PV penetration in grids - issues and trends (from the ... › download › files ›...

IEA INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS PROGRAMME

Session 3: PV and Utilities -PVPS global experience and trends

Session 3a: PV as a reliable and environmental friendly electricity source:

Grid integration, PV performance and environmental aspects.

PV penetration in grids - issues and trends

(from the studies of Task 14)

Kazuhiko Ogimoto

(PVPS Task 14, The University of Tokyo, Japan)

ASEAN POWER WEEK

Workshop on PV and Utilities in

the context of the ASEAN Power

Week in Bangkok



IEA PVPS Task 14

High Penetration PV in Electricity Grids

• Contents

– Back ground

– Overview IEA PVPS Task 14

– Work plan

– Update on Progress

– Dissemination

– Status of participation

– Key matters for ExCo

– Challenges



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



(Quelle

: E

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,

2012 fig

ure

s

• End 2014: around 177 GW installed worldwide (PVPS annual report )

• PV penetration levels growing worldwide

DEU ~38 GW

CHN ~28 GW (+10 in 2014!)

ITA ~19 GW

JAP ~23 GW (+10 in 2014)

USA ~18 GW

High Penetration of PV in Electricity Grids

A global trend



From “local high penetration” to “RES dominated” bulk power systems

• Partial solar eclipse on March 20, 2015

• Concerns in Germany on stability of overall system

• Uncertainty and Variability will continue to grow as critical issues

High Penetration of PV in EuropeP

V p

ow

er

[GW

] Clear sky

Cloudy

PV power [GW]

Forecast (worst cases) Actual PV power generation

Source: TRANSNET BW



As a results of high feed-in tariff since July 2012 in Japan, PV has penetrates

into 10 balancing areas, especially in remote areas where land price is lower.

Now, the Kyushu power system with PV penetration and limited interconnection

is one of the systems with severest operation conditions under RE penetration.

High Penetration of PV in Japan

One-day Dispatch in Kyushu in May with lowest power demand and highest PV generation.

(8GW PV in 15 GW annual peak load, Source: Material of Power System working Group (2014))

Nuclear

PV curtailmentOf 2.09GW

Pump-up

Hydro

Geothermal

Pumping & Export of 2.32GWDemand (7.88GW)

Thermal

PV integration of 6.22GW

Peak load

of 9.21GW

Base Supply

of 6.07GW

Demand

Thermal

Pump-up

P-gen

Thermal for LFC



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



Task 14: Overall objectives of this

international collaboration

• Promote the use of grid connected PV as an important source in electric power systems also on a high penetration level where additional efforts may be necessary to integrate the dispersed generators in an optimum manner.

• Develop and verify mainly technical requirements for PV and electric power systems to allow for high penetrations of PV systems interconnected with the grid

• Discuss the active role of PV systems related to energy management and system control of electricity grids

• Reduce the technical barriers to achieve high penetration levels of distributed renewable energy systems on the electric power system



Task 14: Overall objectives of this

international collaboration

• Discuss the market implications of technical solutions for the integration of PV at high penetration levels

• Discuss and develop new solutions for operation and grid planning for High PV Penetration scenarios

• Re-think existing rules-of-thumb and practices with respect to their validity with high-penetration PV

• Discuss the opportunities for PV to provide advanced grid support services for local as well as system wide use.

• Discuss the possible role of PV in a future Smart Grid



• Support PV integration on high penetration levels by

► access to more transparent technical analyses

► guidelines and best practices for industry, network operators, energy

planners as well as authorities in the energy business

► comprehensive international studies for high penetration PV

• Develop key methodologies for large scale PV integration

► PV Power Forecast

► Active management and control of grid integrated PV

► Grid interconnection studies and planning

► Technical standards and interconnection requirements

• Active dissemination of objective and neutral high-quality information

► Task 14 Reports

► Task 14 Workshops

► National information networks of Task 14 members

IEA PVPS Task 14:

Outcomes



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



IEA PVPS Task 14 (2014 - 2018)

Organization and structure

• Cross Cutting Subtask (NEW): Market

implications with High PV Penetration

• Subtask 1(extended): Energy management with

high PV penetration: Switzerland

• Subtask 2 (extended): High penetration in local

distribution grids: Germany

• Subtask 3 (extended): High penetration solutions

for central PV generation scenarios: Japan

• Subtask 4 (extended): Smart power converters for

high penetration PV and Smart Grids: Austria

• Subtask 5 (NEW): Communication and Control for

high penetration of PV: Singapore & Germany



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



Task 14 – Previous Meetings

• 10th experts meeting Kyoto, Japan, November 2014

• 8th experts meeting Sydney, Australia, November 2013

• 9th experts meeting Geneva, Switzerland, April 2014

• Informal experts meeting, Amsterdam, September 2014



Monitoring and prediction tools

(Subtask 1, CHE) Figures revised

Monitoring and prediction tools to anticipate the shift in local grid

• Achievementso Questionnaire “Use of solar and PV

forecasts for enhanced PV integration” filled in by 14 organizations

o Forecasting methods for different forecast horizons

o Point forecasts and area forecasts

o Forecast accuracy

• Deliverableo D 1.1: joined Report with activity 3.1 “PV and

solar forecasting : State of the art”

published in October 2013



Analysis of PV generation in correlation with energy demand in household

• Basis case applied in- Germany

- Switzerland

- Portugal

- Denmark

- USA: Virginia & Tenessee, Colombus Ohio, Southern California

Typical Houshold case studies: GER, CHE

PV generation in correlation with energy

demand (Subtask 1, CHE)



Energy management system and local

storage (Subtask 1, CHE)

Analyze energy management system and local storage to

improve the penetration of PV in local grid (household or very

local industrial loads)

• Achievements

o Whitepapers and studies analysed (CHE, USA, SWE)

o Test site in CHE for the local management of PV energy with storage

o Analyses of several typical household load profiles (various countries)

o Overview of local energy management concepts together with

photovoltaic

o Self-consumed PV potential is estimated depending on the country and

the load profile.

• Deliverable

o D 1.2 : Report “Network driven demand side management and storage in

households” (by 05/2015)



Existing methods to describe variability

• Representative Blocks

• Dispersion Factor Method and ramp rate correlation

• Wavelet Variability Model (WVM)

PV variability models (Subtask 1, PRT)



Task 14 Extension – Subtask 1

Energy management with high PV penetration

• Context

– PV is a key driver of new opportunities for local energy management. Existing rules for the integration of PV into grid are generally missing the opportunity to match production with an existing consumption.

– Focus on the technical and economic value of energy management in relation with local consumption in other configurations. Local energy management can facilitate the integration of measure to integrate PV as a major energy sources.

• Objectives

– Identifying technical solution and economic opportunities with PV and local energy management in residential area (extension of 1.2)

– Identifying technical solution and economic opportunities with PV and local energy management in industrial area (new 1.4)

– Identifying technical solution and economic opportunities with PV and local energy management in virtual power plant (new 1.5)

• Confirmed Lead: CHE (PLANAIR)

• Duration: 2014-2018



• Distribution grid case studies of 11 countries

– Australia, Austria, Belgium, China, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, USA

• Each case study includes

– The National Distribution Grid Structure

– Interconnection of PV Systems: Technical and Regulatory Framework

– Required Control Capabilities for Photovoltaic Inverters

– Case Studies for High PV Penetration Scenarios

– Upcoming Regulatory Changes and Future Challenges for High PV Penetration

• State-of-the-Art and advanced solutions for the transition of local distribution grids provided by

– the PV system (inverter)

– the grid operator (planning & operation)

Source: E.on Bayern/Fraunhofer IWES

Source: SMUD/NREL

High PV penetration in distribution

grids (Subtask 2, GER)



• The role of PV in Electricity grids at various penetration levels





• Report on current experiences of high PV penetration and active / reactive power control strategies in distribution grids

-> country specific measures for increasing the local PV penetration in distribution grids in a technically effective andeconomically efficient way

(published by 10/2014)

• Report on Recommendations for managing the transition from One-Directional to Bi-DirectionalDistribution Grids

– State-of-the-Art and advanced solutions for the transition of local distribution grids

– Entering the final stage: Future prospects for the transition towards high national penetration scenarios

(Submission by 10/2014)

• Presented at EU PVSEC Amsterdam 2014 (keynote)



Deliverables



Task 14 Extension – Subtask 2

High PV penetration in local distribution grids

• Context

– New challenges include technical as well as economical aspects of distribution system operation and planning

– Need for standardised integration solutions for PV dominated distribution systems

• Objectives

– Collection and presentation of distribution feeder taxonomy approaches for high PV-penetration scenarios (Activity 2.5)

– Presentation of PV screening techniques for PV interconnection studies (Activity 2.6)

– Operational and long-term planning using advanced capabilities and techniques (including short-term PV forecast approaches, advanced functionalities of PV systems…) (Activity 2.8)

– Discussion and description of the future capabilities of distribution grid to transmission system for high PV-penetration scenarios (Activity 2.7)

• Confirmed Lead: DEU (Fraunhofer IWES)

• Duration: 2014-2018



• Transmission-Level Power system studies of 10

countries

– Japan, USA, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Germany,

Greece, Australia, China

• Major issues of increasing PV penetration at

transmission level is the demand supply balancing

– due to an increased variability of PV and other variable

renewable generation

– due to decreased flexibility of the traditional generation

fleetness.

• This requires

– Variability analysis and Forecasting

– Power system operation optimization

– Deployment balancing (flexibility) capabilities including

demand activation, distributed storage, and interconnections

– Power System Augmentation Planning including major PV

Penetration

Sourc

e: Y

.M. S

ain

t Dre

nan/F

raunhofe

r IWE

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ourc

e: N

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L

Power System Operation Planning with

PV Integration (Subtask 3, JPN) REVISED

MARKET GATE CLOSURE

LOAD forecast error

(Gaussian distribution) Depending on weekly hour

WIND forecast error (Gaussian distribution)

Depending on time horizon

SOLAR PV

forecast error (Gaussian distribution)

Depending on sky

clearness index

Forced outage probability of thermal

power plants (non-Gaussian, discrete

probability density)

Simple Gaussian summation

Summation convolution (level of confidence 95%)

REQUIRED POWER BALANCING RESERVE for the specified hourly time horizon of the day a-head

UNCERTAINTIES EVALUATION & PROBABILISTIC COMBINATION

Forecast of: Load, Wind, Solar PV.

Conventional generation unit commitment &

dispatching)



• In order to realize higher penetration of PV resolving the issues of transmission

levels, the operational and asset optimization of traditional and innovative

components is inevitable.

Power System Operation Planning with

PV Integration (Subtask 3, JPN) REVISED

Subtask 3 Report: Figure 2.5-1: The enhanced power system operation by optimized

utilization of the whole resources of flexibility against the smoothed variability

Source: Ogimoto, Laboratory.

Demand

activation

Generation control/

curtailment

Forecasting and optimum operation

Enhanced

operation

Reinforcem’tand enhanced operation



Power System Operation Planning with PV

Integration (Subtask 3, JPN)

Deliverables• Activity 3.1: Report on System-wide PV generation

analysis and forecast (published 10/2013)

• Activity 3.1+3.2: Report “Power system operation planning with PV integration”-> Describes high penetration solutions for central PV generation scenarios including aspects of Power system

operation and augmentation planning with PV integration.

(published 04/2015)

• Presented at EU PVSEC Amsterdam 2014



Task 14 Extension – Subtask 3 High penetration

solutions for central PV generation scenarios

• Context

– Subtask 3 will survey the resources for flexible transmission system operation, surveys and case studies of innovative transmission system operation with generation forecast in two steps, and surveys and case studies of asset optimization for high PV penetration.

• Objectives

– Identification of existing and future flexibility resources for flexible transmission system operation (Activity 3.4)

– Evaluation of capability of innovative power system operation of the transmission level with generation forecast in two steps (Activity 3.5)

– Evaluation of transmission stability of a power system with flexibility resources (Activity 3.6)

– Recommendation of Asset optimization for high PV penetration (Activity 3.7)

• Confirmed Lead: JPN (University of Tokyo)

• Duration: 2014-2018



Smart Inverters for High-Pen PV

(Subtask 4, AUT)

• Define inverter technology requirements for successful integration of a high penetration of PV in the electricity grids

• Discussion and study on current vs. future requirements for PV inverters

– The inverter as interface between PV generation and the grid

– The inverter as future multifunctional device for grid support

– The inverter as future hub for system monitoring and control



• Worldwide collection and review of requirements for PV inverters and grid connection

– Functional requirements

– Protection

– Control

– Safety

– Focus: specific requirements for grid support by PV

– Compatibility of requirements with High-Pen PV

• Report on Opportunities for Smart PV inverters in High-Penetration scenarios


• Report on Technical capabilities and Inverter Topologies


Smart Inverters for High-Pen PV

(Subtask 4, AUT)



Task 14 Extension – Subtask 4 Smart Power

Converters for high-penetration PV & Smart Grids

• Context

– The subtask will discuss and investigate new requirements and new functionalities of power converters (inverters) which are needed for the full integration of PV generation systems into future Smart Grids.

– A particular focus will be laid on grids and power systems with a massive share of non-rotating variable generation (mainly PV and wind), where stability and control issues become vital for the extended deployment of RES.

• Objectives

– Survey, highlight and propose power converter technology requirements for the integration of PV systems into future grids with a massive share of non-rotational generation and RES

– Provide a continuously updated overview on grid connection requirements for PV systems and PV power converters

– Investigate needs and requirements (functionalities as well as ICT related) arising from grid control schemes in order to make the PV system a key part of future smart grids

– Investigation and benefit analysis of possible add-on functionalities of PV power converters (e.g. STATCOM operation, synthetic inertia etc.)

– Discuss and review new opportunities for grid services provided by PV power converters in combination with local storage

• Confirmed Lead: AUT (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology)

• Duration: 2014-2018



Task 14 Extension – New Subtask 5

Communication and control for High Pen PV

• Context

– To balance the interests and technical solutions for a whole variety of new and future technologies (not only PV) include renewable energy integration (not only focusing on solar, but especially also on wind, where applicable), and extend even more so into smart metering, demand-side management and/or direct load control.

– To ensure that PV grid integration solutions are well-aligned with such comprehensive requirements it is indispensable to analyze also in detail the challenges and solutions for the PV grid integration from a smart grid perspective and to suggest future-compliant solutions..

• Objectives

– Analyze appropriate control strategies and communication technologies to integrate a high number of distributed PV in smart electricity networks

– Overview of communication technologies, protocols, interfaces

– Special focus on IT-related aspects (incl. cyber security)

– PV as enabling technology for smart grids

• Tentative Lead: GER (Ulm) / SGP (NUS-SERIS)

• Duration: 2014-2018



• Objectives

– Introduce aspects related to market design with High PV Penetration into the scope of Task 14 and coordinate these activities with Task 1.

– Collaboration with other activities working on market issues (e.g. Task 1) and (external) stakeholders

– Weave together technical information from other subtasks and investigate with respect to their implications for the (existing) market and put them into a market context

– Development of “Building blocks” which can be used by others for market design with PV

• Tentative lead (subject to availability of budget): AUS

• Duration: 2014-2018

Task 14 Extension – Cross Cutting Subtask

Market implications with High PV Penetration



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



• Task 14 High Penetration Workshops

• Successful series of events since 2010 with more than 500 participants

2011.10: Task 14 Utility and

Research workshop, Beijing,

China, hosted by the IEE,

Chinese Academy of Sciences

2010.12: Task 14 WS,

Golden, CO, U.S.A. Hosted

U.S. DoE, NREL and SEPA

2012.5: Task 14 WS

workshop, Kassel, Germany,

Hosted by SMA

November 2013: PV and

the electricity grid

workshop, Sydney,

Australia, hosted by UNSW

2010.9: Joint Task 1/14

workshop European PVSEC/

WCPEC in Valencia

Oct 2012: Task 14

workshop, Tokyo, Japan,

Hosted by NEDO

2013.5: Joint WS with European

MetaPV Project, Brussels, Belgium,

supported by 3e and EPIA

2014.3: Task 14 WS, Geneva,

Switzerland, hosted by Planair,

SIG and HEPIA

Task 14 – dissemination and interaction

with key stakeholders ADDED

2013.9: Joint PVPS Task 14 & SHC

Task 46 WS at EU PVSEC ‘‘Solar

resource and forecast data for high PV

penetration electricity

2014.9 Joint Task 1 & 14 WS at EU PVSEC:

“Self-consumption business models -

Technical and economic challenges”

jrganised by IEA PVPS, EPIA

2011.5: Task 14 utility WS,

Lisbon, Portugal, Hosted by

EDP

2015.3: Joint Task14 & ISGAN Annex

6 , Wien hosted by AIT



Task 14 Inter-task coordination and liaisons to other IAsREVISED• IEA-SHC

– IEA SHC Task 36/46 “Solar Resource Knowledge Management”, liaison on

issues related to solar resource availability, forecasting and spatial/temporal

variability

– IEA SHC Task 53 “New Generation Solar Cooling & Heating Systems”

• IEA-ISGAN

– Annex 2 Smart Grid Case Studies

– Annex 5 Smart Grid International Research Facility Network

– Annex 6 Power T&D Systems

• IEA

– Grid Integration of Variable Renewables (GIVAR) project: “how to balance

power systems featuring large shares of VRE”

– Phase 3: Economics of Flexibility GIVAR

– Phase 4: in preparation -> market implications

• IEA-Wind

– IEA Wind Task 25 “Design and operation of power systems with large amounts

of wind power”

• IEA-PVPS

– „PV & Utilities“ within PVPS and IEA

– T14 – T15 on DSM: to be defined

– T1 – T14: to be defined

../GIVAR III for PVPS_V1_130505_SM.pptx



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



Participants from

• Utilities, DNOs

• Industry, manufacturers,consultancies

• Applied research

• Universities

• Agencies

• List of contacts: Link

16 Countries

Industry

association

IEA PVPS Task 14:

Networks

European

commission

Candidate

countries

Broad expertise

http://www.iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=62



IEA PVPS Task 14


• Contents

– Back ground


– Work plan


– Dissemination


– Challenges



New innovative models

• With current electricity market models

and mechanisms variable renewables

fundamentally influence spot market

prices and “undermine” business

models of conventional power plants:

• The wholesale markets and the power

system operation and asset planning/

investment are not adapted to the impacts.

• The essential trend is the shift of values in power industry, from

energy to balancing capability (flexibility).

• Now it is crucially important to envision the future power

system/industry evolution including centralized/distributed

operation models and business models.

Impact of High Penetration of PV Revised



[Energy mix and Asset planning]

Additional electrification

Mix of renewable energy

Location of RE deployment

[Operation]

Traditional and innovative balancing technologies in various time ranges

• Centralized generation operation

• RE control/curtailment

• Demand activation

• Interconnector/Transmission/distribution system

• Optimized operation including generation forecast

• Generation forecast and optimized system operation

Redesign of whole sale/retail market of electricity

[Business]

Business models of each level/area

Ongoing challenges



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