sixaru-

liT uerTdeba ekaterines mowodebas, da Tavis moTxovnilebebs uyenebs:

1) 5 an 7 polk jars saqarTvelos xarjze;

2) xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, saqarTvelos samefo unda Sevides

ruseTis mfarvelobaSi;

3) erekle unda dajildoebuli iqnas mefuri, saimperatoro niSnebiT.

omisTvis ki hpirdeba, rom gamoiyvans 40.000 kacs, mefem daavala aseve elCs

Tu ruseTi sparseTTanac daiwyebs oms, igi mzadaa sparseTTanac awarmoos

brZola. man aseve sTxova damxmare jarTan erTad specialistebi saqarTvel-

os bunebriv simdidreTa Sesaswavlad da dasamuSaveblad (45,I,429-31;33,III,I,367-8).

swored im dros, roca ruseTis mTavrobis elCi ereklesTan Tbi-

lisSi Camovida im mizniT, rom igi daeyolebina osmaleTis winaaRmdeg om-

Si monawileobis misaRebad, TbilisSive movidnen mefe ereklesTan Turqe-

Tis warmomadgenlebi TxovniT, rom oRondac saqarTvelo ar Careuliyo

- 62 -

ruseT-TurqeTis omSi da TurqeTi ar daarRvevda mSvidobian urTierTobas

saqarTvelosTan, magram erekle demonstraciulad miemxro ,,erTmorwmune

ruseTs“ (14,I,278).

ruseTis mTavrobam saqarTveloSi saidumlo davalebiT gamoagzav-

na jariT generali totlebeni (203,69). rogorc SemdgomSi ruseTis mTav-

robis mier totlebenis xeliT ganxorcielebulma avantiuram daadastu-

ra, rasac emateba ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis graf paninis saidum-

lo werili totlebenisadmi (45,I,154), xolo Semdeg ekaterine II-is saidum-

lo werili suxotinisadmi (45,I.469-76), ruseTis mTavrobis gegma saqarTve-

los mimarT imaSi mdgomareobda, rom erTis mxriv saqarTvelo gamoeyene-

bina ruseTis interesebisaTvis TurqeTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, ro-

gorc brma iaraRi, xolo meores mxriv am brZolaSi muxanaTuri gziT moes-

po qarTvelTa jari Tavis mefianad da Semdeg dapatroneboda umweod dar-

Cenil qveyanas. ,,unda ecadoT saqme saqarTveloSi ise moawyoT, rom yve-

laferi Cveni xelmZRvanelobiT xdebodes, TviT qarTvelebs ki ise egonoT,

viTomc isini TavianTi mTavrobis gankargulebas asrulebdnen, TviT mTav-

robac darwmunebuli iyos, TiTqmis yvelaferi misi survilisa da nebis Ta-

naxmad xdebodes, erTi sityviT, yoveli Cveni wadili ganxorcieldes magram

imnairad ki, rom suli aqauri (e.i. rusuli) iyos, sxeuli ki qarTulio~, -

werda grafi panini totlebenisadmi saxelmRvanelod gamogzavnil saidum-

lo werilSi (45,I.154-56); maSasadame, ruseTis mTavrobas undoda, rom qarT-

velebi usulo iaraRiviT gamoeyenebina Tavisi politikuri miznebis da

zraxvebis misaRwevad. `60-ian wlebSi ruseTis politika samxreT kavkasiis

mimarTulebiT sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurda da saqarTvelos sruli inkorpo-

raciis gegma aSkarad gamoikveTa. gen. totlebenis saqarTveloSi gatare-

buli politika da ruseTis xelisuflebis am politikisadmi damokidebu-

leba amis aSkara dasturia~(150,38-39).

totlebens evaleboda, mxolod SeteviTi brZolis magaliTi mieca

qarTvelebisaTvis, waexalisebina da didi raodenobiT Caeba isini Turqe-

Tis winaaRmdeg saomar moqmedebaSi. brZolis mTeli simZime qarTvelebs un-

da etvirTaT, TviTon ki _ naklebi msxverpli gaeRoT da saerTo xelmZRva-

nelis rolSi gamosuliyvnen.

- 63 -

generali grafi totlebeni saqarTveloSi Semovida 1769 w-is agvis-

toSi sami aseuliT da 4 zarbazaniT (sul 480 kaciT) (33,III.I.89) SemdegSi,

maleve, radganac generlis es Tanmxlebi jari masze davalebuli moqmede-

bis sawarmoeblad arasakmarisi Canda, totlebenis TxovniTa da ekateri-

nes 1769 w-is 22@oqtombris brZanebiT saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili iqna da-

matebiTi jaris nawilebi: erTi qveiTi tomskis polki, muSketerTa erTi

aseuli, husarTa ori eskadroni, 200 donis kazaki, karabinierTa ori eskad-

roni, 300 yalmuxi, artileriis (12@zarbaznis) momsaxure personali – sul

3767 kaci (33,III.I.103). erekle mefem didi sixaruliT miiRo isini da 4 seqtem-

bers miswera ruseTSi 10-15 polki jaris gamogzavnis aucileblobaze. to-

tlebenma maleve, 16 seqtembers, miiRo peterburgidan pasuxi, rom isini qar-

Tvel mefes Txovnas ver usruleben da 10.000 kacs ver ugzavnian. amitom sa-

qarTvelom TviTon unda daicvas Tavisi Tavi.

totlebeni 21 dekembers erekles mosatyueblad, rom TiTqosda moz-

dokTan mosula rusis jari, midis mis Sesaxvedrad da droebiT tovebs sa-

qarTvelos.

am sicruis garda, ruseTma kidev erTi xriki moigona qarTveli me-

feebis Tvalasabmelad. ruseTs saqarTveloSi TiToeuli mefisaTvis unda

gamoegzavna 50.000 maneTi, rogorc qarTuli, ise daqiravebuli jaris xar-

jebisaTvis; magram esec darCa mxolod dapirebad.

totlebeni dabrunda mozdokidan da 1770 wlis 17 marts erekle

mefe eaxla generals suramSi, raTa moTaTbireboda axalcixeze gasalaSq-

reblad. vidre axalcixeze gailaSqrebda, ereklem mTeli rigi RonisZie-

bani gaatara: pirvel rigSi, 1769 w-is bolos, moawyo dazverviTi laSqro-

ba yarsSi, meore mxriv ki TbilisSi molaparakebas awarmoebda asiriis ep-

iskopos esaiasTan. erekles imedi hqonda, rom igi aumxedrebda Turqebs

missave qveSevrdomebs - asirielebs, qurTebs, somxebs. amitom Seadgina ,,опи-

сание соседних с Грузией стран и народов“ (32,20), romelic Tavisi despanis, artem

andronikaSvilis xeliT gaugzavna graf panins.

1770 w-is aprilSi ereklem da totlebenma axalcixis safaSoze gai-

laSqres. brZolis dawyebis win ereklem winadadeba misca totlebens, ja-

risTvis sursaTi moemzadebina, magram mas yuric ar Seubertyia. isini aw-

cixes miadgnen da iq gamagrebul osmalebs Seuties. magram swored im

- 64 -

dros, roca brZola gaCaRda, totlebenma saqarTvelos mefe mters Seatova

da mTeli Tavisi laSqriTurT gabrunda qarTlisaken ganazraxis sisru-

leSi mosayvanad. rodesac totlebenma dainaxa, rom axlovdeboda TurqTa

da lekTa laSqari, ahyara Tavisi artileria, suramSi Sebrunda, xolo er-

ekles acnoba, viTomc puri gauTavda da qarTls mibrunda mis saSovnelad.

sxvaTa Soris, unda iTqvas, rom erekle miuxvda generals Canafiqrs: `kar-

gad vxedav mizezs, ris gamoc grafi mRalatobs, ... mas imedi aqvs, rom me

am brZolaSi daviRupebi da rodesac me aRar viqnebi, TviTon iqneba saqar-

TveloSi baton-patroni. magram Tqven naxavT, rom igi scdeba~ - eubneboda

erekle generlis adiutants (17,55).

Tavzardamcemi iyo qarTveli mefisa da mxedrobisaTvis totlebe-

nis moRalaturi saqcieli. ,,ruseTisave wyalobiT da rusTa gulisaTvis

osmaleTTan omSi CaTreuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelo rusis jaris sard-

lis mierve mravalricxovan mtris winaSe muxanaTurad martodmarto iyo

datovebuli. saSineli mdgomareoba Seiqna, magram am uaRres gansacdelis

drosac erekle mefis didebulma samxedro niWma ixsna Cveni eri da samSo-

blo sxvafriv aucilebel ganadgurebisagan“ (203,69).

ereklem brwyinvale samxedro gegmisa da xerxis wyalobiT sasti-

kad daamarcxa TurqTa mravalricxovani jari jer adgilobriv, awyurTan,

da bolos aspinZasTan. `TurqTa 8 aTasiani korpusidan axalcixes 13 kaci-

Ra dabrunda ukan~ (45,I.463). laSqrobis Sedegi aucileblad gulisxmobda

axalcixis dakavebas da iqidan TurqeTis teritoriis siRrmeSi SeWras,

rasac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba (somxebi, qurTebi da asurelebi) unda Se-

erTeboda. magram rusi generlis moqmedebam CaSala ruseT-TurqeTis omis

dros erekle II-is SemuSavebuli saomari gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebda

axalcixis aRebas da Semdeg sabrZolo operaciebis gadatanas baiazeTisa

da yarsis teritoriaze, rasac, Tavis mxriv, unda mohyoloda TurqeTis uR-

elqveS myofi qristiani mosaxleobis: asirielebis, qurTebis, somxebis ga-

mosvla osmalTa winaaRmdeg. totlebenis Ralatis Sedegad erekles Cana-

fiqrma xorci ver Seisxa. aspinZis gamarjveba qarTulma mxarem ver gamoi-

yena: axalcixe ver daikava da verc yarsisa da baiazeTis mimarTulebiT

laSqroba ver ganaxorciela. erekle iZulebuli gaxda TbilisSi dabru-

nebuliyo.

- 65 -

awyurTan momxdar ambebs sxvadasxvagvar Sefasebas aZlevdnen isto-

rikosebi - zogi amas orsardlobiT xsnis (175,124), zogi - rusi oficrebis

SeTqmulebiT (106,208), zogi sursaTis naklebobiT (33,III.I.123). da a.S. magram

Znelia ar daeTanxmo s. xositaSvils, romelic win swevs arsebiT moments

_ totlebenis mizanswrafvas _ taxtidan Camoagdos mefe erekle; misi mar-

Tebuli daskvniT, totlebenis mizani iyo ,,erekles samefo taxtidan Camog-

deba, qarTveli xalxis ZaliT daficeba ruseTis imperiis erTgulebaze

da qveynis marTva imperatoris saxeliT~(201,122).

marTlac, am xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre mefe brZoliT iyo dakavebu-

li, general totlebens, romelsac, rogorc iTqva, mefis taxtidan Camog-

deba da saqarTvelos dapyroba hqonda davalebuli, erTi wuTic ki ar da-

ukargavs. ukuiqca Tu ara awyuridan, darwmunebuli, rom erekle Tavis ja-

rianad dasamardeboda TurqebTan brZolaSi, qarTvelTa mefisa da jaris

damarcxebas arc ki daucada, ise daiwyo umweod darCenili qveynis dapy-

roba. ტotlebeni cixe-qalaqebis daWerasa da xalxis rusTa xelmwifis er-

Tgulebaze daficebas Seudga.

totlebens, rogorc kriminals, misi jaris oficrobac kargad ic-

nobda da maT, romelTac surdaT ereklesTan TanamSromlobis gziT osma-

leTTan omi ewarmoebinaT, SeTqmuleba mouwyves. generals winaRoba Seeqm-

na oficrebisagan, amitom pirvel rigSi maTTan daiwyo brZola da rode-

sac ananurSi dabanakda, gamosca manifesti: ,,vinc momiyvans cocxlad Sem-

deg oficrebs: ratievs, Coglokovs da degralis, miiRebs 1000 Cervonecs,

xolo vinc mkvdars momiyvans 1000 maneTso~(45,I,221;33,III.II.182). manifestSi

aseve ewera, rom isini aRmoCndnen ,,moRalateni ruseTis dedoflis, mefe

iraklis da misi ojaxisao“ (45,I,221-22). magram rogorc irkveva, aRniSnul

oficrebs mefe ereklesTan megobrobis meti araferi akavSirebdaT. rogorc

ki devna dauwyo totlebenma Tavis oficrebs, maT maSinaTve gasces igi

ereklesTan, gamoaaSkaraves yvela misi moRalaturi qmedeba. magaliTad, er-

Ti am oficerTagani poruCiki degralia. igi 1770 wlis 2 maiss wers erek-

les, rom totlebeni mas auarebel yalb werilebs awerinebda da asmenda

mefe erekles: ,,...da yovelTvis atyuebda (totlebeni) ruseTis ministrebs,

yovelTvis werda Ren. CerniSevs (samxedro ministri) da Ren. panins, rom

rogorc dro gaumjobesdeba, is Tavisi imperatoris saxeliT daipyrobs sa-

- 66 -

qarTvelos, im qveyanas, romelsac flobs mefe irakli da sxv...“(45,I.15;II.I.24-

25). es azri ar iyo mxolod totlebenis, aramed is xelmZRvanelobda sa-

imperatoro karis brZanebebiT; Tu oficroba win aRudga, es mxolod imi-

tom, rom maT totlebenis saidumloeba ar icodnen da Segnebulad icavd-

nen ereklesTan oficialur urTierTobas.Ototlebenis moqmedebis realu-

ri arsi kargad Cans rus moxeleTa mimoweraSi. imave ananuridan, 1770 w-is

15 maiss, kap-poruCiki lvovi swerda polkovnik pervilevs: ,,graf totle-

bens ganzraxuli aqvs, mas (iraklis) ordeni moxsnas da mTeli saqarTve-

lo misi umaRlesobis mfarvelobaSi Seiyvanos, rac sCans, Zalian advil-

ia, da mere imereTis gziT Sav zRvamde 300 verstis manZilze, Cven veRara-

vin ver SegvaCerebs“(45,I.225-6). xolo Tavad totlebeni 1770 w-is 12 maiss we-

rda, rom tomskis polkis SemoerTebisTanave ganzraxuli aqvs, dauyovneb-

liv Tbilisze daiZras... mTeli saqarTvelo ruseTis xelisuflebas daumo-

rCilos, erekles amas winaT boZebuli andrias ordeni CamoarTvas da mefe

peterburgs gaagzavnos an Savi zRvisken gandevnos (133,73).@es saqme, misi az-

riT, metad advili iyo 3000 rusi jariskacisaTvis, magram, radganac es

3000 kaci totlebens jer ar hyavda, amitom igi eloda mozdokidan momaval

tomskis polks. xolo Tavadi anton mouravovi (saqarTveloSi ruseTis

saqmeTa rwmunebuli) pirvel ministrs graf panins Semdeg cnobas awvdis:

,,erTma qarTvelma aznaurma saidumlod macnoba, rom iraklis hgonia Sem-

degi: graf totlebenma, romelic imyofeba misi imperatorobiT umaRleso-

bis samsaxurSi, Tavisi Stabis oficrebi saidumlod yarauls qveS daayena

da sxv. ober da unter-oficrebi qarTveli erovnebisa, gadaasaxla saqar-

Tvelodan... TviTon ki surs gaxdes mflobeli saqarTvelosi, _ razec

Tqvens brwyinvalebas, Cemi uRrmesi morCilebiT gacnobebT da amasTanave

vbedav, mdablad mogaxsenoT mowyaleo xelmwifeo, rom aseTi ganzraxva,

razec saxeldobr iraklis eWvi epareba, Cemis mxriT totlebenSi ar Semi-

niSnavs. mxolod CemTvis sakmarisad cxadi iyo, rom mtris miwaze fexis

dadgmis uwin, totlebens ar surda irakli masTan yofiliyo, es ver aita-

na da surda misi jarisaTvis, TviTon exelmZRvanela; es albaT undoda

mas imitom, rom mas marto esaxela Tavi~(45,I,228). mouravovis am frTxil da

mozomil werilidan naTlad Cans, rom totlebens sxva ram amoZravebda

da ara is, rac mas oficialurad dakisrebuli hqonda. saerTo operacie-

- 67 -

bis warmoebisaTvis xelmZRvaneloba ekuTvnoda erekle mefes da totlebeni

aq misi morCili unda yofiliyo, rogorc misi erT-erTi generali. magram

totlebenma Tavidanve pirveloba moindoma TviT qarTvelTa jarzec, raTa

amiT mas saSualeba miscemoda qarTveli mefe advilad gaeriya xelisufle-

bidan da Semdeg Tavisi bneli zraxvebi ganexorcielebina.

magram erekles energiulma moqmedebam totlebeni SeaSina da gan-

zraxvaze xeli aaRebina. marTalia, mefe Cawvda totlebenis ganzraxvas,

magram igi darwmunebuli iyo, rom totlebenis saqcieli - Tavneboba, misi

avantiuristuli bunebidan momdinareobda, da ara ekaterines mTavrobisa-

gan. amitom iyo, rom mas imperatorisadmi gagzavnili saCivris werilebiT

emuqreba. rodesac ereklem gamarjveba moipova, igive adiutantis piriT

SeuTvala moRalate generals: `wadiT da acnobeT Tqvens generals, rac

ixileT, uTxariT, rom ar mivetovebine, rva dReze nakleb droSi axalci-

xes davepatronebodiT. me TbilisSi vbrundebi. Tqveni generlis saqcie-

lis Sesaxeb vacnobeb mis imperatorobiT udidebulesobas da vimedovneb,

rom igi samarTals gamiCens~(17,56). erekle mefem jer zevidan, oficialu-

ri gziT moisurva totlebenis Tavidan moSoreba da wesrigis damyareba.

amisTvis man miswera werilebi panins da mouravovs, rom totlebenma duSe-

Tis cixidan moxsna zarbaznebi da waiRo ananurSi, muxranis axlos gaZar-

cva marTlmadidebeli eklesia, gaitaca qoneba aragvis erisTavisa da mok-

la T. SalikaSvili. duSeTSi, ananurSi, cxinvalSi da gorSi iraklis neba-

daurTvelad aficebs xalxs ruseTis erTgulebaze. amis gamo mefe tot-

lebens Txovs warudginos sabuTi, qonda Tu ara aseTi moqmedebis nebarT-

va ekaterinesagan (erekle mefe moxerxebulad moiqca am SemTxvevaSi _ bu-

nebrivia, totlebeni aseT sabuTs ver warudgenda romc hqonoda). mefem mo-

uravovTan miweril werilSi sastiki protesti ganacxada: ,,... me ar SemiZ-

lia avitano misi yofna Cems miwazed, ... da Tu aseT uweso adamians momaci-

lebT, maSin viReb Cems Tavze, rom aq myofi rusis jari sursaTiT savsebiT

uzrunvelyofili iqmneba, aseve SemiZlia mtrebis winaaRmdeg vimoqmedo~-o.

(45,I,110). totlebenis aseTi saqcieli iqamde aRmaSfoTebeli iyo, rom, ro-

gorc aRvniSneT, misi oficrebic ganudgnen da yvela gaocebuli iyo gene-

rlis moqmedebiT. oficeri Coglokovi peterburgs acnobebda: ,,...totlebeni

an gagiJda, an raRac Ralats apirebs, rodesac yvelaferSi iqceva sasax-

- 68 -

lis interesebis winaaRmdeg. qarTveli mefeebi erTmaneTs waaCxuba, Tava-

debs epyroboda cudad, zog maTgans cemda da zogi borkilebSi hyavda. so-

flebs aoxrebda, ufasod arTmevda saqonels da purs, Sevida molaparake-

baSi axalcixis faSasTan, 12 saukeTeso rusis oficeri gadaagzavna ruseT-

Si, TviTon ki daitova mxolod germanelebi da cudi yofa-qcevis rusebi“

(133,74).

ukiduresad aRSfoTebulma ereklem moiwvia totlebenisave ofic-

rebisgan Semdgari komisia da daadgines totlebeni daetusaRebinaT. mag-

ram es aRar moxda, radgan atyda gangaSi _ totlebenma saCivrebi saCivreb-

ze afrina peterburgSi erekle mefis Sesaxeb da peterburgic Caeria am

saqmeSi. totlebenis datusaRebis aqti, cota ar iyos, ekaterines ar moewo-

na. is icavs totlebens da yvela WeSmarit sabuTebs afuCeCebs. is uaryofs

yvela erTguli rusebis Cvenebasac da bolos maT mavne pirebad acxadebs,

xolo Semdeg vnaxavT, rom bevr maTgans sastikadac sjis. yvela es faqti

naTlad RaRadeben, rom totlebenis moqmedebas Ziri peterburgSi unda hqo-

noda.

1770 wlis 9 ivniss ukmayofilo imperatori qarTvel Tavadaznauro-

bas da sazogadoebas werda: ,,...braldeba im weriliT totlebenis Sesaxeb

savsebiT tyuilia da simarTles moklebuli, raTgan mousvenar da cbier

xalxis mier totlebenis awyuris cixiTgan daxeva, gamocxadebul iqna Ra-

latad. Tumca es aucilebeli iyo erekles cudi da mavne Sedegebis momta-

ni gankargulebebis Semdeg“-o. mokled, am vrcel werilSi ekaterine Tav-

gamodebiT icavs totlebens; Tu rame mcire danaSauli miuZRvis, es mxo-

lod borot adamianTa mizeziTo, xolo es adamianebi ki arian ruseTis

samsaxurSi myofi qarTvelebio (45,I.126-27). ase, rom man mTeli brali qar-

Tvelebs dasdo da iraklis genialuri sardloba da misi rCevebi totle-

benisadmi, miiCnia uvicobisa da uWkuobis nayofad, totlebeni ki marTali

gamoiyvana. imperatrica kidev ufro Sors midis, man ara marto daadanaSa-

ula Tavisi mokavSire qarTl-kaxeTis mefe, aramed `mis qveSevrdomebs, Ta-

vadaznaurobasa da mosaxleobas, sakuTari mefis winaaRmdeg mouwoda. Tu

aqamde ruseTis umaRlesi xelisufleba formalurad mainc icavda eti-

kets Tavisi mokavSire qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT, axla igi SeuniRba-

vad, uxeSad Caeria mis saSinao saqmeSi...ekaterine meoris mimarTva yovel-

- 69 -

gvar eWvs fantavs, rom TiTqos generali totlebeni TviTneburad moqme-

debda. piriqiT, igi zustad asrulebda imperatricas instruqcias~ (180,32).

9 ivlisis werilSi grafi paninic totlebenis udanaSaulobas umtkicebda

erekle mefes da iqiT sdebda brals: `mas Tqvengan mouTxovia sursaTi,

e.i. jer Tqven dapirebixarT da mere awyurTan Tqven ar gizruniaTo da

mSieri jariT omi xom ar SeiZleboda, amitom Tumca Tqven sabuTi gqon-

daT, mas Semdeg, rac man brZolis velze migatovaT, geTqvaT _ gviRalatao,

magram totlebenis saqciels am viTarebis gamo Ralati ar eTqmiso(45,I.134-

35). rusebma mizezad daixvies sursaTis uqonloba. magram, rasakvirvelia,

es mxolod momizezebaa, sinamdvileSi ki totlebenis zraxvebi sul sxva

iyo. awyuridan totlebenis ukan dabrunebas Ralatad miiCnevda rusi sam-

xedro istorikosi poto, romelic werda: ,,awyuridan ukan dabrunebiT me-

fes aCvena totlebenma pirdapiri Ralati im saqmeebSi, romlis gulisTvi-

sac is iyo gamogzavnili saqarTveloSi, ufro metic, mefe erekles Tur-

qeTis sazRvrebSi yofnis dros xalxSi xma gavrcelda, rom totlebeni

suramSi dabrunda im mizniT, rom moeyvana qarTvelebi ficis misaRebad da

ebrZanebina maTTvis misi umaRlesobis saxeliT, rom maT ar ecnoT erekle

TavianT mflobelad~(27,110).

ase mzakvrulad moqmedebda totlebeni imereTis samefoSic. man ara-

erTgzis gaaTavisuflebina solomons ukve dakavebuli cixeebi, xanac so-

lomonis gamaerTianebel politikas dadiani da gurieli daupirispira.

male imasac miaRwia, rom SuRli Camoagdo solomonsa da erekles Soris.

totlebenma mSvenivrad icoda, rom Tu qarTl-kaxeTis, imereTis da rusTa

laSqari erekles gegmis Tanaxmad SeiWreboda axalcixis safaSoSi, kidec

gaimarjvebda. es ki mokavSires xels ar aZlevda _ kavkasiis qeds miRma

Zlieri qveynis warmoqmna, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mas arc surda. ami-

tom iyo, rom totlebenma yvelaferi iRona qarTvelTa axalcixeze erTo-

blivi moqmedebis CasaSlelad. rogorc irkveva, jariT da sursaTiT gamza-

debul solomons generali win aRudga. 1770 w-s solomon I ekaterine II-s

swerda: ,,roca me gavemzade axalcixis eqspediciisaTvis da amis Sesaxeb

movaxsene totlebens, man ase mipasuxa: ,,Tu xuTasis kaciT wamoxval, wamo-

dio da Tu mets wamoiyvan, Seni wamosvla ar iqnebao. me amis smena dia meo-

ca da ganvkvirdi, xonTqris brZola da didronis qalaqebis dapyroba xu-

- 70 -

Tasis kaciT rogor iqnebao~ (45,II.I.57). imerTa mefe ukmayofilebas ver ma-

lavda paninTan miweril werilSic: ,,ama uwesoTa mimosvliTa mefe irakli

da Cven Zmobisa da erTsulobisagan friad gangvyo da gangvaSora da ram-

denime mizezni da savnebelnica, sityvani dasTesna Sorsa Cvensa“ (45,II.I.55).

xolo erekle ekaterine II-s da panins arwmunebda, rom ,,totlebens Cemi

da solomonis erTad moqmedeba ar surda, Torem Cven SeerTebulis ZaliT

rom dagvepyro axalcixis qveyana, imereTis cixeebSi gamagrebuli Turqebi

TavisTavad dagvnebdebodneno. ase, rom marto imereTis cixeebis dayarau-

leba solomonis omSi wausvlelobis mizezad ver CaiTvlebao“ (45,I.243-246).

totlebenis yovlad ,,ulogiko“ moqmedebam araerTxel gaakvirva qarTveli

gvirgvinosnebi, Tumca isini kvlav ganagrZobdnen mokavSiris mxardamxar

brZolas, rom iqneb rogorme moexerxebinaT TavianTi Canafiqris reali-

zacia.

ruseTis mTavrobam mas Semdeg, rac misTvis cxadi gaxda, rom tot-

lebeni sisustes iCenda Tavisi misiis SesrulebaSi da ver axerxebda saqa-

rTvelos Zalebis maqsimalur gamoyenebas ruseTis imperiis sasargeblod,

ukan gaiwvia totlebeni da mis magivrad 1771 w-is dasawyisSi generali su-

xotini gamoagzavna.

totlebenis aqtiuri da mouridebeli moqmedeba rusTa erTguleba-

ze mosaxleobis daficebaSi gvafiqrebinebs, rom werilobiTi instruqciis

sapirispirod, sadac aRniSnuli iyo rom ruseTis winaSe amJamad saqarTve-

los SeerTebis sakiTxi ar idga, generals sxvanairi sityvieri instruqc-

ia unda hqonoda miRebuli am sakiTxSi umaRles doneze; ,,ruseTis poli-

tika xels ar umarTavda saqarTvelos gaZlierebas da mudam atyuebda. to-

tlebens saidumlo instruqcia misces, _ Tu erekle mefe rogorme damarc-

xdes, an mokles _ qarTl-kaxeTSi Cadeq da ruseTis guberniad gamoacxa-

deo. egeTive darigeba erekles damxoba hqonda ruseTis agentebs _ ba-

kunins, reinegs, Tamoras, burnaSevs, gudoviCs da sxv~(39,124). ase, rom tot-

lebeni TviTneburad ki ar moqmedebda, aramed _ mTavrobis davalebiT. `to-

tlebenis moqmedeba TviTneburi rom yofiliyo, ruseTis imperatrica pa-

suxs mosTxovda Tavis generals da Tu maSinve ar dasjida, miTiTebas ma-

inc miscemda, raTa saswrafod Seewyvita ukanono da antisaxelmwifoebri-

vi moqmedeba mokavSire qveyanaSi~(180,29-30). swored am garemoebiT aixsneba

- 71 -

is, rom totlebenis danaSaulebrivi moqmedeba saqarTveloSi ase ganukiT-

xavi da dausjeli darCa imperiis xelmZRvanelTa mxridan. piriqiT, peter-

burgSi pativiT miiRes, adre Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis CamorTmeuli or-

denic daubrunes da diviziis meTauradac daniSnes. ai, ase daajildoves

gaweuli samsaxurisTvis kaci, romelic metad saeWvo reputaciis pirovne-

ba iyo. ruseT-prusiis omis msvlelobisas is eWmitanili iqna, rogorc

mtris agenti; aRniSnuli ambis gadmocemisas im periodis presa sakmaod la-

koniur da delikatur informacias gvawvdis. ,,sanktpeterburgis vedomo-

stebSi~ aris cnoba, rom grafi totlebeni dapatimrebulia ,,...За недoзволен-

ную переписку с неприателем~ (38,#57). sinamdvileSi saqme gacilebiT ufro se-

riozulad iyo _ eWvmitanil generalze aRZrul iqna uzarmazari, 672 gver-

dze gadaWimuli saqme. ai, aseTi saxelgatexili generali iqna gamogzavni-

li saqarTveloSi, romlisTvisac yvelafris gadabraleba advili iyo. `ro-

gori orpiri politikis warmoebasac apirebda ruseTi saqarTveloSi, mis

uSualo Semsrulebladac Sesabamisi unariT Semkobili pirovneba~(180,26)

iqna SerCeuli.

saqarTveloSi saqmeebis gasarkvevad gamogzavnil kapitan iazikovs

ereklesadmi ori sigeli gamoatanes (n. paninma), raTa adgilze adresatisa-

Tvis erT-erTi gadaeca imis mixedviT, igi gadayenebuli iqneboda Tu isev

taxtze daxvdeboda. sigelSi, romelic gadayenebuli mefisaTvis iyo gan-

kuTvnili, rusi didmoxele mSvidad amarTlebda totlebenis nabijs: gene-

rali iZulebuli iyo, Tqven mTeli simkacriT mogqceodaTo (45,I.139-141).

iazikovisaTvis micemuli instruqcia erekles taxtze dabrunebasac iTva-

liswinebda (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi gadayenebuli iqneboda), magram es sa-

kiTxi totlebens da iazikovs adgilze unda gadaewyvitaT TurqeTis wina-

aRmdeg maTi moqmedebis interesebis Sesabamisad da sasargeblod (45,I.154-

156). amasTan, Tu ereklesadmi miweril werilebSi erekles taxtze yofna-

aryofnazea saubari, totlebenisadmi micemul instruqciaSi sakiTxi sxva-

gvaradaa dasmuli: SeerTebul iqnes saqarTvelo ruseTTan (45,I.154-156). ro-

gorc Cans, saimperatoro kari orgvar SesaZlebel variants amuSavebda: 1.

erekles taxtidan gadayenebas, mis nacvlad sxva sasurveli kandidatis Ser-

Cevas da saqarTvelos damoukideblad datovebas da 2. saqarTvelos ru-

seTTan SeerTebas (mefobis gauqmebas) (152,186). yuradsaRebia ekaterines ins-

- 72 -

truqciis me-4 muxli: ,,saWirod migvaCnia, rom irakli sanam aRdgenil iq-

neba taxtzed, bodiSi moixados Cvens winaSe werilobiT... am sigelis Sina-

arsis mixedviT, is (irakli) movalea jer Tqven warmogidgeT, mere ki Segi-

ZliaT ganucxadoT patieba. SeecadeT, rom misi Txovna gamoixatebodes

zrdilobian sityvebSi, da bolos, rom am ambavs garegnulad misceT didi

mniSvneloba; b-n graf totlebenis rCeviT SeasruleT zogierTi ceremo-

niebi, raTa qarTvel velur TavebSi didi xniT darCes aseTi pativiscemis

STabeWdileba... Tqven yoveli Rone unda ixmaroT, rom irakli darCes

Cvens imperiasTan keTilganwyobili, yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTTan omis

ganmavlobaSi mainc~(45,I.141). aq komentari zedmetia. aseve metad sagulisx-

moa paninis 1770 wlis 16 ivlisis werili graf totlebenisadmi: ,,aqve un-

da SevniSno, rom rac Seexeba Tqvens mier dawyebul, qarTvelTagan ficis

miRebas, misi udidebulesobis mfarvelobaSi Semosayvanad da sxv... da rac

Seexeba sxva sargeblobaT, miwis xarisxi, da sxva, Tumca TavisTavad di-

dad sasargebloa, magram moiTxoven did mzrunvelobas da am omis dros

aqauri mTavrobis moqmedebasTan SeuTavsebelia. garda amisa, siSore saqar-

Tvelosi da mimosvlis siZnele, ai, ori garemoeba, romelnic mag qveynis

miTvisebas usargeblod xdis. magram SeiZleba dadges dro, rodesac mog-

vecema SemTxveva, aRniSnuli dabrkolebebis gadalaxvisa, axla ki, umTav-

resi saWiroebaa, rom qarTvelebi Cven omSi mogvexmaron... panini ganagrZobs

darigebas, rom sanam xelsayreli dro dadgebodes, Tqven mand unda Seqm-

naT niadagio da dasZens: ,,...raTa sinamdvileSi yovelive xdebodes aqauri

xelmZRvanelobiT da darigebebiT... es iyo ganzraxva Tqveni saqarTveloSi

gagzavnisa, rac Tqvens mier dawyebuli iyo sisruleSi mosayvanad, da ki-

dec gagrZeldeboda, rom moulodnel da gadamwyvet garemoebebs ar daebr-

kolebinaT~ (45,I,155-56). xolo im oficrebis mimarT, romelnic moqmedeben

saqarTveloSi totlebenis winaaRmdeg da icavdnen iraklis simarTles, in-

struqciaSi naTqvami iyo, rom iazikovs, saqarTveloSi CasvlisTanave isini

unda Seepyro da gadaegzavna ruseTSi. am udavo sabuTebiT mtkicdeba, rom

totlebenis misia saqarTveloSi sul sxva iyo da misi moqmedeba zevidan

karnaxiT warmoebda; es iqidanac Cans, rom ekaterine II-m viRac saxelga-

texil germanel generals anacvala rusis mravali oficroba, rom aRara-

feri vTqvaT qarTvelebze. totlebenis saxiT imperatori icavda ruseTis

- 73 -

politikas. xolo yvela mowinaaRmdegeni sastikad gakicxa. aq ekaterine

iseT ganrisxebamdec midis, rom raki totlebenma mizans ver miaRwia da

gamoaSkaravda misi yvela ganzraxva erTis mxriv, da meores mxriv, qarT-

velma mefem yvelaferi Seityo da saTanado zomebi miiRo, _ is iazikovs

instruqciiT avalebs, iraklis bodiSi moaxdevinos da mxolod Semdeg ap-

atios, da iraklis es yvelaferi iseTi sisastikiT unda Seasrulebinos,

rom es STabeWdileba darCes ,,barbaros qarTvelTa gonebaSi~. am incinden-

tis Semdeg, rusebma SeuZleblad miiCnies saqarTvelos dapyroba. iazikov-

ma CamosvlisTanave daatusaRa masTan misuli, saqarTveloSi ruseTis saq-

meTa rwmunebuli, mouravovi da ruseTSi gadaagzavna. es mouravovi iyo

STamomavlobiT qarTveli da, sxvaTa Soris, totlebeni peterburgSi sul

mas asmenda, rom yvelaze metad Ralatoben STamomavlobiT qarTveli ofi-

crebio. kerZod, mouravovze swerda, rom is erekles sargebels ufro eZ-

ebs, vidre ruseTisao (45,I.143).Aamitom iazikovs aseTi xalxis alagmvac da-

avala ekaterine imperatorma.

axladmovlenili gen. maiori al. suxotinic, msgavsad totlebeni-

sa, piradi pativmoyvareobiT iyo Sepyrobili da angariSs ar uwevda qarT-

velTa jars. rasakvirvelia, winamorbediviT suxotinis aseTi moqmedebac,

peterburgis karnaxis Sedegi iyo. rogorc kancleri, ise imperatori sai-

dumlod, yovelTvis imas werdnen TavianT generlebs, rom maT TavianTi

WkuiT emoqmedaT da ufro metic, maT didi ,,samxedro mecnierebiT~ qarT-

vel mefeebze gavlena moexdinaT. ekaterines mier suxotinisadmi micemul

instruqciaSi vkiTxulobT: ,,...SeecadeT yovelTvis, daicvaT mniSvneloba

Tqvendami rwmunebuli mmarTvelobisa, ris gamo maT metad marTebT anga-

riSis gaweva Tqveni, vidre Tqven maTi. isini movaleni arian, ramodenimed

iyvnen Tqvens damokidebulebaSi. Tqven ki unda iyoT maTi, rogorc gaunaT-

leblebis da uzrdelebis _ xelmZRvaneli da zedamxedveli, yvela gankar-

gulebebis, rac ki Seexeba samxedro saqmianobas da sxv.~(45,I.475).

general suxotinsac igive amocana hqonda Sesasrulebeli, rac mis

winamorbeds: qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa gaerTianeba da TurqeTisaTvis maTi

Seseva, saqarTveloSi myofi rusis jaris ise gamoyeneba, rom brZolis sim-

Zime rusis jars ar daswoloda. amave dros ruseTis xelisuflebas sur-

da foTis navsadguris xelSi Cagdeba da mimdinare omis viTarebaSi misi

- 74 -

gamoyeneba ruseTis Savi zRvis flotis bazad. xolo rac Seexeba totle-

benis RonisZiebis gatarebas anu saqarTvelos SeerTebas, suxotins im Sem-

TxvevaSi urCeven, Tuki es xels Seuwyobs qarTl-kaxeTis Cabmas Turqebis

winaaRmdeg omSi, Tu ara da suxotins ekrZaleba totlebenis RonisZieba-

Ta gatareba. totlebenis avantiuristuli moqmedebis da adgilobrivi mo-

saxleobis aRSfoTebis Semdeg, raRa Tqma unda, ruseTis samefo kari am

sakiTxSi gacilebiT frTxilad moqmedebs, raTa mTlad ar dakargos ndo-

ba qarTvelebSi da maTi sabrZolo 'Zalebis mizidvis magier, sabolood

ar daafrTxos isini. amitom ekaterine II saxelmZRvanelod micemul ins-

truqciaSi suxotins moZRvravs: saqarTvelos SeerTebas ruseTTan Cven am-

jerad amocanad ar visaxavTo, Tumca cota qvemoT, miuxedavad imisa, rom

misTvis cnobilia erTxel ukve nacadi SemoerTebis ukuSedegebi da uar-

yofiTi gavlena TviT maTsave ganzraxvaze - gamoeyenebinaT qarTvelTa sab-

rZolo'Zalebi _ mainc miuTiTebs: ,,totlebenis dawyebuli saqme – qarTve-

lebis 'ZaliT daficeba ruseTis erTgulebaze Tu xels Seuwyobs qarTve-

lebis monawileobas omSi SegiZliaT gaagrZeloT, amis gareSe ki igi zed-

metia“(45,I.469-76). rus diplomatebs, Tu marTla, sxva ganzraxva ar hqon-

daT ra, garda qarTvelTa sabrZolo 'Zalis gamoyenebisa, xolo saqarTve-

los SeerTebis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi idga imdenad, ramdenadac igi xels

Seuwyobda 'ZiriTad mizans _ qarTvelTa sabrZolo 'Zalis darazmvas, ma-

Sin am gegmis Semdgenelni TviTonve eqcevian winaaRmdegobaSi _ uqmnian

ra dabrkolebas Tavisi umTavresi ganzraxvis ganxorcielebas. imperiis

gawaful diplomatebs warmoudgenelia ver gaeTvaliswinebinaT Semdegi:

qveyanas, romelsac sakuTar mefes waarTmev da sxvis xelmwifeze ZaliT

daaficeb, mokled Tavisuflebas wahgvri, upirveles yovlisa damoukideb-

lobisaTvis aRmarTavda iaraRs da ara Turqebis winaaRmdeg. amis mixved-

ras didi politikosoba da diplomatiuri niWi ar sWirdeboda. ise, rom

ganacxadi TiTqos imJamad ekaterines mTavrobis gegmebSi saqarTvelos Se-

erTebis sakiTxi ar idga, cota ucnaurad JRers. maTi gegma iTvaliswineb-

da rogorc erTi, ise meore sakiTxis gadaWras _ TurqTa winaaRmdeg qar-

Tvelebis gamoyenebasac da saqarTvelos dapyrobasac. es ukanaskneli im-

xanad arc ise ioli aRmoCnda, rogorc es ruseTis diplomatebs warmoed-

ginaT (amis Semdeg maT sazrunavs qarTvelTa sabrZolo Zalis gamoyeneba-

- 75 -

Ra warmoadgenda). pirveli cdis marcxiT dasrulebis Semdeg aneqsiis saq-

me gamiznuli iyo yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis Tu igi mosaxerxebeli,¬misawv-

domi aRmoCndeboda, da xels ar SeuSlida mTavari miznis _ qarTvelebis

omSi monawileobis ganxorcielebas, ,,Tu totlebenma namdvilad Camoagdo

taxtidan erekle da es saqme qarTvelebis omSi monawileobas aferxebs,

igi kvlav aRadgine taxtzeo~ (45,I;139-145) _ avalebdnen saqarTveloSi saq-

meebis mosagvareblad warmogzavnil iazikovs. am insrtuqciidan kidev erT-

xel mJRavndeba maTi zemoTxsenebuli Canafiqri. sabednierod, verc totle-

benma da verc suxotinma mTavrobis gegmis es nawili ver Seasrula. qarTl-

kaxeTis mefis taxtidan Camogdeba ver moxerxda; am safrTxisagan erekle

mefe pirvel rigSi, aspinZis brZolaSi mopovebulma gamarjvebam ixsna. ase,

rom imjerad ruseTis mTavrobis avantiuristuli gegma saqarTvelos aneq-

siisa CaifuSa. amis Semdeg erTmorwmune mfarveli imasRa cdilobda, aqti-

urad gamoeyenebina qarTvelTa sabrZolo Zalebi: qarTvelTa jaris mtris

pirispir ase veragulad mitovebisa da qarTlis dapyrobis cdis Semdeg,

ruseTis mTavroba erekle mefes kvlav osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad aqe-

zebs. suxotinis da lvovis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda solomonis da

erekles urTierTobebis aRdgena da Turqebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi Se-

teva. isini erekles intensiur marbiel laSqrobebs awyobinebdnen. erek-

les gasaaqtiureblad da wasaqezeblad demagogias mimarTavdnen. o. xerxe-

uliZis gadmocemiT 1771 w. ruseTis ministrad warmogzavnilma lvovma me-

fe erekles urCia: radgan TqvenSi da graf totlebenSi SfoTi da samdu-

ravi rame aris STamovardnili, sjobs, rom osmalT aeSalo da ekaterina

xelmwife amas dagimadlebso da grafi totlebeni rom gabezRebs, ekateri-

na xelmwife imis sityvas yurs aRar miugdebs da es SenTvis sasargeblo

iqnebao. amis rCeviT ereklem, marTlac, 1771 wels jari Sehyara, manamde

gadmoibira xerTvisis begi, gailaSqra axalcixes, aiRo xerTvisis cixe da

Sid Tavisi mecixovneni Seayena (47,84). ,,RvinobisTvis 30-s xerTvisis cixis

aReba Tqves erekle mefisagan~ _ aRniSnulia ioane xucesis qronikebSi

(121,135). magram amave lvovis winadadebiT ereklem ukanve gaiyvana jari.

xelmeored, 1772@w-s lvovma kidev imdeni moaxerxa, rom erekle kvlav

daiyolia osmaleTis winaaRmdeg laSqrobaze. ereklem da solomonma Se-

erTebuli jariT moarbies axalcixis, javaxeTis da artaanis mxareebi da

- 76 -

Sin dabrundnen (43,493). ,,orive SemTxveva cxadyofs, rom ruseTis warmoma-

dgenels Tavisi mTavrobis gegmisamebr saqarTvelos daniSnulebad am om-

Si miwa-wylis daWera ki ar miaCnda, aramed umTavresad SeseviTa da Tare-

Sis saSualebiT osmaleTis mudmivi Sewuxeba, rom osmaleTis mTavroba am-

is gamo iZulebuli yofiliyo aq sakmao jari daebandebina“ (203,70) da mters

mTavar frontze xeli SeSloda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom rus generlebTan seriozuli uTanxmoeba hqo-

ndaT da ruseTis jars saqarTvelosaTvis raime arsebiTi sargebloba ar

moutania, ereklec da solomonic zedmetad endobodnen ruseTis impera-

tors. isini Tvlidnen, rom warumateblobani samxreT kavkasiis frontze

iyo ara ruseTis mTavrobis politikis, aramed mxolod da mxolod rusi

generlebis Secdomebis Sedegi. kapitani iazikovi, romelic erekles tot-

lebenTan konfliqtis Semdeg Sexvda, gakvirvebuli moaxsenebda graf pa-

nins, rom momxdaris miuxedavad, mefe yvelaferSi damjeria da sruliad

brmad endoba Cvens xelmwifes. Semdeg iazikovi kidev erTxel xazgasmiT

aRniSnavda, ,,mefe iraklisa da solomonis erTguleba Cveni xelmwifisad-

mi ganusazRvrelia...moferebiT aqaur xalxTn yvelafers gaakeTeb, xolo

uxeSoba da simkacre maT afrTxobT“ (182,41). TviT solomon mefe ekateri-

nes werda, rom ,,Cven da Cveni samefo, rac SeZleba gvaqvs, gamzadebulni

varT yovlad mowyalis xelmwifis samsaxurze sisxlis danTxevad, da sa-

dac inebebs, maTs winaRmdgebs SevexocebiT“-o(45,II.I,22). foTze suxotinis

mier mowyobilma sabrZolo eqspediciam, marTlac, Seiwira solomonis ja-

ri. suxotinma didi xvewniT gamoiTxova mefisagan imerTa jari, viTomc-

da erTiani ZalebiT imereTis TurqTagan gasaTvisufleblad. Semdeg ki-

,,suxotinma omSi mowinave jarad sul qarTvelebi daayena da rusebi karga

moSorebiT daayena zarbaznebis msrolelaT... sami dRis ganmavlobaSi

osmalebma qarTveli jari sul mospo ... imav dRis saRamos Jams foTidan

rusis jari quTaisisken gaipara da male quTaisSi Cavida damarcxebuli

da imerTa jariT gawyvetili~. solomons es ambavi didad swyenia da say-

veduri uTqvams generlisaTvis: ase rom mcodnoda jars ar mogcemdiT ,,es

Cemi qveynis didi zaralia da daRupva“(190,10-11) esec ar akmares solomons

da ,,osmalebTan saidumlod daabezRes, rom solomon mefe Tqven winaaRm-

deg ruseTs daxmarebas Txovso da am xerxiT undodaT rom osmalni aReZ-

- 77 -

raT imereTis winaaRmdeg da mere imereTi osmalos maxviliT mospobili-

yo“(190,15). ase mzakvrulad moeqcnen solomons rusebi _ undodaT ra, so-

lomonisa da imereTis mospobao, _ daaskvnis z. WiWinaZe. marTlac, dama-

fiqrebelia zogi detali am monaTxrobSi. mas mere rac, ruseTi kavkasiis

qeds moadga, misi „mizani gaxda saqarTvelos aneqsia, misi gadaqceva dama-

tebiTi Semosavlis wyarod da xelsayrel placdarmad Semdgomi dapyro-

bebisaTvis. qarTveli politikosebi ruseTis am gegmebSi mTlad kargad

ver erkveodnen, qristianul mezobels TiTqmis bolomde potenciur da

realur mokavSired miiCnevdnen“(59,136). ereklem jer kidev 1771 w-s, sanam

ruseTis jaris gawvevis sakiTxi gadawydeboda, ruseTs miavlina levan ba-

toniSvilis da anton kaTalikosis elCoba da Tavisi samefos ruseTis xe-

lmwifis mfarvelobaSi miReba da aseve fuladi daxmareba iTxova. erek-

les gegmiT, daRestnelTa da sxva mtrebis Tavdasxma-mogeriebisaTvis 4

aTasiani jari saqarTveloSi mudmivad unda darCeniliyo, TviT jaris sa-

rdlebi ki qarTvel mefes unda damorCilebodnen. saqarTveloSi samefo

taxti aucileblad erekles STamomavlobaze unda gadasuliyo, xolo ek-

lesiis saTaveSi kvlavac kaTalikosi unda yofiliyo. Tavis mxriv, mefe

ruseTSi mZevlad erT-erTi Svilis gagzavnas da qarTl-kaxeTis sasargeb-

lo wiaRiseulis Semosavlis naxevris gadaxdas pirdeboda, agreTve yovel-

wliur gadasaxads gadaixdida da 14 saukeTeso cxens da didi raodeno-

bis Rvinos gagzavnida. amasTanave erekle moiTxovda, rom ruseTs 1772 w-

is gazafxulze daekavebina axalcixis mxare da TurqeTTan sazavo xelSe-

krulebebSi aucileblad unda yofiliyo naTqvami am mxaris, rogorc sa-

qarTvelos Semadgeneli nawilis, Sesaxeb (18,423-25).

ruseTis kanclerma grafma paninma erekle II-is am proeqts ,,ucna-

uri~ proeqti uwoda, radgan icoda, rom samxreT kavkasiaSi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo. is gakvirvebuli darCa, radgan

saqarTvelo mfarvelobas sTxovda ruseTs im viTarebaSi, roca aRmavlo-

bis gzaze iyo Semdgari da damoukidebeli politikis gatarebis unari Ses-

wevda. TurqeTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi myofma imperatorma mizanSeuwon-

lad miiCnia iranisadmi dapirispireba da qarTl-kaxeTis mefis elCebi uk-

an uariT gamoistumra.

- 78 -

1772 w-s ruseTma TurqeTTan sazavo molaparakeba daiwyo; ruseTis sa-

xelmwifosaTvis aRar hqonda azri jari hyoloda saqarTveloSi, amitom

ekaterine II-m aRniSnuli jari, romelic sami weli imyofeboda saqarTvel-

oSi, solomonisa da erekles xvewna-mudaris miuxedavad ukan gaiwvia. igi

odnavadac ar dafiqrebula imaze, Tu ra saSinel dReSi Cavardeboda mi-

sive wyalobiT TurqeTTan omSi Cabmuli saqarTvelo jaris gayvanis Sem-

deg. erekle ruseTis mTavrobas acnobebda, rom am omis dros mas daexarja

430.000 man. da rusebs Txovda Tanxas da jars 3-4 wliT, sazRvrebis da-

sacavad, im xalxisagan, romelnic esevian mas samagieros gadaxdisaTvis,

rusis jaris wasvlis Semdeg. razec, ra Tqma unda, uari miiRo. „ruseTma

fulis sesxeba ar moindoma, albaT, imave mosazrebiT, risTvisac igi Ta-

vis oficrebs xels uSlida qarTvelebisaTvis samxedro saqmeSi instruq-

toroba gaewiaT“ (145,115 ), raTa umweo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili saqarT-

velo mudam misi daxmarebis moimede yofiliyo: „sust da samxedro Tval-

sazrisiT mouwyobel saqarTvelos ufro metad egrZno Tavisi damokide-

buleba CrdiloeTis did imperiisagan da mudam misi, xSirad marto qaRa-

ldze aRTqmul daxmarebis Semcqerali yofiliyo“(109,N3,269). 1772 w-is 4

Tebervlis werilebiT ,,umaduri~ imperatori ekaterine meore erekles da

solomons acnobebda: ,,... miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTis mTavrobas cda ar

dauklia da xarjic gaswia, saqarTvelodan saomar kampanias raime mniSvne-

lovani Sedegi ar mohyolia, amitom saqarTveloSi Cveni jaris datoveba

zedmetad migvaCnia da saWirod vTvliT mis ukan gawvevas, raTa gamoviye-

noT igi, sadac mas SeuZlia namdvilad sargeblobis motana“ (133,123). ukan

iwvevda ra saeqspedicio korpuss, ruseTis mTavroba cdilobda TurqeT-

Tan omis damTavrebamde gamoeyenebina qarTvelTa jarebi TurqTa winaaRm-

deg. am mizniT ekaterine meore solomon mefes acnobebda: rom Tanaxmad

Seni Txovnisa, momaragebuli iqnebi saWurveliTao da avalebda gaegrZe-

lebina omi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. amasTan, mefes imeds aZlevda, rom por-

tasTan zavis dadebisas imereTi daviwyebuli ar iqnebao, xolo erekles-

Tan werilSi aRniSnavda: Tumca qarTvelebi Cvens mowodebas da daxmare-

bas arsebiTad ver gamoexmaurnen, magram miuxedavad amisa portasTan za-

vis dadebisas saqarTvelos dacvaze vizrunebTo. ekaterine imeds aZlevda

- 79 -

erekles _ Tu raimes dapyrobas SevZleb, SevecdebiT portasTan zavic sa-

mudamod dagimkvidroTo (133,123).

ruseTis imperatoris aseTi ganacxadi erekles mimarT iyo ukidu-

resi usamarTlobisa da umadurobis gamovlineba. is ki arada, ruseTis

mTavrobas imdeni Tavxedoba hyofnida, rom jaris gayvanis Semdegac qar-

Tvel mefeebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis gagrZelebas Txovda. sasurve-

lia, qarTvelma jarma Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZola gaagrZelos saqarTve-

lodan rusis jaris wasvlis Semdegac (45,I;341) _ avalebda grafi panini

lvovs da es ukanasknelic, rogorc davinaxeT, axerxebda kidec am davale-

bis Sesrulebas. xolo 1773 w-is 31 dekembris miwerilobaSi ekaterine meo-

re pirdapir sTavazobs winadadebas erekles, uwindeburadve gaagrZelos

mtroba TurqebTan solomon imerTa mefesTan erTad (5,I,394-397).

solomons imereTis cixeebis gaTavisufleba ruseTis jarTan kavSir-

Si erTiorad azRvevines Turqebma. rac Seexeba erekle mefes, omSi Cabmam

da rusis jaris saqarTveloSi yofnam mahmadianur samyarosTan dawyobi-

li sagareo saqmeebi mTlad auwewa. aspinZis brZolis Semdeg ,,iyvnen Turq-

ni ganZvinebul saqarTvelosa zeda“ (4,54). gaZlierda lekTa TareSebi axal-

cixisa da War-belaqnis mxridan. amiT isargebla erevnis xanma da ,,aixada

safarveli saqarTvelosi“(45,II,I.63). saqarTvelodan ruseTis korpusis was-

vlis Semdeg Seqmnil viTarebas saucxood gamoxatavs Tavad erekle: ,,gve-

lebiviT pirdaRebuli Turqebi rkals gvartyamen, sparselebi mZinvare lo-

mebiviT Semogvyureben, xolo lekebi mSier mglebsaviT Cvenze kbilebs

ilesaven“ (45,I;408). ruseT-TurqeTis omis win qarTl-kaxeTis mdgomareoba

(imereTisagan gansxvavebiT) SedarebiT mtkice iyo. qveyana gaerTianebuli,

saTavadoebi damorCilebuli iyo. iranis mmarTvel qerim-xanTan mSvidobia-

noba sufevda, ganja-erevani moxarkeni iyvnen, osmaleTTan da mis safaSo-

ebTan keTilmezobluri damokidebuleba arsebobda. exla ki qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mefem omSi monawileobis miRebiT TurqeTic aimxedra, romlisganac

mas mainc aqamde safrTxe ar eloda. SurisZiebiT aboboqrebul-ganrisxe-

bul sulTans samagieros misazRvevad arc fuli da arc jarebi ar dau-

zogia; meti vnebis misayeneblad man lekebic aamxedra. meores mxriT, spar-

seTi ilesavda kbilebs, romelic SiSiT Sescqeroda ruseTis gaaqtiure-

bas kavkasiaSi, amitom rogorc ki gaigo sparseTis mmarTvelma qerim-xanma

- 80 -

ruseT-TurqeTis omSi saqarTvelo ruseTs miemxroo, Tavisi jarebiT saqar-

Tvelos winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. udides gansacdelSi Cavardnili erekle

Svelas da daxmarebas isev ruseTis imperators sTxovda, magram uSede-

god ,,ruseTma Tavis mizans miaRwia, osmaleTis omis safrTxe zavis gamo

ukve aRar arsebobda. amitom saqarTvelosac misTvis mniSvneloba aRar

hqonda da danapirebi mfarvelobis gaweva TiTqos daaviwyda kidec (203,71).

ruseT-TurqeTis omSi ruseTis mimxrobiT ereklem da solomonma ,,garis-

kes iseve, rogorc gariska Tavis droze vaxtangma da kvlav pirwmindad waa-

ges~; ̀ vaxtangis katastrofa qarTvelTaTvis ver iqca gakveTilad. XVIII s-

is darCenil nawilSi isini agrZeleben imave ideaTa garSemo brunvas da

maTi Sexeduleba-midrekilebani ruseTze ar Secvlila~ (52,102;77).

ruseT-TurqeTis omSi monawileobis miRebiT ereklem da solomon-

ma ver miaRwies Tavis mizans - verc dakarguli miwebi daibrunes da verc

mahmadianTagan samflobeloTa usafrTxoeba uzrunvelyves.

1774 w-s ruseT-TurqeTs Soris mimdinare omi damTavrda. 10 ivliss

sof. quCuk-kainarjSi zavi daido, romelic ruseTisaTvis friad sasargeb-

lo iyo _ miRweul iqna rus xelisufalTa didi xnis ocneba: ,,quCuk-kaina-

rjis zaviT ruseTi gaxda Savi zRvis mosazRvre saxelmwifo... romelmac

pirvelma moipova TurqeTisgan Savi zRviT Tavisufali, SeuzRudavi vaW-

robis ufleba~(164,9) zavis XXIII-e muxli exeboda saqarTvelos, kerZod ki,

imereTs. TurqeTi uars ambobda imereTidan da samegrelodan yovelgvari

xarkis, maT Soris qal-vaJebiT xarkis aRebaze. amave muxliT, ruseTma iu-

ridiuli batonobis ufleba imereTis samefosa da samegreloze TurqeTs

dauTmo. brwyinvale porta kisrulobs ,,...araviTari saxiT ar Seaviwrovebs

monastrebs da eklesiebs, ar SeuSalos xeli Zveli eklesia-monastrebis

SekeTebas da axalTa agebas, Cildiris valim da sxva gamgeblebma Tu of-

icrebma ar unda Seaviwrovon isini iseTi moTxovnebiT, romlebsac SeiZ-

leba mohyves maTi mamulebis dakargva, magram radganac dasaxelebuli xal-

xi brwyinvale portas qveSevrdomebi arian, amitom ruseTis imperia Semdeg-

Si maT saqmeebSi sruliad ar unda Caerios da arc Seaviwrovon isini~

(48,36). 1774 w-is quCuk-kainarjis xelSekrulebis 23-e muxli dasavleT saqar-

TvelosaTvis araviTar miRwevas ar warmoadgenda. osmaleTTan urTierTo-

bis artikuliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi xom solomons faqtiurad mo-

- 81 -

povebuli hqonda: ,,traqtati odnavadac ki ver matebs solomonis mier uk-

ve miRweul Sedegebs. ufro uaresic, ruseTi aRiarebs ,,status quo ante”, swo-

red im mdgomareobas, romlisganac TavdaRwevasac cdilobda solomoni~

(52,110).

kainarjis traqtatSi imereTis sakiTxis CarTva misi damcvelis rol-

Si ruseTis aSkara gamosvlas mowmobda da gansazRvravda TviTmpyrobelo-

bis Semdgom nabijebs am mimarTulebiT. sazavo molaparakebis dros Turqi

diplomatebi did winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen ruseTis delegacias imereTis

samefos Sesaxeb wamoyenebuli winadadebebis gamo, ruseTis diplomatia

faqtiuri mdgomareobis iuridiul gaformebas cdilobda. kainarjis za-

vis 23-e muxli ruseTis saxelmwifos interesebidan gamomdinare Rrmad

mofiqrebuli diplomatiuri svlis Sedegi iyo. ,,am muxlis ZaliT ruseTma

TurqeT-imereTis damokidebulebaSi diplomatiuri Carevis ufleba moipo-

va~(183,21). Tu es muxli orazrovani iyo da TurqeT-imereTis damokidebu-

lebaSi omamde arsebul mdgomareobas ar cvlida, samagierod traqtatis

igive orazrovnoba ruseTs momavalSi saSualebas aZlevda garTulebuli

mdgomareoba sababad gamoeyenebina da maT urTierTobaSi Careuliyo. am mu-

xlis xelSekrulebaSi CarTva da masze TurqeTis Tanxmoba, imereTze ru-

seTis uflebebis nawilobriv aRiarebasac gulisxmobda. imereTis sakiT-

xis saerTaSoriso davis sagnad gadaqceviT ruseTma Tavis momavali brZo-

lisaTvis TurqeTis winaRmdeg amierkavkasiaSi gasabatoneblad diploma-

tiuri niadagi moamzada. 23-e artikuli sayuradReboa imiTac rom, osmaleT-

ma ruseTi aRmosavleTis qristianTa mfarvelad aRiara (45,I,413), riTac mis

imperiul ambicias gasaqani mieca: „saerTaSoriso dokumentiT gaformda ru-

seTis istoriuli ambicia, romelic rusuli mesianizmis ZiriTad ideas

ukavSirdeba... xelSekrulebis ZaliT dokumenturad daidastura is upira-

tesoba, romliTac qristianul aRmosavleTSi, bunebrivia, kavkasiis regi-

onSic, dapyrobil Tu dasapyrob qveynebSi marTlmadideblobis gavrcele-

ba misi imperiuli politikis nawili gaxda“ (177,125). sazogadod, am omam-

dec da, miT ufro, omis Semdgom periodSi ruseTi religiur faqtors war-

matebiT iyenebda eqspansiuri politikis ganxorcielebisaTvis. ,,faqtobri-

vad, marTlmadidebloba ruseTis imperiaSi iqca mezobeli teritoriebis

aTvisebisa da koloniuri politikis warmarTvis saSualebad“ (177,125).

- 82 -

kainarjis zavis 23-e muxlis Sinaarsi imereTisaTvis sasargeblo

aqtad miiCnies qarTvelma politikosebmac. ise, rom oficialurad maRali

Sefaseba mieca ruseTis jaris pirvel gadmosvlas saqarTveloSi. magram

sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia kmayofili yofiliyo omis SedegebiT imereTis

mefe da miT umetes, erekle II _ romelic TurqTagan mitacebuli qarTu-

li miwebis dabrunebis mizniT CaerTo omSi da verafers ki ver miaRwia.

qarTvel mefeTa ukmayofilebis gamoxatuleba iyo elCebis gagzavna saim-

peratoro karze ,,saTxovari punqtebiT~, raTa mfarvelobis meSveobiT ma-

inc miiRon esoden saWiro samxedro daxmareba.

miuxedavad rus-qarTvelTa samxedro kavSiris Crdilovani mxareeb-

isa (totlebenis Ralati, suxotinis utaqtoba, ruseTis mTavrobis aragu-

lisxmieri damokidebuleba da undobloba qarTveli mefeebisadmi, zog-

jer qarTveli xalxis lanZRva da a.S.), qarTveli mefeebi isev ruseTs Seh-

yureben. ereklem da solomonma elCebi gagzavnes da mfarveloba iTxoves.

ra Tqma unda, mfarvelobaSi miRebaze maT uari eTqvaT. ruseTis mTavroba

kainarjis zavis 23-e muxlis Sinaarsis gazviadebiT Seecada gaenelebina

imereTis mfarvelobaSi miuReblobis simwvave. peterburgSi maSin saamiso

pirobebs ver xedavdnen. jerjerobiT imereTis TurqeTis gavlenaSi dato-

vebas amjobinebdnen. amasTan, imereTis mefes urCevdnen, ar gaeRizianebina

mosisxle mteri da ar gamoewvia konfliqti. mas Seaxsenebdnen, rom arse-

bul pirobebSi imereTis sakiTxi xelsayrelad aris gadawyvetili da rom

aseT gadawyvetas solomoni ruseTs unda umadlodes(45,II,II.6-8). aseve, sru-

liad uSedegod dasrulda 1772 w-is elCoba anton kaTalikosisa da levan

batoniSvilis meTaurobiT. mimdinare omis pirobebSi qarTvel mefeTa mfar-

velobaSi ayvana ruseTis Zalas aRemateboda, kidec rom qonoda amis sur-

vili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ekaterine II-s, uaris TqmiT rom ar gaenawyenebina

erekle mefe da mTlad ar aeyrevinebina guli ruseTze, farisevlurad ai-

medebda: ,,TurqeTTan zavis dadebisas sulTans qarTveli xalxis uSiSroe-

bis pirobas CamovarTmevT, romlis Sesrulebaze me TviTon davaweseb kon-

trolso~ (45,I,396).

erekle II-is mizanswrafvas rusTa jaris daxmarebiT gaeTavisuflebi-

na samcxe-saaTabago da SemoerTebina qarTlis samefosaTvis, daepyro War--

belaqani da aRekveTa lekianoba, (,,mcire proeqti~), aseve kidev ufro Sors-

- 83 -

mimaval gegmebs - araratis mTis garSemo somexTa mier dasaxlebuli adgi-

lebis - yars-arzrumis raionebisa da trapizonis mxaris gaTavisufleba-

SemoerTebas (,,didi proeqti~) (122,66-7), ganxorcieleba ar ewera. ekateri-

nes diplomatebma mSvenivrad icodnen ra qarTvel mefeTa miswrafebani

rusis jaris SemweobiT sakuTari miwa-wylis gaTavisuflebisa, Tavidanve

izrunes amaze. saidumlo gegmiT qarTvel mefeebs ver unda gamoeyenebinaT

imperatoris Zala TavianTi miznebisaTvis, amitomac gamogzavnili samxed-

ro korpusi saqarTveloSi ise unda moqceuliyo, rom TviTon qarTvelebs

sakuTari ZalebiT SeetiaT TurqebisaTvis; da asec xdeboda. ruseTis mTav-

robis gegmebSi saqarTvelos gaZliereba-ganmtkiceba namdvilad ar Sedio-

da. `erekle dResac imas cdilobs, rom aqauri daxmarebiT sakuTari Zala-

uflebismoyvaruloba daikmayofilos, rac jer kidev, nawilobriv, Cveni

jarebis saqarTveloSi yofnis drosac gamomJRavnda da ukve araviTar yu-

radRebas ar imsaxurebs~ _ aRniSnavda ruseTis imperatrica omis damTav-

rebis Semdeg (14,I.26).

ise, rom qarTvel mefeTa Canafiqrma, romliTac isini am omSi Caeb-

nen, marcxi ganicada. qarTl-kaxeTis mefem verc Tavisi gegmis ganxorcie-

leba SeZlo da omamde arsebuli sagareo mdgomareobac gaiuaresa. ,,ruseT-

osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi Cabma, rogorc imereTis mefis solomon

I-is, ise qarTl-kaxeTis mefis mxridan, didi strategiuli Secdoma iyo ...

omSi Cabma gamarTlebuli iqneboda mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTi sa-

mxreT kavkasiaSi did samxedro Zalas gadmoisroda da regionidan osmale-

Tis gaZevebas daisaxavda miznad“ (83,23).

erekle da solomoni iZulebulni gaxdnen TavianTi windauxedao-

biT gafuWebuli saqme Tavisive qveynis ZalebiT gamoesworebinaT. erekle

II-is sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom ruseTisagan daxmarebas moklebulma da

mitovebulma, sakmaod mokle droSi aRadgina normaluri urTierToba mah-

madian mezoblebTan. ereklem rogorc iyo sparseTis mbrZanebeli qaTina-

urebiT daaSoSmina. TurqeTis winaaRmdeg ki rogorc erekle, aseve solo-

moni iZulebuli iyvnen sisxlismRvreli brZolebi ewarmoebinaT da amgva-

rad daecvaT Tavi. zogan diplomatiuri molaparakebiTa da CagonebiT, zo-

gan Tavisi samxedro niWisa da qarTvelTa jaris mamacobiT ereklem ram-

denime xnis Semdeg aramcTu mSvidobiani urTierToba aRadgina mezobleb-

- 84 -

Tan, aramed zogi maTgani isev ymadnaficad gaixada. ganjis, yarabaRis, na-

xiWevanis da erevnis saxanoebi winandeburadve qarTl-kaxeTis daqvemdeba-

rebaSi imyofebodnen. aRmosavlur politikas gaCveuli qarTveli politi-

kosebi da, maT Soris, erekle II, rogorc wesi, brwyinvale diplomatebad

warmoCndebian samxreTis mezoblebTan urTierTobaSi. rasac ver vityviT

maTTvis jer kidev ucxo, kavkasionis qeds miRma myof Crdiloel mezobel-

Tan mimarTebaSi. ,,istoriuli gamocdileba uciloblad adasturebda, rom

samxreT kavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi gacilebiT ukeTesad agvareb-

dnen erTmaneTTan urTierTobas im xanmokle periodSi, rodesac didi

saxelmwifoebi dampyrobluri miznebiT ar ereodnen maT saqmeebSi“ (88,774).

quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekrulebas Sors gamiznuli gegmebi hqon-

da ruseTis sagareo-politikuri amocanebis gadaWris saqmeSi. ,,man saTave

daudo konkretulad ruseT-yabardos, saerTod ki, ruseT-kavkasiis poli-

tikis axal etaps~(115,37). ruseTma TurqeTsa da yirims ara marto gza Cau-

keta volgispireTsa da amierkavkasiisaken, aramed misi sazRvrebi dauax-

lovda saqarTvelos sazRvrebs. amgvarad, ruseTma saimedo gasaRebi miiRo

amierkavkasiaSi SeRwevisaTvis.

ruseTis politikis gaaqtiureba kavkasiaSi daemTxva saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis gamwvavebas, rac gamoixata ruseTisa da evropis saxelmwi-

foebis brZolaSi TurqeTSi gabatonebisaTvis. es yvelaferi aisaxa rogorc

ruseTis, ise TurqeTis kavkasiur politikaze.

quCuk-kainarjis zavma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula Crdilo kavkasi-

is xalxebis, kerZod yabardoelebis ruseTTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebaSi.

igi amasTan, saqarTvelo-ruseTis xangrZlivi urTierTobis istoriaSi ar-

sebiTi Semobrunebis punqti gaxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1774 w-mde ruseTi sa-

qarTvelos sakiTxs oficialur diplomatiur dokumentebSi ar ayenebda. aq-

amde misTvis mTavari iyo yabardosa da daRestnis sakiTxi, mas surda Tur-

qeTisaTvis daeketa gza Crdilo kavkasiaSi. rodesac 1774 w-is zaviT forma-

lurad yabardo ruseTTan SeerTebulad gamocxadda da met-naklebad es

amocana gadaiWra, aqtivizacia daetyo saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobasac.

- 85 -

III Tavi. georgievskis traqtati da misi Sedegebi

$1. saerTaSoriso viTareba traqtatis dadebamde

XVIII saukunis 70-ian wlebSi ruseTTan kavSirma erekle meores mo-

lodini ar gaumarTla.

ruseTTan kavSiriT gamowveul Tavze datexil ubedurebas TiTqos

Tvali unda aexila ereklesaTvis, magram ara, miuxedavad imisa, rusTa ga-

damkide saqarTvelo Zlivs gadaurCa gansacdels da rogorc saxifaTo pi-

robebidan Tavis daRweva, aseve mdgomareobis stabilizacia Tavisive Zale-

biT moaxerxa, erekles Tvali mainc CrdiloeTisaken eWira. magram quCuk-

kainarjis zavis Semdeg, ise rogorc manamde, ruseTi qarTveli mefeebis

Txovnas uyuradRebod tovebda. mas Semdeg, rac erekle II-m rusis jaris

saqarTveloSi yofniT ver moaxerxa Tavisi gegmebis ganxorcieleba, misi

xorcSesxma ruseTis mfarvelobaSi SesvliT ganizraxa. saamisod Txovnis

wigniTa da samefo karis pirobiT miavlina man 1772@w-s ruseTSi elCoba

anton kaTalikosisa da levan batoniSvilis meTaurobiT, magram ise, rom

arc gauTvaliswinebia TviT ruseTis sagareo mdgomareobani.

ruseTis mTavrobas TurqeTTan omis viTarebaSi, roca jer kidev ar

iyo gadawyvetili ruseTis Savi zRvis sanapiroze damkvidrebisa da Tavi-

sufali naosnobis uflebis sakiTxebi, evropis qveynebis mtruli pozici-

is, erTi sityviT, araxelsayreli saerTaSoriso pirobebis gamo, ar SeeZ-

lo mieRo qarTl-kaxeTi mfarvelobaSi. es gamoiwvevda TurqeTTan omis

gaWianurebas da iraneli xanebis moTminebidan gamoyvanas, romlebTanac

damaimedebeli werilebi hqondaT gagzavnili, rom ruseTs iranis winaaRm-

deg mtruli ganzraxva ar hqonda da jari saqarTveloSi mxolod Turqe-

Tis winaaRmdeg Semoiyvana. amitom 1773 w-is 31 dekembris weriliT ekateri-

ne II, romelsac sasiamovnod darCa erekle II-is gadawyvetileba, mefes at-

yobinebda: Tqveni winadadebis miReba amjerad ar SegviZlia da ufro xel-

sayreli droisaTvis gadavdoTo(45,I; 394-97). marTlac, araxelsayreli dro

SeurCeviaT elCobisaTvis erekle meoris samefo kars, magram unda aRiniS-

nos, rom xelsayreli situaciis SemTxvevaSic ruseTis miznebSi ar Sedi-

oda iseTi urTierTobis damyareba samefoebTan, rogorsac misgan iTxovd-

- 86 -

nen qarTveli diplomatebi. ekaterine II-s mTeli kavkasiis da maT Soris,

saqarTvelos dapyroba hqonda ganzraxuli. F F @

aTiode wlis Semdeg, 1781-1782@wlebSi, roca viTareba amierkavkasiaSi

kvlav daiZaba, Sav zRvaze ruseT-TurqeTis metoqeobis gaRrmavebis gamo,

ruseTis mTavrobam gadawyvita daeCqarebina yirimisa da Semdeg saqarTve-

los sakiTxis gadaWra. yirimis saxanom, marTalia, damoukidebloba moipo-

va 1774 w-is quCuk-kainarjis zaviT, magram aq ruseTis gavlenis gavrcele-

bis miswrafebis pirobebSi, mas ar surda TurqeTidan Camocileba da arc

TurqeTs eTmoboda yofili savasalo da saerTod Tavisi poziciebi Crdi-

loeT SavizRvispireTSi. ai, aseT pirobebSi gadawyda saqarTvelos ruse-

Tis mfarvelobaSi ayvanis sakiTxi saimperatoro karze, romelsac didi xa-

nia dasaxuli hqonda miznad kavkasiis regionis xelSi Cagdeba, rom Sem-

deg aq gabatonebuls gaioleboda axlo aRmosavleTis aTvisebis sanukva-

ri gegmis ganxorcieleba; misi xorcSesxma XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebidan ir-

anis dauZlurebis pirobebSi realurad esaxeboda ekaterine II-is samefo

kars. imperatoris diplomatebma avstriasTan erTad 1782 w-s SeimuSaves

kidec axlo aRmosavleTis aTvisebis grandiozuli gegma (,,saberZneTis

proeqti~), romlis avtori da sulisCamdgmeli iyo ekaterine II-is favo-

riti gr. potiomkini. am proeqtiT TurqeTis nangrevebze mkvdreTiT unda

aRmdgariyo rogorc saberZneTis da balkaneTis slavuri saxelmwifoebi,

ise somexTa da qarTvelTa qristianuli samefoebi, romlebic ruseTTan

megobrul urierTobaSi iqnebodnen. es ,,proeqti~ ufro utopiuria, vidre

realuri da zemoxsenebuli xalxebisTvis dagebul satyuaras hgavs, rom

ufro warmatebuli gaxados osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZola da amave dros,

Tavic gaimarTlos saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis winaSec _ ruseTi antios-

maluri koaliciis mebairaxtred warmoaCens Tavs. es proeqti rogorc gaC-

nda, iseve male gaqra _ ruseTi karga xania gegmavda saqarTvelos dapyro-

bas da am periodSi ukve gadawyvetilia misi erTi didi nawilis _ qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos ,,mfarvelobaSi~ ayvana. am proeqts icnobdnen qarTveli

mefeebi da masze did imedebsac amyarebdnen. ruseTis mTavrobas am proeq-

tis gansaxorcieleblad, ra Tqma unda, realuri nabijebi ar gadaudgams.

is mxolod demagogias mimarTavda da qarTvel mmarTvelTa Tvalasabme-

- 87 -

lad da misamxrobad uSurvelad gascemda jildoebs, sigelebs da ,,yov-

lad sawadel nugeSs~.

ruseTis imperiam am proeqtis ganxorcieleba vera, magram kavkasia-

Si fexis mokideba ki SesZlo. igi amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi poziciebis ganm-

tkicebas isev amierkavkasiis xalxTa samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebiT gegma-

vda. mTel am politikaSi centraluri adgili eTmoboda Zvel didebas mo-

klebul, magram mainc kavkasiis burjs – saqarTvelos, konkretulad ki,

mis aRmosavleT naxevars qarTl-kaxeTis samefos. amitomac aRmosavleTSi

ekaterine II-s mTavrobis politikis warmateba TiTqmis mTlianad damoki-

debuli iyo im poziciaze, romelsac erekle II daikavebda. SemTxveviTi

rodi iyo ruseTSi arsebuli somxuri eklesiis meTauris ioseb arRuTini-

anis ganmarteba qarTl-kaxeTis samefos siZlieris Sesaxeb Tqmuli mTav-

robis warmomadgenlis pavle potiomkinis winaSe rom ,,erekle mefis gad-

mobirebiT ruseTs aRar eyoleba mowinaaRmdege mTels azerbaijanSi Tav-

rizamde, radgan erekles pativiscemiT epyroba yvela iqauri mflobeli;

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe iranis yvela xansa da mflobelze Zlieria da Sahis

Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovani pirovnebaa, romlis Zalaufleba saqarTve-

los garda ganjaze, erevansa da naxiCevanze vrceldeba; iranis xanebi da-

wyebuli Tavrizidan yovelwliurad erekles mdidar ZRvens ugzavnian pa-

tiviscemisa da mowiwebis niSnad. erekles 50.000 kacisagan Semgari jaris

gamoyvana SeuZliao~ (99,209, 212), - dasZenda bolos arRuTiniani.

ruseTis mTavrobam miiCnia ra Tavisi gegmis aRsrulebisaTvis dro-

is xelsayreloba, gadawyvita, amierkavkasiaSi damkvidrebis mizniT saqar-

Tvelo Tavis mfarvelobaSi mieRo. miT ufro, rom am sakiTxis gadaWra saC-

qarod mosCanda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis TurqeTze arasasurveli orientaci-

is pirobebSi. kainarjis zavis Semdeg, ruseTis mxridan erTgvari inertu-

lobis periodSi erekle Seecada sxva gzebi eZebna didi saxelmwifoebri-

vi miznebis aRsasruleblad. qarTl-kaxeTis mefe iZulebuli gaxda isev

TurqeTisaTvis miemarTa. 1776-78 ww-Si man osmaleTTan daaxloeba daiwyo.

am periodSi iran-osmaleTi saomrad emzadeboda. osmaleTis mimxrobiT er-

ekle cdilobda iranis formaluri batonobisagan TavdaRwevas, amierkav-

kasiis saxanoebze Tavisi mflobelobis kidev ufro gaZlierebas, qarTuli

miwebis dabrunebas. man elCi miavlina sulTnis karze. ,,osmaleTTan gab-

- 88 -

mulma molaparakebam xeli Seuwyo qarTl-kaxeTis Sinauri mdgomareobis

ganmtkicebas. axalcixis suleiman-faSasTan megobruli urTierToba damyar-

da da lekTa TareSebmac amis gamo ramodenamde Semcireba iwyes~(108,124). er-

ekles elCis gamoCenis Sesaxeb xonTqris karze ruseTis stambolelma elC-

ma peterburgs acnoba da Tan Seatyobina, rom ereklesa da portas Soris

samegobro da samokavSireo traqtati daido. am xelSekrulebis teqsti

CvenTvis ucnobia, is ki udavoa, rom SeTanxmebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

TurqeTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda: ruseTis sagareo uwyebebis xelmZRvanel-

Ta, ostermanisa da bezborodkos, gancxadebiT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo 1776

wels portas mfarvelobaSi Sevida (132,271).

mogvianebiT, roca viTareba Seicvala da qarTvelTaTvis wina plan-

ze kvlav rusulma orientaciam wamoiwia, porta xazgasmiT acxadebda, rom,

mis arqivSi Zevs sabuTebi, erekles mier xelmowerili da beWeddasmuli, sa-

idanac aSkaraa, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelo mis mfarvelobaSi iTvleba.

jevdeT faSas cnobiT, erekles am xelSekrulebiT evaleba `xeli SeuSa-

los azerbaijanis xanebis kavSirs da gaerTianebas qerim-xanTan~ (104,21). sa-

nacvlod ki `misi didebuleba fadiSahisagan erekles miecema erTgvari Se-

saZlebloba Tavisi Zalisa da Zlierebis uzrunvelsayofad~ (104,21).

TurqeT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aliansma ruseTi gamoafxizla da

dauyovnebliv da energiulad scada saqmis gamosworeba: ,,ruseTis diplo-

matia ormxrivi ieriSiT Seecada, ereklesaTvis gezi Seecvlevinebina. er-

Ti mxriv, man aleqsandre amilaxvari aamoqmeda, aleqsandre baqaris'Ze fa-

Tali-xanTan mivida, TviT faTali-xani aqtiurad amoqmedda erekles wina-

aRmdeg, mas saSualeba mieca amierkavkasiaSi jaris daqiravebisa – yvela

es ruseTis mxriv miRebuli kontrzomebi Cans~ (67,168-171).

XVIII s-is 70-iani wlebis bolodan iZabeba ruseT-saqarTvelos ur-

TierToba, ruseTis gaRizianebas iwvevda erekles farTomasStabiani da

gegmazomieri amierkavkasiuli politika _ saxanoebis Tavisi Zalauflebis

qveS moqceva. erekles mier am kuTxiT gatarebul yvela RonisZiebas ruse-

Ti win eRobeba.

1778 wels ereklem ganja dalaSqra, ibrahim xanTan erTad gainawi-

la da iq Tavisi `gubernatori~ qaixosro andronikaSvili daadgina. amave

dros erekles xels ar aZlevda, rom erevanSi iranis Zalaufleba aRmdga-

- 89 -

riyo. erekle meores kargad esmoda erevnis saxanos politikuri da eko-

nomikuri mniSvneloba saqarTvelosTvis. es ukanaskneli dros ixelTebda

Tu ara, maSinve Tavs daixsnida xolme qarTl-kaxeTis mefis vasalobisa-

gan. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi kavSirs amyarebda iranTan, ruseTTan. `yovel-

Tvis arsebobda imis safrTxe, rom erevnis saxano kvlav iranis vasali

gamxdariyo. garda amisa, somexi politikuri moRvaweebi uSualod amyareb-

dnen kavSirs ruseTis samefo karTan da cdilobdnen misi SemweobiT aRed-

ginaT somxeTis damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. aseTi saxelmwifos Seqmna ki

safrTxes uqadda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gabatonebul mdgomareobas amier-

kavkasiaSi. erekle meores erCia qristian somxebs saqarTvelos xeliT mie-

RoT damoukidebloba. saamisod ki saWiro iyo erevnis saxanos SemoerTe-

ba~(50,6-7). amitom 1779 wels qarTl-kaxeTis jarebi erevnis saxanoSi Sevid-

nen. ereklem erevani aiRo da iq gubernatorad Tavisi siZe ioane konstan-

tines Ze muxranbatoni daayena. erekle mefem 1780 welsac ilaSqra erevan-

ze Zalauflebis aRsadgenad. 1776 wlis saidumlo xelSekruleba osmale-

Tis imperiasTan erekles saSualebas aZlevda SeeerTebina erevnis saxano

da hegemonoba moepovebina amierkavkasiaSi. amitom ruseTma saswrafod mii-

Ro kontrzomebi _ ruseTidan taxtis pretendenti aleqsandre baqaris Ze

gamouSva. igi jer TavrizSi Cavida, iqidan ki imereTSi gadmovida da mom-

xreebis Sekreba daiwyo taxtis xelSi Casagdebad. solomon meorem didi

pativiscemiT miiRo taxtis maZiebeli, radgan `igi ganuwyvetliv ebrZoda

osmaleTs da hqonda safuZveli, rom erekles axal sagareo politikaSi

safrTxe daenaxa~(88,683).

1779 w-s erekle mefis laSqrobam erevanSi biZgi misca ruseTis aq-

tiurobas regionSi, romelic XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi e.w. ,,spa-

rseTis laSqrobaSi~ gadaizarda. ,,ar aris gamoricxuli, rom ruseTis as-

eTi aqtiuroba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom ruseTma kargad dainaxa 1779

wlis erekles erevanze laSqrobis mizezebi“ (168,107). 80-iani wlebis dasa-

wyisidan TiTqos realur svlebs akeTebs ruseTi samxreTiT Tavisi teri-

toriis gafarToebisa da somxuri saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad. am pe-

riodis movlenebi istoriografiaSi petre didis sparseTSi laSqrobis

wabaZviT ,,sparseTis laSqrobis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. mecnierTa didi na-

wilis TvalsazrisiT, XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, ruseTi ,,som-

- 90 -

xuri sakiTxis“ mogvarebas sparseTTan SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebiT fiq-

robda. aRniSnul mosazrebas iziarebs a. ioanisiani (99,190-91).

marTlac, am periodis movlenebi Zlier hgavda ,,sparseTis laSqro-

bas“. astraxanSi Camodis a. suvorovi da gacxovelebul mimoweras awarmo-

ebs erekle II-Tan, somex meliqebTan da sxv. daaxloebiT amave periodSi iq-

mneba dokumenti: ,,Краткая справка о городах и расстояние между ними на Каспийском

море~, sadac saubari iyo rogorc aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis geografiul

mdebareobaze, aseve adgilobrivi xanebis ekonomikur da samxedro poten-

cialze. magram, es yvelaferi mxolod movlenis garegnul mxared mosCans

_ esaa erekles sawinaaRmdego qmedeba erevnis saxanos SemoerTebis gzaze.

XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan ruseTis gaaqtiurebas samxreTiT

sxva mizezebi da sxva miznebi amoZravebda. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi

samxreTiT ruseTis aseTi gaaqtiurebisa, misi savaWro interesebia spar-

seTSi, romelic Zalian mniSvnelovania ruseTisaTvis da es interesi

indoeTTan vaWrobasac gulisxmobs. ruseTisaTvis XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebSi

gadaudebel amocanad iqca Tavisi savaWro interesebis dacva sparseTSi,

magram, imxanad ruseTs ar SeeZlo sakiTxis samxedro gziT gadaWra (Tur-

qeTTan daZabuli urTierTobis gamo _ winaaRmdegobis ZiriTadi kvanZia

tamanis naxevarkunZuli, yirimis saxano da poloneTi). ruseTis es samza-

disi ufro Zalis demonstrirebas warmoadgenda, romelic gaTamamebuli

sparseli xanebis TavaSvebulobis aRkveTas isaxavda miznad. sayuradReboa

80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi a. suvorovis saxelze gagzavnili potiomkinis

instruqcia, sadac bevri laparakia xanebis Tavxedobis aRkveTaze da ara-

feria naTqvami teritoriis dapyrobasa da somxeTis saxelmwifoebriobis

aRdgenaze. ruseTi, rogorc yovelTvis, amierkavkasiis xalxebs iyenebda

Tavisi miznebisaTvis da amisaTvis mimarTavda yalb ideologias. amjera-

dac is ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs _ daicvas iranSi Tavisi savaW-

ro interesebi da imavdroulad amierkavkasiis xalxebsac _ qarTvelebs,

somxebs, aCvenos Tavi maTi miznebis mxardamWerad. axla ukve, roca gadaw-

yvetilia da moaxloebuli amierkavkasiis dapyroba, ruseTs sulac ar

awyobs qarTvelTa da somexTa politikuri aliansi, an kidev maTi cal-

calke gaZliereba. ruseTs Tavad surs erevnis saxanos misakuTreba da

erekles aqeT mimaval gzaze, bunebrivia, winaRoba Seuqmna.

- 91 -

aseTi ganwyoba Cans georgievskis traqtatis xelSekrulebidanac.

somxeTi traqtatis ZiriTad teqstSi naxsenebi araa (arc dedanSi, arc sa-

ratifikacio sigelSi). igi mxolod qarTveli elCebis rwmunebis sigel-

Sia naxsenebi. ,,...mivarTviT umdablesi Txova Cuedan, irakli II-man, mefeman

qarTlisa da mefeman kaxeTisaman, memkvidreman mTavarma samcxe-saaTabago-

saman, mTavarma yazaxisaman, mTavarma borCalosaman, mefeman SamSadiloisa-

man, mTavarman Saqisaman da mTavarman Sirvanisaman, mflobelma da mbrZane-

belman ganjisa, erevnisa da sxuaTaman“(31,65). erekles titulaturaSi, traq-

tatis oficialur da gaxmaurebul teqstSi somxeTi arsad araa moxsenie-

buli _ erekle mxolod mefe qarTlisa da ,,mefe kaxeTisa da sxvaTa ixse-

nieba“. xolo am ,,sxvaTa“-Si nagulisxmebi somxeTi mxolod qarTveli

elCebis rwmunebis sigelSi darCa da misi datovebac imperatoris nebarT-

vaze yofila damokidebuli. xolo imperatorma, rogorc davinaxeT, saWi-

rod CaTvala misi ,,rwmunebis sigelSi“ datoveba.

ruseTis diplomatia, udavoa, xelsayrel viTarebaSi somxeTis (er-

evnis saxanosa) da mTeli azerbaijanis saxanoebis erekles saxeliT dap-

yrobas varaudobda, magram Tu erekle Semdeg ,,rwmunebis sigelSi naxsene-

bi saxanoebis daCemebas daiwyebda, ruseTis diplomatias xelT hqonda er-

ekles Txovnis wigni (1771 ww-isa), romelSic qarTl-kaxeTis mefe uars am-

bobda im teritoriebze (ZirZveli qarTuli miwebis gamoklebiT), romel-

sac ruseTi Tavisi iaraRiT momavalSi daipyrobda. erekles praqtikulad

arc SeeZlo da verc daiCemebda somxeTs. ufro metic, verc erekles memk-

vidreebi daiCemebdnen somxeTs. ruseTi varaudobda garkveul dromde erek-

le II-is saxeliT emoqmeda amierkavkasiaSi. 1787 w-is rus-qarTvelTa erTo-

blivi laSqroba ganjaze amiT iyo ganpirobebuli, magram TurqeTTan omis

dawyebam dRis wesrigidan droebiT moxsna es sakiTxi. mogvianebiT ruseTi

kvlav ubrundeba zemoT aRniSnul kurss.

ise, rom XVIII saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos erekle meorem ver

moaxerxa erevnis saxanos SemoerTeba, radgan misi ganzraxva, osmaleTTan

kavSiris daxmarebiT hegemonoba moepovebina amierkavkasiaSi, daupirispirda

ruseTis samefo karis interesebs amierkavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleT-

Si.

- 92 -

garda amisa, ruseTma CauSala erekles erT-erTi didi RonisZieba _

yabardoelTa gadmosaxleba saqarTveloSi. 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ere-

klem ganizraxa samxedro Zlierebis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT yabardoelTa

gadmosaxleba, romelnic araerTxel dauxmarebia warmatebiT. XVIII s-is

40-50-ian wlebSi iranelebisa da aRmosavleTiT mosazRvre saxanoebis gan-

jis, erevnisa da naxiCevnis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi qarTvelma mefeebma ara-

erTgzis miaRwies warmatebas kavkasiis mTielebis, pirvel rigSi ki yabar-

doelebis daxmarebiT. gansakuTrebiT xSirad erekle II mimarTavda mcire

yabardos mTavrebs. misi warmatebebi am brZolaSi TurqeTis mmarTveli

wreebis SeSfoTebas iwvevda, radgan igi ruseTis mxridan daxmarebis Se-

degi egonaT (mag-ad 1752 w-s, roca qarTls Saqi-Sarvanis xani aji-Calabi

daemuqra, 2000 yabardoeli Camosula saqarTveloSi, maTi daxmarebiT gamar-

jveba moipova ereklem da saerTod, Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is ener-

giuli samxedro moqmedebis meSveobiT, yabardoelebisa da sxva Crdilo

kavkasieli xalxebis daxmarebiT proiranuli saxanoebis koalicia, rome-

lic saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleTidan emuqreboda, damarcxebul iqna).

aseve, XVIII s-is II naxevris garTulebul situaciaSi erekle II-m

isargeblaYyabardoelebis ukmayofilebiT, rac ruseTis mxridan koloni-

uri politikis gaZlierebas mohyva da Seecada yabardoelebis saqarTvelo-

Si gadmosaxlebas. 1778 w-is noembris dasawyisSi erekle II-m elCebi gag-

zavna yabardoSi (69,343), magram ruseTis mxarem es Seityo da elCoba daa-

kava. T. bocvaZe SeniSnavs, yabardoelebs ruseTi SesaniSnavad iyenebda, ro-

gorc damxmare Zalas TurqeT-yirimxanis winaaRmdeg, amitom miuRebeli iyo

misTvis saqarTveloSi maTi Camosaxleba. 1782 w-s erekle mefem meored sca-

da yabardoelTa gadmosaxleba. magram, ruseTis CareviT es cdac marcxiT

dasrulda (68,115).

XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebSi yabardoelTa saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebis

ganmeorebiT wamowyeba ereklem erTi mxriT ,,morige jaris“ ganmtkicebis

mizniT, xolo meore mxriv, aleqsandre baqaris Zis gaaqtiurebis gamo mo-

isurva; magram yabardoelTa gadmosaxlebis sakiTxSi winaaRmdegoba gamo-

wveuli iyo ruseTis mzakvruli mosazrebiT _ cal-calke daepyro da See-

erTebina amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi.

- 93 -

amis Semdeg ereklem scada evropis saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis

damyareba. mas regularuli jaris Sesaqmnelad surda fuladi sesxi da

1781 da 1782 wlebSi orjer sTxova avstriis imperator ioseb meores fu-

ladi sesxi laSqris gasadideblad, magram arcerTxel pasuxi ar miuRia

(202,23). 1782 wels mimaraTa venaSi imperators, agreTve safrangeTis mefes,

sardiniis, neapolis da veneciis mTavrobaT. mefe Txoulobda daxmarebas

jariT an fuliT da Tavis mxriv pirobas debda, Seusrulos misTvis dax-

marebis momcem saxelmwifos yovelive moTxovnileba sparseTis dapyrobi-

sa Tu osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mTeli Tavisi ZaliT moqmedebis Sesaxeb“(108,

127-28). am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis s. kakabaZe

„1781 wels venaSi wamoiWra Semdegi proeqti: Savi zRvis aRmosavleT da

Crdilo qveynebis bazaze unda Seqmniliyo axali qristianuli saxelmwi-

fo, romelsac „miTridates“ saxelmwifos arqmevdnen da romelic ruseTis

interesebis winaaRmdeg unda yofiliyo mimarTuli. ereklem gaigo am pro-

eqtis arseboba da garkveuli nabiji gadadga Tavis mxriv, raTa realuri

gaexada avstriis moqmedeba amierkavkasiaSi. maSin ruseTma energiulad mo-

kida xeli traqtatis dadebis saqmes“ (105,268).

meore mxriv, ruseTma uxvi dapirebebiT mravlad aamoqmeda Tavisi

agentebi erekles karze. erTi maTgania germaneli doqtori iakob raineg-

si, romelmac didi wvlili Seitana saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi

Sesvlis _ traqtatis dadebis saqmeSi.

iv. javaxiSvili xelmZRvanelobs ra TviT rusi istorikosis burna-

Sevis arqivis masalebiT, aRniSnavs, rom ,,am mizniT potiomkinma TavisTan

daibara im dros erekles karze myofi germaneli mogzauri rainegsi da

saTanado instruqciiT 1782 w-is Semodgomas isev saqarTveloSive gamois-

tumra, magram axla ukve rogorc ruseTis warmomadgeneli qarTveli mef-

is winaSe“ (203,73). saidumlo mindobilobiT aRWurvils sagangebod dava-

lebuli hqonda erekle mefisaTvis Caegonebina, rom mas ruseTis imperato-

risaTvis mfarveloba eTxova.

da mainc vin iyo rainegsi? keTilSobili kaTolike raindi, mogza-

uri, mecnier-swavluli Tu moxetiale avantiuristi da ruseTis agenti? am

istoriuli personaJis mimarT araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba aqvT Zvel

- 94 -

Tu Tanamedrove, qarTvel Tu ucxoel istorikosebs. „arcerT mogzaurze

ar arsebobs imdeni erTmaneTis gamomricxavi azri, ramdenic rainegsze. ev-

ropaSi igi cudi reputaciiT sargeblobda“ (146,107). TviT germaneli Tana-

memamuleni mas arasaxarbielod axasiaTeben. sakmarisia davasaxeloT maT-

gan i. fon klaproTi, k. noimani. es ukanaskneli aRniSnavs, rom ruseTi

jaSuSebs da Tavgadasavlebis maZieblebs gzavnida saqarTveloSi dazver-

viTi samuSaoebis Casatareblad da maT amisTvis fuls uxdida. swored

aseTTa ricxvSi moixseniebs igi rainegss. ,,mTavroba jaSuSebs da Tavgada-

savlebis maZieblebs (iseTebs, rogoric iyo dalaqis naSegirdali raineg-

si) qiraobda oqroTi, raTa maT mier miwodebuli cnobebis, Canawerebis,

aRwerebis safuZvelze mtkice sayrdeni Seeqmna momavali gegmebisaTvis~

(28,154). xolo klaproTis mixedviT, rainegsis ,,trabaxi im werilebSi, ro-

melsac igi agzavnida aziidan evropaSi, misi Turqulad, sparsulad da

qarTulad dawerili dRiurebi gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas CavwvdeT maT me-

cnierul dones. igi trabaxiTa da eSmakobiT cdilobs Tavis gamoCenas.

namdvil mecniers xom Tavi ar moaqvs da naklebad ainteresebs brbos az-

ri, romelsac misTvis aranairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs da is cdilobs, rom

trabaxiT isini Tavis mxares gadaibiros da maTi ndoba moipovos... Cveu-

lebrivi mogzauri erTgulad aRwerda yovelives, rac naxa da aseT rai-

mes ar ikadrebda. rogorc ar unda damalos rainegsma, mainc Cans misi wi-

gnidan Tu ramdens unda umadlodes igi giuldenStedts, gerbersa da gme-

lins, radganac igi maT Secdomebs imeorebs~(28,73-5). rainegsi 1778 wels Ca-

movida TbilisSi. mas eqim iakubs uwodebdnen. is daibara mefe ereklem da

isini Turqulad saubrobdnen. es iyo erTaderTi aziuri ena, romelic ra-

inegss esmoda; hqonda arabuli enis leqsikoni laTinuri ganmartebebiT.

man erekles SesTavaza winadadeba _ gaeumjobesebinaT Tofis wamlis war-

moeba da samTo saqmianoba. pirveli, marTlac, moewyo qalaq Tbilisis da-

savleT velze. radgan es Tofis wamali ar iyo imaze ukeTesi, romelsac

adre awarmoebdnen, amitom am warmoebam Sewyvita arseboba. Semdeg man gaa-

keTa axtalis madnis sinjebi, magram amanac ar gaamarTla. mefes, romelic

isedac ar iyo mdidari, es didi fuli daujda. rainegsma dakarga pativis-

cema da Sarlatanis saxeli moipova. misi uTanxmoeba graf koharisTan, ro-

melic marTla giJi iyo, magram rainegsi mainc yvelafers mas unda umad-

- 95 -

lodes, cnobili gaxda sasaxlis karze da amiTac misi xasiaTi saukeTeso

mxriv ar warmoCnda. TbilisSi yofnisas is cdilobda qarTuli ena Sees-

wavla, magram misi tiuringiuli dialeqti ar aZlevda sityvebis sworad

warmoTqmis saSualebas. es misi wignidanac Cans _ is yvela qarTul si-

tyvas SecdomiT wers. mizezi, ris gamoc man saqarTvelo datova, aris

Semdegi: im periodSi TbilisSi Camovida iraneli Tavgadasavlebis maZiebe-

li, romelic Tavs SaiSebis saxlis STamomavlad asaRebda da erekles mi-

er kargad iqna miRebuli; man is daajera, rom flobda oqros miRebis xe-

lovnebas. alqimia azielebis sayvareli mecnierebaa. erekle darwmunebuli

iyo, rom mas SeeZlo oqros damzadeba da sparselTan didi xnis manZilze

muSaobda. radganac araferi ar gamovida, mefem moTmineba dakarga; alqi-

mikosma, romelmac dainaxa rom is matyuarad CaTvales, miiRo didi doziT

opiumi, raTa momkvdariyo. rodesac is agoniaSi iyo, ereklem saswrafod

eqimi rainegsi moayvanina, romelmac veRar SeZlo misi gadarCena. mefe Se-

movida im dros, roca sparseli da misi imedebi sibrZnis qvis Sesaxeb da-

iRupnen. saSinlad aRSfoTebulma, sawyal tiuringiels mZlavrad gaartya

saxeSi; roca saqarTveloSi mefe xels urtyams, misi amalac Sexmatkbile-

bulad urtyams masTan erTad. mokled rom vTqvaT, mefis sazafxulo re-

zidenciidan TbilisSi rainegsi nacemi dabrunda. man gadawyvita, rom Tbi-

lisSi aRar darCeniliyo da ruseTSi gaemgzavra, sadac man, albaT, poti-

omkinis daxmarebiT aranaklebi wvlili Seitana ruseTis mier am qveynis

dapyrobis saqmeSi. aseTia rainegsis pirovnebis da misi naSromis klapro-

Tiseuli Sefaseba, romelic meti undoblobiT gangvawyobs mis mimarT (28,-

74-75). sainteresoa, ratom midis gaZevebuli rainegsi maincdamainc ruseTSi

da yvela avantiuristis TavSesafari ratomaa es saxelmwifo. sulac ar

gveCveneba miuReblad im istorikosTa azri, rom igi ruseTis agenti iyo,

maTgan mosyiduli da Semogzavnili erekle II-is karze. ruseTis imperias

xom saukeTeso dazverva hyavda. misi agentebi modebulni iyvnen maxlobel

aRmosavleTsa da kavkasias. bevri maTgani swored rom germaneli iyo, ,,im-

peratrica~ ekaterine II-is Tanamemamuleni da mis samsaxurSi Camdgarni.

gansakuTrebiT mis dros gaizarda germanel ,,mogzaurTa~ da ,,swavlul-

Ta~ mimosvla saqarTveloSi _ qveynis yovelmxrivi Seswavlis mizniT ew-

yoboda eqspediciebi, rac dampyrobluri politikis mizans emsaxureboda.

- 96 -

rainegsi im kritikul situaciaSi gamoCnda saqarTveloSi 70-iani

wlebis bolos, ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg, roca erekle, mas mere, rac

am omSi monawileobiT ver miaRwia dasaxul mizans, TurqeTs daukavSirda

da 1776-77 wlebSi farulad dado xelSekruleba masTan _ igi, Cans, sam-

xreT saqarTvelos SemoerTebas isaxavs miznad. arc am urTierTobis miz-

nebi da mizezebi darCenia ruseTs gaurkveveli. is yovelmxriv da yovel-

nairad eRobeba win erekles politikas da mizan-swrafvas _ gasaqans ar

aZlevs mas. rac ar unda moimoqmedos mefem, ruseTi myisve kotrzomebiT

xvdeba yovel mis nabijs. sakmarisia vaxsenoT am periodSi miRebuli misi

RonisZiebani erekles winaaRmdeg _ 1778 wels erekles mier erevnis saxa-

nos SemoerTebis mcdeloba da ruseTis mier aleqsandre batoniSvilis

gamoSveba, ai, swored aseT dros Cndeba germaneli mogzauri erekle me-

fis samefo karze, es faqti, marTlac, rom eWvis aRmZvrelia. rusma poli-

tikanebma mSvenivrad icodnen ra erekles mizan-swrafvani: mudmivi jaris

Seqmnis, gawvrTnis, SeiaraRebis, evropulad gawyobis, Tofis wamlis war-

moebis da sxva gardaqmnaTa Sesaxeb _ swored aseT yovelmxriv ganswav-

lul pirovnebad waradgines rainegsi mefis winaSe. isic sayovelTaod iyo

cnobili, rom erekle kaTolike misionerebs Tu mogzaur swavlulebs di-

dad mfarvelobda, iaxlovebda kulturul-ekonomiuri cxovrebis gamoco-

cxlebis mizniT. raRa Tqma unda, aseTi kacis gamoCena evropul gardaqm-

naTa mosurne erekle mefes didad gaaxarebda da aucileblad moiwvevda

Tavis karze. asec moxda. erekle evropel ,,mecnier-swavlul-mogzaurs“ di-

di pativiT daabinavebs sasaxleSi. rainegsi mas gverdidan ar Sordeba, ev-

ropul cxovrebaze uambobs, momaval gardaqmnaTa gegmebs warmousaxavs,

guliTad megobrad gaixdis, mefis ndobasa da keTilganwyobas moipovebs,

ise, rom mefe mas yovel dafarul gegmebsa da azrebs andobs. rogorc b.

sadaTieraSvili gadmogvcems Tavis statiaSi ,,germaneli ganmanaTleblebi

qarTvel mefeTa karze“, rainegsma imdenad didi ndoba moipova, rom monar-

qi xSirad Tavis saidumlos umJRavnebda. ereklem daavala mas Tbilisis

gakontrolebac, rac rainegss Zalze axarebda. avtori CamoTvlis yvela

im damsaxurebas, romelic man samefo karze yofnis dros moimoqmeda; ker-

Zod, TbilisSi gaxsna samedicino skola, xolo sasaxleSi skola uflis-

wulebisaTvis, gaxsna saartilerio saswavlebeli, Tofis wamlis mwar-

- 97 -

moebeli sawarmo, oqrosa da vercxlis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebi. vaWro-

bisa da xelosnobis mizniT germaniidan, avstriidan, poloneTidan moiwvia

vaWrebi da xelosnebi da a. S. Tumca yovelive zemoTxsenebul ,,sikeTeebs“

ar adasturebs samefo karis warmomadgeneli daviT batoniSvili. misi gad-

mocemiT, man TiTqosda aago madansadnobi, magram berZenma ostatebma saq-

miT daamtkices, rom mas ar SeeZlo kargad dnoba. aseve, TiTqosda, aago

Tofis wamlis wisqvili, magram es iyo mxolod sanayis modeli da a. S.

(91,291-293). bolos rainegsma Tavisi uTavbolo wamowyebebiT mefes bevri

fuli daaxarjina. erekles moTminebis fiala amoewura da igi Tavidan mo-

iSora.

rainegsis biografis gerstenbergis naSromi saSualebas iZleva Tva-

li gavadevnoT rainegsis mogzaurobamdel cxovrebas, romelic ,,umeteswi-

lad winaaRmdegobebis jaWvs warmoadgens“. 50-60-ian wlebSi igi sagangebod

emzadeba aRmosavleTSi samogzaurod, eufleba sxvadasxva profesiebs: medi-

cinas, alqimias, mineralogias, dalaqobas, eswreba leqciebs, swavlobs

enebs, ecnoba misionerebs, aseve somxebs, berZnebs, Turqebs da aRmosavle-

Tis sxva xalxebs, romlebic venaSi Cerdebodnen _ dainteresebulia maTi

zne-CveulebebiT, tradiciebiT, misi gegmazomieri mzadeba adasturebs, rom

jer kidev venaSi hqonda mtkiced gadawyvetili aRmosavleTSi mogzauroba.

imperatorma maria tereziam rainegss baronoba uboZa da misive rekomen-

daciiT 1773 wels umaRlesi samedicino _ doqtoris xarisxic miiRo tir-

naus universitetSi (ungreTSi). saamisod mas fuli gadauxades _ qalba-

tonma lixtenStainma mas fuli misca doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad.

amaze cota adre, 1772 wels, imperatorma mis megobar, imxanad gakotre-

bul koharisac ubrZana ungreTSi wasvla; albad maSin unda gadaewyvita

grafs rainegsTan erTad aRmosavleTSi mogzauroba. rainegsic dabejiTe-

biT eZebda mesaidumle da saimedo pirovnebas, romelsac laTinuri wera

da laparaki ecodineboda, aseve xatva. swavlis wlebSi, rogorc misi biog-

rafi gadmogvcems, Cveni gmiri `arafriT gamoirCeoda da araviTar imeds

ar iZleoda, rom odesme saWiro da gamosadegi kaci gaxdeboda. amdenad,

is iseT gzas daadga, sadac mas esaWiroeboda zogjer ufro metad warmo-

Ceniliyo, vidre sinamdvileSi iyo. bevrni, romelic mas adre icnobdnen,

sakmaod gakvirvebulni arian imiT, rom rainegsma aseT did sapatio simaR-

- 98 -

les miaRwia da mravalmxrivi damsaxureba moipova... 1768 wlis Semodgoma-

ze axalgazrda elixi kidev erTxel gamoCnda laifcigSi, amjerad Zalze

kargad Cacmuli, Tan hqonda ori didi mZime skivri, saukeTeso TeTreuli,

gemovnebiT Sekerili eqvsi xeli tanisamosi, asve sakmao raodenobis fu-

li~(36,52,55). sami dRis Semdeg is uecrad gaqra. aravin icis misi uecari

gardaqmnis mizezi, misi mudmivi saidumloebiT aRsavse saqcieli, misi ur-

TierTobebi aseve gaurkvevel pirovnebebTan, misi xSiri gauCinarebebi, mog-

zaurobebi kviraobiT da TveobiT, imTaviTve didi kiTxvis niSans badebs da

gvibiZgebs im daskvnis gakeTebisaken, rom igi jaSuSi iyo da amzadebdnen am

mizniT.

rainegsi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, erekles karze metad kritikul

situaciaSi gamoCnda da SeuZlebelia es SemTxveviToba yofiliyo. b. sada-

TieraSvlis gadmocemiT sparseTSi yofnis dros rainegsi gaecno iqaur qar-

Tvelebs, aseve iq moRvawe kaTolike misionerebs, maTi daxmarebiT gaecno

saqarTvelos imdroindel mdgomareobas. misionerebs Soris iyvnen germa-

nelebic (fedeli da bistoni), romlebsac saqarTvelo cxovel interess

aRuZravda. `amave periodSi sparseTSi imyofebodnen rusi umaRlesi samxe-

dro mosamsaxureebi. maT Soris iyvnen agreTve qarTveli renegatebic, rom-

lebic mxars uWerdnen saqarTvelos aneqsias ruseTis mier. maT mWidro

kavSiri daamyares rainegsTan da igi warudgines georgievskSi myof ruse-

Tis kavkasiis armiis mTavarsardals potiomkins. am gamyidvelebma rus ge-

nerals miuTiTes, agreTve, rom is saqarTvelos ufro adre Caigdebda xel-

Si, Tu rainegss gadaibirebda Tavis mxareze. male rainegsi Cadga ruseTis

samsaxurSi da dainiSna komisrad qarTvel mefeTa karze~ (28,70).

marTlac, rainegsma 1781 wels Tbilisi datova da ruseTisaken gae-

marTa. erTi wlis Semdeg, 1782 w-s ki igi specialuri davalebiT (ganewyo

erekle II ruseTisaTvis mfarvelobis saTxovnelad) kvlav daubrunda qa-

rTl-kaxeTis samefo kars. amjerad rainegsi farTo _ amierkavkasiuri mas-

StabiT moqmedebs. aqaur politikosebs STaagonebs Sewyviton Sinaomebi,

Tu surT ruseTis mfarveloba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daimsaxurebdnen ru-

suli iaraRis SurisZiebas. igi mimarTavs demagogias, provokacias, San-

taJs, Tavis Tavs ekaterines elCad asaRebs da molaparakebebs awarmoebs

adgilobriv mmarTvelebTan, rom damorCildnen ruseTs. rainegsi Tamamad

- 99 -

ereoda amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebis saqmeebSi, Tavi aqaur saqme-

Ta gamged warmoidgina da zomaze metadac gamoiCina ,,gulmodgineba“. mas ad-

vilad eCveneboda dasustebuli sparseTis da TurqeTis dapyroba da saami-

sod xalxis Segrovebac daiwyo (somxebis da mTieli osebisagan) polkebis

Sesaqmnelad. misma TviTnebobam gaauaresa politikuri viTareba daRestan-

sa da azerbaijanSi. tyuilad ar surda erekles rainegsis Tavidan moSo-

reba. igi mSvenivrad xedavda, rogor arTulebda ,,ekaterines elCi“ urT-

ierTobas amierkavkasiel mmarTvelebs Soris. ruseTis mTavrobam, dainaxa

ra, rom „rainegsis TviTnebobas ziani mohqonda rusuli diplomatiisaT-

vis, igi polkovnik burnaSeviT Caanacvla“ (36,21). Tumca unda iTqvas, rain-

egsma Tavisi ZiriTadi misia warmatebiT Seasrula _ daaCqara erekles ru-

seTis safarvelqveS Sesvla im saxiT da imgvarad, rogorc es ruseTs sur-

da. magram rainegss ,,Rvawli“ ar daufasda _ igi ,,peterburgSi moawamli-

nes, raTa evropaSi ar gaetana ambavi, Tu ras umzadebdnen rusebi saqar-

Tvelos (195,15). rainegsis sikvdilis Semdeg TiTqmis yvela xelnaweri, ro-

melic mis binaSi inaxeboda, gatacebuli iqna (142,168).

rogorc iv. javaxiSvili SeniSnavs, ruseTis mTavrobas ise unda

moeCvenebina saqme qarTveli mefisaTvis, rom TiTqos mfarvelobiTi traq-

tatis dadeba srulebiTac ar warmoadgens ruseTis interess da amdenad

mfarveloba ruseTs ki ar unda SeeTavazebina saqarTvelosaTvis, aramed

am ukanasknels unda eTxova misTvis. es TvalTmaqcoba ruseTis xelisu-

falT, qarTvel xalxs da mis mefes Tavi rom davaneboT, Tavisi metoqee-

bis winaSe gasasamarTlebladac sWirdebodaT, rom TiTqos igi am nabijs

qarTvel mefeTa Txovna-miwveviT, maTi surviliT dgamda da ara TviTnebu-

rad, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare.

ruseTis diplomatia yvela saSualebas iyenebda dasaxuli miznis

misaRwevad. rainegsis garda grigol potiomkinis brZanebiT, erekles gad-

mobirebasa da mfarvelobaSi miRebis Txovnis gagzavnaze didad garjila

somexi arqiepiskoposi ioseb arRuTinski (132,168).

amave periodSi isev gaaqtiurda aleqsandre batoniSvili. man imere-

Ti datova da raWis gziT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi gadavida, sadac mas Seuer-

Tda erekles Seurigebeli mteri aleqsandre amilaxvari. taxtis maZiebeli

- 100 -

batoniSvili erekles winaaRmdeg osebsa da yabardoelebs agulianebda.

igi erToblivi moqmedebis Sesaxeb molaparakebas awarmoebda tarkis Sam-

xalTan, sabolood ki, mokavSired da Tanamzraxvelad darubandis mmarT-

veli faTali-xani gaiCina, romelmac 1782 w-is zafxulSi igi TavisTan mi-

iRo. am ori mtris kavSiri metad saxifaTo iyo ereklesaTvis. am faqtma,

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, didi gavlena moaxdina erekleze da daaCqara

misi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla. ,,mefe ereklem Seityo ra, Tu ras

umzadebdnen mas darubandsa da daRestanSi, Tavisi SiSi ruseTis mTav-

robas ganucxada da raTa Tavisi saxlisaTvis qarTlis mflobeloba Se-

enarCunebina, ruseTis mfarvelobis Ziebisken gadaixara~ _ aRniSnavs bu-

tkovi (14,II.117;49,5-6). igives gadmogvcems aleqsandre amilaxvaric. erT-

erT werilSi, romelic aravisadmi ar aris mimarTuli (adresati ar gaaC-

nia), igi iZleva aleqsandre baqarisZisa da erekles Soris warmoebuli

brZolis suraTsac. amave dros, igi Zalian sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis

1783 wlis xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb. avtori mogviTxrobs rodis wamovida

ruseTidan, rogor wavida igi qarTlis taxtis pretendent al. baqarisZes-

Tan erTad SamxalTan, romelic viTom 60.000 SeiaraRebuls ugrovebda maT

erekles winaaRmdeg da amave dros, acdevinebda manamde, sanam amdeni jar-

ebis Tavdasxmis molodiniT SeSinebuli xels ar moawerda georgievskis

traqtats (76,147-149). ereklem raki dainaxa, rom saqarTveloze Tavdasasxme-

lad momzadebulia 60 000 meomrisagan Semdgari lekis jari, miaSura ruse-

Tis samefos saxls da ekaterine meores dauqvemdebara rogorc Tavisi Ta-

vi, ise mis mier ,,mitacebuli samefo“(76,70). saerTod, al. amilaxvris weri-

lebis Sinaarsi met-naklebad naTels hfens georgievskis traqtatis gafor-

mebis dros, pirobebsa da, rac mTavaria, ruseTis TviTmpyrobeluri mTav-

robis mzakvrul gegmebs. CvenTvis srulebiT cxadia, rom arcerT aleqsan-

dres ar moepoveboda derbendSi Samxlis meSveobiT araviTari jari erek-

les winaaRmdeg, miTumetes im raodenobisa. am jaris mogroveba da misi

realobad qceva moWorili iyo maTi maspinZlis, ruseTis mTavrobis agen-

tis Samxalis mier, romelic maT atyuebda _ 50.000 kaci mzad aris, cota mo-

vicadoT, 10.000 kacic movagrovoT da ufro didi ZalebiT davesxaT Tavs

erekleso. visTvis iyo saWiro amgvari ram? es esaWiroeboda ruseTis mTav-

robas, romelsac amiT surda Seeqmna ereklesaTvis erTgvari saSiSroeba,

- 101 -

daefrTxo igi da iZulebuli gaexada dasTanxmeboda iseT pirobebs, rome-

lzec erekle, albaT, arasodes daTanxmdeboda. ruseTis mTavroba ar Sec-

da: erekle, romelic darwmunebuli iyo aseTi didi jaris arsebobaSi mi-

si samefos winaaRmdeg, marTlac, wavida daTmobis gziT. igi iZulebuli

Seiqmna uari eTqva yvela im pirobaze, romelic man wamouyena ekaterine II-s

Tavdapirvelad.

ruseTis TviTmpyrobeloba am dros yovel Rones xmarobda, rom erek-

le Tavis politikur Canafiqrsa da zraxvebSi CaeTria, misTvis Tavs moex-

via ruseTisaTvis sasargeblo xelSekruleba da qarTl-kaxeTi Tavis gav-

lenis qveS moeqcia. am saqmeSi man marjved CarTo legitimistebi _ taxtis-

Tvis mebrZoli vaxtang VI-is STamomavloba. sazogadod, vaxtang VI-is „STa-

momavalTa sakiTxi didxans idga problemad Teimuraz II-is da erekle II-

is winaSe. es iyo Zlieri opozicia, romelic qarTlis samefo taxtis da iq

kaxeTis bagrationTa gamefebas verafriT ver Seegua“ (137,327-28). ruseTis

mTavrobas kargad esmoda erekles samefo karze Seqmnili Taviseburebani

da qarTlis taxtisaTvis mebrZol pretendent _ aleqsandre baqarisZes da

aleqsandre amilaxvars Tavisi dampyrobluri miznebisaTvis iyenebda. jer

kidev 50-ian wlebSi, ruseTis agenti oTar Tumanovi acnobebda saimpera-

toro kars, Tu rogor aSinebdaT qarTvel mefeebs is, rom ruseTs TavSe-

farebul kanonier memkvidreebs ar gadascemodaT mefoba: `qarTveli mefe-

ebi, marTalia, ruseTis erTgulebaze Tavis dadebas acxadeben, magram aSi-

nebT is garemoeba, rom qarTlis samefos taxtis kanonieri memkvidreni,

vaxtang VI-is STamomavalni, ruseTSi arian da ruseTma qarTli am emigrant

batoniSvilebs ar gadasces~ (185,87). sayovelTaod cnobili iyo erekle II-

esa da amilaxvrebis sagvareulos Soris daZabuli urTierToba taxtis

memkvidreobis gamo. garda amisa, ,,ar emTxveoda, erTi mxriv, amilaxvarTa

da vaxtang VI-is STamomavalTa, xolo meore mxriv, Teimuraz-erekles sa-

gareo orientaciac. Tu Teimurazi da erekle saqarTvelos gadarCenis im-

edebs ruseTis imperiaze amyarebdnen, amilaxvarTa gvari da maTi mokavSi-

reni antirusuli orientaciisa Canan. amas kargad mowmobs Tundac paata

batoniSvilis, vaxtang VI-is Zis, erT-erTi piradi werili, sadac igi ru-

seTis mTavrobas ,,matyuaras“ uwodebs da amtkicebs, ruseTis yvela qveSev-

rdomi iseT dReSi imyofeboda, rom maT Tavi adamianebadac ki ar miaCnia-

- 102 -

To. im sayuradRebo faqts, rom qarTlis bagrationTa warmomadgenlebs...

ruseTi ZaliT aCerebda Tavis sazRvrebSi, pirdapir adasturebs frangi

elCi peterburgSi _ beranJe“ (113,116-17), raTa Semdeg TavisTvis saWiro mo-

mentSi gamoeyenebina. mas mefiswulebi sWirdeba rogorc mowinaaRmdege Za-

la qarTl-kaxeTis mefeze zewolis mosaxdenad. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo,

rom faTali-xanma aleqsandre ruseTis mTavrobas mxolod 1783 wlis noem-

berSi _ georgievskis traqtatis xelmoweris Semdeg gadasca. ,,swored le-

gitimizmi iyo erT-erTi is SeniRbuli berketi, ramac daaCqara, rasakvir-

velia, sxva ufro mniSvnelovan momentebTan erTad 1783 w-is traqtatis ga-

formeba“(169,30). ise, rom saWiroa zemoTxsenebuli faqtebis gaTvaliswine-

ba, roca 1783 wlis xelSekrulebis gaformebis sakiTxs vexebiT. al. baqa-

risZec da amilaxvaric erTob gvian mixvdnen, rom isini orive ubralo pai-

kebs warmoadgendnen ruseTis mTavrobis xelSi; amaSi isini darwmundnen

mxolod mas Semdeg, roca georgievskSi xeli moewera xelSekrulebas, xo-

lo mas mere ki ruseTis mTavrobam Samxals mosTxova batoniSvilisa da

amilaxvris Sepyroba da ruseTisaTvis gadacema. ,,traqtatis xelmoweris

Semdgom, ruseTis imperatrica ekaterine II-m, erekles TxovniT, daRestnis

mflobel faTali xanisagan erT oqros saTuTuned da 500 oqros Cervone-

cad ,,iyida“ orive aleqsandre~(113,121). georgievskis traqtatis dadebidan

,,3-4 Tvis Semdeg orive aleqsandre Casves ruseTis mTavrobis mier specia-

lurad maTTvis gamogzavnil gemSi da gagzavnes astraxans“ (148,100-101),

sadac isini mividnen ,,didi Relvis Semdeg~. aq isini daaSores erTmaneTs:

al. batoniSvili waiyvanes smolenskSi, amilaxvari ki Casves viborgis ci-

xeSi, sadac man tyveobaSi gaatara Cvidmetnaxevari weliwadi (76,152). ekate-

rine II-m igi erekles gulis mosagebad da dasawynareblad Casva sakanSi,

sadac aravis uSvebdnen. erekle meoris sikvdilis merec, roca moispo mi-

zezi misi dakavebisa da aRar iyo saWiro erekles mtris tanjva-wameba, al-

eqsandre karga xans ijda cixeSi.

ise, rom ruseTis mTavrobis mier 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi erTbaSad

amoqmedda iZulebis yvela berketi, ramac erekle mefe saboloo jamSi miiy-

vana georgievskis traqtatamde. `faqtobrivad, traqtati iyo erekle mefisaT-

vis rusuli xelisuflebis mier Tavs moxveuli gadawyvetileba~(151,20).

- 103 -

kainarjis zavis dadebisTanave ruseTis aRmosavluri politikis is-

toriaSi daiwyo mosamzadebeli periodi, romelsac sabolood unda gada-

ewyvita yirimisa da amierkavkasiis sakiTxi. kainarjis zavi arsebiTad Ses-

veneba iyo momavali omis mosamzadeblad. arc TurqeTi cxreboda da ami-

erkavkasiis SenarCunebas eswrafvoda. XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis dasawyisi-

saTvis ruseTis xelisuflebis interesebi amierkavkasiis, kerZod, saqar-

Tvelos mimarT gamoxatulebas poulobda winaswar SemuSavebuli erTiani

moqmedebis programaSi.

kavkasieli xalxebis saerTo istoriul bedsa da Tavgadasavals is

garemoebac gansazRvravda, rom did imperiebs _ bizantiasa Tu Zvel spar-

seTs, arabTa saxalifos, yizilbaSTa, osmalTa Tu ruseTis imperiebs Ta-

visi politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis, msoflioze gabatonebisa-

Tvis, kavkasia miaCndaT erTian mTelad, romlis gayofas gavlenis sfero-

ebad ver urigdebodnen da TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda mis erTianad xe-

lSi Cagdebas.

- 104 -

$2 georgievskis traqtatis gaformeba

1782 weli _ yirimis SeerTebisaTvis gadamwyveti RonisZiebebis gata-

rebis weli _ gaxda dasawyisi saqarTvelos mimarT aqtiuri politikis

warmoebis wlad. pirvel rigSi, ruseTs yirim-yabardos da SedarebiT Zli-

eri qarTl-kaxeTis sakiTxis mogvareba hqonda gadawyvetili. rac Seexeba

imereTs, masTan urTierTobis saqme perspeqtivaSi gasaTvaliswinebel saki-

Txad miaCnda. yirim-yabardos da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos ufro mniSvnelo-

vani sakiTxis mougvareblad imereTisaTvis Tavis gamodeba ruseTis diplo-

matias Secdomad miaCnda. yirim-yabardosa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saki-

Txebis Tavis sasargeblod gadaWris politika ki realuri iyo imdenad,

ramdenadac kainarjis zavis pirobebiT aRniSnuli qveynebi TurqeTis uf-

lebebis gareSe iyo aRiarebuli. 1782 wels „ruseTis xelisuflebam kidev

ufro gaaZliera kavkasiis xazi ori korpusis SeqmniT _ yubanisa da kavka-

siis (89,24). xolo 1783 wels gamoica ,,ekaterine II-is manifesti ruseTTan

yirimis, tamanisa da yubanis SeerTebis Sesaxeb“ (14,III,169). yirimis damouki-

deblobis likvidaciiT ruseTma gadaWra samxreTiT sazRvao gzebis gamo-

yenebis problema da ganimtkica poziciebi Crdilo kavkasiaSic. TurqeTs

mouspo baza, saidanac igi awarmoebda Setevas Crdilo kavkasiaze, ukraina-

ze da mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova Tavisi teritoriebi am regionSi.

yirimisa da yubanis SeerTeba umtkivneulod SerCa ruseTis diplo-

matias. evropis saxelmwifoebis dauxmareblad TurqeTma omi ver gabeda;

evropas TurqeTisaTvis ar ecala: inglisi da safrangeTi amerikaSi ibr-

Zoda, prusia bavariis memkvidreobisaTvis omgadaxdili, Tavis saqmeebs ag-

varebda germaniaSi; avstriis imperatori xom imTaviTve ,,saberZneTis pro-

eqtis~ momxre iyo da ruseTs uWerda mxars. yirimis xelSi CagdebiT ruse-

Ti Sav zRvaze gabatonda. TurqeTi amis Semdeg kavkasiis samflobeloebi-

danac unda abarguliyo. yirimis sakiTxis ruseTis sasargeblod gadawyve-

tiT daiwyo TurqeTis dacemis ,,didi gegmis~ ganxorcieleba.

iranSi arsebuli mdgomareobac ruseTis diplomatias aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiisaken izidavda, iranSi mtkice centraluri xelisuflebis Se-

qmna Soreuli momavlis saqmed Canda; amitom ruseTis saimperatoro karze

e.w. ,,saberZneTis proeqtTan~ dakavSirebiT ,,axali gegmac~ damuSavda. iran-

- 105 -

is amierkavkasiaSi ori axali buferuli saxelmwifo (somxeTi da albane-

Ti) unda Seqmniliyo, xolo ukve arsebulisTvis (qarTl-kaxeTi) arsebiTi

xasiaTis ,,daxmarebis aRmoCena~ iyo ganzraxuli. ruseTis diplomatia, pir-

vel rigSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos sakiTxs ixilavda, radgan

igi TurqeTis kuTvnilebad ar iTvleboda da amitom masTan urTierToba

da mfarvelobaSi miReba, formaluradac da iuridiuladac, TurqeTs ar

exeboda.

1783 w-is 28 marts peterburgSi gamarTul sagareo saqmeTa kolegi-

is wevrebisa da vice-kancleris morig konferenciaze kavkasiaSi ruseTis

politikis miznebi sabolood ase moixaza: qarTvelebisa da somxebis ga-

moyenebiT daekavebinaT mTeli kaspiispireTi(183,43). ai, aseTi gegmiT modi-

oda maSindeli ruseTi kavkasiaSi da kerZod, saqarTveloSi. magram Tur-

qeTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas ruseTi kvlav erideboda da Tavis poli-

tikas iranis sisustiT gamowveuli movlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT gegmavda.

amierkavkasiaSi barieris Seqmnisas, ruseTis diplomatia 80-ian wlebSi ay-

enebda qarTuli samflobeloebis misi proteqtoratis qveS moqcevis sa-

kiTxs.

osmaleTis cda, Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina ruseTis saimpera-

toro karis Secdoma ereklesTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi, marcxiT das-

rulda. ereklem miiRo istoriuli gadawyvetileba _ xelSekrulebis gafo-

rmeba ruseTTan.

ruseTis saimperatoro kars aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos

mfarvelobaSi miRebis sakiTxi principulad adre hqonda gadawyvetili da

am aqtis saTanadod gasaformeblad RonisZiebebic dasaxuli iyo. amas prof.

a. cagarelis mier gamoqveynebuli erTi sabuTic amtkicebs, romelic ase

aris dasaTaurebuli: ,,uzenaesi miTiTebani saqarTvelosTan xelSekrule-

bis dasadebad“. aRniSnuli dokumenti dawerili unda iyos 1783 w-is Teber-

val-martSi (183,99). am saqmis xelmZRvaneloba dakisrebuli hqonda gr. po-

tiomkins. masSi CamoTvlilia is safuZvlebi, romelsac TviT traqtatis

muxlebi unda dafuZneboda. pirvel muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo: qarTvel mefe-

ebTan unda daidos samokavSireo traqtati ise, rom xelSekrulebaSi qar-

Tveli xelisuflebi ruseTis qveSevrdomad ki ar iqnebian moxsenebuli,

aramed mokavSireebad, romelTac ruseTis imperia mfarvelobs.

- 106 -

qarTveli mefeebis mier evropis saxelmwifoebTan diplomatiuri ur-

TierTobis damyarebis cdebi ruseTs ar moswonda. ,,uzenaesad miTiTebul

safuZvlebSi“ ori muxli am sakiTxebs Seexeboda. meoTxe muxlSi aRniSnu-

li iyo: ,,Отклонить всякое их знакомство с императором (Римским) и другими христя-

нскими державами, сказав, что оне имеют условие не мешаться в дело до Азиатских на-

ших соседей касающияся; да и писем к императору (Римскому) не посылать~ (45,II,II. 30).

ruseTis mTavroba qarTveli mefeebis dasavleT evropis qveynebTan

kavSiris mizezad Tvlidnen saqarTveloSi myof kaTolike misionerebis

rCevas, amitom momavalSi aseTi urTierTobis aRsakveTad gaTvaliswinebu-

li iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis ierarqiis ruseTis saeklesio sinodTan da-

kavSireba, xolo kaTalikosis ruseTis eklesiis pirveli xarisxis mwyemsm-

Tavrebis rigSi moqceva(45,II,II,31). ruseTis mTavrobas sinodis saSualebiT

surda kaTolikuri evropis saxelmwifoebTan qarTveli politikosebis da-

makavSirebeli gzis Caketva. სaamisod, igi saeklesio daqvemdebarebas isa-

xavda miznad. amitom iyo, rom xelSekrulebis gaformebis momentSi qarTu-

li eklesiis sinodTan dakavSireba umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca. am kuT-

xiT ruseTis mTavrobas mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi ukve Catarebuli hqon-

da; ,,ruseTis sasuliero xelisufleba cdas ar aklebda qarTvel sasuli-

ero pirTa garkveuli nawili saqarTvelos ruseTTan erTobis ideis mxar-

damWerad eqcia“ (177,126). jer kidev m. TamaraSvilma aRniSna, rom qarTuli

eklesiis TavisTavadobis Seryeva daiwyo erekle II-is mefobisas, kaTali-

kos anton I-is dros. ,,anton kaTalikosi pirveli Seecada rusul eklesi-

asTan daaxloebasa da misi zogierTi wesis SemoRebas saqarTveloSi. an-

ton kaTalikosi sinodis wevradac ki iyo arCeuli~ (98,437). aseTi damoki-

debuleba kidev ufro gamoikveTa traqtatis dadebis Semdeg, roca carizm-

ma faqtiurad daiwyo ,,ideologiuri represiebi~ _ avrcelebda xmebs, rom

TiTqos 1783 wlis traqtatis Semdgom saqarTvelo maT iurisdiqcias eqvem-

debareboda. m. TamaraSvilis TqmiT, erTma maTganma – mogilovis arqiepis-

koposma, iseTi gambedaoba gamoiCina, rom patrebis winamZRvars miswera:

`...aucileblad mimaCnia gacnoboT,…rom arqiepiskoposis omoforTan erTad

axlaxan miviRe sulieri iurisdiqcia yvela eklesiaze da saeklesio pir-

ze ara mxolod ruseTis imperiaSi, sadac aqamde ganvagebdi, aramed mTel

- 107 -

qveyanaSi, yvelgan, sadac ki raime kavSiri aqvs Cvens imperias. aqedan gamom-

dinare, Tqven aRar miswerT, aseve amis nebas ar darTavT arc erT Tqven

xelqveiT mRvdels, misweros rogorc propagandis kongregacias, aseve

sxva romelime saeklesio gamgeblobas ruseTis imperiis gareT. dReidan,

yvelaferze, rac eklesias Seexeba, mommarTavT piradad me“ (98,701-3).

,,uzenaesi miTiTebani~ iTvaliswinebdnen regularuli qveiTi jaris

(2000 jariskaci 4 zarbazniT) saqarTveloSi samudamod gamogzavnas. omis

SemTxvevaSi jaris ricxvi unda gazrdiliyo saWiroebis da mdgomareobis

mixedviT. am jaris daniSnulebas mTis xalxebis damagreba da saqarTve-

losTan komunikaciebis uzrunvelyofac Seadgenda. saqarTvelos dasaca-

vad jaris ukmarisoba adgilobrivi qarTuli Zalebis racionalurad ga-

moyenebas moiTxovda. amitom miuTiTeben gr. potiomkins qarTveli mefe-

mTavrebis gaerTianebas, SekavSirebas da mtris winaaRmdeg erTad gamosv-

las. msgavs miznebs ruseTi gegmavda ara marto traqtatis dadebis momen-

tSi, aramed amaze adre da Semdegac. ruseTs maSin amierkavkasiaSi Zlieri

saqarTvelo sWirdeboda, radgan misi mowinaaRmdege iran-osmaleTi serio-

zul Zalas warmoadgenda ruseTis amierkavkasiisaken miswrafebaTa gzaze.

mieca ra diplomatiuri molaparakebis ganaxlebis SesaZlebloba,

qarTl-kaxeTis mefe dauyovnebliv gamoexmaura 11 wliT dagvianebul, ase

nanatr mfarvelobas. sul male ereklem, romlis miswrafebac emTxveoda

rainegsis rCeva-darigebebs, miiRo istoriuli gadawyvetileba da 1782 w-is

dekemberSi ruseTis mTavrobas mfarvelobis Txovna gaugzavna, xolo am

ukanasknelma ,,daakmayofila~ misi Txovna da maSinve Seudga qarTl-kaxe-

Tis samefosTan dasadebi mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis proeqtis SemuSa-

vebas. ekaterine II-is miTiTebiT 1782@w-is dekemberSi grafma a. bezborod-

kom Tavad gr. potiomkins acnoba ruseTis mTavrobis ganzraxva, dadebu-

liyo xelSekruleba ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris (45,II,II,30-31).

ruseTis diplomatiam icoda, rom erekles ruseTTan kavSiris da-

deba yvelaze ufro metad samxedro daxmarebisTvis surda. amitom iyo,

rom potiomkini pirdeboda erekles _ daideba Tu ara traqtati, Cveni ja-

ri maSinve gadmova Tqvens qveyanaSi da daicavs mis sazRvrebso: ,,da ukeTu

ikadrosmca vin Sexebad sazRvarTa TqvenTa, iwvios Tavisa zeda saWurve-

li ruseTisa~(1.4,#9). pavle potiomkini winaswar ulocavs erekles traq-

- 108 -

tatis momaval gaformebas da mas ereklesaTvis ,,sasargeblo anbavad~

Tvlis: ,,da Tumca aqamdisac ar brZandebodiT asreT miRebulni, magram aC-

venebdiT dids erTgulebasa da samsaxursa Tqvensa. es axali momxdari

TqvenTvis sasargeblo anbavi momilocavs Tqvenis uganaTlebulesobisaT-

vis da bednierebaSi Camigdia, rom aseTi saxelovani saqme Cems dros mox-

da da Tqvensa da ruseTs Soris aseTi siyvaruli Camovarda, da me am saq-

meebis winamZRoli da aRmasrulebeli var~ (1.4,#10).

qarTveli elCebi, iseve, rogorc erekle II, ar umalavdnen ruseTis

warmomadgenlebs, rom maT namdvilad surdaT rusTa samxedro daxmarebis

miReba. es SeumCneveli ar darCenia p. potiomkins. igi 1784 w-is 24 ivlisis

saidumlo ,,raportSi~ g. potiomkins wers: ,,isini Txouloben traqtatis

dadebas, rom mis ZaliT vubrZano ori batalionis saswrafod Seyvana, mag-

ram Tqveni brwyinvalebis zusti miTiTebis gareSe ar SemiZlia amis daS-

veba; Tqveni werilobiTi brZanebis molodinSi davaimede isini, rom ro-

gorc ki meore separatuli muxlis ZaliT iqneba SeTanxmeba mefesTan, ba-

talionebis Senaxvis Sesaxeb, maSinve gavgzavni maT“ (187,52).

erekle mouTmenlad eloda damxmare jars. potiomkini ki gamamxneve-

bel werilebs werda da masac ,,eCqareboda~ jaris gamogzavna saqarTvelo-

Si. 1783 w-is 9 maiss igi wers: ,,mxedroba igi, romelica traqtatsa S~a da-

niSnuls ars hsdganan ferxTa zeda, da S~d hazrTa damtkicebisa (e.i. traq-

tatis xelmoweris Semdeg) dauyovnebliv SemZlebel arian mosvlad samzR-

varsa S~a samefoisa TqvenisaTa“(1.4,#9). imave wlis 28 ivnisis weriliT

potiomkini kvlav acnobebs erekles, rom vcdilob jaris saqarTveloSi

gadmosayvanad gza gavakeToTo (1.4,#13). potiomkini 24 seqtembers isev aime-

debs mefes, rom momaval TveSi ori rusuli batalioni saqarTvelos sazR-

vrebSi Semova (1.4,#18). xolo oqtombris TveSi iwereba, rom am dReebSi

,,ori batalioni pataras yabardodam gadmodgeba da saqarTvelosken wamov-

len(1.4,#24). msgavsi damaimedebeli sabuTebis motana kidev SeiZleba, mag-

ram aranairi jari saqarTveloSi ar igzavneba, vinem erekle traqtats

xels ar moawers _ igi erTgvari satyuaraa qarTveli mefisaTvis. jariT

pirvel rigSi lekianobis sakiTxi unda mogvarebuliyo. esec icodnen ru-

sebma, magram qarTvelTa gegmebi War-belaqnis ,,aRxocvis~ Sesaxeb ar iqna

- 109 -

gaziarebuli da 1785 w-s, roca omar-xanma qarTl-kaxeTi aaoxra, g. WavWava-

Ze sayvedurოbda ruseTis mTavrobas: Cveni mefis winadadeba rom migeRoT

da ,,warsuls weliwads Wari da belaqani axocil iyvnen axla amisTana

gaWirveba ar miadgebodaT~ (183,250).

1783 w-is dasawyisSi xelSekrulebis proeqti mzad iyo, romelic 3

dokumentis - 1771 w-is 30 dekembris erekles Txovnis wignis (sadac qarTl-

kaxeTis mefe uars ambobs Tavisi suverenuli uflebebis nawilze, moiT-

xovs ra ruseTis samudamo mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas da kisrulobs xarks.

samagierod, qarTl-kaxeTSi 4.000-iani jari unda gamogzavniliyo qveynis

uSiSroebis uzrunvelsayofad da mtris mier mitacebuli miwebis dasab-

runeblad), 1772@w-is 6^ianvris qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis pirobis (erek-

les Txovnis wignis gasamagreblad dawerili samefo karis pirobiT qar-

Tl-kaxeTis mesveurni acxadeben, rom ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT TurqeT-

Tan da iranTan brZolaSi rogor warmatebasac ar unda miaRwion, ruse-

Tis qveSevrdomobaze xels ar aiReben) da 1782@w-is bolos da 1783 w-is da-

sawyisSi ekaterine II-is gr. potiomkinisadmi miTiTebis safuZvlze iqna Sed-

genili. ekaterine II-is instruqcia iTxovda traqtatis ufro SeRavaTian

pirobebSi dadebas, vidre es erekles Txovnis proeqtiT iyo navaraudevi,

aseve, erekles avstriis imperatorTan kavSiris gawyvetas, ereklesa da so-

lomon imerTa mefis Serigebas Tavad gr. potiomkinis TavdebobiT (31,10-14).

magram Tu traqtatsa da erekles Txovnis wigns SevadarebT, aSkarad ga-

moCndeba sinamdvileSi ra SeRavaTian pirobebSic iqna dadebuli traqta-

ti. am sakiTxs ufro dawvrilebiT qvemoT SevexebiT.

1783 w-is 7 maiss gr. potiomkinma polkovnik tamaras xeliT xelSe-

krulebis proeqti general p. potiomkins gadasca, xolo am ukanasknelma

maisis II naxevarSi erekles traqtatis proeqti TbilisSi Camoutana(21, II,4).

tamara ganaTlebuli kaci iyo da diplomatiaSic kargad gawafuli. dubro-

vinis cnobiT, man mefis saxeliT TviTon Seadgina rwmunebis sigelebi sru-

luflebiani warmomadgenlebisaTvis da mravaljer auxsna mefesa da mis

mrCevlebs TiToeuli sityva (21,II.6). misive cnobiT mefe sruluflebiani

warmomadgenlis daniSvnas ayovnebda. tamaras arc ki daucdia, vidre erek-

le daniSnavda elCebs da quTaisSi wasula solomon I-Tan. tamara 1783 w-

is 5 ivniss quTaisSi Cavida, Tvis bolos TbilisSi dabrunda. erekles war-

- 110 -

momadgenlebad Tavadebi otia andronikaSvili da sulxan TumaniSvili

dauniSnia, Tumca gadawyvetileba Seicvala _ 24 ivniss pirvel elCad aRia-

rebuli iqna mefis siZe ivane muxranbatoni, meored ki garsevan WavWavaZe.

es ukanaskneli ixsenieba, rogorc erekles ,,general adiutanti da yaza-

xis provinciis ufrosi“. elCebis ,,asistentad dainiSna rusuli enis mcod-

ne gaioz arqimandriti. gamoiyo agreTve saelCos erTi mdivani da amala

oci kacis SemadgenlobiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu raime mizeziT erT-erTi

rwmunebuli xels ver moawerda, meores rwmuneba hqonda, rom es saqme ga-

daewyvita~(21,II,7).

erekle mefem proeqtis erTTviani ganxilvis Semdeg ivnisis bolos 24

kaciani elCoba miavlina ruseTs xelSekrulebis gasaformeblad. 1783 w-is

15 ivliss qarTuli amala mozdokSi Cavida. pirveli audienciis dRes, 19

ivliss, mTavarsardalma potiomkinma saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi didi

pativiT miiRo.

1783 w-is traqtatis oficiluri nawili isea gaformebuli, rom vi-

Tom es mxolod qarTvelebis survilis Sedegad moxda da mefis ruseTis

mTavroba mowyalebas iRebda. marTalia, qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo didad

iyo dainteresebuli, rom Tundac amgvari xelSekrulebis gziT samxedro

daxmareba mieRo, magram xsenebuli traqtati im konkretul viTarebaSi im-

periis damyroblur miznebs eqvemdebareboda da misi gaformebis momen-

tSic umTavresad am imperiis survilebis gaTvaliswineba moxda. arsebuli

dokumentebidan Cans, rom es xelSekruleba orive mxaris Tanasworufle-

bianobas gamoricxavda da Zlieri imperiis upiratesobas emyareboda.

rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis carizmis sagareo politika aSkarad

dampyroblur xasiaTs atarebda. es politika, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,

saqarTvelos mimarT man jer kidev 1768-74 ww-is omis dros gamoamJRavna.

saidumlo mrCevelma grafma paninma, saidumlo werili gamougzavna tot-

lebens: ,,saqarTvelos siSore da mgzavrobis siZnele _ ai, ori SemTxveu-

loba, romlebic am miwebis aTvisebas aramtkiced qmnis. SesaZlebelia mo-

mavalSi gamoCndes saSualebani, romliTac es siZneleebi aRar iqneba ase-

Ti...“ (45,I,155-156). paninis werilSi gamosWvivis TviTmpyrobelobis Soreu-

li miznebi da, marTlac, roca carizmisaTvis es siSore da ugzooba siZ-

neles aRar warmoadgenda, aki SeierTa kidec saqarTvelo.

- 111 -

rogorc dokumentebidan Cans, traqtatis yvela muxli ar iyo misa-

Rebi qarTuli mxarisaTvis. amitom elCebi moiTxovdnen zogierTi muxlis

dazusteba-ganmartebas da Sesworebas, kerZod, `elCebs ar moewonaT is,

rom umaRles kars unda daemtkicebina saqarTvelos samefo taxtze amava-

li mefeebi. amiton isini imisTvis iRwvodnen, rom ruseTis saimperatoro

kari ar Careuliyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Sinaur saqmeebSi da moiTxovd-

nen ruseTs ecno saqarTvelos mefis tituli, gerbi, politikuri uflebe-

bi. isini moiTxovdnen p. potiomkinisagan daetovebinaT misTvis tituli

,,umaRlesoba~, vinaidan adre saqarTvelos mefeebi yovelTvis atarebdnen

am sapatio saxels mTels aziaSio. elCebi eWvobdnen agreTve imasac, rom

saqarTvelos kaTalikosis pativiscema xom ar SeibRaleboda imiT, Tu ya-

zanis mRvdelmTavris Semdeg iqneboda moxseniebuli. p. potiomkini dapir-

da, rom iSuamdgomlebda umaRlesi karis winaSe dasmuli sakiTxebis mosa-

gvareblad~(187,62-63). Tumca am kuTxiT araferi Secvlila. rogorc zemoT

aRvniSneT, ruseTidan saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli da kvlav sakaTaliko-

so taxtze asuli anton I ,,Seecada qarTuli eklesia moewesrigebina ru-

sul eklesiaSi arsebuli wesebis Sesabamisad, yovelmxriv daeaxlovebina

qarTuli eklesia rusulTan. traqtatSi aRniSnuli qarTuli eklesiis av-

tokefaliisaTvis Seusabamo muxlic misi ganzraxviT unda Sesuliyo“

(210,229). xelSekrulebis merve artikulis Tanaxmad, kaTalikosi moixseni-

eba ruseTis mRvdelmTavrebs Soris me-8 adgilze tobolskis episkoposis

Semdeg da rac, aseve miuRebeli iyo, kaTalikosi sinodis wevri xdeboda.

,,ar SeiZleba romelime avtokefaluri eklesiis meTauri iyoს sxva, ucxo

eklesiis sinodis wevri. amiT cxadia, avtokefaluri eklesiis Rirseba kni-

ndeba, Tu ufro meti ara. anton I ki, 1783 wlidan daniSnuli iyo ruseTis

wmida sinodis wevrad. amave wels ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dade-

buli traqtatis ZaliTac qarTuli eklesiis TavisTavadobac iryeoda“

(210,228). VIII artikuli ruseTis imperiuli zraxvebis kidev erTi aSkara

gamovlinebaa, romlis mizani iyo ,,saqarTvelos eklesia nel-nela Tavisi

gavlenis qveS moeqcia, daemcirebina misi ierarqiuli statusi da TviTSeg-

neba“ (177,127).

1783 w-is 24 ivliss georgievskis cixe-simagreSi, kavkasiis xazis ru-

sTa sardlis Stab-binaSi daido ruseTs da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris

- 112 -

istoriaSi georgievskis traqtatis saxelwodebiT cnobili xelSekruleba

romelic „oTxi damoukidebeli dokumentisagan Sedgeba: 13 ZiriTadi (mas

win uZRvis preambula, sadac mokled Camoyalibebulia xelSekrulebis da-

debis motivebi) oTxi separatuli (calke), erTi damatebiTi muxlisa da

erekles ficis nimuSisagan (,,saxe“)“ (31,19). ruseTis mxriv mas xeli moawe-

ra pavle potiomkinma, saqarTvelos mxriv - erekles sruluflebianma war-

momadgenelma ioane muxranbatonma da garsevan WavWavaZem

traqtatiT ruseTis imperias da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris ga-

formda samxedro-politikuri kavSiri, romlis mixedviT es ukanaskneli ne-

bayoflobiT Sedioda ruseTis samudamo mfarvelobaSi. qveynis Sinagan mar-

Tva-gamgeblobaSi saqarTvelos mefe srul damoukideblobas inarCunebda

da ruseTi saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi ar ereoda. samefos saTaveSi rCe-

boda mefe erekle da misi STamomavloba. magram momavali mefe ruseTis im-

perators unda daemtkicebina da masve unda gamoegzavna samefo niSnebic.

traqtatis'ZaliT qarTl-kaxeTis mefes ar SeeZlo raime damokidebuleba

hqonoda sxva saxelmwifoebTan ruseTTan SeTanxmebis gareSe. qarTl-kaxe-

Tis mefe valdebuli iyo saWiroebis dros daxmareboda ruseTs. qarTl-ka-

xeTis mSvidobianobis dasacavad ruseTs saqarTveloSi mudmivad unda hyo-

loda 2 batalioni jari 4 zarbazniT. omis SemTxvevaSi ki ruseTi kisru-

lobda saWiro daxmarebas. amasTan ruseTis imperatori aRTqmas debda, rom

izrunebda saqarTvelos dabruneboda mterTagan mitacebuli miwebi (31,23).

traqtatis xelismowerisTanave p. potiomkinma saswrafod gaugzavna

grigol potiomkins saidumlo moxseneba podpolkovnik tamaras xeliT, ri-

Tac acnobebda, rom 1783 w-is 3 apriliT daTariRebuli davaleba Seasrula:

,,Ваша светлость усмотреть изволите, что я старался выполнить все то, что в ордере вашем

от 3-го апреля под №106 мне предписано и не упустил того правила в рассуждении пер-

венства которого мне держатся повелели~ (187,66).

Cvens istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT, traqtati uke-

Tes pirobebSi iqna dadebuli, vidre amas erekle moiTxovda, rac sinamdvi-

les ar Seefereba. erekle mefis wardgineba mxolod samxedro kavSirs iT-

xovda da ara e.w. `samudamo mfarvelobas~; amis mkafio dadasturebaa erek-

les mier imperatorisadmi 1771 w-is 30 dekembris wardgineba, Tu ra pi-

robebiT surs mas ruseTTan dakavSireba. am wardginebis safuZvelze saqa-

- 113 -

rTvelos elCebma anton pirvelma da levan batoniSvilma 1773 w-is 27 ap-

rils werili miarTves graf nikita panins. werilSi, rogorc i. cincaZe Se-

niSnavs, `sakmaod SorsmWvretelurad aris damuSavebuli saqarTvelos aR-

dgenis da mterTagan gamoxsnis gegma~(183,82). am sakiTxis irgvliv marTebu-

li daskvnebi aqvs gakeTebuli p. geleiSvils. misi TqmiT, erekle iTxovda:

1. pirvel rigSi, 4000 rusis jariskacs, ruseTis mTavrobis xarjiT.

igi am jariT epireboda axalcixis raionisa da alaznis gaRma lekebis mi-

er warTmeul kaxeTis miwebis ukan dabrunebas.

2. ruseTis mier misi, erekles, STamomavlobis erTxel da samudamod

cnobas qarTl-kaxeTis taxtis memkvidred. aseTi cnoba mas imitom esaWi-

roeboda, rom ruseTis karze yovelTvis iyvnen saqarTvelos taxtis pre-

tendentebi, romlebsac ruseTis mTavroba, roca amas misi interesebi mo-

iTxovda, yovelTvis uWerda mxars saqarTveloSi politikuri wylis asam-

Rvrevad.

3. erekle ruseTs, gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi, sesxad sTxovda saWiro Tan-

xas rusis jaris Sesanaxad.

ra movaleobas kisrulobda erekle yovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis

samagierod? igi daaxloebiT aseT valdebulebas kisrulobda:

4. rusis im jarebis xarji, romelsac daaxmarebdnen saqarTvelos misi

kuTvnili miwa-wylis dasabruneblad, erekles ramdenime wlis vadaSi un-

da aenazRaurebia ruseTis xazinisaTvis.

5. ekaterines mTavrobisaTvis mZevlad unda mieca erT-erTi Svili.

6. naxevari Semosavali im madneulis damuSavebisagan, romelic maSin

ukve aRmoCenili iyo, an momavalSi iqneboda aRmoCenili, erekles unda eZ-

lia ruseTis xazinisaTvis.

7. qarTl-kaxeTis qveSevrdomTa TviTeul ojaxze ruseTis xazinas un-

da mieRo 70 kapeiki.

8. erekles ekaterinesTvis yovelwliurad unda eZlia 2000 vedro sa-

ukeTeso Rvino yizliarSi mitaniT.

9. misTvisve yovelwliurad unda egzavna 40 saukeTeso bedauri.

10. im olqebis mcxovreblebisagan, romlebic ruseTis jaris daxmare-

biT iqnebodnen dapyrobili da saqarTvelosTvis SemoerTebuli, ruseTs

unda yovelwliurad mieRo komlze 70 kapeiki. imave provinciebis mcxovreb-

- 114 -

lebs ruseTis xazinisaTvis yovelwliurad unda eZliaT 200 fuTi abre-

Sumi.

11. qarTl-kaxeTis yvela olqs, rogorc ukve arsebulT, ise imaT, rom-

lebsac daipyrobdnen da samefos SemouerTebdnen, ruseTisaTvis unda eZ-

liaT imdenive jariskaci komlze, ramdensac Sida ruseTis mcxovreblebi

aZleven.

aseTi iyo pirobebi, romlebic erekles diplomatebma warudgines

ekaterines mTavrobas.

aba SeadareT es imas, rac cnobilia ,,georgievskis traqtatis~ saxe-

liT da risi ratifikaciac moaxdina ereklem. Cven aq moviyvanT am traq-

tatis mxolod ori-sami mTavari muxlis Sinaarss.

`mefe qarTlisa da kaxeTisa Tavisi da Tavis memkvidreTa saxeliT

pirobas sdebs, rom samudamod uaryofs iranisgan an sxva romelime saxe-

lmwifosagan damokidebulebas da scnobs mxolod sruliad _ ruseTis

TviTmpyrobelobas, mis uzenaes uflebas, mis mfarvelobas da aRuTqvams

mas ruseTis taxtisadmi erTgulebas da mudam mzadyofnas misi sargeb-

lobisaTvis, sadac da roca amas ruseTis interesebi moiTxoven.

qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebi samemkvidro taxtze asvlis win moaxseneben

sruliad ruseTis imperatoris kars da gamoiTxoven qarTl-kaxeTis tax-

tze asvlis nebarTvas da miiReben misgan invenstituras, ris Semdeg isini

iReben fics ruseTis imperiis erTgulebaSi da misi uzenaesi uflebaTa

cnobis Sesaxeb~.

es aris Tavi da Tavi georgievskis xelSekrulebaSi. ras pirdeba

ekaterines mTavroba yovelive amis nacvlad qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs?

`maTi imperatorebiTi udidesoba maTi da maTi memkvidreebis saxe-

liT aRuTqvams da aimedebs qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebs da maT memkvidreebs,

rom maT arasodes ar moakldebaT ruseTis mowyaleba da mfarveloba~.

roca ruseTis diplomatiis mier am traqtatis irgvliv winaswar

warmoebul muSaobas vecnobiT, daujereblad, sruliad moulodnelad gve-

Cveneba is efeqti, romelic miiRo ekaterine meorem georgievskSi dadebu-

li xelSekrulebis saxiT. roca mas am komediis mTavar rolSi `qarTlis

kanonieri memkvidre'aleqsandre baqaris Ze gamohyavda, igi sruliadac ar

fiqrobda, rom aseT efeqts miiRebda, ase Sors wavidoda saqarTvelosTan

- 115 -

damokidebulebaSi da Tavis ministrebs winadadebas aZlevda ufro cotas

dasjerebodnen. gavixsenoT TviT georgievskSi dadebuli xelSekrulebis

avtoris da bezborodkos werili T-d patiomkinTan: ,,misi imperatorebiTi

udidebulesobis azri aseTi iyo, rom Tqveni brwyinvalebis meSveobiT sa-

qarTvelos mefeebTan (ereklesa da solomonTan) dadebuliyo sakavSiro

traqtati, romelSiac sruliadac ar unda yofiliyo naxsenebi sityva ma-

Ti ruseTisadmi qveSevrdomobis Sesaxeb, isini naxsenebi unda yofiliyvnen

mokavSireebad ruseTis imperiis safarvel qveS.

georgievskSi dadebuli traqtati ki sruli winaaRmdegobaa, ro-

gorc ekaterine pirvelis aq gamoTqmuli survilisa, ise erekles mier war-

dgenili pirobebisa. georgievskis traqtatidan Cven aSkarad vxedavT, rom

ekaterine iRebs yvelafers, misi kontragenti ki arafers, garda ubralo,

sruliad uSinaarso dapirebisa mowyalebisa da mfarvelobis Sesaxeb

(76,23-27).

rogorc vxedavT, erekles saTxovari punqtebi principulad gansx-

vavdeba traqtatis Sinaarsisagan _ saTxovari punqtebiT qarTl-kaxeTis me-

fe, upirveles yovlisa, samxedro kavSirs eswrafoda ruseTTan.

1783 w-is 21 seqtembers ekaterine II-m moaxdina traqtatis ratifika-

cia, xolo qarTulma mxarem - 1784 w-is 24 ianvars, momdevno dRes ki, 25 ian-

vars, erekle meorem rusi moxeleebis (burnaSovisa da tamaras) Tandasw-

rebiT ruseTis erTgulebis fici miiRo, ris Semdeg saratifikacio sige-

lebi gacvales; amiT georgievskis traqtati ZalaSi Sevida.

1784 w-is 23 ianvars traqtatis ratifikaciis wina dRiT, g. WavWava-

Ze aRiarebul iqna qarTl-kaxeTis ministrad ruseTis karze. garsevanma,

rogorc momavalma elCma tamaras xeliT miiRo jildo ruseTis mTavro-

bisagan: briliantebiani saTuTune da 2500 oqros maneTi(187,67). jildo da

fuli miiRes agreTve kaTalikosma, pirvelma ministrma Tavadma orbelian-

ma, meore ministrma qaixosro ColoyaSvilma, arqimandritma gaiozma. ful-

ad jildos dapirdnen podpolkovnik tamarasac(187,67). mfarvelobiTi teq-

stis gaformebis Semdeg TviTmpyrobelobam gaaZliera Tvalyurisdevneba

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis politikosTa saqmianobaze.

georgievskis traqtati pirveli ormxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekru-

leba iyo ruseT-saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani urTierTobis istoriaSi,

- 116 -

romliTac ruseTi pirvelad acxadebda sajarod didi mahmadianuri impe-

riebis - osmaleTisa da sparseTis – gasagonad, rom igi amieridan samuda-

mod daicavda qristianul saqarTvelos, xolo qarTl-kaxeTic aseve pir-

velad acxadebda sajarod, rom igi samudamod emijneboda mahmadianur sam-

yaros da mxolod ruseTis mfarvelobas scnobda (31,22-23).

traqtatis zusti iuridiuli cnebis gansazRvra Wirs, Tavad xel-

Sekrulebidan gamomdinare. es dokumenti Sinaarsobrivad winaaRmdegobri-

via, igi imTaviTve agebulia imgvarad (imperialisturi mosazrebis Sesaba-

misad) rom arc moiazrebs or qveyanas Soris damyarebuli urTierTobis

zusti da konkretuli iuridiuli saxis dafiqsirebas.

rogorc aRvniSneT, traqtati winaaRmdegobrivia _ qarTl-kaxeTis

samefo saSinao saqmeebSi damoukidebelia, magram zogi muxli amas ewinaaR-

mdegeba: imperatoris mier mefis damtkiceba, kaTalikosis yazanis mRvdel-

mTavris Semdeg moxseneba. traqtatiT qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis mfarveloba-

Si eqceoda, magram, faqtiurad, iuridiuli statusiT es xelSekruleba

bolomde arc mfarvelobaa, arc vasaloba da, saerTod, Zalze Znelia gan-

vsazRvroT Sinaarsidan gamomdinare konkretulad ra saxis urTierToba

damyarda or qveyanas Soris. muxlebi Zalzed Sefarulad, qvetestebiT da

gaangariSebulad aris Sedgenili rusuli mxaris mier. garegnulad, ro-

gorc xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebi acxadeben, es iyo mfarveloba, Si-

naarsobrivad es iyo vasaloba, vasalobad moiazrebdnen mas rusi diplo-

matebi saidumlo mimoweraSi. qarTl-kaxeTi xdeboda damokidebuli, marTa-

lia, qveyana saSinao saqmeebSi damoukidebeli unda darCeniliyo, magram

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es suvereniteti Selaxuli iyo _ mefes ucxo,

gareSe Zala amtkicebda. amitom, ufro zusti iqneba albaT, am SemTxvevaSi

termini _ SezRuduli suvereniteti vixmaroT. erTi ram cxadia, faqtiurad,

ruseTma am dokumentiT (Tavisi separatuli muxlebiTurT) iuridiuli safu-

Zveli Seiqmna qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Semdgomi dapyrobisaTvis.

1783 w-is traqtati gaxldaT ,,megobruli xelSekruleba kavSirisa

da mfarvelobis Sesaxeb. qarTl-kaxeTis samefo traqtatis pirobiT suve-

renuli, magram damokidebuli xdeboda~ (202,31).

erekle II uars ambobda suverenul uflebaTa nawilze - sagareo po-

litikis sakiTxebi mfarvel-mokavSirisaTvis unda SeeTanxmebina, xolo sa-

- 117 -

Sinao mmarTvelobaSi srul damoukideblobas inarCunebda, magram es erTi

SexedviT mosCanda ase: ruseTis imperatorisadmi qarTl-kaxeTis gvirgvi-

nosanTa mefed damtkicebis prerogativis miniWebiT qarTvelma diplomateb-

ma didi Secdoma dauSves. es muxli samomavlod didi saSiSroebis Semcve-

li gaxldaT; faqtiurad, igi qveynis damoukideblobis sadaveebis ruse-

Tis imperiis xelSi moqcevas niSnavda, rac SemdegSi mSvenivrad gamoiyena

kidec saimperatoro karma. ,,traqtati, romelic ekaterine II-m da erekle

II-m daamtkices da ,,separatuli“, anu saidumlo muxlebis gareSe gamoqvey-

nda, aRsavsea arsebiTi xasiaTis Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT. marTlac, vi-

naidan, erTi mxriv, I muxlis Tanaxmad, qarTl-kaxeTis mefe, misi imperato-

ruli udidebulesobis garda, sxva aravis uzenaesobas ar cnobda, xolo

mesame muxlis Tanaxmad qarTvel mefeebs taxtze asvlisas samefo regali-

ebi ruseTis imperatorisgan unda mieRoT, TiTqos, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo

garkveulwilad ruseTis vasali xdeboda, magram meore mxriv, ramdenadac

II muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianoba unda SenarCu-

nebuliyo, xolo VI muxlSi imperatori bagrationTa dinastias samefo

taxtsa da saqarTvelos samefos Sinagan saqmeebSi Caurevlobas aRuTqvam-

da, safiqrebeli iyo, rom aq Cveulebrivi mfarvelobiTi traqtati igulisx-

meboda~ - marTebulad SeniSnavs luiji magaroto (127,58).

maSasadame, rogorc vxedavT, Tavad dokumenti ar iTvaliswinebs

zust da konkretul iuridiul iersaxes. swored amiTaa gamowveuli isto-

riul mecnierebaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba da mravalferovneba georgievs-

kis xelSekrulebis statusis gansazRvris sakiTxis irgvliv.

XIX s-is II nax-is da XX s-is damdegis TvalsaCino qarTveli samar-

Talmcodne m. xelTufliSvili miuTiTebda, rom aRniSnuli xelSekrule-

biT ruseTs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mimarT mieniWa mxolod mfarvelo-

bis ufleba (200,88-89).

iv. javaxiSvili aseve xazgasmiT miuTiTebda, rom georgievskis traq-

tati iyo ,,mfarvelobiTi mokavSireobis traqtati~, dadebuli or saerTa-

Soriso samarTalsubieqts Soris (202,31-32).

traqtats metad frTxil Sefasebas aZlevs prof. z. avaliSvili, ro-

melic miuTiTebs, rom es xelSekruleba atarebs rogorc saxelmwifoTa

saxelmwifoebriv, ise proteqtorul niSnebs. amdenad, man aSkarad aarida

- 118 -

Tavi zust samarTlebriv formulirebas. avtori mxolod calkeul niSneb-

ze saubrobs, eyrdnoba ra am ori cnebis mTlian, zogad maxasiaTeblebs

(52,141-43).

gr. veSapeli ufro zust da kategoriul daskvnebs akeTebs, miuTiT-

ebs ra, rom 1783 xelSekruleba yvela im ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs Seicavs,

romlebic mocemulia proteqtoratis cnebaSi (95,12).

m. wereTeli miuTiTebs, rom xsenebuli xelSekrulebis ZaliT

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ,,naxevradsuveneruli saxelmwifo~ gaxda.

ufro zust formulirebas iZleva prof. lui le furi, saerTaSori-

so samarTlis dargis es erT-erTi udidesi avtoriteti; igi adasturebs,

rom saxeze iyo SeTanxmeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis or suvenerul pirs

Soris ,,orive mxare aRiarebs urTierTis gansazRvrul uflebebs da Rebu-

loben valdebulebebs erTmaneTis mimarT. bolos, XII-e muxli gadaWriT

acxadebs, rom xelSekrulebis yovelgvari Secvla SesaZlebelia mxolod

urTierTis TanxmobiT. aqedan udavoa, rom Cven winaSea saerTaSoriso xe-

lSekruleba, dadebuli or sworuflebian saxelmwifos Soris“(126,5). amas-

Tan avtori adasturebs, rom ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris am xelSek-

rulebiT dawesda proteqtoratis reJimi. ,,amieridan saqarTvelos sagareo

urTierToba unda daemorCilos ruseTis kontrols. es uaris Tqma saga-

reo suverenitetze iwvevs Tu ara saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso uflebis

(e.i. saerTaSoriso samarTlis) pirovnebis Rirsebis dakargvas? – kiTxu-

lobs avtori da pasuxobs ara, saqarTvelo srulad ar ambobs uars Ta-

vis sagareo saqmebis warmoebaze; mis suverens da es TviT IV muxlidanac

gamomdinareobs, aqvs damokidebuleba ucxo suverenebTan. xolo misi uf-

lebebi amieridan Sekvecilia ruseTis sasargeblod. yoveli gadawyveti-

lebisaTvis, romelic exeba sagareo politikas, saqarTvelos suvereni mo-

valea, SeekiTxos rusis jaris ufross sazRvarze an masTan warmogzavnil

ministrs~(126,6). 1783 wlis xelSekrulebam savsebiT ar gaauqma saqarTve-

los saerTaSoriso pirovneba, miuxedavad im debulebaSi moTavsebuli Se-

zRvudvisa, romelic zemoT ganvixileT, - amas amtkicebs legaciis aqtiu-

ri da pasiuri ufleba, romelsac aRiarebs saqarTvelosTvis xelSekrule-

bis V muxli. marTalia, es ufleba formalurad mas ruseTis mimarT aqvs,

magram, radgan sawinaaRmdego muxli ar arsebobs, unda vixelmZRvaneloT

- 119 -

sazogado principiT, rom proteqtoratis xelSekrulebaTa debulebani

SezRudviT unda iqnes ganmartebuli da Cven unda davaskvnaT, rom xsene-

buli ufleba saqarTvelos rCeba sxva saxelmwifoTa mimarTac. maSasadame,

1783 w-is xelSekrulebis Semdegac saqarTvelo ganagrZobs uSualod saer-

TaSoriso uflebis sargeblobas, mas SerCa saxelmwifos xasiaTi saerTa-

Soriso uflebis TvalsazrisiT (126,6-7).

amasTan l. furi xazgasmiT miuTiTebs ruseTis mier nakisr valde-

bulebebs, romelTa ganxilvis Semdeg igi daaskvnis: ,,am debulebaTagan is

gamomdinareobs rom Cvens winaSea saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba or suvere-

nul saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli... magram 1783 wlis xelSekruleba me-

tia, vidre proteqtoratis xelSekruleba. is, amave dros, kavSirisa da me-

gobrobis xelSekrulebaa, romelic awesebs arbitraJs im SemTxvevisaTvis,

Tu mxareTa Soris raime uTanxmoeba Camovarda. aseTi debulebani sazoga-

dod SesaZlebelia marto im saxelmwifoTa Soris, romlebic damoukide-

belni arian da sargebloben Tavis suverenobiT~ (126,9).

traqtatis iuridiuli Sefaseba mocemuli aqvs l. magarotos. igi sav-

sebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom 1783 wlis xelSekrulebiT saqarTvel-

os arasodes uTqvams uari Tavis suverenitetsa da, Sesabamisad, damoukide-

blobis uflebaze. traqtati XVIII s-is II naxevarSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi

principebis Sesabamisad aris Sedgenili, da Zlieri saxelmwifos mier sus-

ti qveynis mfarvelobis pirobebs gulisxmobs: ,,XVIII s-is II naxevarSi moq-

medi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebidan gamomdinare xsenebul traqtats

SegviZlia mivusadagoT emer de vatelis mier 1758 w-s gamoqveynebul naSrom-

Si: ,,xalxTa samarTali~ _ mfarvelobis traqtatebisadmi miZRvnili Semdegi

debuleba: amgvarad, susti saxelmwifo, romelic Tavisi usafrTxoebis miz-

niT ufro Zlieri saxelmwifos mfarvelobaSi Sedis da madlierebis niS-

nad mfarvelobis Sesabamis valdebulebas kisrulobs ise, rom inarCunebs

Tavis xelisuflebasa da suverenitets; es saxelmwifo... rCeba suverenul

saxelmwifod, romelic xalxTa samarTlis garda, sxva samarTals ar cnobs

(127,58-59). l. magarotoc, sxva mecnierTa: le furi, nipoldi, aleni, langi,

msgavsad Tvlis, rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefom suvereniteti mxolod saga-

reo politikaSi daTmo, xolo saSinao politikaSi daitova da ,,amgvarad,

- 120 -

vatelis principebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebu-

li saxelmwifoebrivi statusi SeinarCuna~(127,60).

1783 wlis dokuments axlebur JReradobas sZens prof. i. tabaRuas

mier gamoqveynebuli masalebi. mis naSromSi, Jenevis universitetis samarT-

lis fakultetis profesoris pol morios `Sesavalsa~ da a. oqumelis `ko-

mentarebSi~ dasabuTebulia, rom traqtati dadebulia or suverenul saxe-

lmwifos Soris, aris mfarvelobiTi; qarTl-kaxeTis samefos unarCunebs

suverenul uflebebs; misi vada gansazRvruli ar aris, magram xelmomwer

mxareebs erToblivi TanxmobiT SeuZliaT masSi cvlilebebis Setana. saxe-

lmwifoebs Soris gaTvaliswinebulia diplomatiuri misiebis gacvla. aR-

niSnulia, rom ruseTma ramdenime gzis daarRvia es xelSekruleba, moaxdi-

na saqarTvelos aneqsia, Selaxa suverenuli saxelmwifos uflebebi, realu-

rad Tavs moaxvia sakuTari interesebi (163,257-269).

rogorc vxedavT, erTi azri da zusti iuridiuli gansazRvruloba

georgievskis xelSekrulebisa ar arsebobs. gabatonebuli TvalsazrisiT,

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo suverenuli saxelmwifos uflebebs inarCunebda. Cve-

ni azriT, ufro mizanSewonili iqneba termin `SezRuduli suverenitetis~

gamoyeneba.

Tanaxmad xelSekrulebisa, 1783 w-is oqtomberSi saqarTveloSi Semo-

vida 2 batalioni rusis jari, magram imperiis did gegmebSi CaTreuli qar-

Tl-kaxeTis mefis mcdelobas, TviTmpyrobelobis daxmarebiT SeezRuda mah-

madiani mezoblis iran-osmaleTis agresia, ganxorcieleba ar ewera. ,,saqar-

Tvelos ,,gaerTianeba-gaZlierebisa~ Tu ,,ganTavisuflebis~ e. w. gegmebi ...ar-

sebiTad imperiis sazRvrebisa da gavlenis gafarToebas gulisxmobda. es

iyo mefis ruseTis diplomatiis brZola saqarTvelos ,,mSvidobiani“ gziT

miTvisebisaTvis~ (87,245).

- 121 -

$3. traqtatis Sedegebi

georgievskis traqtatis gaformebiT ruseTi aSkarad Caeria amier-

kavkasiis saqmeebSi, riTac TurqeTis da iranis tradiciul upiratesobas

daupirispirda. am movlenebma ukiduresad gaamwvaves qarTul samefo-sam-

TavroTa urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan.

georgievskis traqtatis saboloo gaformebam SeaSfoTa dasavleT

evropis saxelmwifoebi. es aqti ganixileboda, rogorc ruseTis triumfa-

luri winsvla aRmosavleTSi. traqtatma aseTive gamoZaxili hpova Turqe-

Tis, iranisa da saqarTvelos sxva mezobel mahmadian mflobelebSic. yve-

la darwmunebuli iyo, rom axlo momavalSi ruseTi, saqarTveloze dayrd-

nobiT, aqtiur moqmedebas daiwyebda iranisa da TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. ,,ru-

seTis imperiisTvis 1783 wlis xelSekruleba iyo didi diplomatiuri ga-

marjveba, radgan saSualebas aZlevda ,,fexi moekidebina~ amierkavkasiaSi

da qarTl-kaxeTze dayrdnobiT ganemtkicebina imperiis gavlena. swored

ase Seafases es aqti evropam da axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebma, gansakuTre-

biT TurqeTma da swored amitom gamoiwvia am aqtma aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba.

ekaterine II exeboda ra dasavleTis gamoxmaurebas 1783 wlis aqtze, Tavad

gr. potiomkins werda: ,,на зависть Европы я весьма спокойно смотрю – пусть болагурят,

а мы дело делаем~ (53,193).

yvelaze mwvaved 1783 w-is georgievskis traqtatis gaformeba, mainc

axalcixelma suleiman-faSam aRiqva. man kargad icoda, ra gegmebs isaxav-

dnen qarTveli mefeebi samcxe-saaTabagos mimarT. traqtatiT saqarTvelo-

Si ruseTis damxmare korpusis mosvlis mniSvneloba mas sxvanairad arc

SeeZlo gaego, Tu ara saqarTvelos istoriul sazRvrebSi aRdgenis sawin-

dari da dasawyisi. amitom, rogorc ki darialis xeobaSi ruseTis damxma-

re razmis gamoCenis ambavi gaigo, maSinve konstantinopols malemsrboli

afrina da maSveli jari iTxova.

TurqeTma agentebi dagzavna amierkavkasiasa da azerbaijanSi, xo-

lo suleiman-faSas samoqmedod sagangebo instruqcia gamougzavnes. axal-

cixis safaSo saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg TurqTa moqmedebis mTavar kerad

iqca. ,,sulTani amierkavkasiis mahmadian mmarTvelebs gaerTianebisa da qme-

diTi RonisZiebebis gatarebisken mouwodebda: ,,romelnic sjuliT erTi

- 122 -

Zmani xarT erTad unda SeerTdeTo... xazina Cveni daixarjoso. saqarTve-

lozed unda mixvideT isinic gaafuWoT da imaTi ganzraxvac unda moSa-

loTo“ (2,41). marTlac, sulTnis kari yvela zomas mimarTavda, raTa erek-

les ruseTTan kavSiri moeSala. ase magaliTad, 1786 w-is 19 Tebervals su-

leiman faSam sulTnisgan 44 aTasi maneTi miiRo, raTa daerigebina azer-

baijanis xanebisa da daRestaneli mflobelebisaTvis, saqarTveloze sa-

TareSod (124,64). axalcixis faSis iniciativiT da TurqeTis finansuri da

moraluri daxmarebiT SuSis, Saqis, yarabaRis, baqosa da sxva mahmadianma

xanebma urTierTsaidumlo SeTanxmeba dades, raTa erToblivad ebrZolaT

ruseTis winaaRmdeg (99,91).

1783 w-s traqtatis xelmoweram qarTl-kaxeTis samefosadmi da pi-

radad erekle II-sadmi samarTliani guliswyroma gamoiwvia bagrationTa

samefo karis manamde erTgul xalxebSi. Crdilo kavkasieli liderebi, is-

eve, rogorc amierkavkasieli mahmadiani mmarTvelebi ereklesagan, traqta-

tis anulirebas moiTxovdnen, magram aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gamgebeli

ar Ralatobda Tavis prorusul politikur kurss; 1785 w-s Seix mansuris

miTiTebiT qarTlSi Semovidnen lekebi omar-xanis meTaurobiT. man erek-

les amgvari mimarTva gaugzavna: Sen Cven ar gagviwie namdvili mamoba da

mec Sviloba ar movisurve, xolo Tu Secvli Sens gadawyvetilebas, mTels

daRestans dagimorCileb. magram qarTl-kaxeTis mefe ar apirebda Tavis

ganzraxvaze xelis aRebas. lekebma, romelnic osmaleTTan erTad moqmedeb-

dnen, laSqrobiT upasuxes erekles. sazogadod, „mas Semdeg, rac ruseTi

kavkasias gaumezoblda da daRestans CrdiloeTiT sarbieli gadaeketa, mi-

si ,,energia“ mTlianad samxreTisaken warimarTa“ (54,6).

iranSi erTmmarTveloba ar iyo da gaerTianebuli ZalebiT ruse-

Tis winaaRmdeg gamosvla ar xerxdeboda. misi sisuste afiqrebinebda ru-

seTs iranis samflobeloebze galaSqrebas. ruseTis jaris nawilebi az-

erbaijanisaken (yizlaridan darubandis mimarTulebiT) salaSqrod gaem-

zada. gasazRvruli iyo kaspiis zRvis dasavleTi sanapiroebis gilanamde

dakaveba. ruseTis meore korpuss saqarTvelos laSqarTan erTad xelT un-

da egdo yarabaRi da ,,aRdgeniliyo“ somxeTisa da albaneTis saxelmwifoebi.

amasobaSi iranSi taxtisTvis brZola dasasruls miuaxlovda, safrangeTic

aqtiurad amoqmedda. aman ruseTs ispahanSi saqme gaurTula (99,134).

- 123 -

safrangeTisa da inglisis diplomatiuri wreebi gansakuTrebiT

mwvaved ganicdidnen TurqeTis mdgomareobas. maT kargad esmodaT, rom ru-

seT-avstriis kavSiri, yirimis SeerTeba ruseTTan da yubansa da amierkav-

kasiaSi dasayrdenis Seqmna, TurqeTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. frangi

samxedro specialistebi TurqeTs Svelodnen Savi zRvis sanapiroebis gamag-

rebaSi, ruseTis sazRvrebTan cixe-simagreebis agebaSi da a.S. safrangeTisa-

gan waTamamebuli TurqeTi did Tanxebs abandebda ruseTis winaaRmdeg kav-

kasiis mahmadianuri samflobeloebis asamxedreblad.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavleTSi 1784 wlis manZilze osmaleTis um-

Tavresi sazrunavi saqarTvelos sakiTxi iyo. erekles ruseTTan dakavSi-

rebam qarTl-kaxeTsa da axalcixis safaSos Soris faqtiuri (Tumc arao-

ficialuri) omi gamoiwvia. osmaleTi gansakuTrebul zomebs iRebda saqar-

Tvelos sakiTxis Tavis sasargeblod mosagvareblad.

marTalia, traqtatis dadebis Semdgom mTeli ZaliT gaiSala dip-

lomatiuri brZola ruseTisagan samxedro daxmarebis misaRebad, magram

amas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia. erekles elCi garsevan WavWavaZe ener-

giulad Seudga Tavisi misiis Sesrulebas. man p. potiomkins ruseTSi mefe

erekles saxeliT werili miarTva axalcixis faSis mtruli moqmedebis

alagmvis TxovniT 1784 w-is ivnisSi. ruseTs TurqeTTan am dros zavi hqon-

da dadebuli da es wardgineba potiomkins ar miuRia _ garsevanisTvis ur-

Cevia gr. potiomkinisaTvis gadaeca igi.

saqarTvelos Sesvlam ruseTis mfarvelobaSi da rusis jaris mos-

vlam aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ukiduresad aaforiaqa mahmadiani erebi.

TurqeTma mTeli kavkasiis mahmadianoba daayena fexze. aRniSnulma faqtma

gansakuTrebiT amierkavkasiis xanebi SeaSina. ,,maT saRi alRoTi igrZnes,

rom saqme marto saqarTvelos mfarvelobiT ar gaTavdeboda da amas auci-

leblad mohyveboda maTi ,,dapyroba'ZaliTa rosiis mxedrobisaTa“(202,33).

amitom azerbaijanis xanebma, aseve axalcixis faSam, romlebsac adre kar-

gi urTierToba hqondaT mefe ereklesTan, ruseTTan dadebuli traqtatis

gamo mtruli saqmianoba gaaCaRes. osmaleTma saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da-

Restani aamxedra. suleiman faSas mowodebiT 1785 w-is oqtomberSi daRes-

tneli omar-xani 20.000-iani laSqriT kaxeTs Seesia. aRniSnuli mizeziT

erekles gadaudga ymadnafici SuSis xani, xolo am ukanasknelis waqeze-

- 124 -

biT, imave mizeziT erekles aumxedrdnen da mtroba gaaCaRes saqarTvelos

winaaRmdeg ganjis, yazaxis, SamSadilisa da Samqoris mbrZaneblebma. ,,amis-

Tana gansacdelSi saqarTvelo ar yofilao~ – aRniSnavda saqarTvelos

elCi ruseTSi g. WavWavaZe da sTxovda imperators samxedro daxmarebas.

magram erekle II-s ruseTi cru dapirebebiT kvebavda da Tavis valdebule-

bebs ar asrulebda. krwanisis tragediac georgievskis traqtatis pirdapi-

ri Sedegi iyo. traqtatis dadebis Semdeg mtrebi ,,winandeburze ufro mZvi-

nvared TareSobdnen saqarTveloSi. oficialuri cnobebiT, saqarTveloSi

1783 w-dan dawyebuli 1801 w-mde, mcxovrebTa ricxvi ganaxevrda,* rac sa-

ukunobiT ver SesZles muslimanobis saxeliT sparseTma da osmaleTma, is

daasrula rusis mxedrobam qristianobis saxeliT: moispo mTlad erTi-

anad saqarTvelos damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba“ (149,14).

ruseTis moCvenebiTobam, safiqrebelia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

politikur moRvaweTa Soris erTgvari iluziebi Seqmna, rom ruseTis sa-

mefo kari traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebul valdebulebebs raime garTulebe-

bis, yovel mizez gareSe ganaxorcielebda da saqarTvelo bolos da bo-

los nanatr mSvidobas moipovebda. aseT mosazrebas adasturebs peterbur-

gidan garsevanis mier saqarTveloSi arqimandrit gaiozisadmi gamogzavni-

li werili 1785 w-is ivnisSi: ,,ase mgonia, aqauri an mandauri, rCevac sxva

da sxva iyos. amiT vici, rom mand rom viyav, sxva rigad vxedavdi da axla

sxva rigad vxedav“ (1.10,I,#2874).

lekTa TareSis asalagmavad mravali moTxovna iqna wardgenili gar-

sevanis mier. 1785 w-is ivnisis moxsenebiTi baraTi, 1785 w-is 29 agvistos

moxsenebiTi baraTi gr. potiomkinisadmi. am ukanasknelSi elCi auwyebda

ruseTis warmomadgenels im zaralis Sesaxeb, rac qarTl-kaxeTis samefom

ruseTis proteqtoratis qveS Sesvlis Sedegad ganicada. garsevanma saqar-

Tvelos es zarali 6 muxlSi Camoayaliba. igi iTxovs jars da Warze ga-

laSqrebas (183,244-246).

*SeniSvna: Tumca es monacemebi ramdenadme gazviadebuli Cans. marTalia, sagrZnoblad

iklo mosaxleobis ricxovnobam, magram arc ise rom ganaxevrebuliyo. mag-Tad, Tbilisi,

romelic yvelaze metad dazaralda 1795 w-s, Tu XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebSi 20.857 sul mo-

saxles iTvlida, 1809 w-is maCvenebliT 18.000 suls Seadgenda. xolo mTlianad qarTl-

kaxeTis mosaxleoba saukunis bolos 350.000-400.000 suls aRwevda.

- 125 -

magram werilebi upasuxod darCa. roca elCisaTvis naTeli gaxda, ruse-

Tis mTavroba jariT ver daexmareboda, finansuri daxmareba mouTxovia

gr. potiomkinisaTvis 1785 w-is 15 oqtombris moxsenebiT baraTSi. qarTvel-

ma elCma kargad icoda, rom TurqeTi ruseTTan zavis darRvevis SiSiT er-

ideboda saqarTveloze didi laSqriT brZolas, magram farulad, xaziniT

exmareboda daRestnelebsa da axalcixelebs: ,,...arian daRestnis xalxi mo-

syiduli TeTriTa TurqTaTa da amiT ZliT awuxeben saqarTvelos orsave

mxridam axalcixisa da daRestnidam. am or mxares amaTi TeTri muSaobs~

(183,247). raxan aseao, garsevani ideas ayenebs fuliT lekebi moisyidon.

potiomkins moaxsenebda, fuliT lekebs erekle ufro iSovis, vinaidan le-

kebs TavianT saxlebisaken wasasvleli gza mSvidobiani eqnebaTo. erekle

SeZlebs lekebi da axalcixelebi erTmaneTs daupirispiros da riTac ar

unda damTavrdes maTi Setakeba /lekTa gamarjvebiT Tu axalcixelTa da-

marcxebiT/mogebuli mainc saqarTvelo darCeba da ,,oriv mxriv mters Zali

moakldeba“(183,247). finansur daxmarebas garsevani jaris daxmarebis Tanab-

rad Tvlida, romliTac erekle SeZlebda jaris daqiravebas da lekebis

TurqTagan ganSorebas, magram saqarTvelom verc finansuri daxmareba

miiRo. amis miuxedavad, elCma 15 noembers jariT da fuliT daxmareba is-

ev iTxova. igi did ukmayofilebas gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos

traqtatis ZaliT arc samxedro, arc fuladi daxmareba gaewia, arc erek-

le II-is winadadeba iqna miRebuli War-belaqanze laSqrobis Sesaxeb (183,-

249-51). dasasruls garsevani auwyebda potiomkins: ,,Tumca mamuli Cveni si-

mgrguliv mtris pirSi yofila da yovelTvis brZola ar daukliaT saqar-

Tvelozed, oRond amisTana gaWirveba ara dros ar miuRiaT rom SeTqmu-

lobiT umterosT, rogorc axla oTxsav mxares mtroben~ (183,252). elCi iq-

ve dananebiT dasZenda, rom aseT gansacdelSi saqarTvelo ar yofila er-

ekle II-is mamis, Teimurazis, gamefebidan vidre am Jamamdeo.

ruseTis mTavroba kvlav pasiuri rCeboda. saerTaSoriso situaciis

momizezebiT ruseTi Tavs ikatunebda. is xom mainc SeiZleboda fuliT Cu-

mad daxmareboda Tavis xeldebuls! magram mis mizans arc Seadgenda tra-

qtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli daxmareba. amis dasturia kidev erTi sagulis-

xmo faqti _ im dros, roca gansacdelSi Cavardnili erekle samxedro da

finansur daxmarebas iTxovda, ruseTis mTavrobas mokavSiris dasaxmareb-

- 126 -

lad arc jari da arc Tanxa ar aRmoaCnda, samagierod igi uxvad urigeb-

da fulad jildoebs saqarTvelos mtrebs. ,,1786 w-is bolos, omar-xanis

Tavdasxmidan erTi wlis Semdeg, ruseTis samefo karma avariis xanis war-

momadgeneli didi pativiT miiRo da 10.000 maneTi fuliT, etliTa da 6

cxeniT daasaCuqra~(D1:126). amis Taobaze ganawyenebuli faTali-xani aRniS-

navda: nuTu kargi miReba avariis xanis warmomadgenels imitom mouwyves,

rom man saqarTvelo daangria da tyveebi waiyvana? mis warmomadgenels ru-

seTis mTavrobam mxolod 5000 man. gadasca (D1:126). xolo rac Seexeba Ta-

vis mfarvelobaSi myofi qarTl-kaxeTis samefosadmi ,,daxmarebas~, ruse-

Tis mTavroba damaimedebeli werilebis weriT amoiwura. gaognebuli erek-

le Tavis elCs ekiTxeba, ra unda moimoqmedos, rom ruseTis mTavrobis

sruli ndoba moipovos da maTgan samxedro da finansuri daxmareba mii-

Ros. garsevani saidumlo werilebSi rCevas aZlevda erekles. zog SemTx-

vevebze ki elCi rCevisa da miTiTebebisagan Tavs ikavebda.

1785 w-is 5 dekembris saidumlo werilSi garsevani erekles urCev-

da: ,,Cemi rCevaa, samflobelo miarTvaT imisaTvis, rom uaxloes xanebSi

Cvens saqmes sargebliT gamoadges~ (187,93). garsevans undoda, rom g. poti-

omkini erekles Tavis vasalad gadaeqcia, mieca ra misTvis mTiani adgi-

lebi darialidan ananuramde. misi azriT es RonisZieba osebsac mSvidobi-

ansa da gamgones gaxdida, ananuri evropul qalaqad gadaiqceoda. iq aSen-

deboda fabrikebi, momravldebodnen vaWrebi, mxatvrebi, xolo saqarTve-

lo-ruseTis gza (darialis gza) saimedo gaxdeboda (187,93-4). unda iTqvas,

rom es Zalzed sarisko saqme iyo. Tavad garsevanic am azris siswores

eWvobda da damatebiT gansjas mefes sTxovda. saeWvoa, rom es mTlad gar-

sevanis idea yofiliyo. safiqrebelia, is rus moxeleTagan (g. potiomkini)

momdinareobda, romlebic eZebdnen qarTl-kaxeTis samefos strategiuli

gzis xelSi Cagdebis diplomatiur saSualebebs. n. dubrovini Tvlis, rom

elCi mefes atyuebda am gegmiT (21,II,151), magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, es ru-

seTis mTavrobis mogonili, morigi xriki unda yofiliyo. garsevani wers,

ise unda gaformdes mamulebis gadacema, rom es samflobeloebi Tqven sa-

mefoSi Sediodeso. ,,da es miarTvi maT did adamians mflobelobaSi megob-

rulad~ (187,94). amaSi araferi araa aRsaSfoTebeli, werda mefes. ,,saer-

Tod Tqveni samflobeloebi, rac Tqven gqondaT mis imperatorobiT umaR-

- 127 -

lesobas miarTviT~ (187,94). radgan asea, maSasadame moifiqreT: ,,TqvenTvis

ra siZneles warmoadgens aseTi mciredi msxverplio~(187,95). Tumca Zneli

da mZimea es wardgineba, magram ganukurnebel avadmyofobas saWiroa wama-

li davadoT. ,,saqme imaSia, rom an pirdapir unda mivandoT maT Cveni sam-

Soblo, samagierod ki maT unda gviboZon mfarveloba, megobroba da ndo-

ba; ukeTu ara, maSin sxvagan veZioT daxmareba, rac xels Seuwyobs mdgoma-

reobis gaumjobesebas. sxvanairad CvenTvis Znelia mivaRwioT keTildReo-

baso“ (187,95). Tu es Sesrulda /potiomkinisTvis mamulebis gadacema/, maSin

saqarTveloSi aqauri wesrigi damyardeba da ,,male Tqven dainaxavT Tqven

samSobloSi an Tqven samefoSi patara ruseTso“ (187,95).

es yvelaferi ruseTis mTavrobis satyuaras hgavs, romelsac garse-

vanis TqmiT, mefe unda dayabuleboda, radgan sxva gamosavals ver xeda-

vda. ra Tqma unda sjobia aReba, vidre gacema _ agrZelebs garsevani: ,,mag-

ram CvenTvis da momavali droisaTvis aucilebelia da ukeTesi sakuTari

azris wamoyeneba... SesaZlebelia dro sxvanairad gansjis mas“ (187,95).

darialis samxedro gzis strategiuli mniSvneloba kargad aris

Camoyalibebuli rusi mecnieris musin-puSkinis moxsenebaSi. imogzaura ra

saqarTveloSi, man kargad ,,gaacnobiera~ am gzis mniSvneloba saqarTve-

los SeerTebis, ufro zustad dapyrobis saqmeSi. mogzaurobis Sedegad

grafma imperators warudgina moxseneba ,,О удобностях и выгодах присоединения,

при теперешних обстоятельствах Грузии к держав Россиской~.

grafi laparakobs miwis nayofierebis, wiaRiseulis, bunebrivi pi-

robebis Sesaxeb, magram ufro meti yuradReba am CanawerebSi daTmobili

aqvs saqarTvelos mniSvnelobas ruseTisaTvis, samxedro politikuri Tval-

sazrisiT. kerZod, xazgasmulia, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebas mo-

hyveba mTielebis alagmva da kavkasiis xazis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofa,

gafarTovdeba vaWroba sparseTTan da Soreul indoeTTanac ki. saqarTve-

lo iqneba umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti iranTan an TurqeTTan

omis SemTxvevaSi. aqve aRniSnavs, rom qarTl-kaxeTis SeerTebis Semdeg, ime-

reTic ar daayovnebs ruseTTan SeerTebas, miT ufro, rom mosaxleobasac

ruseTis didi imedi aqvs. ase, rom aseT viTarebaSi mTeli saqarTvelos

SeerTebac ar iqneba rTuli. saqarTvelos SeerTebis saqmeSi mecnieri did

- 128 -

mniSvnelobas aniWebda darialis gzas da saerTod, aragvis xeobas. misi

azriT am sakomunikacio saSualebis uzrunvelsayofad saWiro iqneboda

misi imJamindeli mflobelis vaxtang erekles Zis mimxroba, romelic arc

ise Zneli iqneboda, Tuki mas moisyiddnen ordenebiTa da titulebiT. es

Canawerebi 1801 w-is dasawyisSi warudgines pavle I-s, Semdeg ki igi figu-

rirebda saxelmwifo sabWoSi, roca iq ixileboda da wydeboda sakiTxi sa-

qarTvelos SeerTebis Sesaxeb (20,164-65).

nuTu saimperatoro karze myofma garsevanma ver amoicno mtacebel

imperialistTa namdvili zraxvani? nuTu igi ver Cawvda maTi politikis

arss, rom es iyo ruseTis diplomatiis brZola mSvidobiani gziT mieTvi-

sebina qarTl-kaxeTi, rac ufro met zomierebasa da sifrTxiles moiTxo-

vda qarTvel politikosTagan. rogorc Cans, man, marTlac, sxvanairad da-

inaxa didi politikis gadasaxedidan sakuTari qveynis bedi, mixvda, rom

Tavs zeviT Zala ar iyo _ patara samefos win madagaRviZebuli ,,orTavia-

ni arwivi~ idga. aseT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc Cans, qarTuli diplomatia CaT-

revas Cayolas amjobinebda.

meoTxe saidumlo werilSi (1785 w-is dekemberi) garsevani iuwyeba,

rom Worad gaugia, viTom g. potiomkins surs erekles siZe gaxdes _ anas-

tasiaze iqorwinos, Tan afrTxilebda mefes: Seinaxe es saidumlod aravin

gaigos, radgan CemTvisac saSiSia da SenTvisac (Tumca saidumlo weri-

lebis dedani mainc Cauvarda xelSi carizmis dazvervas), Tundac imitom,

rom ,,me amis Sesaxeb sworad ar vici“ (187,99-100). ,,Tu es saqme moxda, Segi-

ZliaT gamoiyenoT qveynis sasargeblod da Tu ar moxda, am SemTxvevaSic

Tqven arafers ar kargavTo“ (187,100).

es im diplomatiuri brZolis gagrZelebaa, romelic potiomkinma

traqtatis dadebidan sul male, 1784 w-s wamoiwyo, roca igi erekles ew-

via da aSkarad mosTxova saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobis ruseTze gadace-

ma: „1784 wlis 19 seqtembers general-poruCiki potiomkini movida saqar-

TveloSi Tan mohyva general-maiori samoilovi. potiomkini urCevda erek-

les _ marTva-gamgeoba Cven, rusebs gadmogvecio, qarTlis Semosavali ja-

magirad gqondes da kaxeTi Seni iyos sakuTrado. ereklem upasuxod gais-

tumra. potiomkini liniaze dabrunda (30,30;39,156). yovelive aqedan aSkarad

- 129 -

Cans raoden Cqarobs rusuli imperializmi saqarTvelos dapyrobis saqmes.

kidev erTxel naTlad ikveTeba traqtatiT gaformebuli ,,mudmivi mfarve-

lobis~ realuri arsi.

garsevanisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom ruseTidan daxmareba igvianebda

da 1786 w-is 10 ianvris weriliT gr. potiomkins samSobloSi dabruneba

sTxova. aseTi nabijiT elCs garkveuli zegavlenis moxdenac surda. mas

pasuxi ar misces. 16 Tebervals isev iTxova samSobloSi dabrunebis neba-

rTva. elCis Txovna isev upasuxod darCa. imave wlis 22 seqtembers ukve

erekle mefem moiTxova elCis gamomgzavreba, Tumca arc am werils mohyo-

lia Sedegi. qarTl-kaxeTSi sagareo orientaciis gadasinjvis sakiTxi da-

dga da erekles surda rezidentis gawveva mezoblebTan urTierTobis sa-

kiTxSi SeboWili rom ar yofiliyo _ mosalodneli iyo ruseT-TurqeTis

omi. Tanac, traqtatiT nakisri valdebulebebi ,,ruseTis mxriT ar yofila

daculi da faratina qaRaldad darCa~ (196,13). rogorc Cans, ruseTis dip-

lomatias ar surda, qarTvelebs orientaciis gadasinjvaze efiqraT da

ganzrax agvianebdnen elCis dabrunebis saqmes. mxolod ori wlis Semdeg,

1788 w-is zafxulSi dabrunda samSobloSi garsevani.

kritikul mdgomareobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis samefom mezoblebTan lo-

ialur urTierTobaze aiRo gezi. 1786 w-is zafxulis miwuruls erekle II

axalcixis safaSosTan ,,megobruli~ urTierTobis gzas daadga da samSvi-

dobo xelSekruleba dado, Tumca igi Semdeg ruseTis mTavrobasTan Sea-

Tanxma. garsevanma es SeTanxmeba _ qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is weri-

lis piri /1785 w-is 15 seqtembris/ TurqeTis vezirisadmi, axalcixel sule-

iman-faSasa da erekle II-es Soris keTilmezobluri urTierTobis Sesaxeb,

agreTve erekle II-isa da axalcixel suleiman-faSas Soris samSvidobo

xelSekrulebis piri (183,254-57) ruseTis mTavrobas warudgina peterburgSi.

,,1783 w-is xelSekrulebis wyalobiT saqarTvelo gaZlierebisa da

gareSe mtrebisagan uzrunvelyofis magier samis mxriT mtrebiT Semor-

tymuli gaxda da ganuwyvetliv saomar ganwyobilebaSi Cavarda im Tavis

mezoblebTanac, romelnic winaT misi erTguli mokavSireni iyvnen~ (203,80).

am gaWirvebis Jams rusis jaris ufross burnaSevs fedmarSal po-

tiomkinisagan brZaneba mouvida ruseTSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb da igic erek-

les mravali xvewna-mudaris miuxedavad Tavisi jariT 1787 w-s saqarTve-

- 130 -

lodan wavida. ruseTis mTavrobam erekles neba darTo mezoblebTan urTi-

erToba TviTon moegvarebina. amiT georgievskis traqtatis moqmedeba faq-

tobrivad Sewyda, Tumca igi arcerT mxares ar gauuqmebia.

1787 w-s dawyebul ruseT-TurqeTis omSi ruseTis sardlobis gegma

kavkasiis mxridan brZolas ar iTvaliswinebda, amitomac iqna gayvanili

jer isedac mcirericxovani jaris nawili saqarTvelodan. omis dawyebis

mizezad Turqi istorikosi jevdeT faSa pirdapir saqarTvelos sakiTxs

asaxelebs (19,390). jer kidev adre, sanam rusis jari saqarTvelos datoveb-

da, ,,osmaleTma axalcixis faSis piriT erekle mefes SemouTvala, rom

oRond is ruseTs CamoSoreboda da rusis jari saqarTvelodan gaestumre-

bina, da aramc Tu winandeli keTilmezobluri damokidebuleba saqarTve-

losTan aRdgenili iqneboda, aramed gacilebiT ufro mets sargeblobasac

pirdeboda“ (14,II,191-93).

ereklem am winadadebaze uari SeuTvala, riTac kidev ufro gaamw-

vava osmaleTis mtroba da siZulvili saqarTvelos mimarT. ,,1783 w-is xel-

Sekrulebas saqarTvelosaTvis sargebloba ara moutania ra, ziani ki aua-

rebeli. politikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesebis magier saSinlad gauares-

da. xma am xelSekrulebas da ruseTis saxelmwifos mfarvelobas didi

hqonda, sაqmiT ki Zalian mciredi iyo is daxmareba, romelic ruseTis mxri-

dan saqarTvelos aRmoeCina“(202,32-33).

ruseTTan dakavSirebam saqarTvelo araTu gamoiyvana im ,,gamouva-

li~ mdgomareobidan, romelic ruseTze orientaciis mimdevrebma TviTonve

Seqmnes TavianTi sworxazovani politikiT, aramed igi kidev ufro uares

CixSi moamwyvdia. aRmavlobis gziT mimavali qarTl-kaxeTis samefo fizi-

kuri dauZlurebisa da ekonomikuri gaCanagebis gziT wavida. gamudmebuli

omianoba auracxel nivTier da sulier msxverpls iwiravda. ,,istoriuli

gamocdileba aucileblad adasturebda, rom amierkavkasiis politikuri

erTeulebi gacilebiT ukeTesad agvarebdnen erTmaneTTan urTierTobas im

xanmokle periodSi, rodesac didi saxelmwifoebi TavianTi dampyrobluri

miznebiT maT saqmeebSi ar ereodnen“(88,774). am mxriv eTnikur-religiuri

faqtori, miuxedavad misi siWrelisa, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisa arasodes

yofila. saqarTvelos xom mahmadianur qveynebTan urTierTobis mravalsa-

ukunovani istoriuli gamocdileba hqonda.

- 131 -

am mZime viTarebaSi imZlavra im dasis ganwyobilebam, romelic ru-

seT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebas uaryofiTad afasebda. ,,opozicia xedav-

da ruseTis gulgrilobas, rom peterburgis mTavrobas mxolod maSin mo-

agondeboda saqarTvelo, rodesac kaspiis zRvaze batonobis sakiTxi win

wamodgeboda da amitom arCevda mezobel mahmadian qveynebTan da, upirve-

les yovlisa, osmaleTsa da sparseTTan kavSiris daWeris gzaze svlas. am

jgufs saTaveSi edga mdivanbegi solomon lioniZe da sardal-saxlTuxu-

cesi daviT orbeliani, siZe erekle II-sa mxne, mamaci da gonieri kaci~

(106,233). qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikisadmi kritikuli mimar-

Tulebis warmomadgenlebi XVIII s-is 80-ian wlebSi ruseTisadmi damokide-

bulebis sakiTxSi gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles moiTxovdnen, radganac

,,mfarveloba ruseTisa daSorebuli iyo~ da misi daxmarebis miRebamde

mtrulad ganwyobili mezoblebi saqarTvelos gaanadgurebdnen: `solomon

leoniZe didad afrTxilebda mefes da yovelTvis asmenda, rom Cven sparsT

da osmalT Sua unda mtkiced viyveT da rusTa kavSiris araferi unda gva-

Sinebdes, Torem daviRupebiT, movispobiT da mere verc rusni moaswroben

Cven Svelaso. sparsni gadagvekidebian ufro 1783 wlis ekatirina imperat-

ricas mfarvelobis gamo~(193,19). maSin roca TviT ruseTis diplomatebi da

samxedro moxeleebic ar malavdnen, rom ruseTTan samxedro-politikuri

kavSiris gamo qarTl-kaxeTi gaCanagda, aRniSnuli dasis warmomadgenlebs

sagareo orientaciis gadasinjvisaTvis saWiro argumentebis'Zebna aRar

sWirdebodaT. ,,saqarTvelo ukiduresad nadgurdeba, - werda burnaSevi po-

tiomkins 1785 w-is noemberSi, - imis gamo rom gzebze gamosvla saSiSia, vaW-

roba mTlianad Sewyda, puris moyvana Seferxebulia, radgan mosaxleobas

saxelmwifo Tu samxedro samsaxurSi iwveven da soflebi dacarielebu-

lia. mis umaRlesobas (erekles) ar SeuZlia Segrovili jaris didxans Se-

naxva, radgan fuli ara aqvs, misi Semosavali TiTqmis gaqra“ (21,II,148 ).

@TviT ereklec iZulebuli gaxda sagareo politikaSi ruseTisagan

damoukideblad emoqmeda. 1786^w-s 12@seqtembers gaformda samSvidobo xel-

Sekruleba qarTl-kaxeTisa da axalcixis safaSos Soris. am zaviT erek-

les surda erTimeoresaTvis SeeTavsebina or qveyanasTan mSvidobiani ur-

TierToba. erekle imasac cdilobda, moegvarebina urTierToba iranTan da

aRa-mahmad-xanTan mosalaparakeblad gagzavna Tavadi ciciSvili. magram er-

- 132 -

ekles am RonisZiebebs ar mohyolia sagareo orientaciis Secvla. ruseT-

Tan damokidebulebis arCevani ZalaSi darCa.

eris mesveurTa politikuri gulubryvilobisa da erTmorwmuneo-

bis dogmebze agebuli politikis nayofi araerTxel igema qveyanam. reli-

giuri dogmebiT SepyrobilT daaviwydaT bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris war-

moebuli samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebi da am niadagze praqtikulad uk-

ve Semowmebuli erTmorwmuneobis sruli usafuZvloba politikaSi. Sore-

ul istorias rom Tavi davaneboT erekles cxvirwin edo axlo warsulis

araerTi mware magaliTi swored erTmorwmune ruseTTan dakavSirebis Se-

degad nawvnevi, magram mas verc Soreulma da verc axlo, verc sxvisma da

verc sakuTarma gamocdilebam Tvali ver auxila.

religiuri dogmebiT SezRudul xelmZRvanelTa Soris maSinac

yofilan saRad moazrovne politikuri moRvaweni, romlebic damRupvelad

Tvlidnen am nabijs. ai, ras swers amis Sesaxeb cnobili istorikosi aleq-

sandre froneli: ,,TiTo-orolani maSinac iyvnen, romelnic winaswarmet-

yveluris Sors-gamWvretelobiT hquxdnen da hRaRadebdnen, rom sapoliti-

ko arsebobis mospoba ki ar aRayvavebs sarwmunoebas, piriqiT, dasTrgu-

navs da daamxobso, magram aseTi xma rCeboda xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa

Sina. msoflio istoriaSi xSiria iseTi momentebi, roca ers, qveyanas gai-

tacebs romelime azri, idea da hgonebs, Tu es azri, idea ar ganvaxorci-

ele, Tavi cocxali aRar mindao da gamwarebuli, zogjer Zlieris sulis-

kveTebiT, ibrZvis da etaneba Tavisis idealis ganxorcielebas. swored as-

eTi dro da momenti daudga saqarTvelos meTvramete saukunis dasasruls.

qveyanas sjeroda, rom daRupvisagan mxolod marTlmadidebeli ruseTi

dagvixsnis da sxva aravinao. umravlesoba erisa bedisweras ahyva da gul-

xeldakrefili daemorCila RvTis gangebasa“ (173,205-206).

ruseTis orientacias ar eTanxmebodnen Tavis droze iseTi cnobi-

li politikuri moRvaweni, rogorebic iyvnen: giorgi saakaZe, rostom me-

fe, baqari da paata batoniSvilebi, solomon lioniZe,QWabua orbeliani, as-

pinZis gmiri daviT sardali, aleqsandre batoniSvili da sxvebi. winaaRm-

degoebebiT aRsavse XVIII s-is qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis sagareo orien-

tiris gansazRvra warmoadgenda erT im friad mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, rom-

lis gamoc da romlis irgvlivac didi sazogadoebrivi azrTa sxvaoba da

- 133 -

Widili mimdinareobda. zogi gadmocemiT, evropulad ganaTlebul-ganswav-

luli paata batoniSvili erekle mefes urCevda safrangeTisTvis Tavi da-

enebebina da ingliss dakavSireboda. paatas azriT, inglisisadmi keTilga-

nwobilebaSi myofi iranis Sahic am kavSiris winaaRmdegi ar iqneboda: `am

daaxloebis winaaRmdegs verc sparseTi gvetyvis rames, amis moxerxebiT

TviT sparsnic ailagmebian~ (192,35). marTlac, xerxiani da Wkvianurad mo-

fiqrebuli saSualebaa evropasTan dasakavSireblad. marTalia, am xanebSi

inglis-indoeTTan savaWro-ekonomiuri kavSiri gaiba – somexi da qarTveli

vaWrebi mimodiodnen kalkutas, madrassa da TviT inglisSic, magram mefe

mainc yoymanobda: ingliselebi `Cveni merjuleni ar arian da vai Tu mov-

tyuvdeTo~(192,36). mefe ufro samefo karze myofi patrebis azrs iTvalis-

winebda, romlebic safrangeTis kavSirs iTxovdneno – gadmogvcems z. Wi-

WinaZe. metad saintereso da sayuradReboa es monaTxrobi, ramdenadac ka-

rgad warmoaCens im did duRils, rasac samefo karze hqonda adgili sa-

gareo orientaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.

ruseTis orientaciis mowinaaRmdegeTa umravlesoba saerTod uar-

yofda saqarTvelos Sesvlas romelime saxelmwifos mfarvelobaSi. xolo

uares SemTxvevaSi, isini mainc iranisaken ixrebodnen. rusuli orientaci-

is SesaZleblobaze laparaki iran-osmaleTis winaSe mxolod diplomati-

uri dawolis sagani unda yofiliyo am ukanasknelTagan daTmobis misaRe-

bad. rogorc davinaxeT, kavkasiaSi rusebis SemosvliT daSinebuli sparse-

Tisa da TurqeTis mbrZaneblebi, agreTve kavkasiis mahmadiani xanebi ukana-

skneli droisaTvis TviTonve sTavazobdnen saqarTvelos keTilmezoblur

damokidebulebas da iyvnen kidec ase keTilganwyobilobaSi, qarTvelebs

rom ruseTTan kavSiriT da Semdeg maTi saqarTveloSi SemoyvaniT ar aem-

xedrebina isini. marTalia, saqarTvelo ruseTis orientaciamde TviT iran-

osmaleTis mier Seqmnilma mZime mdgomareobam miiyvana, magram mudmivi ra

aris amqveynad. Secvlili viTarebis Sedegad icvleba mteric da mokeTec.

am cvlilebebs alRos unda uRebdes politikuri moRvawe da droisa da

situaciisa mixedviT moqmedebdes. samwuxarod, XVIII s-is II naxevarSi qar-

Tuli politikis mesveurebma ver SeZles iran-osmaleT-ruseTis winaaR-

mdegobis gamoyeneba; Crdilouri orientaciis momxreebs erTmorwmuneo-

bis iqiT arafris danaxva ar surdaT miuxedavad imisa, rom es akviatebu-

- 134 -

li erTmorwmuneobis politika daRupvis mets arafers aZlevda qveyanas.

mogvianebiT, roca am sworxazovanma kursma krwanisis tragedia warmoSva,

kidev ufro gaRrmavda dapirispireba sazogadoebaSi. mowinaaRmdege dasi

aSkarad amxelda da akritikebda mefes ruseTze orientaciis gamo; 1796 w-s

erT-erTi TaTbiris dros solomon lioniZes sajarod uTqvams mefisaT-

vis ,,Cven merjule erTa erToba aras gvargebs, Tu qveynis da cxovrebis

wesebiT erTmaneTs ar venaTesavebiTo. aseT saqmes martod Tqvenis wadi-

liT nu gadaswyvetamT, hkiTxeT sxvaTacao, nametur imerTacao. naxeT ras

ityvian iginio. aseTi saqme, aseTi qveynis garemoebaTa pirobebi mefes gar-

da ersac ekiTxvis. Tqven erma mogcaT ufleba Tvis dasacvelad da ara

sxvaTa garadasacem-gasacvlelado, mefis gulis Tqma da ganzraxva ersac

ekiTxviso~(193,19-20). cnoba am TaTbiris Sesaxeb daculi aqvs z. WiWinaZes,

misive gadmocemiT, es ambebi yvelasTvis cnobili iyo, magram CaweriT ki

aravis Cauweria, xolo zepirad TviTmxilvelebs bevrisTvis uambniaT. swo-

red maTi naambobis mixedviT am realur faqtze aago da dawera Semdeg n.

baraTaSvilma Tavisi poema ,,bedi qarTlisa~, romelSic sasaxleSi nalapa-

rakevi sizustiT gadmoscao. TaTbiris dros sapasuxod mefe erekles mowi-

naaRmdegeebisTvis uTqvams: ,,solomon leoniZe myvedris me, myvedrian sxva-

nic, viTomc me sxvaTa mikedlebas Cemis didebisaTvis Cavdiode, RmerTia

mowame, rom es ase ar aris da me vekedlebi sxvaTa Cem qveynis didebis da

eris sadRegrZelod. ax, netavi Cemi qveynis SeerTebis 40 wlis Semdeg saf-

lavidam wamomayena da maCvena qarTvelni, Tu Cemi mawyeiarni iqnebian, Tu ma-

dloaelni. magram RmerTia mowame, rom me amas Cemis eris keTildReobisaT-

vis Cavdivar da ara Cemi didebisaTvis~ (193,20).

ramdenad erkvevodnen urTierTmizanswrafvaSi ruseTi da saqarT-

velo? ruseTi sruliad garkveulia saqarTvelosadmi mizan-swrafvaSi da

dampyroblis TvaliT umzers mas. saqarTvelos mesveurebma ician, rom igi

uzarmazari qristianuli imperiaa (garkveulwilad bizantiis xatebasac

xedavdnen masSi), romelsac surs gavlenis sferoebis gavrceleba maxlo-

bel aRmosavleTSi da misi imperialisturi mizan-swrafvani surT Tavis

sasikeTod gamoiyenon. qarTvelma politikosebma ician, rom ,,ruseTis xel-

mwife yvelgan spobs mcire xalxebis samefoebs da TviTonve iTvisebs maT,

ise, rogorc es Caidina man poloneTSi, fineTSi, yirimsa da qarlT-kaxeT-

- 135 -

Si. amasve unda movelodeT misgan imereTSi da mTel dasavleT saqarTve-

loSi“ _ aRniSnavda solomon lioniZe (1.3,#5). ra Tqma unda, aseT qveyanas-

Tan urTierTobani da ndoba mis mimarT sarisko iyo. miT ufro, rom ruse-

Ti Semdgom Tavis movaleobebs ar asrulebda da mxolod cariel dapire-

bebs iZleoda. magram kavkasiaSi fexis Semodgmis Semdgom igi gaxda Tavi-

si politikuri nebis mokarnaxe. qarTvelma politikosebmac CaTrevas Cayo-

la amjobines. marTalia, erekle da misi dasi erkveodnen maSindel saer-

TaSoriso viTarebaSi, magram maT politikur Semoqmedebas garkveulwil-

ad miamitobis daRi azis. gana ruseTic sakuTari interesebiT ar moqmedeb-

da? da am interesebs ar ewireboda patara saqarTvelo? amis araerTi maga-

liTi cxvirwin edoT qarTvel politikosebs.

Cvens istoriografiaSi gabatonebulia debuleba _ ,,sami mezobli-

dan: irani-osmaleTi-ruseTi _ saqarTvelos erT-erTi unda aerCia da erek-

lemac, raRa Tqma unda, erTmorwmune ruseTi airCia sworadac moiqcao,

radgan saqarTvelo bolos mainc gaerTianda ruseTis xelqveiT da fizi-

kuri arseboba SeinarCuna, magram ratomRac viviwyebT es yvelaferi saxel-

mwifoebriobis dakargvis fasad rom daujda qveyanas. aseT arCevans Tavad

dro da garemoeba ar moiTxovda. ase mxolod garkveul politikosTa jgu-

fi fiqrobda, rac politikur gulubryvilobad unda CaiTvalos. arsebul

situaciaSi mkveTri politikuri orientaciis aReba, vfiqrobT, ar iyo mi-

zanSewonili. aqve unda aRiniSnis erTi umniSvnelovanesi garemoeba, rac

ganapirobebda erekles morCilebasa da loialobas saimperatoro karisad-

mi. aralegitimuroba kaxeli bagrationebisa da SiSi taxtis dakargvisa iyo

is aqilevsis qusli, romelic iwvevda erekles mijaWvulobas Crdiloel

mezobelze. ruseTSi xom qarTlis taxtis kanonieri memkvidreebi imyofeb-

odnen da maT araerTxel scades taxtis dabruneba ruseTis samefo karis

,,daxmarebiT~. maT sapirispirod erekle cdilobda moepovebina legitimu-

robis aRiareba ruseTisagan. es faqti Zalauneburad aqcevda qarTl-kaxe-

Tis monarqs ruseTis morCil politikosad. erekles xom qarTlis taxtis

kanonieri memkvidris ,,safrTxobelaTi“ araerTxel CauSales didi wamow-

yebebi.

- 136 -

IV თავი. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sakiTxi

XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls

Crdilouri orientaciiT miRebulma uaryofiTma Sedegebma moiTxo-

va sagareo kursis gadasinjva. TviT erekle, xSirad, iZulebuli xdeba da-

moukidebel politikas mimarTos. iwyeba gzebis Zieba Seqmnili mdgomareo-

bidan gamosasvlelad. `kulturul-politikuri orientaciis problema awu-

xebda ara marto mefesa da politikis mesveurT, aramed inteligenciisa da

feodaluri aristokratiis progresul nawils~(102,37). aseT viTarebaSi,

XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis bolos, mTeli simZafriT dadga saqarTvelos ga-

erTianebis sakiTxi.

erekles politikis mowinaaRmdegeni ruseT-saqarTvelos urTier-

Tobis sami saukunis gamocdilebam daarwmuna, rom mcdari da damRupveli

iyo rusuli orientacia, rom ruseTTan daaxloeba saqarTvelos iran-osma-

leTTan ufuWebda damokidebulebas, xolo ruseTi araviTar daxmarebas

ar uwevda saqarTvelos mahmadianur saxelmwifoebTan dapirispirebis Sem-

TxvevaSi. amitom isini saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad da

qarTveli eris gadasarCenad, saWirod miiCnevdnen kavSiris gawyvetas ruse-

TTan, saqarTvelos gaerTianebasa da moqnili politikis warmoebiT keTil-

mezobluri urTierTobis SenarCunebas iran-osmaleTTan. rogorc istori-

uli faqtebi gvidastureben, es savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo.

Cvens istoriografiaSi gabatonebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom mesame Za-

lis daxmarebis gareSe mtrul garemocvaSi Cavardnili, feodalurad ,,da-

Cixuli~ saqarTvelo daiRupeboda; amis sawinaaRmdegod Cven SegviZlia mo-

viyvanoT warsulis magaliTebi. SedarebisTvis gavixsenoT VIII-IX saukune-

ebi, erT-erTi urTulesi periodi saqarTvelos istoriaSi, roca arabTa

batonobis uRelqveS myofi daSlili saqarTvelo ganmaTavisuflebeli

brZolebis paralelurad awarmoebda brZolebs gaerTianebisTvis. uaRre-

sad rTul saSinao da sagareo viTarebaSi mimdinareobs es procesi, mag-

ram ramodenime saukunis Semdeg, warmatebiT _ saqarTvelos gaerTianebiT

sruldeba (XI s-Si). saqarTvelos istoriuli bedi yovelTvis mZime iyo,

magram mas gaaCnda regeneraciis anu aRdgena-ganaxlebis didi unari.

- 137 -

aseve, XVIII saukuneSic, rTul saerTaSoriso mdgomareobaTa miuxe-

davad, gamoikveTa gaerTianebis konturebi. gaerTianebis ideur-Teoriuli

winamZRvrebi mzaddeboda XVIII s-is dasawyisidan. es naTlad Cans am sau-

kunis moRvaweTa naazrevSi, saero Tu sasuliero pirTa Semoqmedebasa da

praqtikul moRvaweobaSi. sulxan-sabas, daviT guramiSvilis, vaxuSti bag-

rationis, anton kaTalikosis naSromebi sxva araferia, Tu ara ideuri ni-

adagis Seqmna gaerTianebuli saqarTvelosi (,,yoveli qarTlis~ Semosakre-

bad) Zlieri monarqiT saTaveSi. maT mTeli sisruliT SeucvniaT qveynis

warsuli da saqarTvelos momavali perspeqtivebis _ saxelmwifoebrivi er-

Tianobis Tu politikuri orientaciis sakiTxTa ZiebaSi arian. ,,gansakuT-

rebiT XVIII s-is miwurulSi etyoba qarTul politikur azrovnebas Tvi-

sobrivi siaxleni da ramdenadme gacxoveleba, romlis safuZvelia ara mxo-

lod mowinave qveynebis (evropa) kulturuli gavlenebi (ganmanaTlebloba,

volterianeloba, safrangeTis didi revoluciis idealebi), aramed uwina-

res yovlisa is saintereso qarTul socialur-saazrovno garemo, rome-

lic am periodSi sakmaod axal niSnebs iZleva (daviT da ioane batoniSvi-

lebi, al. amilaxvari, anton kaTalikosi da sxva)“ (61,IV.164).

XVIII s-is II naxevarSi saqarTvelos gaerTianeba ara marto ideurad

iyo momwifebuli, mowinave wreebSi, aramed igi xorcs isxamda praqtikula-

dac. rogorc iTqva, ereklesa da solomonis moRvaweobis pirvel period-

Si, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloc 'ZiriTadad ukve gaerTiandnen,

am ukanasknelTa Zalauflebis qveS. ufro metic, qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTia-

nebul samefos im droisaTvis emorCilebodnen ganjis, yarabaRis, naxWevani-

sa da erevnis saxanoebi. erTi sityviT, saWiro iyo saqarTvelos orive sa-

mefos SeerTeba da am niadagze gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos aRdgena. saa-

misod realurad xelsayreli viTareba Seiqna imereTis mefe solomon I-is

gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1784 w-s; solomon I-s memkvidre ar darCenia. man si-

cocxleSive memkvidred Tavisi Zmis _ arCilis da erekle mefis qalis _

elenes Svili daviTi aRiara, magram imereTis didebulebma samefo taxtze

aiyvanes ara daviT arCilis Ze, aramed solomonis biZaSvili – daviT gio-

rgis Ze. es arCevani iman ganapiroba, rom didebulTa varaudiT, erekles

SviliSvilis gamefeba imereTSi, gamoiwvevda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis gavle-

nis gaZlierebas da feodalTa SezRudvas. amas SeiZleba amer-imeris gaer-

- 138 -

Tianebis cdac mohyoloda, rac maTTvis yovlad miuRebeli iyo. amitom

Tavadebma da samRvdeloebam taxtze saswrafod dasves solomon I-is gama-

erTianebeli politikis winaaRmdeg 1778 w-s momxdari ajanyebis TanamgrZ-

nobi daviT giorgis'Ze. ,,partikularistulad ganwyobili Tavadebis mier

imereTis taxtze daviT giorgis Zis ayvana erekles gamaerTianebeli po-

litikis sawinaaRmdego aqtad moCans~(152,298). Tavaduri reaqciis gadawyve-

tilebas rusma diplomatebma mxari dauWires, „mosalodneli iyo areulo-

ba daviT arCilis Zis bedis gamosabruneblad, magram ruseTis warmomad-

genelma polkovnikma burnaSevma da maqsime kaTolikozma miiRes saSuale-

ba, rom xalxi droebiT daewynarebinaT da ecnaT kanonier mefed daviT

giorgis Ze“ (197,5). rac, faqtobrivad, imave ruseTis TaosnobiT ereklesa

da solomons Soris 1783 wels dadebuli xelSekrulebis darRveva iyo;

(Tumca daviT giorgis Ze ruseTs iuridiulad mefed ar daumtkicebia _

Cans, esec erTgvari xriki iyo _ igi ar ,,arRvevda~ xelSekrulebas). imer-

el didebulTa da rus diplomatTa interesebi erTmaneTs daemTxva. ruse-

Tis mTavrobas xels aZlevda daviT giorgis Zis kandidatura _ es ukanas-

kneli rusuli orientaciis momxre gaxldaT da amave dros, misi imereTis

taxtze asvla saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Sanssac gamoricxavda (rusma dip-

lomatebma xom mSvenivrad icodnen erekle II-is mizanswrafvani saqarTve-

los gamTlianebisaken).

qveynis gaerTianebisaken miswrafebebi, rogorc zemoT davinaxeT,

aSkarad vlindeba, jer kidev, erekle II-is 70-iani wlebis politikaSi _

ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-74 ww-is omis dros. misi mizania, ara mxolod axal-

cixis safaSoSi, aramed m. samsonaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT _ imereTSi ga-

vlenis gaZlierebac (152,184). am politikis gagrZelebas warmoadgenda, misive

azriT, 70-iani wlebis II naxevarSi sulTnis karTan daaxloeba. 1776 w-is ere-

kles mier TurqeTTan dadebuli ,,xelSekruleba solomon I-is winaaRmdeg

iyo mimarTuli da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mier imereTis da momavalSi,

albaT, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelos SemoerTebas gulisxmobda“(152,209-

210). faqtia is, rom am periodSi, marTlac, daiZaba urTierToba ereklesa

da solomon pirvels Soris; es ukanaskneli, rogorc v. maWaraZec miuTi-

Tebs, undobladaa ganwyobili da aqtiuri diplomatiuri saSualebebiT

cdilobs win aRudges qarTl-kaxeTis mefis miswrafebebs (133,35). geronti

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qiqoZec igive azrs aviTarebs: ,,erekle mefe mzad iyo praqtikuli nabije-

bi gadaedga saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad, magram is medgar winaaRmdego-

bas waawyda solomon I-is saxiT~ (175,148). erekles praqtikul nabijebs am

kuTxiT unda gamoxatavdes iese baraTaSvilis ,,cxovreba-anderZis~ miniS-

nebac: ,,iyo dids mzadebaSi da hyva jari dabarebuli lekisa, osisa, qistisa,

qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, da aravin icoda, Tu sad nebavs wasvla da iyo dids sa-

qmeebSi Sesuli (6,87-88). erekles es mcdelobani ruseTis CareviT marcxiT

damTavrda. es ukanaskneli SeaSfoTa erekles energiulma qmedebam, radgan

saqarTvelos gaZlierebas aucilebliv mohyveboda misi poziciebis Sesus-

teba samxreT kavkasiaSi, didi winaRoba Seeqmneboda mis dampyroblur zra-

xvebs. `TurqeTis garda, romelTan kavSirSic imJamad es didi saqme igegme-

boda, am ganzraxvas win aRudga saqarTvelos yvela mezobeli ruseTis xe-

lmZRvanelobiT, romelTa dakavSirebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti qar-

TvelTa mxridan qveynis gaerTianeba iyo. saqarTvelos gaerTianeba mis ga-

Zlierebas gamoiwvevda da `mfarvel~ mokavSiris mier mis inkorporacias

gaarTulebda. ruseTis, sparseTisa da imereTis ZalisxmeviT didi erovnu-

li wamowyeba CaiSala~(150,39). amis Semdeg erekle ruseTTan saboloo daax-

loebis gzas daadga da axla misi saSualebiT cdilobs zemoxsenebuli

sakiTxis mogvarebas. samwuxarod, man ver gaiTvaliswina ruseTis mzardi

miswrafebani kavkasiaSi. Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs 70-ian da 80-ian wlebs,

aSkarad, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo kari erTobis aRsadgenad 70-ian wlebSi uf-

ro aqtiuri, TavisTavadi politikis gamtarebeli moCans, vidre 80-ian wl-

ebSi, kerZod, traqtatis dadebis Semdeg. gadamwyvet da xelsayrel mome-

ntSi erekle mefe pasiuria (erTgvarad SezRudulic). Cans, is Tavisi mfar-

velis xeliT gegmavs qveynis gaerTianebas. amiT unda aixsnas misi damTmo-

bluri politika mfarvelisadmi. es ukanaskneli xom didi xania cdilob-

da Tavisi gavlenis dasavleT saqarTveloSic ganvrcobas. „rusuli dip-

lomatiis da politikosTa manevrebma, qarTl-kaxeTis mesveurebs Seuqmna

iluzia, rom qveynis gaerTianebas aRniSnuli traqtatis farglebSi moaxer-

xebdnen, magram Cqara am imedis uperspeqtivoba aSkara gaxda“ (153,171).

solomonis gardacvalebisTanave amoqmedda erTis mxriv, TurqeTi

da meores mxriv, ruseTi. sulTnis kari solomon I-is gardacvalebis Set-

yobisTanaves energiulad Seecada imereTis saqmeebSi Carevas. suleiman fa-

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Sas stambolidan ubrZanes ar darideboda xazinis xarjvas imereTSi osma-

leTis momxre qaixosro abaSiZis gasabatoneblad (134,111).

ruseTis saimperatoro taxtma imereTis mefis gardacvalebis amba-

vi g. potiomkinis 1784 wlis 3 ivnisis weriliT Seityo. sagareo saqmeTa ko-

legia mTeli gulmodginebiT adevnebda Tvals imereTis samefoSi movlene-

bis ganviTarebas. 1784 w-is ivlisiT daTariRebul erT-erT werilSi p. po-

tiomkinma saqarTveloSi myof ruseTis rezidents s. burnaSevs moTxova im-

ereTSi da mis sazRvrebze mimdinare ambebis zusti informacia da daavala:

`Послать паки прежняго или другаго конфидента в ту сторону, о точном разведывании дел

тамошних и сколько денег употребите, я не замедлю к вам прислать~ (13,24).

ruseTis konstantinepoleli rezidenti _ bulgakovi 1784 wlis iv-

nisSi Tavis mTavrobas dawvrilebiT atyobinebda TurqeTis zraxvebs ime-

reTis mimarT, rom mas gadawyvetili hqonda imereTis taxtze mahmadianis

gamefeba. ruseTi SeaSfoTa TurqeTis ganzraxvam. igi aCqarebda burnaSevs

quTaisSi gamgzavrebas. p. potiomkinma mTavrobis davalebiT maisSi orjer

gaugzavna mas gankarguleba gamgzavrebaze da Tan Seatyobina Tavisi gulis-

tkivili quTaisSi TurqTa elCebis mosvlis cnobis gamo: sircxvili iqne-

ba kvlav davuSvaT TurqeTi imereTSio (132, 196). amasTan, ruseTis mTavroba

ubrZanebda bulgakovs konstantinopolSi ar daeSva TurqeTis kandidatis

imereTSi gamefeba. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, es sakiTxi msjelobis saqmed ga-

exada TurqeTsa da ruseTs Soris. sakiTxis gadawyvetamde ki TurqeTs gan-

zraxvaze xeli unda aeRo (132,199).

TurqeTis da ruseTis moqmedebani imereTis saqmeebis Tavis sasar-

geblod gadawyvetis sakiTxSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. ruseTi mtkiced icav-

da qarTl-kaxeTis mSvidobianobas, riTac win eRobeboda osmaleTis zrax-

vebs. magram ragind brZnulic ar unda yofiliyo misi sagareo diplomati-

uri moqmedebani, imereTis iseT rTul saSinao sakiTxs, rogoric taxtze

mefis dasmis sakiTxi iyo, igi ver gadawyvetda. gadamwyveti iyo TviT imere-

TSi mimdinare brZola da erekle meoris pozicia. ra Tqma unda, ruseTis

moqmedebis aqtiurobasac hqonda mniSvneloba, radgan georgievskis traqta-

tiT amierkavkasiis wamyvani politikuri Zala _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruse-

Tis mfarvelobaSi imyofeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, ruseTi mTel imedebs

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erekle meoreze amyarebda. burnaSevis SuamdgomlobiT ruseTis mTavrobam

erekle meore aiZula moexsna Tavisi kandidatura imereTis taxtze.

ruseTis erTgulebis dastur, romlisTvisac sruliad misaRebi iyo

rusuli orientaciis daviT giorgis Zis gamefeba da imxanad sruliad mi-

uRebeli imereTis Sinaareuloba, raTa TurqeTs dasavleT saqarTvelos

(rogorc qveSevrdomi qveynis) saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis sababi ar miscemo-

da, erekle II imave ruseTis moxeleTa gavleniT Tavisi SviliSvilis kano-

nieri uflebebis dasacavad uars ambobs da daviT arCilis Zis kuTvnil

taxtze daviT giorgis Zis asvlas urigdeba. burnaSevma ,,zemoqmedeba moax-

dina erekle mefeze, romelsac uari aTqmevina daviT arCilis ZisaTvis mxa-

ris daWerasa da imereTis saqmeebSi Carevaze“ (70,84).

didebulTa erTi nawilis nebiT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ruse-

Tis rezidentis SuamdgomlobiT da erekle mefis mxridan daTmobis gziT

imereTis taxti daviT giorgis Zem Caigdo xelSi da ruseTis kandidatic

igi Seiqmna. axalma mefem `es ambavi maSinve acnoba p. potiomkins da sTxova

darigeba da miTiTebani ruseTisadmi mfarvelobis saTxovnelad(132,196;134,94).

mefis aCqareba ganpirobebuli iyo ruseTis momxre msxvili feodalebis

zewoliT, romlebmac mas gamefebisas piroba CamoarTves ruseTis erTgule-

baze (132,196;71,82). imereTis didebulebi 1784 wlis 15 seqtembris werilSi

ruseTis imperators swerdnen TiTqos `anderZisa misisaebr (igulisxmeba

solomon I) airCies mefed da patronad daviT giorgis Ze~(45,II.I,182). sinamd-

vileSi ki, taxtis memkvidred solomonis mier daviT arCilis Ze iyo aRia-

rebuli (12,22). daviT giorgis Zis reputaciis mizniT _ gaanadgures solo-

mon I-is werilobiTi anderZi da SeTxzes yalbi sigeli (152,295-96).

erekles daTmobam erTgvarad daawynara imereTi. daviT mefe daTan-

xmda daviT arCilis Zis taxtis memkvidred gamocxadebas. mefis aseTi na-

biji diplomatiuri manevri ufro iyo. ruseTis mTavrobam sworad Seafa-

sa erekles es daTmoba. 1784 w-is 3 ivnisis werilSi gr. potiomkini ekateri-

nes werda, rom ereklem `Пожертвовал выгодами своими общему спокойствию: приз-

нал царем старшего Давида~, iqve dasZenda, rom daTmoba droebiTi iyo da na-

varaudevi mxolod SviliSvilis srulwlovanebamde (132,197) .

1784 w-s 8 maiss erekle pavle potiomkins werda: ,,... radgan Cemi Svi-

liSvili jer ymawvili aris da qveynis movla ar SeuZlia, mec es vifiqre,

- 142 -

rom imereTSi Tarafoba ar Seiqmnas da osmalT mxrisken ar miiwion, amisa-

Tvis es umaRlesis karis saerTguloT davinaxe da daviT giorgis Svilis

mefobas Tanaxma veqmen da RmrTis nebiT, roca Cemi SviliSvili gaizar-

dos, maSin romelic ruseTis umaRlesis karis neba iyos, ase aRsruldes“-

(134,99).

Tavidanve cxadad Cans, rom erekle amer-imeris gaerTianebis xelsay-

reli SemTxvevis gamoyenebas arc SviliSvilis da miT ufro arc Tavisi

gamefebiT ar apirebs, raTa ruseTis mokavSire qarTl-kaxeTis samefom am

saqcieliT ar gamoiwvios TurqeTi, romlis xeldebuladac iTvleboda

dasavleT saqarTvelo, da aq portis poziciebis gamagrebiT ar gaanawye-

nos ruseTi. (Tumca SemdegSi 1789 w-s gaerTianebis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad

gamarTuli TaTbiris dros, es problema dRis wesrigSi aRar idga – os-

malTa mxridan mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb arc erT mxares, gaerTia-

nebis momxreebs Tu mowinaRmdegeebs araferi uxsenebiaT). es ukanaskneli

xom didi xania cdilobda Tavisi gavlenis ganvrcobas dasavleT saqarTve-

loSic. 1782@w-is damlevsa da 1783 w-is dasawyisSi ruseTis samefo karze

marto qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sakiTxi ar idga – rogorc `uzenaesad mi-

TiTebul safuZvlebSi~, ise Savad dawerili traqtatis teqstSi imereTis

imereTis samefo da TviT misi mefe solomon I isea moxsenebuli, rogorc

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da misi mefe erekle II“ (183,112). iv. javaxiSvili amis

gamo wers: ,,Tavdapirvelad ise iyo gadawyvetili, rom 1783 w-is xelSekru-

leba unda mTel dasavleT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan yofiliyo dade-

buli da am xelSekrulebis Savad dawerili dedani swored asec aris Sed-

genili: yvelgan iq erekle mefis saxelis gverdiT da qarTl-kaxeTis same-

fos moxseniebis dros damatebulia ,,imereTis mefe solomon“ an ,,imereTis

samefo“ (202,27-28).

1783 w-is dasawyisSi imereTis samefos Sesvla ruseTis mfarveloba-

Si dRis wesrigSi idga, magram 1783 w-is 8 aprils yirimis saxanos SeerTe-

bam ruseTTan mTlad Secvala politikuri situacia quCuk-kainarjis za-

vis Semdeg, ,,imereTis samefos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi miReba TurqeTis aS-

kara gamowveva iqneboda. marTalia, yirimis saxanos SeerTebiTac irRveo-

da 1774 w-is kainarjis traqtati da ainali-kavakis 1779 w-is konvencia, rom-

liTac yirimis saxano damoukidebel qveyanad iyo aRiarebuli, magram yiri-

- 143 -

mis SeerTeba mainc ar niSnavda, rom ruseTma traqtatiT kuTvnili qveyana

waarTva TurqeTs. am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi damoukidebel qveyanas ierTebda,

romlis damoukidebloba adre ruseTma da TurqeTma erToblivad scnes.

iq mxolod TurqeTis prestiJi ilaxeboda. aq ki imereTis mfarvelobaSi mi-

Reba TurqeTisaTvis TiTqmis qveSevrdomis warTmeva iqneboda“ (134,69-70).

aseT mdgomareobaSi ruseTma Tavi Seikava 1783 w-is traqtatSi ime-

reTis samefos CarTvisagan, magram es imas ar niSnavda, rom ruseTi uars

acxadebda imereTis samefos SeerTebaze. igi xelsayrel politikur vi-

Tarebas ucdida Tavisi miznis gansaxorcieleblad. jerjerobiT ki cdi-

lobda mopovebuliT dakmayofilebuliyo da TurqeTis mTavroba ar gae-

Rizianebina, romelsac jer aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mfarvelobaSi ayva-

nac ver moenelebina da omis muqariT traqtatis gauqmebas moiTxovda. Tum-

ca ruseTis mTavroba mTlad gulxeldakrefilic ar mjdara, radganac

zemoT aRniSnuli mizezis gamo ar SeeZlo imereTis samefosTan traqta-

tis dadeba. xelidan rom ar gamoscloda es mxare, mravlad aamoqmeda Ta-

visi moxeleebi (agentebi). amaze ruseTis gawafulma diplomatebma Tavi-

danve - georgievskis traqtatis dadebis dros izrunes, roca xelSekru-

lebaSi sagangebo muxli Seitanes, romlis Tanaxmad erekles solomon im-

erTa mefesTan TanxmobiT yofna evaleboda, xolo uTanxmoebis SemTxveva-

Si is ruseTis xelmwifes ,,Suamavlad“ cnobda da sacilobel sakiTxebs

mis msjavrs miandobda. qarTvel mefeTa Serigeba-TanxmobaSi yofna imde-

nad awyobda ekaterines samefo kars, ramdenadac eSinoda traqtatis gafor-

mebis dagvianebiT ganawyenebul imerTa mefes ruseTis orientaciaze xeli

ar aeRo da osmalTa mxares ar midrekiliyo.

solomons eSinoda erekles gaZlierebisa da ewinaaRmdegeboda mi-

si xelisuflebis centralizacias. ruseTis diplomatiuri CareviT miRwe-

uli iqna maTi droebiTi Serigeba, magram SeTanxmeba mtkice ar iyo. ruse-

Tis mfarvelobaSi erekles Sesvlam solomonis SiSi kidev ufro gazar-

da. is cdilobda ruseTis safarvelis miRebiT daecva da moezRuda same-

fo erekle II-sagan. man mfarvelobis TxovniT araerTxel mimarTa ruseTs,

magram, radganac am ukanasknels jer ar SeeZlo misi ,,Txovnis“ dakmayo-

fileba, saqarTveloSi warmogzavnil rus moxeleebs daevalaT misi mud-

mivad daimedeba, rom xelsayreli drois dadgomisTanave miiRebda mfar-

- 144 -

velobas. marTalia, ,,uzenaesad miTiTebul wyaroebSi“ da Savad daweril

traqtatis teqstSic imereTis samefo da TviT misi mefe solomon I, isea

moxsenebuli, rogorc qarTl-kaxeTis samefo da misi mefe erekle II, mag-

ram es ar niSnavda traqtatis erTsa da imave dros qarTl-kaxeTTan da ime-

reTTan dadebas. ubralod, es iyo diplomatiuri manevri solomonis dasai-

medeblad da misamxrobad. vidre realuri situacia ruseTs miscemda sa-

Sualebas xelSekrulebis dasadebad, ruseTis diplomatia cdilobda mud-

mivad `daemSvidebina~ solomoni. magram gaurkvevelia, ras unda niSnavdes

is ucnauri, ruseTis mier calmxrivad Sedgenili proeqti, romelic so-

lomon mefes Cautanes imereTSi da romelze xelmowerasac ase iTxovda

ruseTis mTavroba.

jer kidev adre, p. potiomkinma ereklesTan myof Tavis rezidents,

polkovnik tamaras, romelmac 1783 wlis maisSi traqtatis proeqti Tbi-

lisSi Camoitana, daavala imereTSi gadasuliyo da solomon I –Tan mola-

parakeba ewarmoebina (21,II.6 ). mas evaleboda solomonis darwmuneba imaSi,

rom rusTa dedofali mowyalebis TvaliT ucqerda solomons da mfarve-

lobaSi miiRebda imereTs; mxolod saWiro iqneboda mis saxelze Txovnis

gagzavna. Txovnis proeqti, romelzedac xeli unda moewera imerTa mefes,

SemuSavebuli iyo qarTveli diplomatebis monawileobis gareSe, calmxri-

vad. Txovnis proeqtSi CamoTvlili iyo is mizezebi, romlis gamo TiTqos

solomon I ruseTis mfarvelobas eZiebda. mas TxovnaSi unda daewera, rom

mZimed daavadebuls da avadmyofs eSinia imereTis taxti axlo momavalSi

mcirewlovani da gamoucdeli memkvidris amara ar darCeniliyo. Txovnaze

xeli unda moeweraT mefis qveSevrdomebis yvela wodebis warmomadgenels-

(21,II,56). tamara 1783 wlis 5 ivniss quTaisSi Cavida, magram solomonis av-

admyofobis gamo, unayofod gamobrunda ukan. ganmeorebiT 1784 w-is Teber-

valSi tamara kvlav gadavida imereTSi da solomonTan molaparakeba ga-

marTa igive moTxovniT. igi mefes aqezebs daweros mfarvelobaSi misaRebi

Txovna, rom TiTqosda zemoTnaxseneb mizezTa gamo, imereTi iTxovda mfar-

velobaSi Sesvlas da samefo unda gadacemoda ruseTs anu misi qveSevrdo-

mi gamxdariyo. solomonma aseTi sabuTis xelmoweraze imTaviTve uari ga-

nacxada. is iTxovda, qarTl-kaxeTis msgavsad, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Ses-

vlas. molaparakeba solomonsa da tamaras Soris dramatul viTarebaSi

- 145 -

mimdinareobda da sam kviras gastana. mefe ar daeTanxma ruseTis mier cal-

mxrivad Sedgenili xelSekrulebis proeqtze xelmoweras, radganac dax-

mareba momavlisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, rasac SeeZlo TurqeTis ag-

resiis gamowveva. ruseTis warmomadgenlis mtkiceba, rom es aqti iqneboda

saidumlo da TurqeTi ver gaigebda, ar Seefereboda sinamdviles. TurqeTi

amas aucileblad Seityobda, miT umetes, rom Txovnaze xeli unda moewe-

raT mefis qveSevrdomebsac.

ruseTis am diplomatiuri manevrebidan, kargad Cans imereTis same-

fos xelSi Cagdebis mzakvruli politika. ruseTis mTavrobas naklebad

surs imereTTan iseTi saxis xelSekrulebis gaformeba, rogoric daido

qarTl-kaxeTTan. proeqtiT, faqtobrivad, solomons Tavisi samefo ruse-

TisTvis unda gadaeca, memkvidred daasaxelebda ra rusTa xelmwifes. amiT

ruseTis mTavroba or saqmes igvarebda _ imereTis SeerTebas umtkivneu-

lod da erekles gamaerTianebeli gegmis CaSlas. es igive diplomatiuri

scenaria, igive xelwera da taqtika, romelsac ruseTi mimarTavda erekles

da, saerTod, amierkavkasieli mmarTvelebis mimarT.

qarTvelma mefeebma Zalze Wkvianurad mofiqrebuli nabijiT daixs-

nes Tavi zemoxsenebuli xrikebisagan. maT SuRli daiviwyes da imereTis

taxtis memkvidred, saerTo kandidati _ daviT arCilis Ze daasaxeles. es

Semdeg acnobes saimperatoro kars, gaagebines, rom hyavdaT memkvidre, ro-

melic „avadmyofi“ solomonis Semdeg daikavebda taxts. ise, rom vidre

potiomkinisagan gagzavnili burnaSevi Tbilisidan quTaisSi gadavidoda,

1783 wlis 16 noembers solomonma daaswro da memkvidris daniSvnis cno-

biT, TbilisSive Seageba Tavisive warmomadgeneli. ereklem, Tavis mxriv,

ivaldebula ar Careuliyo imereTis saqmeebSi. aseve, mxars ar dauWerda

dadians da guriels, ar miiRebda imereTidan gamoqceul damnaSaveebs. mi-

uxedavad amisa, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, momdevno wels isev eaxla imer-

Ta mefes ruseTis warmomadgeneli, amjerad ukve tamara da daJinebiT arw-

munebda mefes, imereTi ruseTisaTvis gadaeca. magram solomoni ise garda-

icvala, rusma diplomatebma sawadeli ver aisrules.

marTalia, mefis gvirgvini daviT giorgis Zem irguna, magram brZola

taxtisaTvis or pretendents Soris amiT ar Sewyvetila; farulad Tu aS-

karad igi mainc mimdinareobda. am gauTavebeli SinaaSlilobis mosaspo-

- 146 -

bad dasavleT saqarTvelos mowinave wreebSi Caisaxa idea qarTl-kaxeTTan

imereTis SeerTebisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa. ,,mudmivmoqmedma saga-

reo faqtorma, ganuwyvetelma saSinao da sagareo omebma qveyana ise Sea-

wuxa, rom mowinave da moazrovne feodalurma aristokratiam Zlieri xe-

lisuflebis xelqveiT yofna amjobina, aseTad ki im dros sxvebTan Seda-

rebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefo xelisufleba gamoiyureboda, romelsac gaer-

Tianebuli saqarTvelo imden Zalas Sehmatebda, rom igi gare da Sinauri

mtris pasuxis gamcemad miaCndaT“ (103,287). amgvarad, xvIII s. is 80-ian wle-

bis bolos qarTl-kaxeTis samefos karze, erekle II-is winaSe mTeli sim-

ZafriT dadga saqarTvelos gaerTianebis problema _ kerZod, imereTis sa-

mefos qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebis sakiTxi.

1789 w-s imereTis feodaluri aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi de-

legaciis saxiT erekle mefesTan Cavidnen. am delegaciaSi genaTel da qu-

TaTel mRvdelmTavrebTan erTad, Sediodnen sardali qaixosro wereTe-

li, Tavadebi ioane abaSiZe, sexnia wulukiZe, paata miqelaZe, saxlTuxuce-

si zurab wereTeli da sxvebi. maT erekles SesTavazes ,,inebos da Seier-

Tos Tvisda samefod imereTi, viTarca iyo erT mTavrobisa droTa“ (26,15).

Ees sakiTxi dRemde did interess iwvevs qarTul istoriografiaSi.

mwiria im wyaroTa sia, romelic aRniSnul faqts Seexeba. gaerTianebis sa-

kiTxis irgvliv dawvrilebiT informacias gvawvdis XIX s-is istorikosi

platon ioseliani. Sesabamisad,Aam sakiTxis gaSuqebisas samecniero brun-

vaSi ZiriTadad misi naSromi გაmoiyenebა. igive sakiTxs mokled, fragmen-

tulad, exeba agreTve erekle II-is SviliSvili al. orbelianic _ misi mo-

naTxrobi warmoadgens gamoxmaurebas pl. ioselianis naSromze ,,cxovreba

giorgi mecametisa“, kerZod, im nawilze, sadac saubaria imereTis samefos

qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebis problemaze. aseve sayuradReboa i. maruSiZis

(z. WiWinaZis) naSromi „solomon lioniZe, msajuli anu vice-kancleri me-

fe ereklesi da saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis wvlilni.“

ereklem sakiTxi darbazis samsjelod gaitana. darbazis sxdoma-

ze, saqarTvelos erTianobis sakiTxSi Tavi iCina orma sapirispiro pozi-

ciam. saqarTvelos gaerTianebas mxurvaled dauWires mxari solomon li-

oniZem, Wabua orbelianma, anton kaTalikosma, sardalma daviT yaflaniS-

- 147 -

vilma, qiziyis mouravma zaqaria andronikaSvilma, taxtis memkidre giorgim

da sxvebma.

TaTbirze saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sawinaaRmdego azri erTader-

Tma pirovnebam, ioane muxranbatonma gamoTqva. man raki dainaxa mefe das-

turs ar iZleoda da icoda, albaT, dasmul sakiTxze mefe-dedoflis Se-

xeduleba da survili, am ukanasknelTa saameblad mliqvnelurad gamosu-

la da ganucxadebia: ,,dakavSireba imereTisa diax Znelia. Cven qarTvelTa

ver mogvivlia CvenTvis, viTar mouaroT imereTsa? raT veqmneT patronad

qveyanasa, romelsaca hyavs sakuTari patroni, SviliSvili mefisa?“(26,16).

ioane muxranbatonis laCrulsa da pirferul sityvas ukiduresad aRuS-

foTebia qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mTavarsardali daviTi, romelsac Rirse-

uli pasuxiT adgilzeve dausamarebia igi: ,,marTlad aRiarebs muxran-ba-

toni rom ver mouvlis igi dRes qveyanasa Tavisis xmliTa da bairaRiTa.

mova dro da moscems RmerTi sxvasa muxranis batonsa romlisa xmali uf-

ro mWreli iqmneba“(26,16). mTavarsardlis sityvebiT nawyeni darCenila me-

fe da TaTbiri miutovebia. erTianobis mowinaaRmdege banaks kulisebidan

zurgs umagrebda darejan dedofali. imereTis warmomadgenlebma, naxes

ra, rom sakiTxis dadebiTad gadaWra darejanze iyo damokidebuli, isini

Turme specialurad eaxlnen dedofals da sTxoves mxari daeWira saqar-

Tvelos gaerTianebisaTvis. ,,quTaTeli da genaTeli, abaSiZe da sxvani des-

panni mouTxrobdes dedofalsa imereTisa mdgomareobasa da sruliad da-

Rupvasa, ukeTu ar moxdeba erToba qarTvelTa Tana. dedofali brZanebda

uarsa da ityoda ver gamowirvasa imereTisa gvirgvinisa SviliSvilisa xel-

Tagan“ (26,17). dedofalma saqveyno-sazogadoebriv politikas mkveTrad dau-

pirispira feodaluri saojaxo interesebi. Tanac dedofali mtrulad uyu-

rebda Tavis gers, erekles uSualo memkvidres da pirvel Svils giorgis,

romelsac erekles Semdeg kanoniT ekuTvnoda gamefeba da misdami civad

ganwyobili dedinacvlis pativmoyvareobas is angariSs ar gauwevda. ami-

tom dedofali amjobinebda, rom imereTis mefed Tavisi asulis elenes

Svili daviT arCilis Ze exila (191,285). amao gamodga imereTis delegaci-

is mcdeloba, gaerTianebis mxurvale momxreebma verasgziT Seacvlevines

pozicia gajiutebul mefe-dedofals. ereklem saboloo sityvaSi mokled

da konkretulad ganucxada elCebs: ,,Txovasa amasa ver miviReb, mteri mad-

- 148 -

gas karsa, ver gavixdi axalsa mtersa, romelica unda iyos SvilisSvili

Cemi imerTa taxtisaTvis gamzadebuli. despanno! warvediT da imerTa ersa

gamoucxadeT, rom davsvam imereTisa taxtzed SvilisSvilsa Cemsa da es-

reTisa kavSiriT TaviT TvisiT iqmneba erToba imereTisa qarTlisa Tana“

(26,17-18). samefo karze gamarTuli TaTbiris detalebs exeba i. maruSiZe.

misi monacemebi erTgvarad avsebs platonis monaTxrobs. igi sargeblobs

rogorc platonis, iseve sxva gadmocemebiTac, romelSic kargad ikveTeba

solomon lioniZis praqtikuli Rvawli gaerTianebis saqmeSi. jer kidev

1780 w-s ucdia samefo kars imereTTan erToba. `amisTvis maT 1780 w-s miv-

marTeT da vTxoveT erToba. mogexsenebaT isic kargad, rom amisaTvis Cven

SevadgineT SeerTebis pirobebi, me geaxeliT imereTSi da Cveni natvra va-

uwyeT yvelas, Tan pirobis saxec gadaveciT. imerTa gaicnes viTareba, ua-

ri hyves Cveni Txovna, Semdeg xom Cveni daukavSirebac dairRva, davrCiT

isev gancalkevebulni Zveleburad. keTil rCevas xsovna ki ar mospobila

maTSi. nel-nela win wasula“(130,#8,861). gaerTianeba solomons miaCnia qve-

ynis gaTavisuflebis pirobad. STambeWdavia misi mWevrmetyveluri sityva-

mowodeba: „mefeo da didebulno! dRes Cven gvabadia Cveni samefo, mefe,

eri, moqalaqeoba, vaWroba, Tofxana, laSqari, fuli, mwignobroba, saswav-

leblebi, SeZlebisdagvarad azris, kerZod, rame xalxs vgevarT. mxolod

erTaderTi saunje da eris Zala gvaklia, es eris Zala da saunje aris qar-

TvelTa erToba. qarTvelTa erTobam Tavis droze aRmoacena keTili nayo-

fi, erTobam dabada bagrati ... didebuli daviT aRmaSenebeli, Tamar mnaTo-

bi da mravalni sxvanic. erTobamve Zlier hyo qarTvelTa gvari, ganamSvena

igini mwignobrobiT, eniT, swavliT, mecnierebiT, xatviT, keriT, eklesiaTa

Senobis ostatobiT ... amitom hqmeniT mefeo, erToba, ganZlierdiT maTiT,

gaaZliere igini“(130,#8,861-62). pl. ioselianisagan gansxvavebiT i. maruSiZe

gadmogvcems, rom Tavdapirvelad erekles Tanxmoba ganucxadebia imereTis

SemoerTebaze (iqve,862), Tumca, Semdeg am ambis dasasruli, mcireodeni gan-

saxvavebiT, iseve aqvs aRwerili rogorc pl. ioselians. TaTbiris Sewyve-

tidan mesame dRes, rodesac isev Seikribnen misi monawileni kvlav asa-

buTebdnen imereTis SemoerTebis mizanSewonilobas, mefe ereklem TaTbiris

monawileT mokle saboloo sityviT mimarTa da uari ganacxada imereTis

srul SemoerTebaze.

- 149 -

al. orbelianis monacemebiTac dasturdeba imereTis dეlegaciis

ereklesTan misvlis faqti imereTis samefos aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan

SeerTebis TxovniT. oRond mefis SviliSvili pl. ioselianisagan gansxva-

vebul Tvalsazriss aviTarebs erekle mefis gamaerTianebeli politikis

Sesaxeb. igi kritikuli TvaliT afasebs platonis naambobs da erTgvarad,

ukmayofilebasa da sayvedursac ki gamoTqvams misi misamarTiT. am ori av-

toris monacemTa Sejereba zogierTi saintereso dasკvnis gamotanis saSua-

lebas gvaZlevs.

pl. ioselianis mixedviT, erekle gaerTianebis winaaRmdegi iyo. xo-

lo al. orbelianis mixedviT, erekle imereTis SemoerTebis winaaRmdegi

ar yofila; piriqiT, sixaruliT da aRtacebiT Sexvedria am ambavs, radgan

adridanve iRvwoda imereTis SemosaerTeblad.

ai, ras gadmogvcems al. orbeliani: ,,platonma esec wamikiTxa Tavis

istoriaSi, rom rodesac imereTidgan pirveli kacebi mosvlia mefes irak-

lis: imereTi miiReTo da SeaerTeT qarTl-kaxeTsa, amazed mefes iraklis-

Tan kreba iyo da gansja rogor miviRoTo? miTam im krebaSi sardals da-

viT orbelians elaparakos: miviRoTo. masukan divanbegs Wabua orbelians

quxiliT elaparakos, kidev miRebazed, magram bolos dedofals darejans

da ivane muxranis batons daematosT: patara solomon gavamefoTo (mefis

iraklis da dedofal darejanis qalis elenes Svili soloman). sadaca

kidec gaamefes mefis iraklis oTxi aTasis jaris SemweobiTao. amas pla-

ton ase ambobs, aba axla Cemi gaigoneT! mefe irakli da dedofali dare-

jan, mdinare ivris piras sofel xaSmSi movidnen kaxeTiTgan..... im droebSi

mefis iraklis msajulis solomonisagan wigni mouvida xaSmze: imereTid-

gan piruali kacebi geaxlebian TqvenTan, imereTis misacemado. mefe irak-

lim uecrad wamoiZaxa `Cemi didi xnis ganzraxua sruldebao~ (es adrec

cxadi iyo, rom mefes iraklis imereTis didi mefis solomonis gadagdeba

ganezraxa, imereTis da qarTl-kaxeTis SesaerTeblad). mefe solomans es

ambavi Seetyo da SemouTvlia: mefe irakli, Sen ginda xling gamikeTo da

me ufro adre mogverdze wamogiyvano. isic diax kargi mefe iyo!“ (1.2,#1646).

al. orbeliani kritikulia pl. ioselianis mimarT da erTgvarad, undob-

lad ganwyobilic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba platons, ver egueba mis mier gaer-

TianebisaTvis mebrZoli da mzrunveli erekle mefis rolis dakninebu-

- 150 -

lad warmoCenas mTel am istoriaSi. miT ufro maSin, roca platonis mo-

naTxrobSi gaerTianebis mxardamWeri daviT sardali Tu sxva ,,pirveli ka-

cebi“ gaerTianebisaTvis ufro metad mzrunvelad arian warmoCenilni, vid-

re erekle mefe - igi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis mowinaaRmdege banakSi sa-

xeldeba darejan dedofalTan da ioane muxranbatonTan erTad.Ees momen-

ti mefis SviliSvilis aSkara gaRizianebas iwvevs. ukmayofilo al. orbe-

liani iqve kategoriulad acxadebs: saqarTvelos gaerTianeba erekle me-

fis didi xnis ganzraxva iyo da amisTvis didad zrunavda kideco; aq das-

turad mohyavs warsulSi or mefes Soris arsebuli dapirispireba erek-

le@II – is mier imereTis qarTl-kaxeTTan SeerTebis mcdelobis gamo. al.

orbeliani exeba aseve, mefesTan TaTbirze wamoWril sakiTxebs; TaTbiris

dasasruls erekles sakiTxi dauyenebia, Tu ra pirobiT mieRoT imereTi,

an vin daesvaT iq. pasuxi veravis gaucia. adre iq levan batoniSvils upi-

rebdnen gagzavnas, magram exla igi cocxali aRar iyo. erekles Tavisi

siZis, daviT orbelianisTvis, SeuTavazebia imerTa mmarTveloba, „daviT

sardali uarze damdgara: imerlebi ver momixdenen da gamomaparRurebeno.

amis Semdeg erekles kvlav ukiTxavs vin daesvaT imereTSi gamgeblad (1.2,-

#1646). bolos s. lioniZes umarjvnia da wamouyenebia misaRebi kandidatu-

ra „Seni SviliSvili solomoni gavgzavnoT. minam cocxalia mefeT iyos,

magram Tqvens morCilebas qveSe unda gaxldeT. mas ukan Tvenma momavalma

mefem SeaerTos imereTi qarTl-kaxeTsa. manamdisin imereTis xalxic ufro

kargad SeeCveva am azrs da Semdgomad aRar gaZneldeba, advilad mouvlis

visac dasmen iqa“(1.2,#1646) solomon msajulis es azri yvelas moewona da

mis mere advilad dasves patara solomoni mefed imereTSi. am monacemebi-

dan aSkarad vxedavT, rogori azrTa Widili gamarTula sakiTxis mosagva-

reblad da konkretuli gzebis sapovnelad.

erTi SexedviT, es ori avtori urTierTgamomricxav cnobebs iZle-

va, magram Tu kargad davakvirdebiT maT, isini urTierTs avseben.

pl. ioselianis mixedviT, imereTis delegacia mefe ereklesagan

iTxovda imereTis uSualod SemoerTebas, erekles xelqveiT moqcevas, ra-

zec ereklem uari ganacxada da imereTSi mefed dasva daviT arCilis Ze.

al. orbelianis TqmiT, erekle gaerTianebis winaaRmdegi ar yofila, piri-

qiT, amisTvis adrec iRvwoda. es, marTlac, ase iyo. sayovelTaod cnobilia,

- 151 -

rom zogadad erekle gaerTianebis momxre iyo. am kuTxiT misi mcdeloba-

ni, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kargad gamovlinda 60-70-iani wlebis politi-

kaSi. ubralod, am SemTxvevaSi platonis wyaro afiqsirebs im moments, rom

erekle imereTis uSualod SemoerTebis winaaRmdgi iyo, Torem mefes zoga-

dad rom gegmaSi hqonda gaerTianeba, amis uaryofa am wyaroSi arc aris

dafiqsirebuli.

maSasadame, am wyaroTa Sejerebidan ori pozicia gamoikveTa gaerTi-

anebis sakiTxis irgvliv _ imereTis uSualod SemoerTeba (da amis winaaR-

mdegi erekle marTlac iyo) da imereTis gavlenis qveS moqceva iq Tavisi

momxre piris dasmiT (es mefis uryevi pozicia gaxldaT).

Seqmnil konkretul istoriul pirobebSi, erekle mefem amgvarad ga-

dawyvita es problema da Tavidan aicila garTulebebi, rac SeiZleba ime-

reTis uSualod SemoerTebas mohyoloda. Cans, al. orbeliani am poziciis

momxrea, pativs scems ra erekles mier sakiTxis amgvar gadawyvetilebas. Q

amis Semdeg, 1790 w-s qarTl-kaxeTis 4.000-iani jaris daxmarebiT ime-

reTis samefo taxtidan gadaagdes daviT giorgis Ze da mefed dasves da-

rejanis SviliSvili daviT arCilis Ze (solomon II). erekles amgvari gad-

awyvetileba garda imisa, rom igi mefe-dedoflis piradi interesebiT iyo

nakarnaxevi, ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa im rCevis gamoZaxilic

unda iyos, romlis mixedviT daviT giorgis Ze unda yofiliyo imereTis

mefed, vidre erekles SviliSvili daviT arCilis Ze srulwlovani Seiqne-

boda. xolo qarTl-kaxeTis mefis imereTis saqmeebSi Carevas (amjerad ga-

mefebas) es erTgvari SeTanxmeba namdvilad ar iTvaliswinebda. ereklec

xom erTmorwmune mfarvelis zedmiwevniT damjeri da mimndobi qveSevrdomi

iyo. mas TiTqos daaviwyda traqtatis dadebis ZiriTad mizans qarTuli miwe-

bis SemoerTeba da saerTod qveynis Zlierebis aRdgena rom warmoadgenda.

saubedurod, `qarTl-kaxeTis mefis sagareo da saSinao politikis

erTi seriozuli manki 80-ian wlebSi udavod isic iyo, rom erekle TiT-

qos ufro met yuradRebas uTmobda Tavisi batonobis gafarToebas aRmo-

savleT amierkavkasiaSi, vidre sakuTriv qarTul miwebze erTmefobis aRd-

genas~(88,729). i. gogebaSvili am sakiTxze werda: ,,bevrs xelmwifes unatria

amisTana wadili danawilebulis erisa, romelic saqarTvelom gamouc-

xada ereklesa, magram natvra rom ar asrulebia - didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

- 152 -

xelSi xmali sWeria, uRvria Tavisive xalxis sisxlis nakadulebi da Zal-

datanebiT SeuerTebia igi erTis skiptris qveSa. italiis SeerTebas moun-

da ara erTi Sinauri omi. germaniam Seadgina erTi imperia mxolod mas

ukan, rac bismarkma krupis zarbaznebiT da berdanis TofebiT daajera ne-

mecebis erTobis saWiroeba ... CvenSi ki waRma msvleloba miiRo saqmem; Tvi-

Ton xalxma, TviTon erma igrZno erTobis saWiroeba da mefisagan moiTxo-

va erT-mTavrobis dafuZneba. magram mefem uari sTqva imazed, rasac sxva

gvirgvinosanni, mxolod xangrZlivi sisxlis RvriT moeweodnen xolme...

qvis guli unda saqarTvelos Svils, rom es istoriuli movlena, savse

traRikuli mniSvnelobiTa, gaicnos ise, rom dardiT da naRveliT ar aiv-

sos“(78,60-61). dasasruls, i. gogebaSvils Tavisi azris gasamtkiceblad moh-

yavs erTi somexi mwerlis sityvebi, ,,romelsac veravin ver Seswamebs mid-

gomiT msjelobas qarTvelebis mimarT; generali qiSmiSovi Tavis nadir-

Sahis istoriaSi ambobs: ,,warsulis saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelo

iyo Zlieri saxelmwifo da mas emorCilebodnen da xarks aZlevdnen gan-

jis, yarabaRis, erevnis xanebi. Tu SeerTebuli qarTl-kaxeTi amodena Za-

las iCenda, advilad warmosadgenia, Tu ra Zlierebis patroni Seiqmnebo-

da saqarTvelo, rodesac erTi skiptris qveS Tavs moiyridnen imereTic,

guriac, raWac da samegreloc, Tanaxmad maSindeli dawinaurebuli qarT-

velebis wadilisa“ (78,60-61), amgvar Sefasebas aZlevdnen XVIII s-is II naxev-

ris saqarTveloSi gaerTianebis perspeqtivebs sxva somexi istorikosebic:

leo (araqel babaxaniani) Tavis ,,somxeTis istoriaSi“ (56,201), a. ioanisiani

Tavis naSromSi ,,ruseTi da somxeTis ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba XVIII

s-is 80-ian wlebSi“ (99,209). ai, ase ukuRmarTad dabolovda es didebuli

wamowyeba.

istoriul literaturaSi arsebuli Tvalsazrisi _ erekles gaube-

davi moqmedebis TurqeTis safrTxiT gamarTlebisa _ mTlad safuZvlia-

nad ver CaiTvleba. zogierT istorikosTa azriT, SeuZlebeli iyo saqar-

Tvelos gaerTianebis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyveta, radgan osmaleTi ar

moiTmenda amer-imeris gaerTianebas da Tavisi kuTvnili qveynis aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelosTan SeerTebas, rom Sedegad amas mohyveboda konfliqti

TurqeTTan. ase rom efiqraT saqarTvelos gamaerTianebel did mefeebs da

am sakiTxis gadawyveta mtris survilze miendoT, verasodes SeZlebdnen

- 153 -

qveynis gaerTianebas. amas garda, imereTi im dros damoukidebeli samefo

iyo da igi srulebiTac ar emorCileboda TurqeTs. marTalia, quCuk-kai-

narjis zaviT ruseTma imereTi TurqeTis gavlenis sferod scno, magram am

faqts, saqmis realuri mxare ar Seucvlia, e.i. faqtobrivad imereTi Turqe-

Tis gavlenas ar damorCilebia, magram aq mTavari mainc isaa, rom Turqe-

Tis sakiTxi, rogorc imereTis SemoerTebis xelisSemSleli faqtorisa,

TaTbirze saerTod arc damdgara. xolo es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom

amgvari saSiSroeba TurqeTis mxriv angariSgasawev faqtorad ar miaCniaT.

1787-1791 ww-Si, e. i. swored im dros, roca TbilisSi saqarTvelos gaerTi-

anebis sakiTxi unda gadawyvetiliyo, ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris gaafT-

rebuli brZolebi warmoebda da am brZolaSi ruseTisagan ramodenimejer

sastikad damarcxebul TurqeTs saqarTvelos saqmeebSi Careva ki ara, sa-

kuTari teritoriebis dacva uWirda. ruseT-TurqeTis omis dros, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom xelSekruleba iyo gaformebuli ereklesa da osmaleTis

faSas Soris (1786w-s), faSac da ereklec mas arRvevda. safaSos mxridan

gaxSirebul Tavdasxmebs warmatebiT igeriebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi Seteva-

zec ki gadadis erekle mefe; rogorc Teimuraz bagrationi gadmogvcems,

1789 w-s daviT batoniSvilma Zeveraze Tavdasxma moigeria, aseve warmatebiT

iqna mogeriebuli xelTubanze Tavdasxma (4,61), imave wlis 15 enkenisTves ax-

alcixis soflebi waarTves mters qarTvelebma (121,167), oqtombris TveSi

daviT batoniSvilma erekles davalebiT yarsis mxareSi ilSqra da aiRo

injalari, JumuSli, faldrevani da didi nadavliT ukan dabrunda (4,62).

aSkarad Cans, mefe erekle Tavisas cdilobda samcxe-saaTabagos SemoerTe-

bis sakiTxSi _ imedovnebda ruseT-TurqeTis dazavebisas samxreT saqarTve-

los teritoriis (Tundac nawilis) dabrunebas. rogorc vxedavT, qarTl-

kaxeTis samefo kari aqtiuria, mas sakmao Zala Seswevs mterTan gasamkla-

veblad _ momxvdurs sakadris pasuxsac scemda da intensiur Setevebsac

axorcielebda. TurqeTis mxridan realuri safrTxe rom arsebuliyo, ga-

na TviT imereTis warmomadgenlebi ki wamoWridnen aRmosavleT saqarTve-

losTan gaerTianebis sakiTxs? anda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos didebulebi

ase daJinebiT ratom moiTxovdnen imereTis SemoerTebas, Tuki es SeuZle-

beli iyo TurqeTis winaaRmdegobis gamo? Tu erekles esmoda mxolod ma-

Sindeli saqarTvelos sirTuleni, xolo imereTisa da aRmosavleT saqar-

- 154 -

Tvelos warmomadgenlebi grZnobas ayolili fantaziorebi iyvnen? Tur-

qeTis mxriv kidec rom Seqmniliyo safrTxe, erekles SeeZlo, saqmis gar-

Tulebis SemTxvevaSi daetovebina imereTi da uari eTqva gaerTianebuli

saqarTvelos mefobaze. aki mefe erekles urCia kidec imereTis delegaci-

is warmomadgenelma qaixosro wereTelma, rom ,,ukeTu ver damtkicdeba er-

Toba da Seudgeba uwesoba, savno qarTlisaTvis da mefobisa TqvenisaTvis,

_ maSin dauteveT imereTisa mefoba... amiTi ara daSavdeba ra. scadeT ra

Seudgebao“ (26,16). TviT ereklem yovelgvari ganmartebis _ sagareo Tu sa-

Sinao konkretul argumentTa moSveliebis gareSe miiRo Tavisi SviliSvi-

lis mefed dasmis gadawyvetileba. amgvarad, imis mtkiceba, rom TiTqos os-

maleTi kategoriuli winaaRmdegi iqneboda saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa,

mTlad safuZvliani ar unda iyos (erTiani saqarTvelo, rogorc ruseTis

Semakavebeli barieri da winaRoba, misTvis ase Tu ise asatani iqneboda).

piriqiT, kavkasiaSi ruseTis damkvidrebis saSiSroebasTan dakavSirebiT,

TurqeTi yovelTvis marto imas exveweboda qarTvel mefeebs, rom isini

ruseT-TurqeTis omis SemTxvevaSi rusebs ar mimxrobodnen da saqarTve-

loSi ar SemoeSvaT, samagierod, TurqeTis mTavroba ara marto xelSeux-

eblobis garantias iZleoda, aramed ufro met sikeTesac pirdeboda. Tur-

qeTi araTu saqarTvelos gaerTianebis winaaRmdegi SeiZleboda yofiliyo,

Tuki saqarTvelo CamoSordeboda ruseTs, aramed igi warsul saukuneebSi

mitacebuli teritoriebis ukan dabrunebis pirobasac ki iZleoda. saqar-

Tvelos gaerTianebis xelisSemSleli am SemTxvevaSi ukve Zlieri ruseTi

iyo da ara daSlil-dauZlurebuli iran-osmaleTi, am ukanasknelisaTvis

ufro misaRebi iyo moZlierebuli qveyana, rogorc Semakavebeli barieri

kavkasiaSi moZalebuli ruseTis imperiisa.

ase, rom 90-iani wlebisaTvis, im konkretul istoriul situaciaSi

sagareo faqtori saqarTvelos gaerTianebisTvis Semferxebeli ar unda yo-

filiyo; es delegaciis warmomadgenlebsac mSvenivrad unda hqonodaT ga-

azrebuli. „XVIII saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi ruseTis imperia kidev ufro

mtrulad daupirispirda iran-osmaleTs, isic aqtiurad Caeba kavkasiis da-

uflebisaTvis brZolaSi. qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs saSualeba hqondaT am di-

di saxelmwifoebis Widili Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebinaT, diploma-

- 155 -

tiuri xerxebiT aecilebinaT saqarTvelosTvis sagareo safrTxe, Seenar-

CunebinaT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba“ (59,134).

mas Semdeg, rac es saSviliSvilo saqme CaiSala, mefis msajuli, di-

debuli mamuliSvili da SorsmWvreteli politikosi solomon lioniZe

Seecada garegnuli kavSiri mainc damyarebuliyo saqarTvelos samefo-sam-

Tavroebs Soris. am mizniT man bevri iRvawa. igi karikar dadioda da mefe-

mTavrebs arwmunebda, rom ,,eri daculi gareTiTa ucxoTa naTesavTagan

mfarvelobiTa, aris maradis damdablebuli. eri sxvaTa mflobelobasa Si-

na qveSe Sesuli aris mona da mona mzakvari, dacinebuli, masxrad agdebu-

li, kargavs sulisa Tvisisa sakuTarsa Zalasa da Rirsebasa. uZluri suli-

Ta, kargavs sxeulisaca Zalasa: ena da metyveleba misi, mwerloba da mwigno-

broba moeReba ersa damonebulsa ucxosa naTesavisa eniTa da CveulebiTa“

(26,24;1.7,#28). amitom lioniZe upiratesobas Sinagan gaerTianebas aniWebda

da cdilobda, SinakavSiriT gaeuqmebina garekavSiri. „solomon lioniZe

mravlad daSvra, raTa moeyvana erTobasa mtkicesa erTnaTesaoba qarTvel-

Ta, mecadinebda SinakavSiriTa gaeuqmebina garekavSiri“ (26,24). misi didi

RvawliTa da TaosnobiT 1790 w-s dasavleT saqarTvelos mflobelebsa da

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Soris daido ficiT ganmtkicebuli urTierTdax-

marebis xelSekruleba anu ,,traqtati iverielTa mefeTa da mTavarTagan

damtkicebuli qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa aRwerili sameufosa qa-

laqsa Tbiliss 1790 wels~(45,II,I,183-5). iverielTa erTobis traqtatSi qar-

Tvel mflobelebs Soris uzenaes xelisuflad qarTl-kaxeTis mefe mos-

Cans. orientaciis sakiTxSic dasavleT saqarTvelos xelisufalTa mxriv

aRiarebulia ruseTis mfarvelobaSi myofi qarTl-kaxeTis mefisadmi mor-

Cileba. es ukanaskneli valdebulebas iRebs uSuamdgomlos maT ruseTis

imperatoris winaSe mfarvelobis misaRwevad(18,501-507). ,,iverielTa erTo-

bis~ xelSekrulebidan aSkarad mosCans qarTvel politikosTa swrafva

ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS Zlieri saqarTvelos Seqmnisa. didi mamuliSvi-

lisa da politikuri moRvawis solomon lioniZis mizanswrafva qarTuli

samefo-samTavroTa gaerTianebisa da amgvari saxiT Sesvlisa ruseTis mfar-

velobaSi, qarTuli miwebis ucxo tomelTa (rusTa da iran-osmalTa) So-

ris ganawilebisa da miT saboloo gaTiSvis saSiSroebasac uRobavda gzas.

- 156 -

amave dros sxva saxelmwifos mfarvelobis qveS Sesvlas solomoni droe-

biT RonisZiebad Tvlida. sxva qveynis mfarvelobaSi yofna mas eris dam-

dablebad miaCnda. ruseTis mfarvelobaSi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos Se-

svlas, igi mahmadianTa batonobisagan gasaTavisuflebel xelsayrel, dro-

ebiT RonisZiebad Tvlida. saqarTvelos moRonierebis Semdeg, ruseTis mfa-

rvelobaSi darCena solomons saqarTvelosaTvis sazaralod miaCnda, igi

qarTvelebisaTvis gadagvarebis saSiSroebas xedavda am faqtSi.

Tavidan erTobisken mouwodebda qarTvel moRvaweebs ruseTis mTav-

robac. ,,adriTganve umaRlesi kari udidebulesisa Tqvenisa yovliTa we-

riliTa da piriTa elCTaTa niadag valdebul gvyofda amaszeda, raTamca

SeerTebul viqmneT Cven, mefeni yovlisa iveriisani“ (45,II,I,112) _ Seaxsenebd-

nen iverielTa erTobis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg 1793 w-s qarTveli mefe-

mTavrebi ruseTis dedofals da sTxovdnen mfarvelobaSi Sesvlas, ,,raTa

ara ganyofil iqnas saukunod erni qarTlisa, imerTa, odiSisa da guriisa

rusTa imperiisa zeda miweriTa, da raTa msgavsad saqarTvelosa mTeli ive-

ria iyos miwerili imperiasa zeda ruseTisa, traqtatisa amis Cvenisaebr

mfarvelobiTa Tqvenisa uavgustesisa karisaTa, da ... SeerTebulni ese yov-

lisa iveriisa mefeni da mTavarni... saerToTa mfarvelobiTa ganvaTavisuf-

loT sulTagan mahmadianTa monarxTasa“(45, II,I,113). magram qarTvel politi-

kosTa miznebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera, radgan rogorc es ukve zemoT aR-

vniSneT, ruseTis mTavrobas qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa erToba manamde surda,

sanam ar uzrunvelyof-ganimtkicebda Tavis poziciebs saqarTveloSi da,

saerTod, kavkasiis regionSi. akademikos n. berZeniSvilis samarTliani Se-

niSvniT, im viTarebaSi, roca ruseTis metoqeebi amierkavkasiaSi sustdebo-

dnen, xolo ruseTis interesebi am qveynisadmi izrdeboda ,,Zlieri da er-

Tiani saqarTvelo ruseTisaTvis saWiro aRar iyo“(61,IV.125). ruseTis dip-

lomatias arc maSin da miT ufრო, arc SemdegSi ar awyobda gaerTianebul-

gaZlierebuli saqarTvelo. es cxadad daadastura Semdgomdroindelma mo-

vlenebma, roca ruseTi saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis praqtikul nabijebs

dgamda. ,,gaTiSe da ibatones~ politikis misTvis Cveuli meTodiT mas er-

Civna calkeuli samefo-samTavroebis saxiT warmodgenili saqarTvelo mi-

eRo Tavis mfarvelobaSi da ara gaerTianebuli (imereTis samefos sapi-

- 157 -

rispirod mas samegrelo da sxva samTavroebi cal-calke Sehyavda Tavis

mfarveloba-qveSevrdomobaSi)~.

marTalia, solomon lioniZis TaosnobiT 1790 w-s saqarTvelos mefe-

mTavarTa Soris erTobis xelSekruleba gaformda, ,,garna sadRa iyo Zali

damakavSirebeli maTi?~ istorikos platon ioselianis samarTliani SeniS-

vniT ,,odes mefeman irakli meoreman dakarga erTmefobisa imerTa Txova,

dakargaca Zali kavSirisa~(26,24). @

magram ra amao iyo solomon lioniZis Rvawli, maSin roca, erekle

mefem, sul male, oriode wlis Semdeg iseTi kanonebi miiRo, rom eris ga-

erTmTlianebaze zrunvas vin Civis, am kanonebiT TviTonve aqucmacebda sam-

wysos Tavis mravalricxovan STamomavlebs Soris da miT aZlierebda fe-

odalur partikularizms, daTrgunvis magier.

1791-92@ww-Si darejan dedoflis miTiTebiT, romlis xelSic aRmoCn-

da bolo xanebSi qveynis faqtiuri mmarTveloba da xSirad saxelmwifo

did saqmeebSi Tavis neba-survilze atarebda gvirgvinosan meuRles, erek-

le II-m ori friad reaqciuli kanoni daamtkica memkvidreobisa da sauf-

liswuloebis Sesaxeb. pirveli kanoniT man Secvala memkvidreobis odiT-

ganve arsebuli wesi, romlis mixedviTac samefo gvirgvini ufros Svils

ki aRar unda rgeboda, aramed samefo gvarSi ufross. meore kanoniT man

isedac erTi bewo samefo mravalricxovan batoniSvilebze saufliswulo

samflobeloebad daanawila. ,,erekle II-m XVIII s-is 80-90-ian wlebSi same-

fo da sadedoflo yma-mamulebis nawili Tavis memkvidreebs _ batoniSvi-

lebs mudmiv sakuTrebaSi gadasca. sakmaod msxvili memamuleebi gaxdnen

iulon, vaxtang, ioane, mirian, aleqsandre da farnaoz batoniSvilebi. ba-

toniSvilTa sakuTrebas saufliswuloebi ewodeboda... magram mefem Tavi-

si memkvidreebi provinciaSi centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis miz-

niT sakuTar warmomadgenlebad daniSna. specialuri nebarTviT maT samar-

TalwarmoebaSi monawileobis ufleba, samxedro funqciebi da sxva ufle-

ba-movaleobebi daakisra (96,174), Tumca zogi uflebebi SeuzRuda ufliswu-

lebs ereklem _ maT ekrZalebodaT saufliswuloSi ganwesebul mouravTa,

sardalTa, mdivanbegTa winaaRmdegoba, samefos finansur da saxelmwifo

moxeleTa saqmeebSi Careva, laSqris Sekreba mefis nebarTvis gareSe, mezo-

bel qveynebTan diplomatiuri urTierToba da sxv. (3,122).

- 158 -

am RonisZiebebiT mefes surda esoden mravalricxovani ufliswule-

bi saxelmwifo moxeleebad eqcia da samefo taxtis gamo maTi ambiciebi Se-

ekveca. aki mefe Tavad ambobs 1791 w-is Tavis mier Sedgenil ,,ganwesebule-

banSi“, rom misi survili da mizani iyo keTilganwyobilebasa, erTobasa da

TanxmobaSi yofiliyvnen batoniSvilebi, amitom Tav-Tavisi wili imTaviTve

gavuCine, maT Soris mtroba da SfoTi rom ar Seqmniliyoo: ,,sakuTari nar-

gebi mamuli yvelas miscemia da aqvsT; da es wili da kerZi maTi yvela aR-

moCenili aris, rom rogor unda erTad Zmobdnen... saxleulobis Cemisa da

STasrulisa naTesaobisa Cemisa da SvilTa maTTaTvis aRvwere, rom ar gai-

yarnen, erT samefo iyos da siyvaruliT iyvnen da ar mterobdnen, egreTve

qarTvelTa da kaxTaTvis, rom am saqmiT iyvnen siyvaruliT damtkicebulni

yovelni bato-ymani da amxanagni, rom TqvenSi RmrTis winaaRmdegi Suri da

Serevna ar moxdes ra“. ,,...Tu sxvagnidam vinme SfoTs Semogigdeben, RmrTiT

am erTobiT, ...kidec ganzdevniT da RmerTic SegewevaT siyvarulsa da amis-

Tana erTobaSi Cems Svilebsaca da qveyanasaca“ (24,I.201-2;1.5,2140;18,507-8). xolo

taxtis memkvidreobis axali kanonis miRebiT ki mefe imedovnebda mraval-

ricxovan pretendentTa Soris mefoba Rirseuls rgeboda. marTalia, erek-

le II-is mizans, misive ganacxadiT, sakuTar saxleulobasa da qveyanaSi sim-

Svidis damyareba Seadgenda, magram piriqiT ki gamovida. memkvidreobis sa-

xecvlilma kanonma batoniSvilTa ambiciebi da pretenziebi kvlav gamoacoc-

xla da aaRoZrina. `rasac mefem politikuri struqturis gardaqmniT ver

miaRwia, naTesaobis saSualebiT gadaswyvita moewyo. magram aq ereklem gai-

meora is Secdoma, romelic istoriaSi ara erTxel yofila... Cveulebrivi

TavadiSvili mefes ise advilad ver gaubedavda urCobas, rogorc misi

Svili~(136,119). es kargad gamoCnda 1795 wlis gansacdelis Jams. ,,mogviane-

biT, erekle II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxtis dauflebisaTvis gamwvave-

bul dinastiur brZolaSi batoniSvilebi miniWebul Zalauflebas sakuTa-

ri interesebisaTvis iyenebdnen, ramac aRa-mahmad-xanisagan darbeuli qvey-

nis kidev ufro dasusteba gamoiwvia. amitomac, saufliswuloTa Seqmna qa-

rTul istoriografiaSi erekle II-is Secdomad samarTlianad aris miCne-

uli“(96,175).

amrigad, SromiTa da brZoliT Seqmnili samefo qoneba gankerZoebi-

saken midrekil da ambiciebiT Sepyrobil ufliswulebs CauvardaT xelSi.

- 159 -

es cvlilebani ukmayofilebas iwvevda TviT erekles momxreebSic. am am-

bis Sesaxeb p. ioseliani gadmogvcems, rom mefis elCi garsevani `...icnobda

mefis ZmaTa da SvilTa, odesme asmenda maT da amxelebda, TviT dedofal

darejansa, mwyalobelsa Tvissa, miswera werili mkvaxe sadame SfoTTaT-

vis daucxromelTa da didad ar moewona arca anderZi mefis iraklis,

arc mecadineoba TviT dedoflisa, raTa aRvides taxtsa da mefobdes ma-

galiTisamebr ekaterinisa“(26,149-50).

TavianT saufliswuloebSi batoniSvilebs Tavi xelmwifeebad moh-

qondaT, isini Tavaduri reaqciis burjebad iqcnen. TiToeuli batoniSvi-

li Tavis momxre dass ikrebda Tavis garSemo da taxtze asvlasa da game-

febaze ocnebobda. ise, rom am patara samefoSi arsebiTad ar arsebobda er-

Ti xelisufleba, romelic saxelmwifo interesebs daicavda.

saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sakiTxi, romelic erTiani samefos daS-

lis Semdeg yoveli didi mefis sazrunavs Seadgenda, XVIII s-is 80-iani

wlebis bolos CaiSala, raSic didi roli iTamaSa gareSe Zalis aqtiu-

rad Carevam. gadamwyvet momentSi, qarTl-kaxeTis mefemac gaubedaoba gamo-

iCina _ uSualo SemoerTebas iq Tavisi xelqveiTis dasma amjobina. erekle

II sxva gziT _ qarTuli miwebis ruseTis safarvelqveS SekrebiT imedovneb-

da sakiTxis gadawyvetas. bunebrivia, am gegmamac kraxi ganicada _ ar iqna

gaTvaliswinebuli ,,mfarvelis~ realuri mizan-swrafvani.

ise, rom XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qveynis gaerTianebisa da saga-

reo orientaciis problemebi mWidrod gadaexlarTa erTmaneTs da sabo-

loo jamSi Sida erovnuli Zalebis marcxiT dasrulda. saqarTvelos ga-

erTianebis CaSlas Sorsmimavali Sedegebi mohyva - aman daaCqara qarTl-

kaxeTis samefos politikuri ngreva.

- 160 -

V Tavi. krwanisis tragedia da 1801 wlis manifesti,

rusuli imperializmi saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi

$1. krwanisis tragedia da 1801 wlis manifesti

XVIII s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos samxreTelma me-

zobelma TandaTan moikriba Zalebi da aSkara samzadiss Seudga ,,gandgo-

mili ymadnaficis~ dasabruneblad. 1794 w-is bolos aRa-mahmad-xanma bolo

mouRo Tavis ukanasknel mowinaaRmdeges qermanSi lutf-ali-xans. ,,1795 w-

is dasawyisSi ki kvlav gagzavna elCi TurqeTSi da acnoba, rom saqarTve-

los dasapyrobad midioda da Txovda, TurqeTi ar Careuliyo am saqmeSi~-

(14,329). TurqeTisaTvis sasargeblo iyo aRa-mahmad-xanis mier saqarTvelos

dalaSqvra, radgan amiT igi ruseTs upirispirdeboda. rogorc Cans, ukve

arsebobda SeTanxmeba iransa da TurqeTs Soris saqarTvelos ganawilebis

Sesaxeb“(179,151).

marTalia, qarTuli mxarisaTvis sparselTa samzadisi da miznebi

ucnobi ar yofila, magram mtris agresias moumzadebeli daxvda, rac mTe-

li rigi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

garda imisa, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelo administraciulad iyo

daqucmacebuli, qveyanas didi xania sxva senic RrRnida. erekles drois

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mTeli mowinave sazogadoeba dayofili iyo erTi-

meoris mopirispire dasebad. ruseTTan dakavSireba ,,Cvens qveyanas marto

saerTaSoriso damokidebulebas ki ar ufuWebda, marto mis gareSe mtrebs

ki ar aTamamebda, aramed Sinaur cxovrebaSic arevdarevasa da sxvadasxva

politikur dasTa Soris brZolas amwvavebda, mefisa da mTavrobis pativis-

cemisa da uflebis gaqarwylebas xalxis TvalSi xels uwyobda. bevrni

xedavdnen, rom mTavrobis mTeli politika saqarTvelos ubedurebis mets

aras umzadebda da amis gamo sparseTTan da osmaleTTan SeTanxmebis mom-

xreni daundoblad ebrZodnen im wreebs, romelnic ruseTis mfarvelobisa

da mokavSireobis momxreni da moTaveni iyvnen~(202,56). erekles politikiT

gamowveuli ukmayofilebis umaRlesi gamoxatuleba iyo jer kidev 1765 w-s

gamovlenili ,,markozaSvilis darbazis~ saxeliT cnobili SeTqmuleba. er-

ekles dros ZiriTadi politikuri dajgufebebi iyo: 1. ruseTis orientaci-

- 161 -

is momxreTa jgufi.@2. ruseTis orientaciis mowinaaRmdgeTa jgufi. 3. som-

xuri jgufi, romelic agreTve rusebis gabatonebas uwyobdnen xels sa-

qarTveloSi da TavianTi interesebidan gamomdinare cdilobdnen saqar-

Tvelos naoxarze ,,didi somxeTi~ aeSenebinaT. somxeTis zeda fena _ bur-

Juazia, sasuliero pirebi Tu meliqebi eswrafodnen ra ruseTTan mWidro

urTierTobas, amierkavkasiis ruseTTan SeerTebis momxred gamodiodnen

,,Убежденными сторонниками русской ориентации были выдающиеся деятели армянско-

го освободительного движения второй половины XVIII века Иосиф Эмин, Мовсес Баг-

рамян, Шаамирян и другие“(100,XVI). somxeTis saxelmwifos aRdenis perspeqti-

viT aRfrTovanebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos da, maT Soris, Tbilisis gav-

leniani somxoba erTianad ruseTis proteqtoratis momxreTa banakSi aR-

moCnda. ,,Tbilisis meliqi - darCi bebuTaSvili sulxan begTabegiSvili,

sulxan TumaniSvili, misi Zma manuCari, solomon arRuTaSvili, ioseb be-

buTaSvili, osefa yorRanaSvili da sxvebi, romelTac sasaxlis karze

didi Tanamdebobebi eWiraT, yvelani rusuli orientaciisani arian. isini

sasaxlis rusofiluri dajgufebis meTaurebad gvevlinebian da didi avto-

ritetiTa da gavleniT sargeblobdnen sasaxlis karze. maT mudmivad aqvT

kavSiri ruseTis moRvawe ioseb arRuTinskisTan“ (107,234), romelmac gansa-

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa georgievskis xelSekrulebis dade-

baSi. „XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebidan qarTl-kaxeTis samefos savaWro kapitali

nel-nela daupirispirda bagrationTa dinastias, rac niSnavda qarTuli

erovnuli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg gamosvlas... somxuri ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraobis gezs ruseTTan uSualo kavSirze, aseve aregulirebda ru-

seTi“(169,31). jer kidev ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-74 ww-is omis dros, 1769 w-s,

ruseTSi mcxovrebma somex moRvaweTa jgufma sagareo saqmeTa kolegias

warudgina moxsenebiTi baraTi, aRedginaT somxuri saxelmwifo ruseTis

mfarvelobis qveS. 80-ian wlebSi msgavsi gegmebi muSavdeboda eCmiaძinis

arqiepiskoposis ioseb arRuTinskisa da cnobili mewarmisa da memamulis

lazarevis mier. 1782 w-is dekemberSi ,,на тайном совещании в Эчмиадзине армянс-

кое духовенство и мелики присягнули на верность России и подписали послание к

Екатерине II с просьбой взять под свое покровительство Армению и армянский на-

род~(100,XVI). Zalze xatovnad da STambeWdavad aRwers erT-erTi Turquli

wyaro im drois somxobis sazogado ganwyobilebasa Tu xasiaTs: „maTTvis

- 162 -

piradi interesebi imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom mzad iyvnen mis misaRwe-

vad yovelgvari msxverpli gaeRoT... rodesac rusebma daiwyes warmatebuli

winsvla da gavlenis mopoveba kavkasiaSi, Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare

yvelaze adre somxebma Caavles xeli rusebis kalTas, romlebmac isargeb-

les maTi ususuri mdgomareobiTa da pirmoTne xasiaTiT da maT saTarjim-

nod, jaSuSur da sxva msgavsi saqmianobebisTvis iyenebdnen. amis gamo som-

xebma damamcirebeli mdgomareobidan nel-nela aiwies avtoritetul pozi-

ciebze“ (34,299). somxuri jgufis saqarTvelosadmi ganwyoba kargad gamov-

linda krwanisis omis dros. maTi ormagi damokidebuleba da kavSirebi

Zirs uTxrida qarTul saxelmwifoebriobas da xels uwyobda Cvens qveya-

naSi ucxo Zalis gabatonebas. somexTa kaTalikosma lukam saqarTvelos

asaoxreblad momaval àRa-mahmad-xans, albaT SiSiT, samxedro xarjebis

dasafaravad 100.000 m. misca~(204,38), meores mxriT, ltolvili somxoba Tav-

Sesafars isev saqarTveloSi eZebda. Tbilisis aoxrebis Semdeg meliqebma

abovma da mejlumma saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis nebarTva sTxoves erekle

mefes. meliqebis nawilma ki, pirdapir ruseTis mTavrobas mimarTa qveSe-

vrdomobisa da mfarvelobis TxovniT, aseve iTxoves ruseTSi Sexizvna an

saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis nebarTva. ùeWvelia, es ukve srulebiT Seuwy-

narebeli saqcieli iyo... somxebi TavianTTvis saqarTveloSi aucilebel

ganadgurebisagan TavSesafars poulobden, madlobis magier-ki saqarTve-

los Sinaur saqmeebSi gareSe Zalis CarevisaTvis cdilobden~; ìdumal

ruseTis mfarvelobas amoefarebodnen xolme da ruseTis mTavrobis dax-

marebiT saqarTveloSi TavianT saqmes akeTebden~ (204,38,37).

swored es Sinagani qaosi da urTierTgaTiSuloba iyo mTavari da

ZiriTadi mizezi krwanisis tragediisa. aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis momentSi

,,erekles qarTl-kaxeTis yvela burji da sayrdeni'Zirmompali da morRveu-

li aRmoCnda. amitom krwanisis samxedro katastrofa am omamde ukve momwif-

ebuli Sinagani politikuri katastrofis Sedegi da gamovlineba iyo“(178,3-4).

miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc aRvniSneT, sparselTa Tavdasxma mo-

ulodneli ar yofila da samefo kari didi xania informirebuli iyo mo-

salodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo mtris Semosevas gul-

xeldakrefili Sexvda. qarTvelTa sruli moumzadebloba ganpirobebuli

iyo ara marto Sinagani anarqiiTa da ideur-politikuri daqsaqsulobiT,

- 163 -

rogorc ukve iTqva, aramed ruseTis damaimedebeli politikiTa da erTmor-

wmune mfarvelis xelSi Semyure erekle II-is umoqmedobiT. am sabediswero

Jams mefec da erTian xelmRvanelobas moklebuli eric faqtiurad gul-

xeldakrefili Sexvda gangebis ganaCensa da sjeroda, rom ruseTi qmediT

RonisZiebebs miiRebda da Tavs gamoidebda ,,erTmorwmune Zmebis“ gadasar-

Cenad. ,,im dros, roca yajarTa dinastiis fuZemdebeli aRa-mahmad-xani iran-

Si mowinaaRmdegeebze imarjvebda da azerbaijanis calkeuli mflobele-

bisagan ubrZolvelad morCilebas moiTxovda, xolo es ukanasknelni Zal-

Ta gaerTianebiT winaaRmdegobis gawevas gegmavdnen da qarTl-kaxeTis me-

fes erekle II-s aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg samzadiss urCevnen da mokavSi-

reobas sTavazobdnen, erekle II sxvas aras akeTebda, garda imisa, rom ru-

seTSi werils werilze gzavnida da Svelas iTxovda... ruseTidan daxmare-

bis imediT qarTvelma mefem adgilobrivi Zalebis darazmvas Tavi ver mo-

aba, igi misticizmma sZlia, egona, wmindanTa mfarveloba uSvelida da qvab-

Taxevis monastridan ,,wminda estates“ mumificirebuli nawilebi TbilisSi

gadmoatanina“-o, aRniSnavs butkovi (14,II,335).

aRa-mahmad-xans jer kidev manamde, sanam Tavis metoqe xanebze gaima-

rjvebda da iranis sruluflebiani mbrZanebeli Seiqneboda, azerbaijanze

gaulaSqria (1791w). am faqtTan dakavSirebiT erekle Sefiqrianebula, Se-

saZloa aRa-mahmad-xanma saqarTvelos winaaRmdegac daiwyos saomari moqme-

debao da amitom ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis 1783 w-is traqtatis safuZvelze

maSveli jaris gamogzavna mouTxovia. 1791 w-is ori agvistos weriliT er-

ekle mefe barTlome savarsamiZes atyobinebda, rom aRa-mahmad-xani, rome-

lmac sparseTis didi nawili daipyro, Tbilisamde xuTasi kilometris

daSorebiT imyofeba; amitom mefem Tadarigi daiWira da general anSefs

zaqaria Turqistanovis xeliT werili gaugzavna, radgan: „rogorc traxta-

tSi gvaqvs aRTqmuli, rom damWirneobis dros vinc mand mesazRvreT mTava-

ri imyofebodes, jariT unda mogveSvelos, amisTvis anSefs jariT moSve-

leba vsTxoeT“(23,#672.183). ekaterine II-m 1792@w-is 8 maiss saqarTvelos me-

fes mokled da civad SemouTvala, rom ,,saqarTveloSi jaris gamogzavna

exla saWirod ar aris cnobili da, sanam saamisod xelsayreli SemTxveva

da xelSemwyobi pirobebi ar Seiqmneba, Cveni jarebis mand yofnis sakiTxi

gadadebuliao“ (14,II,334). ise gamodioda, rom xelSekrulebas mxolod maSin

- 164 -

hqonda'Zala, rodesac amas ruseTi saWirod dainaxavda, da ara maSin, rოca

saqarTvelos uWirda“ (203,83).

aRa-mahmad-xani am dros jer kidev Tavis metoqe xanebs ebrZoda da am-

itom igi iranSi dabrunda. imjerad saqarTvelo gadarCa. Tumca Tavdasxmis

saSiSroeba ar moxsnila, amitom aziur diplomatiaSi gawafulma erekle

mefem nacadi xerxis gamoyeneba scada da iranelTa winaaRmdeg dasaxmareb-

lad osmaleTs mimarTa. ereklem elCis meSveobiT werili aaxla sulTans,

romliTac usafrTxoebis garantiasa da sanacvlod osmaleTze damokide-

bulebis aRiarebas iTxovda: „urwmunom aqamde ramdenjerme iTxova emani (ga-

rantia usafrTxoebaze), Tumca, kvlav daarRvia xelSekrulebis pirobebi

da eSmakobas mimarTa. Zalian kargi. exla ki neba davrToT, magram zogier-

Ti Cveni piroba unda wavuyenoT. moskovis mier saqarTvelosken gayvanili

gzis dangrevis msgavsi, usafrTxoebasTn dakavSirebuli zogierTi pirobis

wamoyenebaa saWiro“(34,205). aSkaraa, osmaleTis mTavroba aRar endoba erek-

les, mas ruseTTan damakavSirebeli gzis dangreva mosTxoves, razec orWo-

fuli pasuxi misca mefem, rom es mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateboda, magram

Tu amas Tavad osmalebi ganaxorcielebdnen, Tanaxma iyo. iranidan mosalo-

dneli safrTxis gamaneitralebeli RonisZiebebis arss kargad Cawvda osma-

leTi da erekles aRa-mahmad-xanis winaaRmdeg daxmarebaze gagzavnili pasu-

xiT uari eTqva; ereklesaTvis gasacem pasuxSi aRa-mahmad-xanis saxelis xse-

nebasac ki moeridnen: „saxelmwifos didebulTagan ganxilul iqna sakiTxi,

rom Tbilisis xanma ereklem, stambulSi kaci gamoagzavna da...aRa-mahmad-xa-

nisagan daxmareba iTxova ... Tu aRa-mahmad-xani Tbilisis winaaRmdeg gai-

laSqrebs da saqarTvelo osmaleTisgan samxedro an sxva daxmarebas mo-

iTxovs, Cven Tavi unda SevikavoT... werilis ganxilvisas mividnen im dask-

vnamde, rom erekle xanisTvis gasacem pasuxSi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar

unda ixseniebodes aRa-mahmad-xani da „radgan erekle xani mudmivad gviCve-

nebs erTgulebas, osmaleTis saxelmwifos mxridan karg mopyrobasa da ke-

Tilganwyobas miiRebs“ msgavsi bundovani gamonaTqvamebi unda iqnes gamo-

yenebuli“(34,209).

* SeniSvna: zemoxsenebuli Turquli dokumentebi dawvrilebiT ganxilulia ap. Tabua-

Svilis naSromSi `XVIII s-is 90-iani wlebis dasawyisis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo

politikuri istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tsu-s Sroebi, t.VI, Tb., 2012, (gv. 243-245)

- 165 -

osmaleTTan kavSiris mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda, ereklem 1793 wlidan

isev ganaaxla ruseTTan intensiuri diplomatiuri urTierToba. aRa-mah-

mad-xanis mxriv saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba kvlav wamoWrila

1793 w-s. erekles isev ruseTisaTvis miumarTavs da uTxovia, rom diploma-

tiuri CareviT xeli aeRebinebina aRa-mahmad-xanisaTvis saqarTvelos wina-

aRmdeg mtrul moqmedebaze. erekles Txovnas Sedegad is mohyva, rom ruse-

Tis mTavrobis mier kavkasiis xazze myof general gudoviCs qarTveli me-

fis daimedeba ebrZana: ,,ruseTi qarTl-kaxeTis uzenaesi mfarveli iqnebao“-

(45,II,II,81). marTlac, ereklesa da mis Tanamoazreebs ukanasknel dromde

rusTa daxmarebis imedi hqondaT. ruseTis mTavrobis dapireba, rom igi

Tavisi xeldebulis mfarveli iqneboda, winaswar SemuSavebuli boroti

gegmis nayofi iyo, romlis mixedviTac ruseTis moimede erekle aRa-mah-

mad-xanTan brZolaSi unda Cabmuliyo martodmarto da Tanac moumzadebe-

li. xolo aRa-mahmad-xanis mier ganadgurebul qveyanas Semdeg ruseTi da-

patroneboda. es gegma Zlier hgavda totlebenis avantiuristul gegmas. ma-

Sin erTmorwmune ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTis mefe Tavisi jariT TurqeTs miug-

do gasasresad, magram imjerad saqarTvelo gadarCa. axla ekaterine II-is

samefo karma, rogorc Cans, aRa-mahmad-xanis mzadeba saqarTvelos winaaRm-

deg gasalaSqreblad xelsayrel momentad miiCnia imisaTvis, rom saqarT-

velo savsebiT dauZlurebuliyo iranis mbrZanebelTan brZolaSi. saqarT-

velos dauZlureba ruseTisaTvis imdenad iyo sasurveli, rom amis Semdeg

mas saSualeba eZleoda saqarTvelos mefisa da mosaxleobisagan yovelg-

vari winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad daemyarebina Tavisi absoluturi batono-

ba sisxlisagan daclil qveyanaSi. am mizniT misca Tavidan ruseTis mTav-

robam yalbi dapireba saqarTvelos mefes mfarvelobis Sesaxeb, xolo Sem-

degSi aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxmis saSiSroebasTan dakavSirebiT, roca saq-

me realur daxmarebaze midga, gadaWril pasuxs aRar aZlevda erekles da

am orWofuli poziciiT abrkolebda saqarTvelos mzadebas mtris dasaxve-

drad, da bolos, amave mizniT miatova ruseTis mTavrobam saqarTvelo

krwanisis omSi.

ruseTis diplomatebma mSvenivrad icodnen, rom aRa-mahmad-xanis sa-

qarTvelosa da, saerTod, amierkavkasiaSi gamolaSqreba aramc da aramc

- 166 -

ar moaswavebda dauZlurebuli iranis mxriv am regionis mkvidrad dapy-

robas. ise, rom ruseTis interesebs am mxareSi araviTari seriozuli saf-

rTxe ar eloda, amitom miuSva movlenaTa msvleloba Tavis nebaze. sxva

SemTxvevaSi mas mkacri diplomatiuri toniTac SeeZlo SeeCerebina iranis

mbrZanebeli. aRa-mahmad-xanis laSqrobani mxolod darbeva-TareSs niSnav-

da, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, awyobda kidec saimperatoro kars amierkavka-

siis politikuri erTeulebis dauZlurebis TvalsazrisiT. ai, swored am

mosazrebiT ar mimarTa ruseTma raime arsebiT RonisZiebas da ara garTu-

lebuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis gamo. Torem iranis mbrZaneblis ,,dafr-

Txoba~ xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli ori batalioni rusuli jaris

gamogzavnas rom Tavi davaneboT, diplomatiur gziTac SeiZleboda. mag-

ram es SesaZlebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi Tu erTmorwmune mfarveli Tavisi

xeldebulis dacvas marTlac moindomebda. radgan imperiis diplomatebs

sapirispiro mizanswrafvani amoZravebdaT, aqedan gamominare movlenebmac

sxvagvari msvleloba miiRo, vidre amas erTmorwmune mfarvelze gulubr-

yvilod daimedebuli qarTveli politikuri moRvaweni warmoidgendnen. mog-

vianebiT, roca saxelmwifo sabWoze saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis sa-

kiTxi wydeboda, aki Tavad rusi moxeleni aRniSnavdnen, rom „am bolo xa-

nebis uZlieresi mmarTveli aRa-mahamad-xanic ki ver gabedavda, 1795 w-s sa-

qarTveloze Tavdasxmas Tavisi mravalricxovani brboTi, Tavis droze aq

rusis jaris mcire raodenobac rom yofiliyo gamogzavnili“ (139,9-10).

qarTl-kaxeTis diplomatebs eWvic ar eparebodaT, rom aRa-mahmad-

xani saqarTveloze gamoilaSqrebda da amitom erekle ganuwyvetliv Sik-

riks Sikrikze agzavnida yizlarisa da peterburgis gzebze. erekle mefe

grZnobda mosalodnel gansacdels da ruseTs Svelas emudareboda. 1794 w-s

man xelmeored gaagzavna ruseTis saimperatoro karze garsevan WavWavaZe

(14,II.335). es ukanaskneli Sexvda ekaterine II-s, aseve imperiis umaRlesi ran-

gis araerT moxeles, magaliTad, kancler bezborodkos, vice-kancler os-

termans da sxvebs. magram amaod; erekles davalebis Sesruleba SeuZlebe-

li aRmoCnda. misi yovelgvari mcdeloba, daeyolebina ruseTis mTavroba

traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobis Sesrulebaze, marcxiT dasrulda.

mas garkveuli pasuxic ar gasces. ar kargavda ra ruseTis daxmarebis im-

eds, 1795 w-is maisSi aRa-mahmad-xanis mier jarebis SegrovebiT SeSfoTebu-

- 167 -

lma ereklem axla kavkasiis xazis mTavarsardal general gudoviCs mimar-

Ta weriliT da 3.000 jariskacis gamogzavna mosTxova (14,II,335). rusebis

inertuloba miT ufro gasakviri iyo, rom erekle mefem ekaterine II-s jer

kidev da 1792 w-s Tavisi elCis piriT sTxova jari gamoegzavna misTvis,

magram orivejer uari miiRo (40,187). 1795 w-is 7 maiss monapire jaris uf-

rosma, romelsac damoukideblad ar SeeZlo gadawyvetilebis miReba, ere-

kles Txovna Tavis mTavrobas acnoba. magram ruseTis mTavroba ar Cqarob-

da: pasuxi ar modioda. 2 agvistos monapire jaris ufrosma Tavis mTavro-

bas saqarTvelos gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba da erekle mefis Txovna xel-

meored acnoba“ (14,II,335); magram dedaqalaqidan pasuxi ar modioda. erekle

imazec ki wavida, rom ivnisSi ruseTis mTavrobas nebarTva sTxova, pira-

dad Sexvedroda sof. CimSi an mozdokSi general gudoviCs (45,II,II,91-2). iv-

lisSi g.QWavWavaZem kategoriulad moiTxova pasuxi, apirebda Tu ara ru-

seTi saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenas(45,II,II,272). ruseTis mxare arc

am kategoriul moTxovnas gamoexmaura. daxmarebas vin Civis, imis magier,

rom am gasaWirSi Tavis qristian mokavSires miSveleboda, ekaterine II pi-

riqiT, general gudoviCs 1795 w-is 4 seqtembers miwerilobaSi avalebs:

moaxerxeo, rom imereTis mefe ar Caerios aRa-mahmad-xansa da erekle II-is

konfliqtSi(14,II,330-331). xolo zaqaria WiWinaZis cnobiT `1795 w-s saqar-

Tvelos eris mters, aRa-mahmad-xans tfilisis aRebis dros didZali ru-

sis iaraRi aRmoaCnda, rac rusebs misTvis saidumloT dauxmarebiaT, rom

mteri mosuliyo da ufro magrad aeklo saqarTvelo~(189,14) da kidev: ,,eka-

terinem 1794 wels erTi milioni maneTiani moaWrevina da es fuli sparse-

Tis yeens gaugzavna~(189,17-18). simarTles moklebuli sulac ar unda iyos

somxuri da qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis monacemebi aRa-mahmad-xanis

mier gen. gudoviCis mosyidvis Taobaze. somxuri wyaroebis mixedviT, gu-

doviCi ,,winaswarganzraxuli politikuri kursis gamtarebelia: rameTu

mosyiduli hyavda saWuriss mxedarTmTavari rusTa mosazRvre qalaqebSi

SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT, romelTac adre misi winaprebi ganagebdnen. se-

robsac aqvs aRniSnuli ZRvniT datvirTuli despanisa da masTan erTad me-

gobruli werilis gagzavnis faqti~(D2:55). qarTuli wyaroebic igive azrs

aviTareben. erekles SviliSvilis cnobiT, aRa-mahmad-xani didZal saCuq-

- 168 -

rebs ugzavnida kavkasiaSi ganlagebuli rusTa jaris sardals gen. gudo-

viCs da amitomac ar gamogzavna maSveli jario (30,45-6). ise, rom ruseTi

ar iyo dainteresebuli aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis Tavidan acilebiT. gu-

doviCi erekles Setyobinebas mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb da daJine-

bul Txovnas maSveli jaris gamogzavnis Taobaze guldamSvidebiT pasuxob-

da: ,,Tumca aRa-mahmad-xan ispaanelma daamarcxa lutf-alixan Sirazeli...

da jars uyris Tavs ardebilSi, yofs mas da erT nawils gzavnis muRanis

stepSi, xolo meores erevnisken, magram muRanis veli jer kidev Sorsaa

saqarTvelosgan“ (45,II,II,88).

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan naTlad mJRavndeba ruseTis mTavrobis

mzakvruli ganazraxi _ srul izolaciaSi moeqcia qarTl-kaxeTis samefo,

raTa advilad gaesrisa igi aRa-mahmad-xans.

amasobaSi aRa-mahmad-xani informirebuli Tavisi mzveravebisagan,

rom ruseTis jarebi saqarTvelos ar daexmarebodnen, 35.000-iani jariT

saswrafod Tbilisisaken gamoemarTa. iranis mbrZanebelma erekles elCi

aaxla da erTxel kidev mosTxova uareyo ruseTis erTguleba, ecno spar-

seTis uzenaesoba. am pirobebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, erTgulebis dastur

gamougzavnos Tavisi erTi Svili da SviliSvili. Tu erekle am pirobebs

miiRebda Sahi uvneblobas pirdeboda. ereklem elCi daatyveva da kars mom-

dgar mters araviTari pasuxi ar gasca. ganrisxebuli aRa-mahmad-xani 10

seqtembers Tbiliss moadga. ereklem mxolod 5.000-mde meomari miageba mom-

xvdurT, maSin roca gacilebiT meti mebrZolis Sekreba SeiZleboda da, Tu

es ase ar moxda, da faqtiurad, saqarTvelo samxedro dacvis gareSe aRm-

oCnda aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevis dros, es imitom, rom ,,batoniSvilebi Ta-

vianT saufliswuloebSi isxdnen da samSoblos dacvaze ar zrunavdnen.

krwanisis omSi qarTvelebis damarcxebis mizezi Tavadur reaqciaSi unda

veZeboT“(77,87). ereklesave miRebuli axali kanonebis Sedegad batoniSvi-

lebze danawilebul qveyanaSi Sinauri brZola iyo gaCaRebuli da am nia-

dagze karsmomdgari saSineli mtris winaaRmdeg samzadisisaTvis Tavs ar-

avin iwuxebda. qveyanas im periodSi aRar hyavda erTpirovnuli mmarTveli,

mefe erekle im momentSi formaluradRa iTvleboda absolutur monarqad

,,faqtiurad ki metad mcire iyo feodalTa da TviT mefis CamomavalTa ri-

cxvi, romelnic aseTad Tvlidnen erekle II-s“(178,9). statistikuri monacem-

- 169 -

ebis mixedviT, am raodenobis jari (5.000) SeeZlo gamoeyvana marto arag-

vis xeobis soflebsa da `mewinave sadroSos~ - sabaraTianosa da somxi-

Tis provinciebs (178,35). rogorc wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, samefo karze sak-

mao raodenobis jaris Sekrebas varaudobdnen; erekle mefe imedovnebda

saomari Zalebis Sematebas yazax-SamSadilidan, zogi monacemiT, TiTqos

daRestnidanac `romlis Tav-kacebTan amis Sesaxeb windawinve molaparake-

ba iyo gaarTuli~(106,237), magram amaod; ver moxerxda aseve, adgilobrivi

Zalebis mobilizeba, aki Tavad mefec ukmayofilo iyo jaris simciriT;

batoniSvilebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom mefe didad wuxda Tadarigis dau-

Werlobis gamo: ìyo friad mwuxare... simcirisaTvis spaTasa~(8,35), igives am-

bobs bagratic: ìyo mas Jamsa, uTadarigod~(7,65). erekle raxan didi rao-

denobis jaris mokrebas varaudobda, albaT, amitom daayena TavdacvisaT-

vis didi raodenobis - 4000 kaciani laSqari siRnaRSi, romlis meTauroba

giorgi batoniSvilis hqonda Cabarebuli; Tumca arc omis da arc mis Sem-

deg lekebisagan Tavdasxmas adgili ar hqonia, xolo roca siRnaRSi mdgo-

mi jaris moSvelebis saWiroeba dadga, aqac Ralatma iCina Tavi; rogorc p.

ioseliani gadmogvcems, Sikriks Tavisi funqcia ar Seusrulebia da gior-

gisTvis ar ucnobebia jaris miSvelebis ambavi (26,44-5). xolo iulonma, da-

rejanis sayvarelma Svilma da samefo taxtis erT-erTma pretendentma, swo-

red im dros datova Tbilisi mefis ojaxTan erTad, roca aRa-mahmad-xanis

laSqari ukve iaRlujis mTebze iyo gadmomdgari. ìoane batoniSvilma, ro-

melsac am dros qsani eWira, mxolod 50 kaci moiyvana, vaxtang batoniSvi-

lma aragvidan – 300 da sxv.~(106,240). savsebiT izolirebuli erekle erTi

muWa razmis amara darCa aRa-mahmad-xanis veeberTela urdos winaSe.

exebian ra krwanisis oms, yvela avtori _ batoniSvilebi: daviTi –

„axali istoria,“ bagrati – „axali moTxroba,“ vaxtangi – „istoriebri aRwe-

ra,“ Teimurazi –„aRa-mahmad-xanis mier tfilisis Sepyroba,“ erekles Svili-

Svili al. orbeliani - „aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosvla saqarTveloSi,“ i. qar-

TveliSvili - „memuarebi,“ stefane farSevangiSvili - J. „kvali,“ iakob bebu-

Tovi – „Tbilisis aReba aRa-mahmad-xanisagan 1795 wels“ da sxva, erTxmad

aRniSnavs sayovelTao Ralatisa da gandgomilebis Sesaxeb. marTlac, did

Sida Tu gare gamcemlobas hqonda adgili qveynisaTvis esoden kritikuli

mdgomareobis dros. al. orbeliani (erekles SviliSvili) krwanisis brZo-

- 170 -

laSi damarcxebas ZiriTadad somxebsa da maT moRalatur politikas mia-

wers. aseve, zogierTi qarTveli Tavadis damsaxurebac didi iyo am saqmeSi.

TviT aleqsandres mamac, vaxtangi, ganze iyo gamdgari. mamis ambavs aleq-

sandre ar malavs da Seulamazeblad gadmogvcems. misi cnobiT, yarabu-

laxSi mamasTan revaz andronikaSvilis saidumlo kaci misula da uTqvams,

rom Tu omSi apireb wasvlas ar waxvide, aseTia giorgi batoniSvilis brZa-

neba da roca saWiro iqneba TviTonve dagiZaxebTo (51,#39,2). al. orbelia-

ni aRniSnavs, rom batoniSvil giorgis azradac ar mosvlia aseTi ram Ca-

edina, yvelaferi revaz andronikaSvilis da TavadTa im wris mofiqrebu-

li iyo, romlebic ruseTidan gamogzavnili araCnurTis oqros fulebiT

iyvnen mosyidulnio. ruseTidan araCnurTis fulebs ioseb arRuTaSvili

revaz andronikaSvils ugzavnida da somxebma erekles karze ise moawyves

saqme, rom Zma Zmas da mama Svils gadakides. marTlac, didi iyo somexTa

gavlena erekle II-is karze. isini aqtiurad ereodnen qveynis politikur

sakiTxebSic. es naTlad Cans, Tundac, krwanisis omis mimdinareobidan,

roca TiTqmis ukan gabrunebuli mteri maTi meSveobiT isev Semobrunda

da aaoxra Tbilisi. aleqsandres dasaxelebuli hyavs is moRalateebi, rom-

lebic erekle II-is karze iyvnen da didad ganapirobes misi damarcxeba:

,,orqivater ioseb arRuTaSvilis Zmiswuli, mefis minbaSi Tavadi solomon

arRuTaSvili da amis Zma avetika, T-di abesalom bebuTaSvili, T-di su-

lxan da amisi Zma manuCar TumaniSvilebi, am sulxanis Svili _ SioS, os-

efa yorRanaSvili da nametnavad artem araranci, romelsac eZaxdnen ar-

uTinas da eria mowinave gundSi, roca aRa-mahmax-xani Semovida saqarTve-

loSi(51,#39,2). i. cincaZes aseve sarwmunod eCveneba aleqsandres cnoba ar-

tem araratelTan dakavSirebiT (184,16). rac Seexeba krwanisis omSi imerTa

Ralats, igi gamoZaxili unda iyos im gamcemlobisa erekle II-is karze

rom gabatonebuliyo da raRac mizezebis moZiebiT cdilobdnen sxvebze ga-

daetanaT yuradReba, mieCqmalaT TavianTi mzakvruli ganazraxi. Torem amis

uarsayofad marto is faqtic ikmarebs, rom imerTa jari 2-3.000-mde aRwevda

am omSi, ereklemac amdenze metis Segroveba ver moaxerxa. 10 da 11 seqtem-

bers solomoni erekle mefis gverdiTaa, maT erTad datoves Tbilisi:

,,odes ganvida mefe tfilisiT, ganuteva mefe imereTisa solomon, Svili-

Svili Tvisi samefod Tvisad, romel brZves mxedrobaca misTa mterTa sa-

- 171 -

xelovnad“(9,#51). Tumca arsebobs cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom solomons ja-

risTvis miucia neba rom sursaTi moepovebinaT da albaT es ambavi iqca

imerTagan qalaqis darbevisa da gaZarcvis gamoZaxilad. Tumca imerlebi-

sagan qalaqis datovebidan ramodenime saaTSi aRa-mahmad-xanis jarebma Zir-

fesvianad gaZarcves da gadawves dedaqalaqi. aseve sarwmunod gamoiyureba

Teimuraz batoniSvilis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom zurab wereTelma Tavisi

ymebisagan Seqmna 40 kaciani jgufi, romelsac Txova CamoSoreboda jars,

eZarcva soflebi da naalafari Suaze gaeyoT (9,#51). imerTa Ralatisa da

dedaqalaqis gaZarcvis SemTxvevebs, marTlac, SeiZleba hqonoda adgili,

romelic xalxma mTel imereTze gaavrcela da arad Caagdo krwanisis vel-

ze dacemuli 1500 imeris gmiroba da vaJkacoba (147,324-25).

11 seqtembers aRa-mahmad-xani mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT ieriSze gadmo-

vida. sastiki, Tavganwiruli brZolis miuxedavad, erTi muWa qarTvelebi-

saTvis SeuZlebeli iyo araCveulebrivad Warbi mtris SeCereba. marTalia,

am patara gundma 16.000 yizilbaSi gawyvita krwanisis mindorze, magram Tvi-

Tonac erTianad ganadgurda _ qarTl-kaxeTis 2.700 meomridan 150 kaciRa

gavida cocxali brZolis velidan.

istoriaSi barbarosobis iseTi magaliTi, rac aRa-mahmad-xanma Tbi-

lisSi Caidina, Zalzed iSviaTia. man jer mTlad gaZarcva, daangria da

bolos cecxls misca qalaqi. mosaxleoba amoJlita, nawili ki daatyveva,

Tbilisisa da mis axlo-maxlo raionebidan aRa-mahmad-xanma 30.000 tyve mo-

agrova da iranSi gadaasaxla. statistikur monacemebis mixedviT 1770 w-is

aRweriT marto ,,TfilisSi yofila 4.000 mcxovrebi komli e.i. 20.000 suli,

kaxeTSi mxolod qristiani mosaxle – 7.000 komli~(46,195). am Semosevam ise

gaanadgura aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo, ,,rom im 61.000 komlidan, ro-

melic Semosevamde magaliTad, 1783 wels iyo, 1795 w-is Semosevis Semdeg

35.000 komli ZlivsRa iqneboda darCenili“ (14,II,340). ricxobrivi maCveneb-

lebis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom am Tavdasxmis Sedegad qarTl-kaxeTis mosa-

xleoba sagrZnoblad Semcirebula.

sataxto qalaqis Semdeg aRa-mahmad-xanma Tavisi marbieli jari

qarTls Seusia, xolo ananuris monasterSi Sexiznul erekles Suamavlis

piriT SeuTvala, rom ,,Tu is mis uzenaes uflebas scnobda da erT-erT ba-

toniSvils mas mZevlad gaugzavnida, maSin Sahi Tavis mxriv yvela tyves ga-

- 172 -

uTavisuflebda, yvelafers, rac TbilisSi omisagan dazianebuli iyo Sea-

keTebinebda da mokavSireobis xelSekrulebasac dasdebda“(14,II,341).@erek-

lem Sahis pirobebi uaryo da 17 seqtembers saWurisis moTxovnebi gudoviCs

acnoba, Tan kategoriulad moiTxova: Tu 8 dRis ganmavlobaSi ar iqneba

Tqvengan miRebuli daxmareba, maSin iZulebuli viqnebi Sevasrulo misi

moTxovnebio (45,II.II.107). am Setyobinebis Semdeg gudoviCma mTavrobisagan

jaris gagzavnis brZaneba maleve miiRo, radgan ruseTis samefo karis wi-

naSe iransa da saqarTvelos Soris samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebis

saSiSroeba dadga da mis interesebs am regionSi safrTxe daemuqra.

am ambebamde gacilebiT adre, jer kidev 1786 w-s, roca Sahis taxti-

saTvis gaafTrebuli brZolebi isev warmoebda, aRa-mahmad-xani megobrobas

sTavazobda erekles. igi araTu qarTl-kaxeTis samefos xelSeuxeblobis

garantias aZlevda erekles, aramed azerbaijanis gadacemasac hpirdeboda.

ereklem ki imis nacvlad, rom iranis dauZlurebiT esargebla da aRa-mah-

mad-xanis SemoTavazeba mieRo, piriqiT ki moiqca _ misi SemonaTvali sasw-

rafod ruseTis mTavrobas acnoba da mouwodebda esargebla iranSi momx-

dari areulobiT da daepyro igi. diplomati mmarTvelis SemTxvevaSi am

Tavdasxmis acilebac SeiZleboda aRa-mahmad-xanis winadadebis miRebiT da

omis SemTxvevaSi Sesaferisi momzadebis Sedegad misi mogebac. ai, ras wers

Tavisi mfarvelisagan gawbilebuli da krwanisis tragediiT Tavzardace-

muli erekle gudoviCs: ,,Cven rom yovlad mowyale dedoflis mier daime-

debuli ar vyofiliyaviT da darwmunebuli ar vyofiliyaviT Tqvens dax-

marebaSi, maSin sxva mxridan mowveuli jarebiT aRa-mahmad-xans win aRudge-

bodiT, anda sxva xerxiT davicavdiT Cvens samefos. magram Cven darwmune-

buli viyaviT Tqveni umaRlesi jaris daxmarebaSi“-o (45,II,II,105), xolo miri-

an batoniSvilisa da garsevan QWavWavaZisadmi gagzavnil werilSi erekle

wers: ,,Tqven TviTon iciT, rom Tu me umaRles karTan ficiT ar vyofili-

yavi mijaWvuli, da aRa-mahmad-xans SevTanxmebodi, es ubedureba ar mogvi-

vidoda“-o (45,II.II.106). aqedan kargad gamosWvivis erekles politikuri gu-

lubryviloba da miamitoba ruseTis Crdiloel mezobelTan damokidebu-

lebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom xelSekrulebam misi dadebis dRidanve cal-

mxrivi xasiaTi miiRo da mas arasodes asrulebda ruseTis mTavroba, erek-

lesaTvis igi faqtiurad lagami aRmoCnda, romliTac Tavis Tavs TviTon-

- 173 -

ve izRudavda iran-osmaleTTan wamoWrili mwvave problemebis gadaWris

dros. traqtatis safuZvelze dadebuli fici ruseTma mravaljer daarRvia

Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebis sasargeblod da saqarTvelos sazianod.

ereklem ki ukiduresad kritikul situaciaSic ar isurva `ficis gatexa~

da ukve faratina qaRaldad qceuli traqtatis darRveva. erekles mier

aRa-mahmad-xanis arcTu mZime pirobebis miuRebloba da jiutad brZolis

gamarTva ruseTis mTavrobisაdmi erTgulebis dadasturebis demonstracia

ufro iyo. ase uazrod iqna gaRebuli uzarmazari da aunazRaurebeli msxve-

rpli. krwanisis brZolis gamarTva didi Secdoma iyo, radgan dasawyisSive

cxadze-cxadi iyo brZolis bolo ueWveli marcxi rom iqneboda. ra Tqma

unda, yvelaze sasurveli iyo rom qarTl-kaxeTis samefo saTanadod momza-

debuli daxvedroda mters da daemarcxebina igi (da es sruliad SesaZle-

beli iyo: qarTvelebs rom mTeli Tavisi Zalebis mobilizacia moexdinaT,

aRa-mahmad-xani Tavis jarTan erTad krwanisTan dasamardeboda. magram ma-

Sin, roca ukanasknel momentSi mainc, ar iyo imedi garedan daxmarebisa

da rac mTavaria, qveynis Sida Zalebis darazmvisa da mtrisadmi dapirispi-

rebisa, brZolis gamarTva uazroba iyo, miT ufro maSin, roca SeiZleboda

misi diplomatiuri gziT Tavidan acileba. im kritikul situaciaSi didi

windaxeduleba gamoiCines amierkavkasiis xanebma. rodesac naxes, rom sxva

gamosavali ar iyo TavianTi samflobeloebis gadarCenis mizniT, aRa-mah-

mad-xans morCileba gamoucxades. ,,aRa-mahmad-xanis Zmas damorCilda erevnis

mmarTveli mohamed-xani da saCuqrebi gaugzavna iranis mbrZanebels; eCmi-

aZinis patriarqma 100.000 man. gadauxada aRa-mahmad-xans, xolo yubelma Seix-

ali-xanma 50.000 man. da saCuqrebi gaugzavna mas, raTa gadaerCinaT Tavisi

qveynebi~(179,159). sparseTis uzenaesobis aRiareba, rasac iranis mbrZanebeli

moiTxovda ereklesagan, aramc da aramc ar niSnavda sparseTis mier saqar-

Tvelos dapyrobas, aramed mis formalur gavlenaSi moqcevas. XVIIIs-is II na-

xevris safuZvlianad Seryeul irans Zalianac rom sdomeboda ver SesZleb-

da saqarTvelos mospobas. Tuki iranma da TurqeTma Tavisi Zlierebis

xanaSic ki ver SesZles daqucmacebuli saqarTvelos dapyroba, rogorRa

moaxerxebda amas irani Tavisi dauZlurebis periodSi? exla ukve maTi re-

aluri SesaZleblobebi didad CamorCeboda maTsave miswrafebebs. iranis

ukanasknelma'Zlierma mmarTvelma aRa-mahmad-xanma, marTalia, gaaerTiana

- 174 -

qveyana, magram es erToba mtkice ar yofila. ase, rom am dros sparseTi

maincdamainc saSiS Zalas aRar warmoadgenda Tundac orad gayofili sa-

qarTvelosaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTl-kaxeTi saSinel anarqias

ganicdida, aRa-mahmad-xanma mainc ver SeZlo misi dapyroba. krwanisis brZo-

la iranis mxriv iyo mxolod yaCaRuri Tavdasxma da naZarcv-naalafariT

ukan dabruneba. ,,sikvdilisa, uZlurebisa da TiTqmis dedamiwis piridan aR-

gvis niSnebi am asis wlis winadac etyoboda sparseTsa, magram amas maSin-

deli saqarTvelo vera hxedavda“ (173,162).^`saqarTvelo Cauvarda ruseTs

xelSi monad iseT dros, roca damonebulic ki unda ganTavisuflebuli-

yo“ _ werda z. WiWinaZe (194,3).

Q diplomati mmarTvelisagan im pirobebSi morCilebis gamocxadeba, mx-

olod manevri iyo da sxva araferi, romelic situaciis cvlilebasTan er-

Tad, dakargavda Tavis mniSvnelobas. „erekles SeeZlo diplomatiis amoq-

medeba, SahisaTvis misTvis sasurveli dapirebebis micema, misi droebiT ma-

inc moTviniereba, magram es ar akadra rusTa xelmwifes. dadebuli ficis

erTguleba bolomde SeinarCuna. gamoiCina ara marto daudevroba, didi Se-

cdomac dauSva“(59,144). erekle mefes xom kargad gamosdioda aziel mflo-

belebTan diplomatiuri TamaSi yvelaze garTulebul situaciebSic ki.

gavixsenoT Tu rogor Cinebulad moagvara ereklem urTierToba qerim-xan-

Tan XVIII s-is 60-ian wlebSi. iranis ,,suverenitetis formalurma aRiarebam,

xolo faqtiurad, damoukidebelma moqmedebam xeli Seuwyo qarTl-kaxeTis

erT samefod gaerTianebas da ganja-erevnis yrmadnaficobis pirobaze da-

morCilebas. maS, rogor moxda, rom qarTl-kaxeTis diplomatebma amave sa-

ukunis 90-ian wlebSi aRa-mahmad-xanTan aseTive morigebisaTvis TiTqosda

realurad arsebuli SesaZlebloba xelidan gauSves~(87,252).

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis mefeTa aseTi araswori politikiT xelovnu-

rad Seqmnili xSiri omianoba wretda da akninebda eris sulier da nivTi-

er Zalebs da qveyanas uskrulisaken miaqanebda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTq-

mis yvela Semoseva, romelic saqarTvelom ganicada XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi,

gamowveuli iyo saqarTvelos ruseTTan dakavSirebiT.

qarTlis 8 dRiani aoxrebisa da ngrevis Semdgom, „aRa-mahmad-xani uk-

ve kaxeTSi apirebda galaSqrebas, rom erTbaSad saqarTveloTgan gasvla

amjobina, radgan yarabaRis xani da zogi sxvac damorCilebuli ara hyavda

- 175 -

da amis gamo zurgi uzrunvelyofili ara hqonda. saqarTvelos sruli ga-

nadgureba man Semdegi, ufro marjve droisaTvis gadasdva“ (202,42-43). rac

Seexeba seiris mayurebel ermorwmune mfarvels, aRisrula ra Tavisi sawa-

deli - mterTan pirispir mitovebuli saqarTvelo xerxemalSi gadatexili-

yo, Tbilisis aRebidan 18 dRis Semdeg uceb ,,moexsna“ sagareo da saSinao

damabrkolebeli mizezebi da monapire jaris ufross ubrZana saqarTve-

los mefes jariT ,,miSveleboda“. ruseTis es ,,maSveli“ jari ukve gაnadgu-

rebul saqarTveloSi Semovida 1795 w-is dekembris Semdeg.

samxedro daxmarebaSi xelmocarulma ereklem scada finansuri da-

xmareba mainc mieRo mfarvelisagan dangreuli qveynis aRsadgenad. am miz-

niT, man ruseTis mTavrobas milioni maneTi sTxova sesxad, (176,57). magram

am ukanasknelma araTu sesxi ar misca, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebidan mis

miRebazedac xeli SeuSala - ,,yvelanairad ecadeT, rom man sxvisgan sesxi

ar miiRos. daaimedeT rom ruseTi yvelafers gaakeTebs mis sasargeblod“

(14,III.293), _ avalebdnen general rimski-korsakovs, romelic rusTa jariT

ganjisken miemarTeboda 1796^w-ს.

marTalia, rTuli iyo saqarTvelos mdgomareoba iseTi agresorebis

xelSi, rogoric irani da TurqeTi iyo, magram saqme imaSia, rom ruseTTan

dakavSirebam ki ar gaaumjobesa saqarTvelos mdgomareoba, aramed kidev

ufro gaauaresa. ramdenadac ruseTis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi udidesi

saSiSroebis winaSe ayenebda irans, TurqeTs da mTeli kavkasiis mahmadia-

nebs, aRniSnulma faqtma warmoudgeneli reaqcia gamoiwvia am ukanasknel-

Ta mxridan. isini erTianad aRdgnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da miznad da-

isaxes qarTveli eris mTlianad aRmofxvra, raTa moespoT ruseTisaTvis

kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba. xolo ruseTs ara Tu raime daxma-

reba gauwevia saqarTvelosTvis, igi, piriqiT, TviTonve abamda xolme saqar-

Tvelos Tavis avantiuristul gegmebSi da iyenebda mas TurqeTisa da ira-

nis winaaRmdeg brma iaraRad sakuTari interesebisaTvis. metad sainteresoa

rusuli orientaciis jgufis erT-erTi warmomadgenlis istorikos oman

xerxeuliZis aRiareba, rom roca ,,movida aRa-mahmad-xan da aRaoxra tfi-

lisi, misTvis ara-ra damiweries jereT, vinaiTgan mizezni da viTarebani

gavrceldebian (43,500) da uxerxulobas gamoiwvevso. am dausaxelebel mi-

- 176 -

zezebs warmoadgenda Ralati rogorc Sina, ise gareSe Zalebis mxridan.

es ukanaskneli garemoeba xom aRniSnuli iyo 1801 w-is 8 agvistos saqarTve-

los ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxis gansaxilvelad mowveul imperiis sa-

xelmwifo sabWozec; iq aRiarebuli iyo, rom, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos da-

cemis erT-erT mizezs, 1783 w-is traqtatis pirobebis Seusrulebloba wa-

rmoadgenda. rogorc Cans, krwanisis tragediis namdvili mizezebis dasa-

xeleba XIX saukunis dasawyisSi, politikurad saCoTirod miaCndaT. Semd-

gom xanebSi, roca ukve faqtis winaSe daayena saqarTvelo ruseTma, igive-

nair dumilis taqtikas amovikiTxavT d. batoniSvilis naTqvamSic: ,,ukeTu

wvrilad aRmewera maTi (e.i. rusebis) mier tiranebai da klebai qarTvel-

Ta, friad ganvrceldeboda istoria esec da sigrZisaTvis davidumeo“ (7,75-

76). aRa-mahmad-xanis Tavdasxmam faqtiurad, sasikvdilo Wriloba miayena

dauZlurebul qveyanas. „es ar iyo ubralod damarcxeba, raic yvela eris

cxovrebaSi SeiZleba moxdes. es iyo namdvili katastrofa mTeli im socia-

lur-politikuri wyobilebisa, romliTac maSindeli saqarTvelo cxovrob-

da“ (145,126).

swored am xanebSi (1796^w.) moxda ruseT-iranis konfliqti da erek-

lec, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, CarTuli aRmoCnda am dapirispirebaSi.

amierkavkasiis xalxebis mosamxrobad da omSi CasaTrevad ruseTis mTavro-

bam Cveul xerxs mimarTa; ekaterine II sajarod gamoqveynebul Tavis manifes-

tSi acxadebda, TiTqos sparseTs omi saqarTvelos aoxrebisa da amierkav-

kasiis xanebis aforiaqebis gamo gamoucxada. sinamdvileSi, rogorc TviT

am laSqrobis monawile, rusTa jaris sardlis Stabis adiutanti butkovi

ambobs: ,,ekaterine didis survili iyo, rom ruseTs saqarTvelos ao-

xrebisaTvis aRa-mahmad-xanis dasjis mizezebiT esargebla da sparseTTan

ruseTis vaWroba gansakuTrebiT ganemtkicebina~, rom am omis ,,umTavresi

mizani vaWrobis gavrceleba“ iyo (14,II.367-68). samxedro moqmedeba daiwyo

kidec, magram 1796 w-is noemberSi ekaterine II gardaicvala da saomari ms-

vlelobac SeCerda. ruseTis axalma mbrZanebelma pavle I-ma Sewyvita ir-

anis winaaRmdeg samxedro moqmedeba da jari ukan gaiwvia, magram zamTris

gamo darialze jarebis gayvanis saqme Seferxda; Tumca dabrkolebis mi-

zezi, rogorc SemdegSi gamoirkva, mxolod uamindoba ar iyo. ruseTis

mTavrobas da mis sardlobas jarebis swrafad gayvana ar awyobdaT poli-

- 177 -

tikuri mosazrebiT _ radgan sparseTis mbrZanebli Tavs jerac Zlierad

grZnobda, jarebis swrafad gayvana gamoiwvevda ruseTis gavlenis dakarg-

vas mis momxre ereklesa da azerbaijanis xanebze. ise, rom kaspiis korpu-

sis ukanaskneli nawilebi 1797 w-is martSi iqna gayvanili ... jaris nawili

baqosken daiZra, nawili _ ganjidan saqarTvelosken (14,II.423).

iranis winaaRmdeg omSi Cabmuli da ruseTis jarisagan mitovebuli

saqarTvelo kvlav did gansacdelSi Cavarda. erekles moqmedebiT gacecx-

lebuli aRa-mahmad-xani saqarTvelos asaklebad wamovida. mas amjerad ga-

dawyvetili hqonda mcxovreblebis ayra da Sah-abasis msgavsad sparseTSi

gadasaxleba. saqarTvelos daRupva faqtobrivad gardauvali iyo, rom 1797

w-is 4 ivniss sasikvdilod ganwirul msaxurebs ar moeklaT mZinare aRa-

mahmad-xani.

,,ase srulebiT SemTxveviT gadaurCa saqarTvelo aoxrebas da da-

Rupvas. Tumca rusebma es Tavis TvaliT naxes da kargad grZnobdnen ra

gansacdelSic iyo saqarTvelo, magram mainc gadawyvetileba ar Seucvli-

aT da 1797 w-is seqtemberSi TavianTi jaris ukanaskneli nawilic Cveni

qveynidan gaiyvanes. sparseTTan omis gagrZeleba maT saWirod aRar miaCn-

daT, xolo ruseTis mTavroba rom Tavis moqmedebiT saqarTvelos usaSin-

les mdgomareobaSi agdebda da jaris gayvana mis mxriv 1783 w-s xelSekru-

lebis darRveva iyo, amgvar mdgomareobas igi araviTar yuradRebas ar aq-

cevda“(203,89-90). 90-ian wlebSi ruseTTan urTierTobis mTeli istoria uk-

ve aSkarad miuTiTebda, rom carizmi mxolod sakuTari interesebis Tvalsa-

zrisiT ganixilavda saqarTvelos ,,daxmarebas“, rac saboloo angariSSi aq

imperiis sruli gabatonebiT unda dasrulebuliyo. aseTi tendencia naT-

lad gamomJRavnda iranSi zemoxsenebuli laSqrobis Sewyvetis dros. ,,ru-

seTis warmomadgenel general zubovs cxadad etyoboda qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

Sinao saqmeebSi Carevis cda _ ruseTisaTvis arasasurveli batoniSvilebis

,,gawveva“ruseTSi (iulon erekles Zis, aleqsandre erekles Zis, daviT gio-

rgis Zis); TviTmpyrobeluri ruseTis moxeleebi qarTl-kaxeTis saqmeTa ,,sa-

surveli mogvarebis“ gegmebs awyobdnen“ (14,III.293).

aseT mZime viTarebaSi iyo Cavardnili saqarTvelo, roca 1798 w-is

11 ianvars gardaicvala Tavisi politikis marcxiT da gaubedurebuli qve-

- 178 -

ynis bediT gulmokluli erekle II. mis cxedarTan erTad daimarxa sveti-

cxovlis taZarSi saqarTvelos Tavisuflebac.

Ppolitikur-ekonomikurad dauZlurebuli, krizisul mdgomareoba-

Si myofi qveyana samemkvidreod erekles ufros Zes giorgi XII-s ergo, ro-

melic Zalian susti da avadmyofi mmarTveli gamodga.

Tavdapirvelad, ruseTis uyuradRebobiT ganawyenebulma giorgi XII-m,

gadawyvita sparseT-osmaleTTan diplomatiuri gziT urTierTobis mogva-

reba da elCebi miavlina am qveynebSi, magram rogorc ki peterburgidan

daviT batoniSvili Camovida da pavle imperatoris saqarTvelosadmi ke-

Tilganwyobilebis ambavi Camoitana, wamsve elCebi gzidan moabruna. poli-

tikosisaTvis zedmetad mimndobi mefe giorgi, pavles sityvier mowyale-

bas gulubryvilod miendo `imis magivrad, rom ruseT-TurqeT-sparseTTan

diplomatiuri politikis wyalobiT saqme gamoesworebina da qveynis da-

moukideblobis SenarCunebisaTvis rigiani safuZveli Seeqmna“(122,104-5). qar-

Tveli elCebis gabrunebiT ganawyenebulma faSam umal Sekriba daRestne-

li abragebi, agvisto-seqtemberSi SemoiWra qarTlSi, ramdenime sofeli

gaanadgura da 700 kaci tyved waiyvana. xolo SemdegSi, roca giorgis Tu-

rqeTis warmomadgenlebi eaxlnen winadadebiT, rom saqarTvelo Camosci-

leboda ruseTs, samagierod ki pirdebodnen `axalcixisaca da sruliad

samcxisaca SeerTebasa samefoisaTa mefisa, viTarca iyo Zvelad; mefeman

iwyina da ubrZana sruliad uari~ (26,116). giorgi XII-m TurqeTis despanTa

gulis mosaklavad daibara Tavisi kacebi da ubrZana wasuliyvnen da gae-

keTebinaT darialis gza, rom rusebi Seuferxeblad mosuliyvnen saqarTve-

loSi. `maSin CerqeziSvilman, daviT, kacman sityvamarjveman da axalcixi-

sa faSisa maxlobelman, moaxsena mefes: batono mefev da kariskacno dar-

baiselno: rom aRebT kavkasiis karsa SeiZlebTa Tvissa dros daxSvasa mis-

sa? _ `daxSva amisa karis, ubrZana mefeman, _ iqneba daxSva qristianobisa

karisa, amisTvis jvari qristesi, romelsac vesavT, iqmneba TviT mcvelad

karisa, romelsaca TviT jvarcmuli maszed daxSavs da ganaRebs dasacve-

lad mefobisa da mefeTa, odes TviT jer iCens saWirod“ (26,116-7) _ aseTi

Seusabamo pasuxi warmoTqva giorgi XII-m CerqeziSvilis gonebamaxviluri

replikis sapasuxod. amaod cdilobda TbilisSi myofi patri nikolac

Tvali aexila qarTveli mefisaTvis. gulubryvilo da orTodoqs giorgis

- 179 -

ar sjeroda patris sityvebi, rom rusni, ,,ucxo naTesavni, patronad qveya-

nisa moyvanili, Seeqmneba ersa mterad da mdevnelad da mawuxeblad“; rom

,,rusni Semoitanen pirveladve mZimesa uRelsa da dasdeben qveyanisa kiser-

sa, moiTxoven didTa xarkTa“ (26,152).

giorgi XII-s arc mamis niWi aRmoaCnda, arc piradi siqvele hqonda

da arc saimiso gavlena moepoveboda xalxSi, rom esoden garTulebuli

politikuri mdgomareobidan samSvidobos gamoeyvana qveyana. taxtis daka-

vebisTanave giorgim daarRvia ZmebTan mamis sicocxleSi dadebuli piro-

bebi da maT sawinaaRmdegod „moiyvana jari lekTa vidre xuTi aTasadmde“.

rogorc Tanamedrove gadmogvcems, qalaqSi Cayenebuli daqiravebuli lek-

Ta jari aviwrovebda mosaxleobas (44,79-80). aseTi qmedebiT kidev ufro

daiZaba Zmebs Soris damokidebuleba. sayovelTao gaTiSuloba, SuRli da

Ralati sufevda batoniSvilebsa da maT garSemo dajgufebul didgvaria-

nebSi, romelTa `Sors ganuWvreteloba~ m. janaSvilis sityviT rom vTqvaT,

pirdapir `saarako~ iyo (206,15) dedofali darejanic aqtiurad CaerTo am

dapirispirebebSi. Tekla batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, darejani da misi va-

Jebi mtrobdnen giorgi mefes: „ver gavamarTleb verca dedasa Cemsa dedo-

falsa darejansa, verc ZmaTa da daTa CemTa. kargad vici, awuxebdnen mefe-

sa“(170,21). iqve Tekla daaskvnis: „ubedureba iyo mosuli Cvensa saxlzed, vi-

yaviT Rirsni dasjisa da davisajeniT“-o (iqve,21). Sina qaosma da uwesrigo-

bam _ kulminacias miaRwia. aman gareSe mtrebi kidev ufro gaaTamama. am

viTarebiT SesaniSnavad isargebles rusma diplomatebma da samxedroebma.

giorgi XII maTi mudmivi zemoqmedebisa da SantaJis qveS imyofeboda“(96,25).

swored rom xelsayreli dro damdgariyo saqarTvelos dasapyrobad da

ruseTis mTavrobamac ar daayovna. mas exla moesurva traqtatis pirobe-

bis dacva da jari (gen. lazarevis meTaurobiT), romelic omianobisa da

saWiroebis dros arasodes miuSvelebia Tavisi xeldebulisaTvis, 1799

wlis aprilSi gamougzavna. Tan elCic _ ministri kovalenski gamoayola,

am ukanasknels davalebuli hqonda saidumlod Tvalyuri edevnebina qarT-

veli mefisaTvis. erTmac da meoremac saqarTveloSi amave wlis noemberSi

moaRwies(14,II.449,451). gamoricxuli ar aris, rom swored maT urCies qarTl-

kaxeTis mefes samefos SenarCunebis sanacvlod Tavisive iniciativiT Seez-

- 180 -

Ruda suverenuli uflebebi“(94,25). susti da unebisyofo giorgi mTlianad

erTmorwmune ruseTis keTilganwyobaze damokidebuli aRmoCnda. misi uni-

aTo politika amZafrebda Sinaareulobas da taxtis pretendentebs Soris

gaCaRebul brZolas kidev ufro amwvavebda. giorgi XII-m daarRvia ra, adre

Tavisi saxlis Svilebisadmi micemuli piroba, rom taxtis memkvidred iu-

lons scnobda, 1799 wlis 18 aprils, ruseTis imperatorisagan Tavisi Zis

daviTis memkvidred damtkicebas miaRwia. magram arsebul mdgomareobaSi es

arafers cvlida. ruseTisaTvis da, ukve saqarTvelosTvisac (qarTl-kaxe-

TisTvis), mniSvneloba aRar hqonda, Tu vin iqneboda momavalSi taxtis mem-

kvidre, radgan gadawyvetili iyo ukanasknel dReSi myofi qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos aneqsia. Tumca es formaluri, mxolod qaRaldze datanili memk-

vidreoba karg saSualebad iqca batoniSvilTa Soris dapirispirebis gasaR-

rmaveblad. cnobam imis Sesaxeb, rom imperatorma taxtis memkvidred daviTi

daamtkica, misi mowinaaRmdege partiis warmomadgenlebi (iulonis dasi) Se-

aSfoTa. darejan dedofali werilebs agzavnida saimperatoro karze _ uk-

anonod Tvlida da aprotestebda ra daviTis mefed damtkicebas, `iTxovda

axali memkvidreobis wesis dacvas, rom misi Zeebic yofiliyvnen gamocxade-

buli memkvidreebad~(24,III.287). `TviT iranis saxelmwifoc ruseTis sawi-

naaRmdegod ganewyo, raTa qarTl-kaxeTSi Zveli batonoba daecva. igi sa-

omrad gaemzada~(131,19). rusma politikosebma Zveli wesis aRdgeniT xeli

Seuwyves qveyanaSi mwvave Sinaomebis gaCaRebas. `yvela politikuri Zalis

mier aRiarebuli axali wesis ganxorcieleba qveyanaSi Tanxmobis garan-

tia iyo. misi SecvliT konsesusi dairRva da qarTl-kaxeTSi, marTlac,

iseTma politikurma qaosma daisadgura, romlisgan Tavis daRweva qveynis-

Tvis erTob saeWvo iyo~(150,40-41). es qmedebac qarTuli saxelmwifoebriob-

is mospobis etapobrivi gegmis nawili iyo. ruseTis diplomatiam ostatu-

rad gamoiyena qarTl-kaxeTSi Seqmnili viTareba. ruseTi ukve Tanmimdevru-

lad moiwevda amierkavkasiisken, patara samefo TandaTan uZluri xdeboda

Tavi daecva. „cxadia ruseTis imperators erekle II-is sicocxleSic SeeZ-

lo samefo gaeuqmebina, magram es gacilebiT advili da umtkivneulo iqne-

boda misi memkvidris _ giorgi XII-is dros. rusma diplomatebma da samxed-

roebma kargad uwyodnen, Tu ra umZimes viTarebaSi aRmoCndeboda qarTl-

- 181 -

kaxeTis samefo dedinacvalTan da ZmebTan dapirispirebuli, giorgi XII-is

mefobis pirveli xanebidanve“ (94,25).

batoniSvilTa or _ ufros (ereklesagan) da umcros (giorgisagan)

Stoebis urTierTbrZola `miznad isaxavda ara marto samefo taxtis dau-

flebas, aramed sagareo politikuri kursis Secvlasac“ (86,72). mebrZolTa-

gan bevri ueWvelad grZnobda, rom giorgi mefis politika qarTl-kaxeTis

saxelmwifos arsebobas safrTxes uqmnida. giorgi XII-s sikvdilamde mi-

aCnda, rom saqarTveloSi qristianobis SenarCuneba uruseTod SeuZlebeli

iyo. ,,Tu ara mklavi rusTa xelmwifisa, ver vin daicavs saqristianosa.

...sxva patroni ara gvyavs Cven garda rusTa xelmwifeTa“, _ acxadebda igi

(26,152-3). mwvaved gmobda giorgi mefis sagareo politikas imereTis mefe

solomoni, romelic ruseTis imperatorisadmi gagzavnil werilSi werda:

`icis ese umaRlesman karman udidebulesobisa Tqvenisam, rom saxli me-

fobisa saqarTuelosa saxli ars Cemi, romelisaca dafarviT gancemasa me-

fesa giorgisagan da damxobasa samefosa saxlisasa ganmwarebulsa mwuxa-

rebasa maTsa Sevracx ubedurebad Cemda~(1, I.558).

imperatorisadmi gagzavnili notebiT mefe giorgi, faqtiurad, qvey-

nis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevisaken aqezebda ruseTis mTavrobas, xels uwyob-

da da aCqarebda TviTmpyrobelobis gegmaTa realizacias, romelic gior-

gi XII-is `saTxovari punqtebic~ rom ara, isedac, dRes ara, xval, ucilob-

lad Seisxamda xorcs. sneulma mefem gadawyvita, maqsimalurad daeTmo Ta-

visi interesebi, ukiduresobamde SeezRuda saqarTvelos avtonomia da am

viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedgenili saTxovari punqtebi Tavisi elCe-

bis: g. WavWavaZis, g. avaliSvilis da el. falavandiSvilis xeliT ruseTis

imperatorTan gaagzavna. 1799 wlis 7 seqtembris `saTxovari punqtebiT~ igi

Tavis elCebs avalebda `mTlianad gadaeca~ samefo imperatorisaTvis, rom

am droidan moyolebuli, qarTlosianTa qveyana ruseTis kuTvnilebaSi iq-

neboda im uflebaTa safuZvelze, romlebiTac sargeblobdnen ruseTSi Se-

mavali mxareebi. aqve, giorgi imperator pavlesagan moiTxovda werilobiT

garantias bagrationTa samefo uflebebis SesanarCuneblad, rogorc es

iyo misi winapari mefeebis dros (45,II,II,287). TiTqmis amasve imeorebda igi

1800 wlis 24 ivlisis notaSi. im gansxvavebiT, rom igi cnobda Tavis Tavs

mefed da ruseTis imperatoris vasalad da wliur jamagirsa da ruseTSi

- 182 -

30 aTas sul glexs moiTxovda. giorgi XII, 1800 wlis seqtember-noemberSi

qarTveli elCebisTvis micemul rwmunebulebaSi acxadebda, rom igi Tanax-

maa qarTl-kaxeTSi gavrceldes rusuli kanonebi, magram sanacvlod amisa

mefe Tavisi STamomavlebisaTvis samefo taxtis SenarCunebas iTxovda. es

1783 wlis xelSekrulebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgenda.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom giorgi mefis nabiji sulac ar iyo ,,Zlie-

ri samxedro saxelmwifos winaSe danebebis aqti“, misi politikuri inicia-

tiva ruseTis imperiaSi saqarTvelos miRebaze qveynis marTva-gamgeobis

SenarCunebis pirobiT, savsebiT Seesabameboda ,,saxelmwifoTa Soris saer-

TaSoriso urTierTobaTa normebs“(127,8).

am droisaTvis pavle imperators ukve miRebuli hqonda dazvervis

misiiT 1799 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTveloSi warmogzavnili rezidentis

graf musin-puSkinis saidumlo moxseneba, romelSic es ukanaskneli arwmu-

nebda imperators, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis yvela fena rusuli ori-

entaciisa iyo da am mdidari regionis SeerTebiT imperias Seemateboda ba-

raqiani da xvavrieli miwebi. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba, kerZod, gar-

da misi keTildReobisa da bednierebisa, saxelmwifo pirTa umravlesobis

azriT, xelsayreli da aucilebeli iyo ruseTis politikuri miznebisaT-

vis. ,,saqarTvelos SemoerTebiT: 1) morCilebaSi iqnebodnen moyvanilni mTi-

eli xalxebi da uzrunvelyofili iqneboda kavkasiis xazi ori mxridan.

mTielTa daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda maTi da-

SoSmineba SimSiliT, radgan sakvebs isini iZendnen an saqarTveloSi, an

mozdokSi. 2) maSindeli monacemebiT saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, SemoerTebuli

unda yofiliyo qveyana, mdidari bunebrivi resursebiT. 3) farTovdeboda

ruseTis vaWroba sparseTTan da indoeTTan. 4) Tuki Turqebi daaswrebdnen

ruseTs da saqarTvelos daeuflebodnen, maSin safrTxe daemuqreboda ro-

gorc kavkasiis xazs, iseve yirims (20,164).

mravalTa da maT Soris graf musin-puSkinis azriT, „qarTl-kaxeTis

SeerTebas ruseTTan mibaZavda imereTi da maSin am SenaZenis mniSvneloba

kidev ufro sagrZnobi gaxdeboda“(20,164-65).

giorgi mefis sicocxleSive, 1800 wlis 18 dekembers imperatoris kar-

ze SemuSavda manifesti saqarTvelos SeerTebis Sesaxeb. ,,didmpyrobelur-

- 183 -

ma diplomatiam ostaturad gamoiyena XVIII saukunis bolos saqarTvelo-

Si Seqmnili viTareba. qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-is da-

Jinebuli moTxovnebi imis Sesaxeb, rom mas aRmouCinon samxedro da mate-

rialuri daxmareba, raTa SeZlos sagareo mtrebisagan qveynis dacva da

SeinarCunos samefo xelisufleba ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, ru-

seTis politikosebma ganzrax ,,ganixiles“ rogorc nebayofilobiTi uaris

Tqma samefo uflebebze“ (88,806).

ruseTis mTavroba eswrafoda ra kavkasiaSi srul gabatonebas, wi-

naaRmdegi iyo araTu 1783 wlis traqtatis safuZvelze qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos SeerTebisa, aramed imperiis SemadgenlobaSi misi SezRuduli avto-

nomiis uflebiT Sesvlisac. amitom maT giorgi XII-is notebSi xazgasmuli

,,qveSevrdomoba“, ,,sruli morCileba“, ,,qedmoxriloba“, rac arsebiTad sa-

Wiro daxmarebis miRebis miznebs emsaxureboda da, aramc da aramc ar gu-

lisxmobda saSinao damoukideblobaze xelis aRebas, gaiazres Tavisive

zraxvebis Sesabamisad. ქarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis warmoCineba qar-

Tveli mefisa da xalxis neba-survilad carizms Tavisi dampyrobluri po-

litikis SesaniRbavad, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi azrisa da amave dros

Tavisi agresiis msxverplis dasaSoSmineblad sWirdeboda. ,,giorgi XII-e

ara marto Sida saxelmwifoebrivma da sagareo politikurma viTarebam ai-

Zula eZebna ruseTis qveSevrdomoba, aramed TviT ruseTmac, romlis mesve-

urTa mier saqarTvelos sakeTildReod miRebuli gadawyvetilebani mxo-

lod furcelze rCeboda~ (11,4-5). a. berJes am msjelobaSi nebiT Tu uneb-

lieT simarTle dascda. Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT, rom mxolod mefe gi-

orgize ki ara, igive SeiZleba iTqvas erekle mefezec.

1800 wlis 18 dekembris manifestis teqsti, romelic imave wlis 18

ianvars iqna gamoqveynebuli peterburgSi, saidumlod gadaugzavnes kavka-

siaSi ganlagebuli jarebis sardal gen. knorings. manifestis gamoqveyne-

bidan oriode dRis Semdeg imperatorma pavlem knorings miswera: ,,me min-

da, rom saqarTvelo gadaiqces guberniad, axalve daeqvemdebaros igi sena-

tsa da sinods“(20,185). amaze adre (manifestis SemuSavebamde) knorings mi-

Rebuli hqonda saidumlo brZaneba, rom sneuli mefis gardacvalebis Sem-

deg qarTl-kaxeTis samefo taxtze asvlis neba aravisTvis mieca(1,I.177-78).

- 184 -

marTlac, giorgis gardacvalebisTanave ruseTis mTavroba aRarc

xelSekrulebis cxad darRvevas, arc sicrues ar moerida da 1801 wlis 18

ianvars peterburgSi imperator pavles manifesti SeimuSava, romlis mixe-

dviTac, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo ruseTis guberniad gamocxadda. aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis aqti sabolood aleqsandre I-is

1801 wlis 12@seqtembris manifestiT damtkicda. man 12 seqtembers moskovSi

gamoaqveyna gancxadeba, romelSic naTqvami iyo: „taxtze asvlisas aRmova-

Cine, rom saqarTvelo 1801 wlis 18 ianvars gamocxadebuli SeTanxmebis mi-

xedviT ruseTTan aris SeerTebuli“-o (34,321) pavles manifests amofarebul-

ma aleqsandrem advilad SesZlo Tavis marTleba, pasuxismgeblobis saku-

Tari kisridan moxsna da mamis dawyil saqmes Semdgomi msvleloba misca.

,,ruseTis mTavrobis saqcieli SemaZrwunebeli upiroba, ficisa da aRTqmis

darRveva da Zalmomreoba iyo da sxva araferi“ (202,63). aleqsandre I-is 1801

wlis 19 aprilis reskriptiT general knoringisadmi, imperatori aRniSnav-

da, rom imperiis Tavmoyvareoba, maTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba, ,,otomanTa

portas ganzraxvebi“, mTieli xalxebis Tavdasxmebi _ saqarTvelos Semoer-

Tebas aucilebels xdida. maSasadame, SeerTeba aucilebelia da gadawyve-

tilic, magram imperatorma saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobis Tvalasaxve-

vad liberalis roli gaiTamaSa. ,,aleqsandrem pirvel xanebSi liberali-

sa da saerTaSoriso samarTlisadmi erTgulebis poza miiRo“ (53,236) da

knorings daavala gaerkvia namdvilad iyvnen Tu ara qarTvelni darwmune-

bulni imaSi, rom maTi miReba ruseTis imperiaSi iyo maTi xsnis erTader-

Ti gza, da Tu es ase iyo, maSin mas evaleboda Seedgina saqarTvelos mmar-

Tvelobis gegma, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ,,ara ruseTisaTvis uerTdeba

es xalxi imperias, aramed sakuTriv maTTvis, rom ara Cven sargeblobas ve-

ZebT, aramed mxolod maTs simSvides da usafrTxoebas“ (10,18). umaRlesi

brZanebiT saqarTveloSi Camosulma knoringma 22 dReSi „Seiswavla“ qvey-

nis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareoba. muq ferebSi, ,,asaxa qarTl-kaxeTSi

Seqmnili situacia. man damala bagrationi ufliswulebis Serigeba da me-

fobis SეnarCunebisaTvis erTad moqmedebis faqti, xazgasmiT is aRniSna,

rom mosalodneli iyo taxtis memkvidreobis gamo atexili SuRli gadaz-

rdiliyo Sina dinastiur omSi“, sabolood igi daaskvnida: qveyanas ruseT-

- 185 -

Tan SeerTeba gadaarCenso (59,156-57). am diplomatiuri fandis namdvili ar-

si aq kargad iSifreba, e.i. saqarTvelo ruseTs uerTdeba ara ruseTis mTa-

vrobis, aramed qarTveli xalxis iniciativiT da maTsave sasargeblod _

maTi gaWirvebuli mdgomareobis gamo, Cven ki aq arafer SuaSi varTo. xo-

lo ,,imperiis Tavmoyvareoba“ (aleqsandres delikaturi gamoTqmiT), ufro

zusტad ki „mpyrobelobismoyvareoba“, axali teritoriebis dapyroba-miT-

visebis dauokebeli survili da imperialisturi suliskveTeba miCqmalu-

li da dafarulia patara qveynis daxmarebis maRalhumanuri misiiT. saqme

ise Canda, rom qarTveli xalxi madlobelic ki unda yofiliyo damouki-

deblobis gauqmebisa da ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis gamo. aleq-

sandre cinizmiT aRsavse manifestiT urcxvad, utifrad ucxadebda qarT-

vel mosaxleobas, TiTqosda erekle mefe ver arTmevda ra Tavs qveynis

Sina da gare uSiSroebas, ufskrulSi iTrevda maT, exlac igive ufskrul-

is piras dgaxarT da gardauvlad CascvivdebiT, ruseTis Zlierma xelma

Tu ar gixsnaTo: „yovelma marTvelobam mefe erekles drosac, romelmac

Tvisi suliTAda RirsebiT SeaerTa Tavisi xelisuflebis qveS yvelaferi,

ver SesZlo daemyarebia verc sagareo da verc Sinagani uSiSroeba; piriq-

iT, ramdenjerme CagiTriaT Tqven borotebis ufskrulSi, romlis napir-

zec Tqven axlac sdgaxarT da romelSiac yvela mosazrebebiT Tqven unda

CascvindeT, Tu Zlieri xeli samarTliani uflebisa am dacemisagan Tqven

ar gixsniT“(37,45). ruseTma ostaturad moirgo keTilSobili damcvelis ni-

Rabi da mxsnelis rolSi moevlina dauZlurebul qveyanas, maSin roca Tvi-

Ton lomis wvlili miuZRvoda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos daqcevaSi. sul ma-

le yvelasTvis cnobili gaxda raSic mdgomareobda ruseTis „maRalhuma-

nuri“ misia. aseTi damokidebuleba da gadamisamarTebis politika pirveli

SemTxevva ar yofila ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi. ase moxda, ro-

gorc zemoT aRvniSneT, traqtatis dadebis dros, kidev ufro adre ki _

„ficis wignis“ miRebis dros XVI s-Si _ am dokumentSic mTxovnelad qar-

Tveli mefea gamoyvanili. sinamdvileSi Tevdore ivanes Zem SesTavaza 1585

wels politikuri kavSiri da mfarveloba aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, eZebda

ra mokavSires osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. ,,rusi diplomatebi sagangebod iyvnen

gafrTxilebulni, rom kaxeTTan daaxloebis saqmeSi moskovis iniciativa-

- 186 -

ze xma ar amoeRoT“(208,11; 209,495). `aucilebelia iTqvas kidev erTi Tviseb-

is Sesaxeb, romelic axasiaTebs yvela drois ruseTs: igi gangeb malavs

Tavis namdvil zraxvebs da eswrafvis sakuTari siave da boroteba sxvaTa

TvalSi saTnoebad gaasaRos; Tavad mudam moZalade da dampyrobeli mcire-

ricxovan erTa mosarCled da mfarvelad warmoCndes“(208,10).

saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebisTanave daiwyo yalbi ideologiis

SeTxzva carizmis moxeleTa Tu mkvlevar-mecnierTa mier. sanimuSod ramo-

denime maTgans moviyvanT: ,,saqarTvelos damoukideblad arseboba ar SeeZ-

lo da 12 seqtembris manifestiT saqarTvelos samefom arseboba Sewyvita“

(10,22); an kidev ,,SemoerTeba istoriul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT gardau-

vali iyo... raTa daecva qristianuli civilizacia muslimani barbarosebi-

sagan, ruseTs aiZulebda amierkavkasiaSi gadasvlas da ruseTi gadmovida

kavkasionis mTebze“(10,29-30).

taxtis memkvidre daviTi, romelic imTaviTve rus moxeleTa gavle-

nis qveS moeqca, maTive CagonebiT aRsaydrebisagan Tavs ikavebda da mefed

damtkicebas pavle imperatorisagan elodeboda. marTalia, 1801 w-is 8 ian-

vars dedaqalaqSi dabrunebulma qarTvelma elCebma giorgi mefis 1800 w-

is 24 ivnisis notis safuZvelze daviTi taxtis memkvidred da mmarTvelad

gamoacxades, magram xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, saWiro iyo imperatoris

dasturi. dasturi ki igvianebda. samSoblos bediT Sewuxebuli mowinave

qarTvelebi aSkarad protests gamoTqvamdnen daviTis mimarT. `ubrZnesi

da naTlad mxilveli myoobadisa da momavlisa~ solomon lioniZe da mas-

Tan erTad bevri sxva misi Tanamoazrenic sTxovdnen daviTs ar dalode-

boda imperatoris wyalobas da dauyovnebliv kurTxeuliyo mefed. man ki

imis magivrad, rom yurad eRo gonivruli rCeva samefo taxtisa da qveynis

Tavdadebuli moRvaweni daapatimra. cixeSi Casva `TviT ugonieresi solo-

mon lioniZe. ese TviT sapyrobilesaca Sina ara dascxreboda sityviTa da

TqmiTa gloviTiTa: `daviTman daRupa ojaxi mefeTa, gamoSWra yeli mefo-

basa da daamcira eri Tvisi da TviT Tavi Tvisi~ (26,226).

daviTi saTanadod ver gaerkva Seqmnil viTarebaSi, Tavis Sinapoli-

tikur mowinaaRmdegeebs daeria da raime arsebiTi RonisZieba ar miuRia,

rom xelisuflebis dakargvis safrTxe aecdina (88,814).

- 187 -

carizmma gaauqma bagrationTa samefo prerogativa da qarTl-kaxeT-

Si, ukve rogorc imperiis rigiT guberniaSi, rusuli mmarTvelobis wesebi

SemoiRo. ruseTis carizmma qarTl-kaxeTSi axali mmarTvelobis sistema Seq-

mna. „es iyo samxedro-saokupacio sistema, romelic Tavis TavSi xalxisaT-

vis ormag socialur da erovnul Cagvras gulisxmobda“ (160,139), raSic Za-

lian male darwmundnen qarTvelebi. amgvarad, qarTl-kaxeTma dakarga sa-

erTaSoriso subieqtis statusi, romelsac igi inarCunebda 1783 w-is 24 iv-

lisis xelSekrulebis da SemdgomSi giorgi XII-is mier saxecvlili traq-

tatis safuZvelze. ruseTis mfarveloba-qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvlas qarTvel-

ni mxars uWerdnen, magram aravin moiTxovda samefos gauqmebas da ruseT-

Tan absolutur Serwymas, SeerTebas, ase, rom ,,elCebisa da xalxis survi-

li ganuxorcielebeli darCa“(168,239-240). aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bedi

qarTveli elCebis monawileobis gareSe gadawyda. amis gamo Seuracxyofil-

ni _ g. WavWavaZe, g. avaliSvili, s. falavandiSvili Tavad kurakins swer-

dnen: ,,Cven Tavs ubedurad vTvliT. yvelaze ukeT Tqven icodiT Cveni sur-

vili, miswrafeba da saqmis warmoeba. amitom TqvenTvis gasagebi unda iy-

os, rom aseTi SeerTebis wyalobiT davkargeT TanamemamuleTa ndoba da

pativiscema“ (58,28). xolo garsevan WavWavaZe peterburgidan saqarTveloSi

gamogzavnil werilSi acxadebda: ,,samefo gaauqmes, qveSevrdomebadac ki

ar migviRes. aravinaa ise damcirebuli, rogorc qarTveli eri~ (22,11).

1801 wlis manifesti da saqarTvelos axali mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb

debuleba, TbilisSi 7 Tvis dagvianebiT, 1802 w-is 12 aprils jarisa da zar-

baznebis garemocvaSi amcnes imperatoris qveSevrdomobisa da erTgulebis

dasaficeblad motyuebiT mowveul qarTvel warCinebulebs.

es SemaZrwunebeli Zalmomreoba, Tanamedrovis, daviT batoniSvilis,

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, moxda swored XIX saukuneSi, mcire erTa dacvisa

da ganTavisuflebis xanad miCneul epoqaSi, rodesac feodaluri xalxebi

da tomebi erebad yalibdebian. ,,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mze swor-

ed maSin Caesvena, roca msoflios horizontze gariJraJda axali istori-

uli dRe, roca kacobrioba iwyebs gadasvlas Tavisi ganviTarebis axal sa-

fexurze“ (1.1,#1496.27). qarTvelma xalxma, qarTulma saxelmwifom ,,didi da

Zneli gziT“ miaRwia kacobriobis im xanis karibWemde, romelsac ,,axali

- 188 -

istoriis“ dasawyiss eZaxian. da ai, swored im xanebSi kacobriobis axali

,,meTauris“ _ evropis gulSi, safrangeTis ,,niadag qveS“ ukve ismoda pirveli

yru guguni axali cxovrebisa, swored am dros Ronemixdili saqarTvelos

istoriaSi inaskveboda im erTi mniSvnelovani epizodis kvanZi, romelsac

mis istoriaSi warmoadgens XIX saukune. qarTveli xalxis tragediis arsi

_ aRniSnavs daviTi, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mas ,,politikurad“ ukve mom-

wifebuls mterma naZaladevad Caacva patara ,,bavSvis rkinis perangi“, misi

saxelmwifoebrivi da erovnuli ,,svla“ ukuRma Seatriala, monarqiidan,

damaxinjebul samxedro biurokratiul feodalizmSi, gadareka. XVIII s-is

istoriis mTavari amocana daviTis azriT iyo is, rom mogveSorebina Ta-

vidan sparseTisa da TurqeTis kirTeba. rac Seexeba maRal saxelmwifoeb-

riv safexurze asvlas, es saqarTvelosaTvis ar warmoadgenda misi isto-

riuli cxovrebis gamocdilebiT did problemas. am mxriv, saxelmwifoeb-

rivi cxovrebis gamocdilebiT, qarTveli xalxi ufro maRla idga, ro-

gorc mis samxreTel, ise mis Crdiloel mezobelze; iseve rogorc roma-

el-bizantielni maRla idgnen maT damyrobel germanel da osmalur ur-

doebze. maSasadame, saqarTvelos XVIII s-is II naxevridan sWirdeboda ara

ruseTis imperatoris, an sparseTis sasomixdili Sahebis naZaladevi poli-

tikur-erovnuli ,,aRzrda“, aramed Tavisufali ganviTareba, qarTveli xal-

xis imdroindeli midrekileba iyo ,,evropiisaken“. daviTma da misma Taname-

drovebma ician, rom evropis gza saqarTvelosaTvis adre nacadi gza iyo,

magram qarTveli xalxis tragediis RerZi swored imaSi mdgomareobda,

rom mis swrafvas dasavleTis kulturisaken naZaladevad borkavda da

sWrida gareSe mteri (1.1,#1496.16). 1783 wlis xelSekrulebis da saerTod

ruseTze swrafvis erTaderT mizans qveynis mTlianobis aRdgena, spars-os-

malTa mier mitacebuli miwebis dabruneba warmoadgenda da aseve „Tu pi-

rdapir ver gaarRvevda islamis alyas, Soridan, ruseTidan mainc Semoev-

lo da evropis civilizaciasTan gawyvetili kavSiri aRedgina. es gegma ru-

seTisaTvis garegnulad TiTqos misaRebi iyo da kidevac miiRo man, magram

namdvilad man mxolod Zveli moZaladis adgili daikava“ (123,41). am moZa-

ladem 1801 wlidan, SeerTebis momentidanve, samefo sagvareulos TiTqmis

yvela warmomadgeneli ruseTis sxvadasxva qalaqebSi gaiwvia, rom ar dar-

- 189 -

Ceniliyo „taxtis aRdgenis motrfiale da amiT samudamod moxsniliyo dRis

wesrigidan samefoTa damoukideblad arsebobaze fiqric ki“ (80,5).

carizmma mSvenivrad gamoiyena amierkavkasia-axlo aRmosavleTis po-

litikur erTeulTa urTierTdapirispireba da XIX saukunis dasawyisisaT-

vis mtkice safuZveli Seiqmna kavkasiaSi gabatonebisaTvis. ,,qarTveli xal-

xi carizmis koloniuri Cagvris uRelqveS moeqca. dauZlurebulma qveya-

nam ver SeZlo Tavisi saxelmwifoebriobisa da TviTmarTvelobis dacva je-

r qarTl-kaxeTSi, Semdeg ki imereTSi. saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis gauq-

meba da ucxo reJimis damyareba saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-politikur

cxovrebaSi gancdil did marcxs moaswavebda“ (85,46).^XVIII-XIX ss-is mij-

naze saqarTvelo istoriis bediswerisagan ganwiruli aRmoCnda. qveyanam

20 saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi SenarCunebuli saxelmwifoebrioba

dakarga da bagrationTa 1200 wlovanma samefo dinastiam arseboba Sewyvi-

ta. saqarTvelos politikuri xerxemali gadatyda da amieridan qarTuli

saxelmwifoebriobis da qveynebis arsebobas iuridiuli subieqtebis Si-

naarsi gamoecala. `qarTl-kaxeTis samefo, Semdeg imereTis samefo da sam-

Tavroebi Seewirnen did politikas ise, rom am politikas mxolod didi

qveynebi qmnidnen, xolo patara qveynebi _ e.i. Cveni samefoebi _ ganaCens da-

xurul kars miRma elodebodnen. 1801 w-is katastrofa praqtikulad ar iyo

qarTl-kaxeTis da ruseTis, an qarTl-kaxeTis da iran-TurqeTis urTierTo-

bis Sedegi; es iyo iran-TurqeT-ruseTis xangrZliv politikur urTierTo-

baTa, xangrZlivi politikuri winaaRmdegobis Sedegi; saqarTvelom am po-

litikur procesSi ver miiRo im doziT monawileoba, romelsac mas uqmni-

da misi geopolitikuri mdgomareoba. ruseTma aiZula TurqeTi da irani

xeli aeRoT amierkavkasiaze _ saqarTvelo ergo ruseTs“ (155,107).

qarTul istoriografiaSi gabatonebuli azris da mixedviT, qar-

Tul-rusul urTierTobebs ganapirobebda saerTo interesi da Tanxvedri

mizan-swrafvani. zog sakiTxSi asec iyo: saerTo sarwmunoebrivi niadagis

qona, saerTo gareSe mtrebis yola (Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, gareSe Zalas-

Tan dapirispirebis safuZveli gansxvavebuli iyo - saqarTvelo ganmaTavi-

suflebel da TavdacviT brZolas awarmoebda, ruseTi ki – dampyroblurs),

magram politikur urTierTobaTa mTavar RerZs, rac warmoadgenda, arse-

- 190 -

biTad gansxvavebuli da SeuTavsebeli iyo. qarTveli xalxis ruseTTan

dakavSirebis mizani iyo erovnuli da saxelmwifoebrivi TviTmyofadobis

gadarCena, xolo ruseTis mizani – kavkasiis dapyroba; marTebulad SeniS-

navda S. burjanaZe: `qarTveli xalxi ruseTs ukavSirdeboda Tavisi erov-

nuli da saxelmwifoebrivi TviTmyofobis gadarCenis mizniT, xolo ruse-

Ti kavkasiisaken saqarTvelos dasapyrobad moiwevda~ (72,58). aq ki sad vxe-

davT interesTa Tanxvedras? piriqiT, radikalurad gnsxvavebuli miznebi

gaaCnia orive mxares – sapirispiro da urTierTgamomricxavi. gana SeiZle-

ba SeTavsebadi iyos ganmaTavisuflebeli da dampyrobluri politikis mwar-

moebelTa interesebi? `ruseTis moZraoba saqarTvelosaken ramdenadac igi

aq TurqeTis batonobas spobda, progresuli movlena iyo, magram ramdena-

dac qarTuli saxelmwifos mospobasac iTvaliswinebda, amdenadve mis wi-

naaRmdeg brZola gardauvali xdeboda~ (72,58). Cndeboda saSiSroeba imisa,

rom `dampyrobluri saxelmwifos `daxmareba~ qveyanas uneblied waiyvanda

am damxmare Zalis damonebis gziT~ (87,246). saRi da logikuri azris mixed-

viT, romel qveynebTan urTierTobac aZlevda qarTvelobas saSualebas, Tu-

ndac nominalurad, SeenarCunebina TviTmyofadoba (Tavisufleba), im kuT-

xiT da ise unda warmarTuliyo qarTuli diplomatiis muSaobac. ZalTa

awon-dawonis Sedegad umjobesi iyo mezoblebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva

da ara erTbaSad xidis Catexva maTTan ruseTis imediT.

ai, amgvarad dabolovda ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba XVIII sau-

kunis dasasruls; `aRa-mahmad-xanis mier fizikurad ganadgurebul tfi-

lisSi policiurma ruseTma Semodga fexi, rom sulieraTac gaenadgurebi-

na is jiuti xalxi, romelic aqamde istorias uZaliandeboda da ar nebde-

boda~(117,40). axali, XIX saukunis dasawyiss saqarTvelo Tavisuflebada-

karguli Sexvda. is, rac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mahmadianurma iran-osma-

leTma ver moaxerxa, erTmorwmune ruseTma mokle droSi erTi xelis mos-

miT gadaWra - XIX saukunis meore naxevrisaTvis mTeli saqarTvelo ruse-

Tis imperiis srul gankargulebaSi aRmoCnda. daiwyo qarTveli eris is-

toriaSi monobis didi Rame _ carizmis da Semdgom sabWoTa koloniuri

uRlis orsaukunovani periodi. ,,is iluzia, rom saxelmwifoebrivi damou-

kideblobis dakargvis Semdeg erTmorwmune ruseTis imperiis guberniad

gadaqceva qarTveli erisaTvis „naklebi boroteba~ iyo, male daimsxvra.

- 191 -

ruseTis koloniurma politikam naTeli gaxada is didi erovnuli safrT-

xe, romelic erTmorwmune ruseTs ,,TavSefarebul“ uZveles qristianul ers

daemuqra. ruseTis saimperatoro karma zedmiwevniT zustad gaanaliza sa-

qarTvelos dapyrobisaTvis brZolaSi sparseTis Sahebisa da osmaleTis

sulTnebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebi. samefo xelisuflebisa da eklesi-

is avtokefaliis gauqmebiT ruseTma mtkice safuZveli Seuqmna koloniur

politikas. ...avtokefaliis gauqmebas mohyva kidev ufro saSiSi movlena _

saqarTvelos eklesiis rusifikacia, anu erovnuli sulis Cakvlis mcde-

loba eklesiaSi. ...miTi ,,erTmorwmune ruseTis Sesaxeb“ mkacrma sinamdvi-

lem Sescvala (81,14). arada ruseTze orientacia mniSvnelovanwilad swo-

red ,,konfesiuri momentiT ganisazRvra. erTmorwmuneoba iyo erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelmაც XVIII saukunis bolos ganapiroba isla-

mur samyarosTan mravalsaukunovan brZolaSi dabadebuli saqarTvelos is-

toriuli arCevani: misi politikuri orientacia ruseTisaken“(177,126).

faqtiurad, traqtati mosamzadebeli etapi aRmoCnda qarTuli saxe-

lmwifoebriobis dasamxobad. ,,saerTaSoriso pirobebi rom ufro xelsay-

reli yofiliyo da proteqtorati rom yofiliyo aRiarebuli, ramdenime

moqiSpe ganaTlebul saxelmwifoTa winaSe, garemoeba sxva msvlelobas mi-

iRebda. maSin siuzerens (ruseTs) ufro sindisierad unda aesrulebina Ta-

visi valdebulebani. winaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva moqiSpe saxelmwi-

fo advilad miimxrobda siuzerenis mier daCagraul-damorCilebul saxel-

mwifos (saqarTvelos). swored amgvari pirobebi ar arsebobda im dros...

ruseTi, rodesac saqarTvelos beds wyvetda, martooden Tavis interesebs

da Tavmoyvareobas uwevda angariSs. igi maSin iZulebuli ar iyo, brZola

gaewia amis gamo did ganaTlebul saxelmwifoTa amgvarive suvilebisaTvis.

es rom yofiliyo, saqarTvelos SeerTebas sul sxva Sedegi mohyveboda, igi

sxva pirobebSi da formebSi moxdeboda“ – aRniSnavs z. avaliSvili (211,130).

marTlac, im epoqis saerTaSoriso ganwyobam mniSvnelovanwilad ga-

napiroba rogorc georgievskis traqtati, ise saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTi-

erTobis Semdgomi msvleloba.

pasuxs iTxovs erTi metad saintereso kiTxva: traqtati metismetad

Soreuli momavlisTvis iqna dadebuli Tu konkretuli istoriuli piro-

- 192 -

bebidan gamosasvlelad? albaT, upirveles yovlisa, konkretuli arasasu-

rveli mdgomarebidan Tavdasaxsnelad. magram ,,maradiuli mfarveloba“ sa-

momavlod amoqmedda da Sedegad miviReT saqarTvelos gaerTianeba ruse-

Tis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi (obieqturi dadebiTi Sedegebi _ carizmis

interesebis miRma iyo gamavali). rac Seexeba traqtatis konkretul Sede-

gebs, mocemul drosa da mocemul SemTxvevaSi, is mxolod qaRaldze dar-

Ca (arc amoqmedebula). e.i. is ufro samomavlod dadebuli xelSekruleba

aRmoCnda, vidre arsebuli konkretuli situaciidan gamosasvleli saSua-

leba. es xelSekruleba ise dairRva, rom arc Sesrulebula. misi uaryo-

fiTi Sedegebi, misma Semomqmedebma dagvianebiT ,,miiRes“, maSin, roca arc

TviTon da arc maTi STamomavalni istoriis asparezze karga xania ukve

aRar arsebobdnen; da rac mTavaria, miiRes sul sxva formiT da sxva sa-

xiT: saqarTvelo dacul iqna mahmadianTagan, magram TviTon axali dampyro-

blis xelSi aRmoCnda; saqarTvelo gaerTianda, magram ara bagrationTa

skiptris qveS, aramed ruseTis imperiis mflobelobaSi. yovelive es ,,sike-

Teni~ miRweul iqna Tavisuflebis dakargvis xarjze. ra Tqma unda, aseT

,,aRdgoma-gamoxsnaze“ ar ocnebobdnen Cveni winaprebi _ am politikis Se-

momqmedni; es iyo qarTuli saxelmwifos udidesi marcxi. CvenTvis cnobi-

lia carizmis batonobis mZime Sedegebi, Tu ra daundobeli, sastiki da yo-

velive erovnulis ZirisZiramde momTxreli gaxldaT igi. es is SemTxvevaa,

roca sarwmunoebam politikaSi da politikam sarwmuneobaSi sabediswero

roli iTamaSa. ra Tqma unda, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, mahmadian agresorTa

mier mimZlavrebul qveyanaSi aqtiuri xdeba sarwmunoebrivi momentis win

dayeneba da aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia samxreTel mezobelTagan Tavmo-

bezrebuli qarTveli politikosebis Crdilouri orientacia, magram moce-

mul situaciaSi mdgomareobidan gamosasvlelad saqarTvelos esaWiroebo-

da samxedro mokavSire da ara e.w. ,,samudamo mfarveli“ – imperialisturi

niRbiT movlenili erTmorwmune ruseTi.

gana ar icodnen XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi, rom ruseTis impe-

ria iyo mraval sxva xalxTa ZaliT mpyrobeli da SesaZloa mas qarTvel-

Ta, qarTuli miwebis daWeris survilic gasCenoda?! raRa Tqma unda ico-

dnen da misi aRmosavluri imperiuli ambiciebis gamoyeneba surdaT, mag-

ram erekle da misi momxreni angariSSi motyuvdnen. rogorc aRvniSneT, es

- 193 -

iyo udidesi marcxi, traqtatma qarTul mxares ar gaumarTla, rusulma

mxarem ki savsebiT miaRwia Tavis mizans. ruseTis miznebSi sulac ar Sedi-

oda traqtatis dacva-Sesruleba; ubralod, misTvis es xelSekruleba iyo

didi diplomatiuri monapovari, iuridiuli iaraRi evropeli Tu azieli

metoqeebis winaaRmdeg, xolo ereklesa da misi samefosaTvis _ kargad da-

gebuli xafangi aRmoCnda. `1783 w-is mfarvelobiT traqtatSi ruseTis im-

periulma monstrma imTaviTve Segnebulad Cado 1801 w-is saqarTvelos an-

eqsiis aqtis politikuri kodi, romelic man veragobiT etapobrivad gana-

xorciela~ (79,55). qarTl-kaxeTis samefosaTvis kritikul momentebSi, ro-

ca saWiro iyo daxmareba, ruseTs arc axsendeboda xelSekruleba, TiTqos

arc arsebuliyos igi. zogadad, am xelSekrulebas, ufro sworad rusul

orientacias (radgan traqtati ise gauqmda, arc Sesrulebula), mogviane-

biT mohyva ramdenadme ,,dadebiTi“ obieqturi Sedegebi.

Tavs iCens morigi kiTxva _ maS raRa azri hqonda traqtatis dade-

bas, Tuki erekles Tavad unda moegvarebina qarTl-kaxeTis problemebi? sa-

qme imaSia, rom es iyo iZulebiTi nabiji _ gamouvali situaciidan nakarna-

xevi, vidre nebayoflobiTi, anu erekle II faqtis winaSe daayenes, ruseTis

mTavrobam mas sxva gza aRar dautova. carizmi mSvenivrad iyenebda yvela

Sida Tu gare dapirispirebas qarTl-kaxeTis mefis sawinaaRmdegod. maga-

liTad, iZulebiTi berketebis erT-erT saSualebas warmoadgenda erekles

,,aralegitimuroba“. es iyo kaxeli bagrationis aqilevsis qusli. erekles

aqvs ,,maradiuli SiSi“ ruseTSi TavSefarebuli qarTlis kanonieri memkvid-

reebisa da mSvenivrad acnobierebda imasac, rom ruseTi, misi urCobis Sem-

TxvevaSi, maT gamoiyenebda erekles winaaRmdeg. aki gamoiyena kidec araerT-

xel. ,,legitimurobis safrTxobela“ iyo is saSualeba, romliTac ruseTs

xelSi hyavda CaWerili erekle da morCilebas aiZulebda. erekles da Sem-

deg giorgi XII-is erTi umTavresi sazrunavTagani iyo taxtis SenarCuneba;

taxtis dakargvis panikurma SiSma, isini bevr daTmobaze waiyvana. aqve, er-

ekle mefis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom ara misi simamace, mklavis simar-

jve da mebrZoli suli, ruseTi kidev ufro adre SesZlebda saqarTvelo-

Si gabatonebas; erekle meore aseTi didi strategosi rom ar yofiliyo,

ruseTis imperiuli miznebi mis drosve ganxorcieldeboda.

- 194 -

amgvarad, ,,aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo daeca ara marto ro-

gorc qveynis Sinauri krizisis msxverpli, aramed ruseTis carizmis saga-

reo politikis wyalobiTac, romelic ZvelTaganve miiswrafoda amierkav-

kasiisa da mTeli maxlobeli aRmosavleTis xelSi Cagdebas“(187,40). rogori

nebayoflobiTic iyo saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTeba, es kargad gamoCnda

sul male, XIX s-is dasawyisSive, roca amboxeba amboxebaze ewyoboda da

ruseTs xelaxla mouxda ,,nebayoflobiT“ SeerTebuli saqarTvelos dapy-

roba. TviT rusi istorikosebic (burJuaziuli Tu sabWouri xanis) ver ma-

lavdnen saqarTvelos dapyrobis faqts: ,,aucilebelia aRiarebul iqnas,

rom saqarTvelo ki ar SeierTa ruseTma, aramed moxda misi dapyroba ja-

ris mier~ - wers berJe (10,30). ruseTis imperia `vasalur saxelwifoTa~ Seqm-

nis politikidan am qveynis miwa-wylis aSkara aneqsiaze gadavida. `ruseTi

saqarTvelos ukve am periodidan mxolod sakuTari politikur-ekonomiku-

ri interesebiT uyurebda, saqarTvelo unda gadaqceuliyo bazad axlo aR-

mosavleTis dapyrobisaTvis~ (171,19). xolo dapyrobis process yvelaze sas-

tiki da uxeSi formebiT axorcielebda: `carizmi ararus xalxTa sastik er-

ovnul-koloniuri Cagvrisa da rusifikaciis politikas atarebda~(66,398).

qarTveli xalxi arasodes Serigebia im policiur mmarTvelobasa da socia-

lur-erovnul Cagvras, romelic ruseTma moaxvia Tavs. sazogadoebrivi ukma-

yofileba da protesti sxvadasxva formiT iCenda Tavs ,,отзвуки которого пос-

тоянно доходили до Петербурга“(131,40). pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia al. batoni-

Svilis Seurigebeli brZola da daumorCilebloba rusuli imperiuli Za-

lmomreobis winaaRmdeg: man imTaviTve mtkiced ganucxada lazarevs, rom

vidre saqarTveloSi mefoba ar aRsdgeboda, manamde misi fexi ar iqneboda

am qveyanaSi (22,13). ar cxrebodnen ruseTs gadasaxlebuli batoniSvilebi da

politikur asparezs CamoSorebulni axla sityviT, ideologiurad ewinaaR-

mdegebodnen carizmis mier saqarTvelosa da bagrationi mefeebis winaSe

Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebas. ideologiuri brZolis naTeli magaliT-

ia daviT batoniSvilis aleqsandre I-sadmi mirTmeuli baraTi. aq aris ved-

rebac, sayveduric ruseTis mTavrobisadmi da aseve saqarTvelos mowyobis

gegmebic (90,128-138). igi yovel wams agrZnobinebda TviTmpyrobelobas, rom

`Zvelad didi da Taviseburi istoriis mqone qarTvel ers da saqarTvelos

- 195 -

gauqmebul samefos damoukidebeli ganviTarebis ufleba aqvs da am ufleb-

is ganxorcielebis droc daudgebao~(74,48). qarTveli xalxi ver urigdebo-

da momxdar faqts, awyobda ajanyebebs carizmis batonobis winaaRmdeg sa-

qarTveloSi, ibrZoda Tavisi erovnuli Rirsebis dasacavad, radgan: ,,...yove-

li eri miiswrafvis Seqmnas Tavisi saxelmwifo, ganamtkicos da gaaZlier-

os igi, es eris saRi instinqtia. saxelmwifoebrivi yofa, eris normaluri

yofaa. saxelmwifoebriobis, damoukideblobis da suverenulobis dakargva

erisTvis udidesi ubedurebaa, mZime sneulebaa, romelic amaxinjebs eris

suls“ (57,31-32). `saxelmwifos meSveobiT gamoavlens eri Tavis SesaZlebl-

obebs. meore mxriv, saxelmwifos unda qondes erovnuli safuZveli, erovnu-

li birTvi, Tumca tomobrivi Semadgenloba erisa SeiZleba Zalze rTuli

da mravalferovani iyos“ (57,32-33).

saqarTvelos Zvirad daujda musulmanuri garemocvis garRveva da

kulturul samyarosTan dakavSirebis Crdilouri gza. erTi moZaladis

klanWebidan gaqceuli meore ufro Zlier dampyrobels Cauvarda xelSi.

qveynis damoukideblobis fasad aRdga kavSiri kulturul dasavleTTan,

magram arapirdapir _ ruseTis gavliT, dasavleTis progresul miRwevaTa

rusuli gadaxarSva-gardaqmnis gamovlis gziT. amdenad es miRwevac ar yo-

fila srulfasovani. ,,ruseTi mxolod mesame piri iyo, erTgvari gadamce-

mi punqti. igi iyo mxolod geografiuli piroba, romlis saSualebiTac

qarTveloba evropis gonebriv Tu nivTier cxovrebas ecnoboda“ (117,27).

magram aqac ruseTis gamtarobaze _ mis am rolzec nawilobriv SeiZleba

saubari ,,mTlianobaSi aRebuli (iSviaT gamonaklis ar vgulisxmobT) sa-

qarTvelosTvis miuwvdomeli darCa evropuli ganaTleba, mecniereba da

kultura. saqarTvelos evropeizaciis xarisxi sakuTriv ruseTis evrope-

izaciis xarisxze dabali iyo. saqarTvelo, CamorCenili ruseTis kolo-

nia, kidev ufro CamorCenili iyo. kulturuli winsvlis TvalsazrisiT

qarTulma sazogadoebam naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi garkveuli pro-

gresi ganicada, magram es ruseTis gziT saqarTvelos evropeizaciis Se-

degi ar yofila, yovelive es ruseTis gareSec moxdeboda, radgan mas

safuZveli XVIII s-Si daedo~ (81,16).

saqarTvelo maSin moeqca carizmis koloniuri uRlis qveS, roca fe-

odaluri wyobidan evropuli progresis gzaze gadadioda. dasavleTisa-

- 196 -

gan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi es procesi mZime istoriuli bedis gamo

gvian, XVIII s-dan xdeba SesamCnevi da, rac mTavaria, igi TviTmyofadobisa

da qveynis Sinagani Zalisxmevis niSniT mimdinareobda. TviTmpyrobelobis

marwuxebSi moqcevam mTlianad daamuxruWa XVIII s-is II naxevris saqarTve-

los mowinave wreebSi dawyebuli intensiuri kulturuli muSaoba da mtki-

ce samzadisi rogorc saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis gasaumjobeseblad da

evropulis msgavsad gardasaqmnelad, ise evropuli mecnierebis, filoso-

fiisa da mwerlobis saqarTveloSi gadmosanergavad. fulad sasaqonlo me-

urneobisa da kapitalisturi urTierTobis Casaxva-ganviTarebis kvalobaze

samefo karze batonymobis gauqmebis proeqtebic ki mzaddeboda. progresu-

lad moazrovneTa dasi praqtikul nabijebsac dgamda, rac mkafiod aisaxa

saxelmwifo reformebis imdroindel proeqtSi. giorgi XII-m moiwona da

1799 wels daamtkica kidec ioane batoniSvilis proeqti, romelic miznad

isaxavda qveynis gaerTianebas, vaWroba-mrewvelobis ganviTarebas, swavla-

ganaTlebis gafarToebas. axal skolebSi unda eswavlaT ara marto Tavad-

aznaurTa, aramed moqalaqeTa da glexTa Svilebsac. skolebi da maswavle-

blebi saxelmwifo xarjze unda yofiliyvnen. ioane moiTxovda saerisTa-

voebisa da saTavadoebis gauqmebas, yvela Tanamdebobis piris, maT Soris me-

fe-dedoflis, saxelmwifo xarjze gadayvanas da sxv.(5,74-78). es kanonpro-

eqti erekle mefis mier wamowyebuli reformebisa da gardaqmnebis gagrZe-

lebas warmoadgenda da niSandoblivia im mxriv, rom XVIII s-is dasawyisSi

didi inerciiT dawyili farTo aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianoba kulturul-eko-

nomikur sferoSi _ saukunis bolos, miuxedavad qveyanaSi Seqmnili poli-

tikuri krizisisa, isev grZeldeba. es kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu

raoden sicocxlisunariani iyo, yvelafris miuxedavad, qarTuli saxelmwi-

foebrioba. Tavad rusul kulturas rac Seexeba, mas ar SeeZlo masze uf-

ro maRla mdgomi uZvelesi qarTuli kulturis zegavlenis qveS moqceva.

mas arc Tu ekonomikur-sazogadoebriv wyobaze SeeZlo dadebiTi gavlenis

moxdena, rogorc feodalur CamorCenil qveyanas da rogorc dampyrobels;

piriqiT, igi saukuneebis manZilze aferxebda saqarTvelos kulturul-eko-

nomiur da, raRa Tqma unda, politikur ganviTarebas. ase, rom ruseTis im

civilizatorul rolze, romelsac igi ase Tu ise asrulebda kaspiispire-

- 197 -

Tis, volgispireTis, uralispireTis, cimbiris xalxebis SemTxvevaSi, amier-

kavkasiis qveynebTan mimarTebaSi verafers vityviT.

ise, rom marTlac, ismeba ritorikuli kiTxva ,,iyo Tu ara realuri

ruseTis meSveobiT dasavleT samyarosTan (evropasTan) dakavSireba? ra ro-

li SeeZlo eTamaSa ruseTs saqarTvelos evropeizaciis procesSi? ramde-

nad realuri iyo TviT ruseTis evropeizacia? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema

XIX saukunis damdegis saqarTveloSi, cxadia, aravis SeeZlo (81,14-15). mag-

ram dRes, praqtikidan gamomdinare _ urTierTobis orsaukunovani isto-

riis gadasaxedidan, SegviZlia obieqturad vimsjeloT da daskvnebic ga-

vakeToT. ruseTis evropeizacia problemad rCeba Tanamedrove epoqaSic (ev-

ropeizacia Tavisi tempebiT ,,barbarosul“ TurqeTSi ufro swrafi tempiT

viTardeboda). faqtiurad, saqarTvelo aRmosavleT evropis sivrces ver ga-

scda. marTalia, man barbarosul-mahmadianur garemocvas Tavi daaRwia, mag-

ram amjerad ruseTis feodalur, CamorCenil da samxedro despoturi sa-

xelmwifos daxSul sivrceSi moeqca. ,,evropeizacia upirveles yovlisa

gulisxmobs politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri sistemis identuro-

bas“ (81,16). am mxriv ki ,,ruseTsa da evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris ufsk-

ruli iyo“(81,17). ruseTis evropeizacia, rogorc cnobilia XVII s-dan, pet-

re I-is droidan daiwyo. magram ,,verc petre I-is da verc ekaterine II-is

dros ruseTi evropuli sivrcis, evropuli samyaros nawili ver gaxda.

slavuri samyarodan ruseTis gamoyvana Zalze Zneli aRmoCnda. petre I ru-

seTs ganagebda, rogorc tipiuri azieli despoti. ekaterine II, evropis

monarqebisa da ganmanaTleblebis winaSe keklucobis miuxedavad, aseve

despoturi meTodebiT ganagebda ruseTs. am periodSi (XVIII saukuneSi)

ruseTi ara marto evropuli sivrcis nawili ver gaxda, aramed evropisaT-

vis mudmiv da realur safrTxes warmoadgenda (CrdiloeTis omi, Svidwli-

ani omi, poloneTis sami danawileba da sxv)“ (81,15).

verc momdevno, XIX s-Si, moxda ruseTis evropeizacia; evropeizacia

daetyo mxolod ganaTlebas, mecnierebasa da kulturas. ise, rom ,,saqar-

Tvelo ruseTis meSveobiT evropul samyaros ver daukavSirda, evropeiza-

ciis gzaze seriozuli nabiji ver gadadga win“ (81,15-6). ,,ruseTis meSveo-

biT saqarTvelos evropeizacia miTi iyo. ruseTis saimperatoro kars, ru-

- 198 -

seTis mTavrobas saqarTvelos evropeizacia dauSveblad miaCnda. ruseTis

imperiis xelisuflebas saqarTvelos evropeizacia im doniTac ki ar sur-

da, ra doniTac TviT ruseTis (velikorosiis) evropeizacia moxda. ruseTs

ar surda saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis evropuli sistemis Seqmna, ar surda

mecnierebis kerebis daarseba, qarTul-evropuli kuლturuli urTierTobis

ganviTareba da gaRrmaveba. saboloo jamSi aseTi Sedegi miviReT: ruseTis

imedad aziuri samyarodan evropuli samyarosaken TiTqosda daZruli qar-

Tveli eri, saqarTvelo imedgacruebuli darCa, evropeizaciis nacvlad uz-

armazari imperiis ,,ganapira mxaris“, koloniis xvedri gvergo“ (81,18-19).

is arapirdapiri, carizmis interesebis miRma gamavali obieqturi

dadebiTi Sedegebic, rasac adgili hqonda saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTe-

bis dRidan moyolebuli, ararsebiTi da umniSvnelo mosCans im didi dana-

kargis fonze, rasac qveynis Tavisufleba hqvia.

- 199 -

$2. rusuli imperializmis arsi da misi gamovlineba

saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi

saqarTvelos Tvisi xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze uamravi dampyro-

beli exvia gars, magram arcerT maTgans saqarTvelos erovnuli saxelmwi-

foebrioba ar mouSlia da qarTveli xalxis sruli asimilacia ar ucdia.

pirveli dampyrobeli, romelmac aseTi mazani daisaxa, marTlmadidebeli

ruseTi iyo. „saqristiano ruseTi“ saqarTvelos moevlina, rogorc mrisxane

batoni da ara patroni (mfarveli). rTuli da winaaRmdegobriobiT aRsavse

XVIII s-is sazogadoeba Sinaganad gaorebuli iyo. `mas „evropaSi dabrune-

bac“ undoda da „aziaSi darCenac“. ruseTis evraziuli imperia ki swored

am winaaRmdegobrivi miswrafebis Sesatyvis saxelmwifo sistemas ganasaxie-

rebda. rusi Cinovnikis da jariskacis mundirma qarTul zepur sazogado-

ebas qristianuli dasavleTis nairsaxeobis iluzia Seuqmna da misi „evrop-

elobis“ ambicia daakmayofila, sinamdvileSi ki am mundiris miRma... dasa-

vleTis sruli antipodi imaleboda“ (209,506).*

ruseTis didmpyrobeluri miznebi kargad aris Camoyalibebuli Ta-

vad petre I-is anderZSi, romelic man STamomavlobas dautova, rogorc erT-

gvari samoqmedo strategia. petre I-is 1709 w-s Sedgenili anderZi mudam iyo

ruseTis samoqmedo gegma: ,,maRali RmerTi, romlis nebidanac gadmodis Cve-

ni arseboba da romlis mier nakurTxi gvirgvini Cvens Tavs amkobs, RvTaeb-

rivis SuqiT gvinaTebs winamdebare gzas, rac Cven gvaZlevs saSualebas, swo-

rad gansvWvritoT momavalSi rusi eris udidesi daniSnuleba _ misi evro-

paze gabatonebisa. es Cemi winaswarmetyveleba, gamomdinareobs im faqtidan,

rom evropis erebma miaRwies moxucebulobis da dakninebis xanas, romlis-

kenac isini Cqaris nabijiT daeqanen. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom es erebi

advilad SeiZleba dapyrobil iqnan axali, axalgazrda xalxis mier, roca

es ukanaskneli miaRwevs mTels mis suliersa da fizikur ganviTarebas. me

mwams CrdiloeTis eris mier dapyroba dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qvey-

nebisa... me ruseTi miviRe, rogorc patara nakadi; me mas vtoveb, rogorc

did mdinares. Cemi memkvidreni gardaqmnian mas did zRvad, romelmac gaRa-

*SeniSvna: citirebulia a. joxaZis xelnaweridan `msgavsi izidavs msgavss~.

- 200 -

takebuli evropa unda gaanoyieros (141,59-60) da ruseTic _ feodaluri, ka-

pitalisturi, socialisturi Tu ,,modernistuli“, didis mondomebiT axor-

cielebda (da axorcielebs) petre I-is am ,,velikoderJavuli“ suliskveTe-

biT ganmsWvalul anderZs _ ruseTs yvela epoqaSi surs msoflio imperia

iyos.

samwuxarod, drois msvlelobam ruseTis mizan-swrafvani ver Sec-

vala. mas ar SeuZlia mSvidobiani, keTilmezobluri urTierToba mezobel

patara qveynebTan, Tanasworuflebianobis principze agebuli damokidebu-

leba da urTierTTanamSromloba. igi kvlav rCeba imperiuli, didmpyrobe-

luri suliskveTebis matarebel qveynad. moqmedebs igivenairi principebi-

Ta da meTodebiT: sicrue, orpiroba, Ralati, mzakvroba, Zaladoba. Tval-

saCinoebisa da SedarebisaTvis mivmarToT konkretul istoriul magali-

Tebs. sxvadasxva drois, sxvadasxva rangis rus moxeleTa da politikos-

Ta gamonaTqvamebsa da moqmedebaSi Cven amovikiTxavT erTi da igive impe-

riul suliskveTebas.

sayovelTaod cnobilia erTmorwmune qveynis mosaxleobisadmi rusi

generlebisa da samxedro moxeleebis usulgulo, mkacri da despoturi

damokidebuleba. ruseTis mTavrobis mZarcveluri politika qarTuli ek-

lesiebis mimarT, erovnuli faseulobebisa da Rirebulebebis fexqveS ga-

Telva. swored rusuli imperiis veragulma RonisZiebebma da miswrafebeb-

ma gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mZlavri saxal-

xo ajanyebani; kerZod: 1804 wels _ mTiuleTSi, 1811 wels _ liaxvis xeo-

baSi, 1812 wels _ kaxeTsa da qarTlis Crdilo-aRmosaleT nawilSi, 1819-20

wlebSi – imereTSi, aseve 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. rusuli oficiozis dana-

Saulebrivi qmedebani qarTveli xalxis mimarT zogierTi rusi moxelis

cnobierebaSi sindisis qenjnas aRZravda da uzenaesi Zalis winaSe SiSis

grZnobas badebda. magaliTad, saqarTvelos mTavarmmarTebeli gen. rtiSCe-

vi Tavisi saswaulebrivi gamocxadebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos egzarqoss var-

lam qsnis erisTavs* werda: ,,mogrovili fuliT cxvari viyide da arsmo-

Si1 davkal, meore dRes cxinvalis zRuderis saydarSi wavel, saca saRa-

1 sityva arsmo~-s amokiTxva gakruli xelweris gamo meti sizustiT ver moxerxda.

- 201 -

mos locvis Semdeg yvela wmindanebi gamomecxadnen, wm. giorgi da RvTis-

mSobeli maxsovs, sxvebi ver momigoniao da ase brZanes: Tu rusebma RvTi-

sa ar Seismines, marTlmsajulebiT da sibraluliT ar moekidnen xalxs _

davsjiT, saqarTvelodgan isev ruseTSi gavrekavTo, batoniSvili aleqsan-

dre mova da isev qarTvelebis mefoba daiwyebao~. am laparakis dros gene-

rali giჟdeboda da ჭკuidan iშleboda_gadmogvcems p.KkarbelaSvili Tavis

ჩanawerebშi (1.9,#47, ubis wignaki #80: 38) Q

1920 wlis 7 maisis ruseT-saqarTvelos xelSekrulebis darRvevisa

da saqarTvelos gasabWoebis Semdeg, roca ramzei makdonaldma* da emil

vanderveldem `oficialurad moiTxoves bolSevikebisagan saqarTvelos

gaTavisufleba, radekma* daufaravad ganacxada, rom maT daarRvies saza-

vo xelSekruleba saqarTvelosTan da am qveyanas omis saSualebiT daepat-

ronen, radgan sabWoTa ruseTs navTi sWirdebao~(116,#15). jer kidev 1920 w-

is noemberSi moskovis partiuli organizaciebis `mdivnebis TaTbirze lev

trockim* xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom somxeTisa da azerbaijanis gasabWoebis

Semdeg saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis jeric dadga. sul mok-

le droSi baTums baqos davukavSirebT“-o (111,#14;4). am cnobidan mJRavnde-

ba wiTeli imperiis mizani _ saqarTvelos sazRvao portebis saSualebiT

baqos navTobis gatana. `saqarTvelo uaRresad mniSvnelovania rogorc

ruseTis sagareo vaWrobis fari~, - aRniSnavda bolSevikTa lideri leni-

ni da baTumis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda (120,119-120). aq ki-

dev erTxel naTlad ikveTeba saqarTvelosadmi bolSevikuri ruseTis,

formiT saxenacvali, arsiT ki absoluturad ucvleli rusuli imperiis

tradiciuli didmpyrobeluri damokidebuleba. wiTelma moskovma jer ki-

dev 1920 wlis Semodgomaze ganaxorciela saqarTvelos okupaciis pirve-

li seriozuli mcdeloba e.w. `wiTeli xidis~ mxridan. paralelurad xde-

boda SeTanxmebebi da garigebebi osmaleTTan. TurqeTis mxridan `megob-

ruli neitralitetis dacvis mizniT 1921 wlis TebervalSi moskovSi Sed-

ga ruseT-TurqeTis molaparakeba, romelic mTlianad brest-litovskis

xelSekrulebas emyareboda. es xelSekruleba ki im dros ramdenimegzis

iyo anulirebuli. 1918 wlis 20 seqtembers da 13 noembers, agreTve, mud-

rosis sazavo xelSekrulebis pirobebiT imave wlis 30 oqtombers, saerTo

dazavebiT 11 noembers, versalis SeTanxmebis ZaliT ki - 1919 wlis 19 iv-

- 202 -

niss (138,V). Oor qveyanas Soris saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli gari-

gebis arsebobas adasturebs is garemoebac, rom 1920 wlis 2 ivniss mos-

kovma scno `osmaleTis erovnuli paqti~-s kanoniereba da amdenad Turqe-

Tis uflebebi yars-artaan-baTumis mxareebze, romlebic paqtSi moxsenebu-

lia, rogorc TurqeTis kuTvnili teritoria, isev da isev brest-litov-

skis aRararsebuli xelSekrulebis safuZvelze (138,V). saqarTvelos oku-

pacia-aneqsiis dros, 1921 w-is gazafxulze, `maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos

demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli kreba da mTavroba jer kidev

baTumSi imyofeboda, sabWoTa ruseTma TurqeTs gadauloca 12.000 kv. ki-

lometris farTobis Cveni ZirZveli teritoria: baTumis olqis nawili,

arTvinisa da artaanis mxareebi“(141,#23-24). moskovma `gareSeTaTvis mosaC-

veneblad e.w. amierkavkasiis mTavrobas 13 oqtombers 1921 w-s q. yarsSi axa-

li xelSekruleba daadebina, rac arsebiTad moskovis xelSekrulebis da-

dastureba iyo“(129,17-18). yarsis xelSekrulebiT ruseTma osmaleTs dauT-

mo yvela is adgili, `rac moipova Zvelma ruseTma 1829 w-is adrianopolis

zavis Semdeg baTumis gamoklebiT: arTvinis olqi – 3.339 kv.km. teritoria

61.000 mosaxliT, focxovis Temi - 588 kv.km-i 15000 mosaxliT, artaanis ol-

qi – 5.137 kv.km. 56.000 mosaxliT, olTisis olqi - 3051 kv.km-i teritoria

32.000 mosaxliT; sul 12.115 kv. kilometri 16.4000 mosaxliT“(129,17-18). roca

Cven vsaubrobT ruseTis progresul rolsa da obieqtur dadebiT Sedegeb-

ze, ar unda dagvaviwydes statistikuri monacemebic. saqarTvelos ruseT-

Tan SeerTebis Semdeg, saqarTvelom, marTalia, `daibruna~ Tavisi ZirZve-

li teritoriebi _ samxreT saqarvelos istoriuli miwebi XIX s-Si ruse-

Tis mier TurqeTTan warmoebuli omebiT, magram imave ruseTis wyalobiT

aRniSnuli miwebis nawili isev TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda XX s-

is dasawyisSi. e.i. is, rac XIX s-Si ruseT-TurqeTis omebis Sedegad ,,daub-

runda~ saqarTvelos samxreTiT, momdevno saukuneSi isev dakarga – bol-

Sevikurma ruseTma TurqeTs langriT miarTva samxreT saqarTvelos mniSv-

nelovani mxareebi. `garda aRniSnuli mxareebisa, bolSevikebma gaasaCuq-

res saqarTvelos adgilebi aRmosavleTiTac da samxreT-aRmosavleTiTac.

saxeldobr, borCalos mazris nawili 3812 kv. kilometri da zaqaTalis ol-

qi 3.564 kv. kilometri.

- 203 -

amgvarad, bolSevikebma TurqeTs, azerbaijansa da somxeTs dauTmes

saqarTvelos teritoriis 19.491 kv. kilometri sivrce~ (129,18). amas unda

daematos SavizRvispireTis is miwebi, romlebic ruseTis federaciam dai-

sakuTra qarTvel bolSevikTa wyalobiT. ase CamoaWres saqarTvelos misi

ZirZveli miwebi _ 20.000 kv. kilometri farTobi, anu misi teritoriis

TiTqmis meoTxedi; da bolos, Tu amas davumatebT XX s-is dasasruls ru-

seTis federaciuli respublikis mier afxazeTisa – 8.600 kv.km. da `sam-

xreT oseTis~ – 3.900 kv.km. mitacebul teritoriebs (jamSi – 12.500 kv.km.),

ruseTis dadebiT rolze saubari azrs kargavs. ise rom, amJamad saqarTve-

los defaqtod SerCa 57 aTasi kv.km. teritoria nacvlad gaeros da msof-

lios saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis mier aRiarebuli 69.500 kv.km-sa. sazo-

gadod, roca Cven vsaubrobT ruseTis `civilizatorul misiaze~ ar unda

dagvaviwydes Semdegic: marTalia, saqarTvelo gaerTianda (XIX saukuneSi

ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg), magram ruseTis mflobelobaSi, saqarTvelo

gaTavisuflda mahmadianTa mimZlavrebisagan, magram dakarga Tavisufleba.

qarTveloba da erovnulioba isev safrTxis qveS rCeboda. amjerad, rusu-

li koloniuri politikis gamo.

gamoxatavda ra Tavisi mTavrobis pozicias, lev trockim, saqarTve-

los gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso demokratiis moTxovnebs sit-

yva-sityviT ase upasuxa: ,,Cven ganzraxuli ar gvaqvs davtovoT saqarTve-

lo, magram Tu iseTi situacia Seiqmna, rom Cven unda davtovoT igi, maSin,

sanam davtovebT mas, ise gavijaxunebT kars, rom saqarTvelodan araferi,

erTi aguric ki aRar darCeba“-o (116,#15). aseTia ruseTis dRevandeli gan-

wyobac. ruseTi iyo da dRemde rCeba saqarTvelosaTvis mezobel saxelmwi-

foTa Soris erTaderT agresorad. igi 1991 w-dan moyolebuli dRemde, yve-

lafers akeTebs imisaTvis, raTa saqarTvelo ar ganviTardes, ar gadaiq-

ces Tanamedrove evropuli tipis saxelmwifod da kvlavac iyos ekonomi-

kurad ise dabeCavebuli, rom yovelTvis ruseTs Sehyurebdes. ruseTi je-

rac suslovisa da mis msgavs imperialistTa principebiT moqmedebs: `...b-

rZola unda daviwyoT afxazeTidan. afxazeTis gamoyenebiT samegrelos,

svaneTs, aWarasa da sxva kuTxeebs unda mivceT damoukidebloba. maTSi

cal-calke unda gavaRvivoT kuTxuri erovnuli grZnoba. dasavleT saqar-

Tvelo unda davupirispiroT aRmosavleTs, amis Semdeg maT Soris momrige-

- 204 -

blis roli unda SevasruloT“(162,33) – gegmavda sabWoTa imperiis poli-

tikuri xelmZRvaneloba XX s-is 70-80-ian wlebSi. `komunisturi partia

ruseTis weboa, sanam es webo Tavis Zalas, Tvisebas dahkargavdes, manamde

unda avamuSaoT ruseTis gadarCenis gegma, romelic sxvadasxva respubli-

kaSi sxvadasxvanairi iqneba... paralelurad qarTvelebi mecnierulad unda

davarwmunoT, rom sxvadasxva qveynebidan Camosaxlebulni, sxvadasxva eris

warmomadgenlebi arian, rac maTi saqarTvelodan gaZevebis uflebas mogv-

cems“ (162,33) – ai, aseTi mzakvruli Canafiqri amoZravebda suslovs.* mar-

Tlac, imperiis rRvevis sawyis etapzeve amoqmedda es gegma da dResac Za-

laSi rCeba. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevis, afxazeTi-

sa da e.w. samxreT oseTis saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan gamosvlisa da

ruseTisTvis mierTebis mcdelobis erTaderTi organizatori ruseTia;

ruseTis mcdelobiT, saqarTvelos dResac emuqreba: pirdapiri in-

tervencia da agresia; sagreo – ekonomikuri da satransporto blokada;

sainformacio da propagandistuli omis warmoeba saqarTvelos saerTaSo-

riso ,,avtoritetis~ SelaxvisaTvis. mdidari istoriuli gamocdileba

mowmobs, rom ,,politikuri saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi arasakmarisia xe-

lisuflebis, misi siRrmiseuli struqturebisa da organizaciebis bune-

bis Sesacvlelad... komunizmis kraxis Semdgomi wlebis, ,,damcirebis wle-

bis~ gadatanis Semdeg, ruseTi, romelic sabWoTa (xolo istoriulad me-

fis) imperiis samarTalmemkvidrea, ukve Riad acxadebs sakuTari imperiu-

li ambiciebis Sesaxeb“ (112,89). sruliad naTelia, rom dRes kavkasiaSi mim-

dinareobs brZola gavlenisaTvis. ruseTma SesaniSnavad icis, rom kavkasi-

is dakargva misTvis, rogorc didi saxelmwifosTvis, did samxedro-poli-

tikur marcxs niSnavs. metic, kavkasiis dakargva misi teritoriuli saz-

Rvrebis gadasinjvas niSnavs, riTac daiwyeba imperiis daSlis bolo eta-

pi: I etapi _ e.w. ,,socialisturi banakis daSla, II _ ssr kavSiris daSla,

III _ ruseTis federaciis daSla. aq SeuZlebelia ar gagaxsendes ilia Wav-

WavaZis winaswarmetyveluri sityvebi saukunis winandeli ruseTis Sesaxeb:

,,ruseTi erTi imisTana saxelmwifoa, saca sxvadasxva tomisa da enis erni

scxovroben... amitomac erTs udidess sapolitiko sagans ruseTisas Sead-

gens jer is, rom sxvadasxva tomis erni rogor unda moewyon SinaobaSi sa-

TiTaod, da mere _ rogor unda moTavsdnen saxelmwifosTan. didi xania

- 205 -

mosalodneli iyo rom dResa Tu xvale es friad rTuli da mZime sagani

mTelis Tavisis sigrZiTa da siganiT win aeyudeboda ruseTs... ruseTs ara

hqonda da arc dReis aqamomde aqvs gamorkveuli da dadgenili dedaazri

maszed, _ Tu sad Tavdeba ufleba erovnobisa da sad iwyeba saxelmwifo-

si“(188,V,211-12). ilias naTqvami savsebiT Seesabameba Tanamedrove ruseTis

istoriul realobas.

Cven SevecadeT, zogad istoriul WrilSi, konkretuli magaliTebiT

warmogveCina ruseTis damokidebulebis xasiaTi saqarTvelos mimarT XVs-

dan dRemde, raTa Teoriulad gagvemyarebina Semdegi daskvna: sxvadasxva ep-

oqaSi rusuli politikis arsi igiveobrivia, misi imperiuli buneba ki uc-

vleli rCeba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. TviT imperiis Seqmnamdec ki (XVIII s-

is dasawyisamde) imperiul suliskveTebas avlendnen rusi mTavrebi da me-

feebi. m. samsonaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT: `monRolTa samsaukunovani ba-

tonobisagan Tavdaxsnil rusul eTnoss memkvidreobis msgavsad gamohyva...

msoflio batonobisadmi dauokebeli miswrafeba~(151,14). xolo imperiis

siZlieresa da mdgradobas gansazRvravda `saxelmwifos unitaruli xasia-

Ti, despotizmi, mkacri centralizacia da samxedro Zala~ (209,508).

ise rom, rusuli imperializmis arsi mdgomareobs permanentul eq-

spansiaSi mezobel saxelmwifoTa teritoriis mimarT. mahmadianuri qveyne-

bis mimZlavrebisagan Tavdaxsnili saqarTvelo 1801 wlidan axali saSiS-

roebis winaSe aRmoCnda. qarTveloba da erovnuloba kvlav safrTxis qveS

rCeboda, amjerad rusuli imperiuli da koloniuri politikis gamo.

Tanamedrove, XXI s-is saqarTveloc igive problemebis winaSe dgas

_ dResac iseve mwvaved dgas qveynis winaSe sagareo orientaciis gansaz-

Rvris sakiTxi, rogori simZafriTac igi daisva XVIII s-is bolos. saqar-

Tvelos Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobis gamo, odiTganve gansakuTrebul

geopolitikur garemo-პirobebSi uxdeboda Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi da sa-

zogadoebriv-ekonomikuri ganviTareba. es, erTis mxriv, pozitiur rols

TamaSobda qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi, mis saerTo politikur da socia-

lur-ekonomikur progresSi, magram meores mxriv, ganapirobebda didi impe-

riuli saxelmwifoebis ganuwyvetel zewolas _ Tavisi samxedro-politi-

kuri gavlenisTvis daemorCilebinaT evropa-aziis SemaerTebeli es stra-

- 206 -

tegiuli regioni. aqedan gamomdinare, qveynis politikur mesveurTa mud-

miv sazrunavsa da amocanas warmoadgenda, erTis mxriv, sxva qveynebTan da

xalxebTan mWidro ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTkavSiris ganvi-

TarebisaTvis xelSewyoba da meore mxriv, ganuwyveteli imperiuli agre-

siis mogerieba. qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis 3000 wlovani istoria sav-

sea rogorc erTi, ise meore magaliTebiT. rogorc iv. javaxiSvili SeniS-

navda, Cveni valia, mxedvelobidan ar gamogvrCes geopolitikis es orgva-

ri mniSvneloba qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebisaTvis. marTlac, ,,saqarTve-

los geografiuli mdgomareoba (iseve, rogorc misi wiaRiseuli simdid-

re), warmoadgens yvelaze did xifaTs da dabrkolebas am qveynis damouki-

deblobis gzaze“ (84,8). magram TanamedroveobaSi swored misi unikaluri

adgilmdebareoba unda gaxdes saqarTvelosa da saerTod kavkasiis Tavi-

suflebisa da damukideblobis mizezi. es kargad esmoda yovel moazrovne

adamians, evropelsac da qarTvelsac. dResac, sicocxlisunariani da Ta-

nadroulia frangi remon diuges naazrevi: ,,or zRvas Sua mdebare, aRmosa-

vleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli kavkasiis yeli cxadad gamoxatul ge-

ografiul erTianobas warmoadgens. amasTan erTad, mas ekonomikuri erTi-

anobac aqvs... arc ekonomikuri da arc finansuri TvalsazrisiT kavkasia ar

ukavSirdeba ruseTs. amdenad misi ruseTTan mierTeba uazroa. daaxloebiT

12 milioni macxovrebliT kavkasia Seqmnida Zlier, suverenul saxelmwi-

fos, romlis aucilebloba ukve igrZnoba axlo aRmosavleTSi... am saxelm-

wifos bunebrivi simdidre did imedebs aRuZravs msoflio ekonomikas“-

(84,27). aseTive xedva hqonda qarTvel noe ramiSvilsac gare samyarosaTvis

saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis damoukideblobis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb: ,,sa-

qarTvelosa da saerTod kavkasiis damoukidebloba msoflios ekonomiku-

ri ganviTarebis iaraRia, xolo ruseTis batonoba kavkasiaSi, piriqiT, mo-

winave qveynebis gzis gadaRobvaa~(144,25). saqarTvelo iyo da aris evropa-

aziis damakavSirebeli xidi. am xidis gadaketva da saqarTvelos xelovnu-

rad mowyveta garesamyarosTan iwvevda da dResac iwvevs mezobeli qveyne-

bis protests. ase moxda XVs-Si, roca Turqebma gadaketes aziasTan (saqar-

TvelosTan) damakavSirebeli gzebi; ase moxda XX s-is dasawyisSi, roca

bolSevikurma ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos aneqsia. ase xdeba dResac _

ruseTis eqspansiuri politika saqarTveloSi (kavkasiaSi) iwvevs amjerad,

- 207 -

ara mxolod evropis, aramed Zlieri politikur-ekonomikuri potencialis

mqone amerikis protests. Tu winare saukuneebSi protesti protestad

darCa da praqtikuli nabijebi ar gadadgmula, dResdReobiT sxva poli-

tikuri suraTi gvaqvs. dRes saqarTvelos damoukideblobis garants swo-

red didi qveynebis, pirvel rigSi aSS-s ideologiur-politikuri da sam-

xedro-ekonomikuri mxardaWera warmoadgens. kavkasiaSi ikveTeba da momava-

lSi kidev didi intensivobiT gadaikveTeba msoflios didi qveynebis

samxedro-politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi. strategiul interesTa

es gadajaWva moiTxovs gansakuTrebul sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas

sagareo orientiris gansazRvrisas. Tu gvinda, rom XXI s-is saqarTvelo-

mac igive bedi ar gaiziaros, rogoric 1918-21 ww-is saqarTvelos xvda wi-

lad.

saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mizania sasikeTod gamoiyenos Ta-

visi geopolitikuri upiratesobani, maqsimalurad CaerTos regionaluri

da globaluri integraciis procesebSi, raTa kavkasiis regioni iqces ga-

xsnil sivrced garesamyarosaTvis, Tavisufal (Ria) savaWro-ekonomikur

zonad da am gziT daibrunos Tvisi Tavdapirveli daniSnuleba, _ rogorc

erTmTlianma politikur-ekonomiurma da strategiulma obieqtma. esaa sa-

qarTvelos sagareo politikis ZiriTadi amocana dRes. am gzaze gadis mi-

si saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofac. saqarTvelos wa-

rsuli istoriis tragikulma gakveTilebma dRes mainc unda gvaswavlos

swori politikis SemuSaveba da qveynisaTvis axali tragediebis Tavidan

acileba. აmdenad, sagareo kursis sworad gansazRvra, misi marTebulad

warmarTva aucilebeli pirobaa damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad.

- 208 -

daskvna

1. sagareo orientaciis gansazRvris sakiTxi yovelTvis aqtualuri

iyo, da xSirad gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisac, mtrebiT garemoculi iseTi pa-

tara qveynisaTvis rogoric saqarTveloa. aqtualuria es sakiTxi Tanamed-

roveobaSic, TiTqosda, igi maradiuli da Tanmdevi problemaa unikaluri

adgilmdebareobis _ or mkveTrad gansxvaveul, azia-evropul, samyaros So-

ris mdebare saqarTvelosaTvis.

2. bizantiis dacemis Semdeg, mahmadianur garemocvaSi moxvedrili

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi, cdilobdnen am rkalis garRvevas da am miz-

niT, ukavSirdebodnen Crdiloel mezobels. fiqrobdnen ra, rom igi dai-

cavda gansacdelSi Cavardnil erTmorwmune qveyanas.

3. bolo 500 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos sxvadasxva epoqis xelisu-

flebas xSirad abnevda is garemoeba, rom Cveni Crdiloeli mezobeli ruse-

Ti marTlmadidebelia da araswori daskvnebis gamotanisken ubiZgebda.

4. XV-XVIII ss-Si ruseTi ZiriTadad diplomatiur eqspansias mimar-

Tavda kavkasiaSi, XVIII s-dan ki diplomatiuri eqspansia gadaizarda poli-

tikur eqspansiaSi.

5. saqarTvelo ruseTTan iTxovda samxedro-politikur kavSirsa da

ara e.w „samudamo mfarvelobas“, rac rusuli imperializmis enaze faqti-

urad dapyrobas niSnavda. erTmorwmune ruseTi saqarTvelos moevlina ara

rogorc mfarveli da patroni aramed, rogorc mrisxane (mkacri) batoni.

6. ruseTze orientiri udavod swori iyo, magram taqtika - mcdari-

mkveTri politikuri nabijebis gadadgma da calsaxad masze gezis aReba

mizanSewonili ar iyo.

7. sarwmunoebrivi principiT xelmZRvaneloba politikaSi politi-

kur umwifrobad da gulubryvilobad unda CaiTvalos. religiur dogmebze

agebuli politikis uaryofiTi Sedegebi araerTxel mwared igema qarTu-

lma politikurma erTeulebma.

8. Mme-18 saukune erT-erTi urTulesi xanaa saqarTvelos istoriaSi.

igi ormagi winaaRmdegobrivi da rTuli xasiaTiT gamoirCeva. es iyo gaer-

Tianeba-aRmSeneblobis da imavdroulad rRvevisa da dacemis epoqa. raRa

Tqma unda, aq gadamwyveti roli gareSe faqtorma iTamaSa. TviTmpyrobeli

- 209 -

ruseTi kavkasias moadga da misma imperiulma ambiciurobam kavkasiis damo-

ukideli ganviTarebis xazi gadaWra.

9. XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis miwuruls qarTl-kaxeTis samefo Rrma

politikur krizisul mdgomareobaSi Sedis, rac logikuri Sedegi iyo ara

marto Seqmnili rTuli sagareo situaciisa, aramed mmarTveli wris araswo-

ri politikisac. 1783 w-is georgievskis traqtatma - sagareo orientaciis

cvlilebam sparseTidan ruseTze - mdgomareoba gaumjobesebis magier mkveT-

rad gaauaresa. aRmavlobis gziT mimavali qarTl-kaxeTis samefo fizikuri

dauZlurebisa da ekonomikuri gaCanagebis gziT wavida. faqtiurad, traqta-

ti mosamzadebeli etapi aRmoCnda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dasamxobad.

10. traqtati ufro samomavlod dadebuli xelSekruleba aRmoCnda,

vidre arsebuli konkretuli situaciidan gamosasvleli saSualeba. es xe-

lSekruleba ise dairRva, rom arc Sesrulebula. misi Sedegebi, misma Se-

momqmedebma dagvianebiT ,,miiRes“, maSin, roca arc TviTon da arc maTi STa-

momavalni istoriis asparezze karga xania ukve aRar arsebobdnen; da rac

mTavaria, miiRes sul sxva formiT da sxva saxiT: saqarTvelo dacul iqna

mahmadianTagan, magram TviTon axali dampyroblis xelSi aRmoCnda; saqar-

Tvelo gaerTianda, magram ara bagrationTa skiptris qveS, aramed ruseTis

imperiis mflobelobaSi. yovelive es `sikeTeni“ miRweul iqna Tavisufle-

bis dakargvis xarjze. ra Tqma unda, aseT ,,aRdgoma-gamoxsnaze“ ar ocnebo-

bdnen Cveni winaprebi _ am politikis Semoqmedni; es iyo qarTuli saxel-

mwifos udidesi marcxi.

11. qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi ruseTze orientacias imTaviTve hyavda

mowinaaRmdege dasic, romelic XVIII s-is II nexevris saqarTvelos politi-

kuri mdgomareobis gauaresebas ruseTze orientiris nayofad Tvlida.

xsnas isini qveynis gaerTianebas, Sinagan Zalebze dayrdnobasa da yovel-

mxriv mojaruli mtris mimarT manevrirebadi sagareo politikis warmoeba-

Si xedavdnen.

12. XVIII s-is II nexevarSi saqarTvelos gaerTianeba Semzadebul iqna

aramarto ideurad, aramed igi xorcs isxamda praqtikuladac. erekle II-is

da solomon I-is moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi aRmosavleT da dasavleT

saqarTvelo ZiriTadad ukve gaerTianda cal-calke am ukanasknelTa Zala-

- 210 -

uflebis qveS. saWiro iyo, orive samefos SeerTebaRa da am niadagze ga-

erTianebuli saqarTvelos aRdgena.

13. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis realurad xelsayreli viTareba

Seiqmna umemkvidreo imereTis mefis solomon I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg

1784 wels. man sicocxleSive memkvidred gamoacxada Tavisi Zmis arCilis

vaJi - daviTi, romelic imavdroulad qarTl-kaxeTis mefis erekle II-is

SviliSvilic iyo. erekle II-m ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenlis burna-

Sevis zegavleniT SviliSvilis kuTvnili taxti solomon I-is biZaSvils

daviT giorgis Zes dauTmo.

14. ruseTis mTavrobam am SeTanxmebiT ormag mizans miaRwia - saqar-

Tvelos gaerTianebisaken mimavali gzac gadaketa da imavdroulad ruse-

Tis mokavSire qarTl-kaxeTis mefis imereTis saqmeebSi CaurevlobiT uz-

runvelyo Tavi TurqeTis mxridan SesaZlo agresiisagan. am ukanasknels

xom jer aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ruseTis mfarvelobaSi ayvanac ver moe-

nelebina da omis muqariT traqtatis gauqmebas moiTxovda. marTalia, da-

gegmili iyo traqtatSi imereTis samefos CarTvac, magram, imJamad, ruseTis

mTavrobam Tavi Seikava da saamisod realurad xelsayrel moments da-

eloda.

15. 80-iani wlebis miwuruls imereTis samefoSi Sinaareulobis mosas-

pobad dasavleT saqarTvelos mowinave wreSi Caisaxa idea qarTl-kaxeTTan

imereTis SeerTebisa. 1789 wels imereTis feodaluri aristokratiis warmo-

madgenlebi delaegaciis saxiT gamocxaddnen erekle mefis karze – imere-

Tis samefos qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan SeerTebis moTxovniT.

16. erekle II-m imereTis uSualod SemoerTebaze uari Tqva da gae-

rTianebis sakiTxi imiT moagvara, rom imereTis taxtze Tvisi SviliSvilis

dasmis gadawyvetileba miiRo. 1790 wels qarTl-kaxeTis 4000-iani jaris dax-

marebiT imereTis samefo taxtidan gadaagdes daviT giorgis Ze da mefed

dasves daviT arCilis Ze (solomon II). erekle mefis gaerTianebaze uaris

Tqma ruseTis mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa rCevis Sedegic iyo. saqarTve-

los gaerTianebis CaSla erekle II-is udidesi da sabediswero Secdoma

iyo, romelsac Sorsmimavali Sedegebi mohyva - aman daaCqara qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos, da ara marto qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, politikuri kraxi.

- 211 -

17. marTalia, rTuli iyo saqarTvelos mdgomareoba iseTi agresore-

bis xelSi, rogoric irani da TurqeTi iyo, magram saqme imaSia, rom ruse-

TTan dakavSirebam ki ar gaaumjobesa saqarTvelos mdgomareoba, aramed

kidev ufro gaauaresa. ramdenadac ruseTis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi udi-

desi saSiSroebis winaSe ayenebda irans, TurqeTs da mTeli kavkasiis mahma-

dianebs, aRniSnulma faqtma warmoudgeneli reaqcia gamoiwvia am ukanasknel-

Ta mxridan. isini erTianad aRdgnen saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da miznad

daisaxes qarTveli eris mTlianad aRmofxvra, raTa moespoT ruseTisaTvis

kavkasiaSi damkvidrebis SesaZlebloba. xolo ruseTs ara Tu raime daxma-

reba gauwevia saqarTvelosTvis, igi, piriqiT, TviTonve abamda xolme saqar-

Tvelos Tavis avntiuristul gegmebSi da iyenebda mas TurqeTisa da ira-

nis winaaRmdeg brma iaraRad sakuTari interesebisaTvis.

18. 1801 w-is manifestiT carizmma ganaxorciela saqarTvelos ruseT-

Tan TviTneburi mierTeba, riTac TviTve daarRvia 1783 wlis ruseT-saqar-

Tvelos xelSekruleba, mospo misi saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti da ga-

naxorciela saqarTvelos sruli aneqsia. rogorc vnaxeT, igi didi xnis wi-

naT namzadebi aqti iyo, romliskenac Tavisi cbieri politikiT nabij-nabij

mihyavda saqarTvelo ruseTis imperias.

19. ruseTis saimperatoro karma zedmiwevniT zustad gaanaliza saqa-

rTvelos dapyrobisaTvis brZolaSi sparseTis Sahebisa da osmaleTis sul-

Tnebis mier daSvebuli Secdomebi. samefo xelisuflebisa da eklesiis

avtokefaliis gauqmebiT ruseTma mtkice safuZveli Seuqmna koloniur po-

litikas. marTalia, saqarTvelom barbarosul-mahmadianur garemos Tavi da-

aRwia, magram amjerad, feodalurad CamorCenil da samxedro-despoturi

saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebaSi aRmoCnda. saqarTvelo aRmosavleT evropis

Caketil sivrceSi moeqca da misi `evropeizaciis~ xarisxic TviT ruseTis

`evropeizaciaze~ aRmoCnda damokidebuli.

20. samwuxarod, sxvadasxva epoqaSi rusuli politikis arsi igiveob-

rivia, misi imperiuli buneba ucvleli rCeba saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi. ru-

suli imperializmis arsi mdgomareobs permanentul eqspansiaSi mezobel

saxelmwifoTa teritoriis mimarT.

- 212 -

mokle biografiuli cnobari

V-e Tavis meore paragrafisaTvis

1. varlam qsnis erisTavi daviTis Ze (1763/8-1830) – saqarTvelos egzarqosi

1811-1814ww-Si. 1801-08 ww-Si iyo ruseTis sinodis wevri. 1811w.s anton II-is

ruseTSi gawvevis Semdeg dainiSna aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis

mmarTvelad; varlami jer gaxda saqarTvelos egzarqosi da masTan mit-

ropoliti, Semdeg 1814w-s saqarTvelo-imereTis egzarqosi. Semdeg igi

Teofilaqte rusanoviT Secvales. 1817 w-s varlami peterburgSi gaiwvi-

es sinodSi, sadac 1825w-mde darCa. 1825-1830ww-Si ganagebda moskovis dani-

elis monasters (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, red-ri ir. abaSiZe, t.

4, gv. 304, Tb., 1979).

2. vandervelde emil (1866-1936) – belgiis politikuri moRvawe, memarjvene

socialisti, II internacionalis erT-erTi lideri, ganaTlebiT iuris-

ti, polit-ekonomiis profesori bruiselis universitetSi (1924); belgi-

is socialisturi partiis wevri daarsebidanve (1885); 1900 w-dan II inter-

nacionalis saerTaSoriso socialisturi biuros Tavmjdomare. 1914-1937

ww-Si ekava sagareo saqmeTa ministris, iusticiis ministrisa da sxva po-

stebi (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 4, gv. 290, Tb., 1979).

3. makdonaldi ramzei (1866-1937) – didi britaneTis saxelmwifo da poli-

tikuri moRvawe, leiboristuli partiis erT-erTi lideri, 1924 da 1929-

31 ww-Si leiboristuli mTavrobebis premier-ministria. 1924w-is Teber-

valSi makdonaldis mTavrobam iuridiulad cno sabWoTa mTavroba, xo-

lo 1929w-s diplomatiuri urTierToba aRadgina ssr kavSirTan (qarTu-

li sabWoTa enciklopedia, t. 6, gv. 371, Tb., 1983).

4. radeki karl (1885-1939) – sabWoTa politikuri moRvawe, saerTaSoriso

social-demokratiuli moZraobis moRvawe, 1919-24 ww-Si ruseTis komu-

nisturi partiis (b) centraluri komitetis wevri. 1927 w-s komunisturi

partiis XV yrilobaze garicxes partiidan rogorc trockistuli opo-

ziciis aqtiuri moRvawe. 1828-29 ww-Si imyofeboda gadasaxlebaSi ro-

gorc opozicioneri. 1929w-s aRadgines partiaSi. 1936 w-s daapatimres da

10 wlis patimroba miusajes. 1939 w-s mokluli iqna cixeSi («Россия XX

веке», под редакцией акакдемика А.Н.Яковлева; стр. 450-51, М., 2000).

- 213 -

5. rtiSCevi nikoloz Tevdores Ze (1754-1835) _ generali,saqarTvelos mTa-

varmmarTebeli 1812-1817 ww-Si. 1811 w-s dainiSna saqarTvelos mTavarmmar-

Teblad. 1804-13w-is ruseT-iranis omis dasasruls ruseTis saxeliT xe-

li moawera gulistanis zavs. 1816 w-s Tavisi Txovnis safuZvelze gaan-

Tavisufles, gadadga, magram 1817w-mde marTavda mxares misi Semcvlelis

a. p. ermolovis mosvlamde. («Русскый биографическый словарь», изд. Русским

историческим обществом, стр. 233-34, Петроград., 1918).

6. suslovi mixeil andrias Ze (1902-1982) – komunisturi partiisa da sabWo-

Ta saxelmwifo moRvawe, orgzis socialisturi Sromis gmiri (1962, 1972).

skkp wevri 1921 w-dan. aqtiurad ibrZoda trockistul – zinovievuri an-

tipartiuli blokisa da sak.kp (b)-Si memarjvene gadaxris winaaRmdeg. 19-

46 w-dan muSaobda partiis ck-is aparatSi, 1947 w-dan iyo ck-is mdivani,

imavdroulad (1949-50) _ gaz. ,,pravdis“ mTavari redaqtori, 1950 w-dan

iyo ssrk. umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumis wevri, 1954 w-dan – kavSiris sab-

Wos ucxoeTis saqmeebis komisiis Tavmjdomare. 1955 w-dan skkp ck-is pre-

zidiumis, xolo 1966 w-dan skkp ck-is politbiuros wevri. (qarTuli sab-

WoTa enciklopedia, t. 9, gv. 613-14, Tb., 1985).

7. trocki lev daviTis Ze (1879-1940) – trockizmis fuZemdebeli, saerTaSo-

riso socialisturi moZraobis gamoCenili moRvawe; 1896 w-dan Caeba re-

voluciur moZraobaSi, 1898 w-s daapatimres. 1902 w-s gaiqca sazRvarga-

reT, sadac gaicno lenini, gaxda `iskris“ TanamSromeli. 1917 w-s Sevida

rsdm(b) partiaSi, monawileobda oqtombris gadatrialebis mzadebaSi, as-

eve brest-litovskis sazavo molaparakebaSi. 1918 w-s dainiSna saxalxo

komisrad samxedro da sazRvao saqmeSi. trockim waago Sidapartiuli

brZola: 1925 w-s gaTavisuflebul iqna saxalxo komisris movaleobidan,

1926 w-s gayvanil iqna politbiuros Semadgenlobidan, 1927 w-s garicxes

partiidan, 1932 w-s CamoerTva sabWoTa moqalaqeoba. igi sazRvargareT afa-

rebda Tavs, magram 1940 w-s sabWoTa agenturam stalinis brZanebiT espa-

nel komunists moakvlevina («Кто есть кто в Рооссииской истории» - биографиче-

ский словарь – справочник; А. Шикман. стр. 555-57, М., 2003.

- 214 -

gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis sia

a) wyaroebi

1. Акты собранные Кавказскою Археографическою коммиссиею, под редакцией Ад.

Берже, Тифлис, тип. главного Управления Наместника Кавказскаго,1866-1904 гг.

Т. I-1866; Т. II-1868.

2. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Sida kavkasiuri politikuri da savaWro

urTierTobebi (XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebis bolo - 90-iani wlebis dasa-

wyisi), dokumentebi da masalebi, II nakveTi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademia, masalebi SearCia da gamosacemad moamzada v. gamrekelma Tb.,

mecniereba, 1991.

3. bagrationi daviTi, saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonTmcodneobis

mimoxilva, ap. rogavas redaqciiT da gamokvlevebiT, Tb., saqarTvelos

ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.

4. bagrationi Teimurazi, axali istoria, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,

gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo l. miqiaSvilma, saqarTvelos ssr

mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., mecniereba, 1983.

5. bagrationi ioane, `sjuldeba~ (qarTl-kaxeTis samefos saxelmwifoeb-

rivi reformebis proeqti), teqsti gamosacemad moamzada Sesavali,

leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTo iv. surgulaZem, Tb., Tbilisis sta-

linis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1957.

6. baraTaSvili iese, cxovreba-anderZi, teqsti gamosca SesavliT, SeniSv-

nebiT, leqsikoniT da saZieblebiT a. ioselianma, mski, nakv. 28, Tb., sa-

qarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1950.

7. batoniSvili daviT, axali istoria, bagrat batoniSvili, axali moTx-

roba, T. lomouris gamocema, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis gamomcemloba, 1941.

8. batoniSvili vaxtang, istoriebri aRwera, s. kakabaZis gamocema, tf.,

barTlome kilaZis stamba, 1914.

9. batoniSvili Teimurazi, ,,aRa-mahmad-xanis mier Sepyroba tfilisisa“,

gaz. ,,iveria“ #51-56. Tb. 1891.

- 215 -

10. Берже А. П. Записка статского советника Коваленского о Грузии, ж. ,,Кавказский

календарь“ на 1864 г. Тиф., тип. главнаго Управления Наместника Кавказскаго, 1863.

11. Берже А. П. Присоединение Грузии к России 1799-1831 гг. Историческое исследо-

вание („Русская старина“, кн. V-VI), СПБ., тип. В. С. Балашева, 1880.

12. Бурнашев С. Д. Картина Грузии или описание политическаго состояния царств

Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго, Тиф., тип. И. А. Мартиросианца, 1896.

13. Бурнашев С. Н. Новые материалы для жизнеописания и деиательности С. Д. Бурна-

шева бывшаго в Грузии с 1783 по 1787 г. Под редакцией проф. А.А. Цагарели, СПБ.,

Государственная типография, 1901.

14. Бутков П. Г. Материалы для новой истории Кавказа ч.I-II-III, СПБ., Энфянджя-

нца и комп. 1869.

15. Броссе М. Переписка на инностранных языках грузинских царей с российскими

государями от 1659 по 1770. СПБ., напечатано по распоряжению Императорской

Академии наук, 1861.

16. giuldenStedti i. a. mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, Targmani g. gelaSvi-

lisa, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb arsebuli ucxouri wyaroebis komisia, t.

I, Tb., saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1962;

17.de grai de fuaს cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, frangulidan Targmna,

Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo j. odiSelma, saqarTvel-

os ssr mecnierebaTa akademia, saqarTvelos istoriis ucxouri wyaro-

ebi, Tb., mecniereba, 1985.

18. doliZe i. qarTuli samarTlis'Zeglebi (X-XIXss.), t. II, Tb., mecniere-

ba, 1965.

19. Джевдет-паша, описание собитий в Грузии и Черкесии по отношению к Османской

империи от 1192 года по 1202 г хиджры (1775-1784), «Русский архив», т. I, М. 1888.

20. Дубровин Н. Георгий XII последний царь Грузии и присоединение её к России,

СПБ., типография Д. В. Чичинадзе, 1897.

21. Дубровин Н. История войны и владычества Русских на Кавказе, т. II, СПБ., ти-

пография И. Н. Скороходова, 1886.

22. Дубровин Н. Тысяча восемьсот второй год в Грузии, СПБ., тип. М.М. Стасюлеви-

ча, 1894.

- 216 -

23. erekle II-is mier gacemuli sabuTebi, 1736-1797 ww. avtor-Semdgeneli

manana WumburiZe, sabuTebis momzadeba da anotireba nino TarxniSvi-

li, wigni gamosacemad moamzada giorgi sofromaZem. saqarTvelos iu-

sticiis saministro, erovnuli arqivi; Tb., tori plusi, 2008.

24. TayaiSvili e. saqarTvelos siZveleni, gamocema meore, tomi I, 1920 w,

tomi III, Tb., saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis

gamocema, 1910.

25. ioseliani avT. dokumentebi ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTi-

erTobis istoriidan, saistorio moambe, №2, Tb., ssr Sss saarqivo sam-

marTvelos gamomcemloba, 1946.

26. batoniSvili daviT, axali istoria, bagrat batoniSvili, axali moT-

xroba, Tb., sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1978.

27. Исторический очерк; Кавказская война, их начало до присоединении Грузии, под

редакцией генерал-майора Потто, ТФ., издание военно-историческаго отдела, 1899.

28. kandelaki d. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis sakiTxebi germanul

wyaroebSi, Tb., universali, 2003.

29. `karmelitebis qronika~ saqarTveloze (XVII-XVIII ss.), Sesavali, Tar-

gmani da komentarebi qeTevan pavliaSvilisa, redaqtori o. Jordania,

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tb.,

irmisa, 1999.

30. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis Sekrebili batoniSvilebis da-

viT giorgis Zisa da mis Zmebisa (1744-1840), m. janaSvilis redaqtoro-

biT, tf., gamomc. qarT. amxanagobisa, 1905.

31. maWaraZe v. georgievskis traqtati, gamokvleva dokumentebi, fotopi-

rebi, Tb., xelovneba, 1983.

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Русских взаимоотношений 60-70-е гг. XVIII века, Тб., Сабчота Сакартвело, 1989.

33. maWaraZe v. masalebi XVIII s-is II naxevris ruseT-saqarTvelos urTi-

erTobis istoriisaTvis, naw. II, Tb., 1968; naw. III, nkv. I, Tb., 1988; naw. III,

nkv. II, Tb., Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997.

34. mumin ildizTaSi, saqarTvelo da qarTvelebi osmalur saarqivo do-

kumentebSi, mTargmnelebi: g. guniava, i. arTmelaZe, stambuli, saqar-

TvelosTan megobrobis asociacia, 2012.

- 217 -

35. orbeliani al. sityva mamulis trapeszed, Semdgeneli n. vaxania, Tb.,

lomisi, 1999.

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1990.

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saarqivo masalebi

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri

fondebi:

1.1 H: #1496; daviT bagrationis fondi;

1.2 S: #1646 al. orbelianis fondi;

1.3 #5 s. lioniZis fondi

1.4 Sd #2272 werili #9; #10; #13; #18; #24 p. potiomkinis mier

erekle mefisadmi gamogzavnili werilebi;

1.5 Sd #2140 ganwesebani mefis iraklisa 1791 w;

1.6 Hd #1335 iverielTa erTobis traqtati 1790 w;

1.7 #28 p. ioselianis fondi;

1.8 H #2196 f. 45 ioane batoniSvilis `sjuldeba~.

centraluri saistorio arqivi

1.9 p. karbelaSvilis fondi # 1461

saqme #16, #31, # 47 _ ubis wignaki # 80

1.10 g. WavWavaZis fondi #1449 aRw. I, saqme #2874

disertaciebi

D.1 maWaraZe giorgi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos urTierToba azerbaijanis

saxanoebTan XVIII s-is II naxevarSi (D 5698 - sakandidato, 1984).

D.2 Wubabria rusudani, somxuri wyaroebi aRa-mahmad-xanis mier 1795 w-

is 11 seqtembers Tbilisis aoxrebasTan dakavSirebiT (d 370/4 _ saka-

ndidato, 1994.

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s a r C e v i

Sesavali -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

wyaroebi da istoriografia ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

I Tavi. sagareo urTierTobaTa ZiriTadi Strixebi saqarTvelos daS-

lidan XVIII s-is II nax-mde ------------------------------------------------------------- 27

$.1. sagareo orientaciis problemebi XV s-dan XVIII s-is I naxe-

vramde ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27

$.2. sagareo orientiri vaxtang VI-is politikaSi; Teimuraz II-

isa da erekle II-is mefobis dasawyisi -------------------------------------- 43

II Tavi. ruseT-TurqeTis omi da saqarTvelo -------------------------------------------- 60

III Tavi. georgievskis traqtati da misi Sedegebi-------------------------------------- 85

$.1. saerTaSoriso viTareba traqtatis dadebamde------------------------- 85

$.2. georgievskis traqtatis gaformeba ------------------------------------------- 104

$.3. traqtatis Sedegebi---------------------------------------------------------------------- 121

IV Tavi. saqarTvelos gaerTianebis sakiTxi XVIII s-is 80-iani wlebis

miwuruls---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 136

V Tavi. krwanisis tragedia da 1801 w-is manifesti, rusuli imperiali-

zmi saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi----------------------------------------------------- 160

$1. krwanisis tragedia da 1801 w-is manifesti------------------------------ 160

$.2. rusuli imperializmis arsi da misi gamovlineba saqarTve-

losTan mimarTebaSi ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 199

daskvna------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 208

mokle biografiuli cnobari V Tavis meore paragrafisaTvis---------------- 212

gamoyenebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis sia ----------------------------------------- 214

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qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi...

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