Punya CHARUSIRI* Tawatchai CHUALAOWANICH** Apiwut T ... · Microsoft PowerPoint -...

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Status on Rare Earth Elements in Thailand: Investig ations and Researches Pun y a CHARUSIRI* Tawatchai CHUALAOWANICH** and Apiwut T.* *Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 Thailand. **Bureau of Minerals, Department of Mineral Resources, Rama 6 Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400 Thailand. [email protected]

Transcript of Punya CHARUSIRI* Tawatchai CHUALAOWANICH** Apiwut T ... · Microsoft PowerPoint -...

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Status on Rare Earth Elements in Thailand: Investigations and Researchesg

Punya CHARUSIRI* Tawatchai CHUALAOWANICH** yand Apiwut T.*

*Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit q gy(EATGRU), Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330 

Thailand.**Bureau of Minerals, Department of Mineral Resources, Rama 6 Rd., Ratchathewi, Bangkok , , , g

10400 Thailand.

[email protected]

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Ridd et al. (2011)

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Outline of talkOutline of talk

1 I t d ti1 Introduction2 REE status

–Previous investigation (before 2000)2000)

–Current investigation (after 2000)3 Discussion on new exploration 

strategyst ategy4 Conclusion

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Physiographic map y g p pof Thailand

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IntroductionIntroduction

Th il d f h i h ASEAN i i• Thailand: one of the richest ASEAN countries in mineral resources. M t i t t (ti d t t i l ) hi h• Most important ores (tin and tungsten minerals), which are temporally and spatially associated granites.

• The granites are long and arcuate Mesozoic granites in• The granites are long and arcuate Mesozoic granites in  the N‐S – trend.

• They occur within the so called “tin belts of Southeast• They occur within the so‐called  tin belts of Southeast Asia” with the length of 1,500 km in Thailand. 

• Major ores are cassiterite as well as wolframite +Major ores are cassiterite, as well as wolframite + scheelite. They were once the most important exporting ore of the country.

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Introduction • Rare‐Earth Element (REE) – bearing minerals are frequently by ‐ products associated withfrequently  by  products associated with cassiterite and wolframite. 

• These REE minerals, particularly monazite and , p yxenotimes, as gangue minerals mutually associated with Sn‐ and W‐minerals.

• This situation leads to devalue the exported tin ore grades and of course causes its price lower th lthan usual.

• The main interest was concentrated on the origin of tin + REE deposits associated with granitesof tin + REE deposits associated with granites.

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main objectivemain objective 

+to document the status on rare earth element potentials in Thailand using preexisting and p g p gavailable information obtained from domestic and oversea agenciesand oversea agencies+ to identify the new target for the REE i ti tiinvestigation

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Prime goalPrime goal

• "By knowing more about how REE deposits form, geoscientists and mining techologistsg g gcan more accurately target rocks that might contain mineable concentrations of thesecontain mineable concentrations of these critical minerals."

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Previous studiesPrevious studies

A k (1954 DMR) id d b h• Aranyakanon (1954, DMR)  considered to be the pioneer geologist who worked on of the REE‐bearing phosphate minerals as well as tantalum and niobium –phosphate minerals as well as  tantalum and niobium –bearing tantalite and columbite ores.

• His main interest was concentrated on the origin of tinHis main interest was concentrated on the origin of tin deposits associated with granites.

• In early 1970’s these REE and heavy minerals wereIn early 1970 s these REE and heavy minerals were discovered in significant amount as secondary deposits, as alluvial and beach placer tin deposits, particularly in south‐central and peninsularThailand. 

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Previous studiesPrevious studies

• Collaboration between geoscientists of Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) and German Geological Mission (GGM) to Thailand was made in 1965‐1970 with an aim to investigate potential areas of heavy metal and REE abundances.REE abundances. 

• Several areas in southern peninsular Thailand were discovered at that time and many of whichwere discovered at that time, and many of which are mainly located in tin placer deposits.2

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Previous studiesPrevious studies

• 1980’s DMR with the cooperation of Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) p g y ( )investigated REE‐bearing mineral deposits in northern and north‐central regionsnorthern and north central regions.

• DMR reports of investigations with several l h b bl hvolumes have been published. 

• Primary sources of Sn+W &REE are two micaPrimary sources of Sn W &REE are two mica granite and biotite granite 

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Previous studiesPrevious studies

h h l d i d i• In the south, several secondary tin deposits and weathering‐crust granites were studied to contain abundant REE – bearing phosphate minerals by DMR geologists( Pungrassmi and Pradidwan). 

• Several potential granites closely related to p g yREE – bearing ores have been investigated using classifications proposed by Ishihara5 andusing classifications proposed by Ishihara5 and Chappel and White6. 

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Previous studiesPrevious studies

’ h d k l h b• 1990’s, hard rock geology has been investigated by CU, CMU,  and DMR research geoscientists.

• Many publications, including books, reports, y p , g , p ,open files, maps and scientific papers were published.p

• Triassic to Tertiary granites of S‐type granites seems to be the source of REE concentrationsseems to be the source of REE concentrations 

• (using Chappel and White ‘s classification) 

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Previous studiesPrevious studies

REE b i i l d it• REE – bearing mineral deposits were systematically and continuously studied afterwardsafterwards. 

• specific types of granites and pegmatites have been investigated in detail by DMR JICA andbeen investigated in detail by DMR, JICA, and Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ) since 1995. 

• In 1998 to 2002 the work on regional explorationIn 1998 to 2002 the work on regional exploration by CU geoscientists granted by National Research Council of Thailand grant was reported. 

• Classification of REE deposits are in association with granites and tectonic elements is proposed.

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Recent studiesRecent studies

’ l i i f d• In 2000’s, several geoscientists of GSJ and Kyushu University (Japan) as well as DMR (Thailand) in collaboration with CU (Thailand), have studied systematically target areas where REE deposits can be economically developed. 

• Conclusion: Weathering crusts of S‐type, g yp ,ilmenite‐series  granites have been regarded as highly potential and exploitable sources ofas highly potential and exploitable sources of REE ores.

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Recent studiesRecent studies 

• Researches on REE potential areas and minerals have been on‐going till present. g g p

• However, due to limited budget and accessibility not much work has been done soaccessibility, not much work has been done so far for the exploitation research. 

• Much of the work is still focused on the potential areas where by clay minerals havepotential areas where by clay minerals have capability on adsorbing total REE contents.

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Recent studiesRecent studies

G it i l l f th d t l• Granites in several places of northern and central Thailand have been collected and REE analyses have been carried out by GSJ and Kyushu univhave been carried out by GSJ and Kyushu univgeoscientists (Prof. Imai) .

• Very recently Kasetsart University geoscientistsVery recently Kasetsart University geoscientists have been working on classifying REE – bearing granites using enhanced air‐borne magnetic/radiometric and remote sensing data. 

• Chulalongkorn University team concentrates on l f hpotential areas in Ranong province of southern 

Thailand.

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Recent studiesRecent studies

• Very recently, eastern Thailand  granites and igneous rocks at Chatree mines, central gThailand

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• Granite beltsGranite belts of Thailand (Charusiri et(Charusiri et al., 1993)

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Genetic model of the REE – bearing primary Sn+W deposits of Thailand 

Charusiri et al. (2006)

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Charusiri et al. 2009Charusiri et al. 2009

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Look for alkaline granites with riftingLook for alkaline granites with rifting

• The report "Bokan Mountain peralkalinegranitic complex, Alexander terraneg p(southeastern Alaska): Evidence for Early Jurassic rifting prior to accretion with NorthJurassic rifting prior to accretion with North America" has been published in the Canadian Journal of Earth SciencesJournal of Earth Sciences

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Geologic map of Samui IslandGeologic map of Samui Island

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Outcrop and slab of Samui islandOutcrop and slab of Samui island

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Samui Island (Charusiri et al 2012)Samui Island (Charusiri et al., 2012)

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Chantaburi granites eastern ThailandChantaburi granites, eastern Thailand

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Chantaburi GranitesChantaburi Granites 

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Chantaburi granitesChantaburi granites

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Chantaburi granites

• REE Geochemical data suggest that granites are of I – type affinityyp y

• However, they are younger than we expectedT t l REE t t t 800• Total REE contents up to 800 ppm

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206 Ma zirconU‐Pb age206 Ma zirconU‐Pb age 

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Chatree mineChatree mine

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Regolith with REE (t) 648 – 1 000 ppmRegolith with REE (t) 648 – 1,000 ppm

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conclusionconclusion

• • Granites of Chantaburi and Samui areas are investigated; they both are granites “sensug y gstricto”. The Samui Granite is of S‐type affinity and the Chantaburi Granite is of I‐type affinityand the Chantaburi Granite is of I type affinity. The ages of these two granites are considered to be Late Triassic to Juro Triassic based uponto be Late Triassic to Juro‐Triassic based upon standard radiometric datings.

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conclusionconclusion

+Monazite and xenotime minerals have been found as accessories in tin and tungsten ore deposits developed in association with strongly altered S‐type granites andpegmatites+Current investigations have been also performed in areas dominated by deeply weathered granites

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• However, a close look into the A‐type, alkaline granites occurring in rifting tectonic regime is g g g gregarded to be essential 

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• On‐going researches on REE minerals need to be done in Thailand. 

• A special care is taken into new targets for REE sources particularly areas dominated bysources, particularly areas dominated by altered A‐type granites, apart from altered S‐t it i l th httype granites as previously thought

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• However, resource exploitation in Thailand is limited and difficult due to environmental condition. 

• Mining license seems to be very difficult if the• Mining license seems to be very difficult if the concerned areas are in the very upstream fforest zone. 

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