Psychology of thought Psychology of thought and intellectand intellect

Thought - Thought - is a psychical process which is a psychical process which consists in opening of connections and consists in opening of connections and dependence between objects and dependence between objects and phenomena.phenomena.

It is a higher form of the It is a higher form of the generalized reflection in generalized reflection in consciousness of man of the most consciousness of man of the most substantial properties of objects and substantial properties of objects and phenomena of objective reality and phenomena of objective reality and their intercommunications.their intercommunications.

Physiological mechanisms of Physiological mechanisms of thinking.thinking.

The physiological mechanism of thinking The physiological mechanism of thinking is complex analiso-regular activity of is complex analiso-regular activity of the large hemispheres of a head brain. the large hemispheres of a head brain. For process of thinking the greatest For process of thinking the greatest importance have those associations, importance have those associations, which arise between the brain centres of which arise between the brain centres of analyzers. As the activity of separate analyzers. As the activity of separate brain sites is always determined by brain sites is always determined by external irritators, the nervous external irritators, the nervous connections, arising at it, display the connections, arising at it, display the appropriate validity connection of appropriate validity connection of subjects and phenomena. subjects and phenomena.

It is naturally caused by external It is naturally caused by external irritators of connection and is a irritators of connection and is a physiological basis of thinking. The physiological basis of thinking. The thinking bases not only on initial thinking bases not only on initial connections. The nervous processes connections. The nervous processes at the language centres of a brain at the language centres of a brain take part in formation of process of take part in formation of process of thinking. Language, is being directly thinking. Language, is being directly connected to thinking displays the connected to thinking displays the basic interrelation of processes and basic interrelation of processes and phenomena, becouse words - is phenomena, becouse words - is generalizing symbols, not just simple generalizing symbols, not just simple signals.signals.

ThoughtThought operation operation

Analysis Analysis Synthesis Synthesis

Comparison Comparison Generalization Generalization

AbstractionAbstraction Concretization Concretization ClassificationClassification

Systematization Systematization

The comparisonThe comparison play the important role in play the important role in cognitive activity of the man. Seeing any cognitive activity of the man. Seeing any unfamiliar subject, we, frequently involuntarily unfamiliar subject, we, frequently involuntarily compare it with the seen, one by subjects, we compare it with the seen, one by subjects, we show similarity or difference in any features or show similarity or difference in any features or attributes. On the basis of similarity and the attributes. On the basis of similarity and the generalizations of attributes of object we classify generalizations of attributes of object we classify them (for example, carry them to an animal or them (for example, carry them to an animal or flora). Owing to classification there is a division flora). Owing to classification there is a division of sciences (for example: botany or zoology).of sciences (for example: botany or zoology).

Comparison Comparison - consists in establishment of - consists in establishment of likeness and (or) difference between objects and likeness and (or) difference between objects and phenomena.phenomena.

ClassificationClassification - a division and next - a division and next association of objects or phenomena by association of objects or phenomena by

more common conceptmore common concept

TheThe classification classification is a distribution is a distribution and subsequent association of and subsequent association of subjects or phenomena (on the basis subjects or phenomena (on the basis of common attributes), displaying the of common attributes), displaying the classes of different subjects or classes of different subjects or phenomena.phenomena.

The classification of diseases is The classification of diseases is under construction of their etiology - under construction of their etiology - infection, tumour, wound, or on a infection, tumour, wound, or on a principle of localization, them in principle of localization, them in organism: internal illnesses, the organism: internal illnesses, the illness of the intimate systems etc., illness of the intimate systems etc., or the infection (epidemiologia)or the infection (epidemiologia)

Analysis Analysis - the - the thoughtthought dividing of intelligent dividing of intelligent material by component parts and material by component parts and

extractions of separate features of elements, extractions of separate features of elements, propertiesproperties

The deep The deep analysisanalysis of a line of of a line of circumstances is necessary for circumstances is necessary for the correct estimation of the the correct estimation of the relationships of cause and effect. relationships of cause and effect. The analysis is the intellectual The analysis is the intellectual process of division of the whole process of division of the whole on a part refers to as. The on a part refers to as. The elementary example of it is the elementary example of it is the study of anatomy of the man, study of anatomy of the man, (the partition of a body on a (the partition of a body on a part, bodies and fabrics). part, bodies and fabrics).

SynthesisSynthesis - - thoughtthought connection in one whole connection in one whole separate parts.separate parts.

SynthesisSynthesis is connected with the is connected with the analysis, the connection of isolated analysis, the connection of isolated parts in one whole, for example, at parts in one whole, for example, at system of organism. The example of system of organism. The example of the chemical analysis is splitting the chemical analysis is splitting chemical substances on components, chemical substances on components, from which with the help of synthesis from which with the help of synthesis it is possible to extract other it is possible to extract other substance. The indissoluble analysis substance. The indissoluble analysis of synthesis and analysis is an of synthesis and analysis is an example of unity of contrasts.example of unity of contrasts.

GeneralizationGeneralization is the allocation of is the allocation of concerning proof, invariant properties of concerning proof, invariant properties of

subjects and their relation.subjects and their relation. Abstractering Abstractering is connected with the process of is connected with the process of

generalization of properties of subjects or generalization of properties of subjects or phenomena. Abstractering is an allocation of one phenomena. Abstractering is an allocation of one attributes and restoration of others. To carry out attributes and restoration of others. To carry out process of thinking, it is necessary not only to process of thinking, it is necessary not only to distinguish separate properties of objects, but distinguish separate properties of objects, but also to imagine these properties separately from also to imagine these properties separately from the objects. From that fact, that each subject on the objects. From that fact, that each subject on globe has certain weight, Newton has deduced globe has certain weight, Newton has deduced the law of the world gravitation and by analogy the law of the world gravitation and by analogy has come to a conclusion about mutual pulling of has come to a conclusion about mutual pulling of bodies in the space. He has explained the bodies in the space. He has explained the phenomena having cast and having flown in phenomena having cast and having flown in oceans by pulling of moon.oceans by pulling of moon.

Generalization Generalization - a selection of - a selection of main general, most main general, most

characteristic signs for a characteristic signs for a certain object, phenomenon, certain object, phenomenon,

situationsituation· Abstraction Abstraction is extraction of is extraction of

separate features of object separate features of object which is studied.which is studied.

Concretization Concretization - thought operation, - thought operation, opposite to abstractionopposite to abstraction

Classification Classification - a division and next - a division and next association of objects or phenomena association of objects or phenomena by more common conceptby more common concept

Systematization Systematization - a conceivable - a conceivable division of objects and phenomena in division of objects and phenomena in the set procedure in accordance with the set procedure in accordance with existing between their connections.existing between their connections.

Depending on the contents of a Depending on the contents of a task, which psychology is solved.task, which psychology is solved.

There are such kinds of There are such kinds of thinking as: thinking as:

workingworking figurative figurative

theoretical or word-logic.theoretical or word-logic.

The working thinkingThe working thinking shows us that shows us that thinking is solved the task directly thinking is solved the task directly during practical activity. The working during practical activity. The working thinking integral from perception also thinking integral from perception also operates only with objects and by operates only with objects and by interrelations of things, which are interrelations of things, which are directly perceived. It is connected to a directly perceived. It is connected to a direct manipulation with things. With direct manipulation with things. With the help of thinking the man, as well as the help of thinking the man, as well as the animal solves the tasks with the help the animal solves the tasks with the help of object and by operating with them.of object and by operating with them.

The figurative thinkingThe figurative thinking: is the : is the operation of thinking is solved with operation of thinking is solved with the help of figurative material. There the help of figurative material. There is connection of thinking with is connection of thinking with practical actions , but is not such practical actions , but is not such direct, as at working thinking. It is direct, as at working thinking. It is more difficult, more generalized than more difficult, more generalized than working thinking. This thinking is working thinking. This thinking is typicaltypical for small children. The for small children. The rudiments of this kind of thinking rudiments of this kind of thinking there are at higher animals.there are at higher animals.

The theoretical (abstract, word-logic)The theoretical (abstract, word-logic) thinking is typical only for the thinking is typical only for the intellectually advanced man and the intellectually advanced man and the task is to solved in the word-quick-task is to solved in the word-quick-witted form. This kind of thinking witted form. This kind of thinking represents process of generalized represents process of generalized display by the man of subjects and display by the man of subjects and phenomena of the objective validity phenomena of the objective validity in their important properties, in their important properties, communications and relations. In this communications and relations. In this activity of the man all listed kinds of activity of the man all listed kinds of thinking are connected.thinking are connected.

Types of thoughtTypes of thought by the form of existence by the form of existence

Evidently - effectiveEvidently - effective (practical):problem is (practical):problem is solving directly in an action, practical solving directly in an action, practical

activity. activity. Typical for children and higher animalsTypical for children and higher animalsevidently - vivid evidently - vivid thought is related to thought is related to

concrete appearances, situations, concrete appearances, situations, changes in them.changes in them.

· word -word - logicallogical ( (abstractabstract, theoretical, , theoretical, concept) -operating by concepts, concept) -operating by concepts,

judgements, deductions. Task is decides judgements, deductions. Task is decides in a verbal form.in a verbal form.

By the character of mental work:By the character of mental work:Thought - causal - Thought - causal - resultativeresultative

A virus of flu - is a fluA virus of flu - is a fluA stick of tbc - is tuberculosisA stick of tbc - is tuberculosis

Thought-Thought-conditionalconditionalThe terms of origin of one or another The terms of origin of one or another phenomenon are taken into account phenomenon are taken into account

(flu - freezing (flu - freezing Tbc - bad feed)Tbc - bad feed)

There are three basic styles of There are three basic styles of thinking:thinking:

standardstandard original original revolutionaryrevolutionary

The standard thinkingThe standard thinking meets more meets more often. It displays the conventional often. It displays the conventional trues, established by centuries. For trues, established by centuries. For example, 2x2 = 4. The standard example, 2x2 = 4. The standard thinking keeps bases of healthy thinking keeps bases of healthy conservatism, but practically brings conservatism, but practically brings nothing new for progress.nothing new for progress.

The original thinkingThe original thinking is more is more effective. It, basically, does not effective. It, basically, does not change the basic knowledge and change the basic knowledge and fundamental rules, but examining fundamental rules, but examining the object or the phenomenon from the object or the phenomenon from the new, unexplored side, helps the new, unexplored side, helps originally to solve a task, causing the originally to solve a task, causing the raised curiosity. The originally read raised curiosity. The originally read lecture originally made operation etc. lecture originally made operation etc. fill up our knowledge and skill. fill up our knowledge and skill.

The revolutionaryThe revolutionary (or "paradoxical") (or "paradoxical") thinking by a radical image changes thinking by a radical image changes constant axioms and sights. It is constant axioms and sights. It is thinking of the geniuses. The thinking of the geniuses. The examples of revolutionary thinking examples of revolutionary thinking are: geometry, theory of Kopernik, are: geometry, theory of Kopernik, economic doctrine of K.Marks (sights economic doctrine of K.Marks (sights of the economist, instead of politics), of the economist, instead of politics), theory of a relativity of Einshtein etc. theory of a relativity of Einshtein etc. But quite often contemporaries do But quite often contemporaries do not understand the geniuses.not understand the geniuses.

Forms of thoughtForms of thought- ConceptConcept - is reflection of most substantial, - is reflection of most substantial, properties of most commons and qualities of properties of most commons and qualities of

objects and phenomena, expressed a objects and phenomena, expressed a linguistic sign-word: linguistic sign-word: “tree”, “man”, “table”tree”, “man”, “table”· JudgementJudgement - represents substantial - represents substantial

connections between objects and connections between objects and phenomena: phenomena:

- it is not all that gold, that - it is not all that gold, that shinesshines - DeductionDeduction is a conclusion, done from a few is a conclusion, done from a few

judgements:judgements:all metals - explorers of electricityall metals - explorers of electricity - a copper is a metal, a copper is an - a copper is a metal, a copper is an

explorer of electricity.explorer of electricity.

InductionInduction is motion of idea from single is motion of idea from single assertions to common knowledge.assertions to common knowledge.

· Deduction is motion of idea from Deduction is motion of idea from more general to less general - (all more general to less general - (all

bodies broaden from heating, means a bodies broaden from heating, means a stone broadens also)stone broadens also)

· An analogy is a conclusion, done An analogy is a conclusion, done on the basis of similarity between on the basis of similarity between

objects on a certain sign.objects on a certain sign.· IntuitionIntuition - compressed in time, - compressed in time,

not enough not enough understandingunderstanding direct direct cognitive act without previous logical cognitive act without previous logical

deliberation.deliberation.

Qualities (productivity) Qualities (productivity) Breadth Breadth

· SpecificationSpecification· DeepthDeepth

· CriticismCriticism· FlexibilityFlexibility· SequenceSequence

· Rate Rate · Originalityriginality

· Shrewdness Shrewdness · IngenuityIngenuity

Independence of thinkingIndependence of thinking is the skill is the skill to see a new problem to put a new to see a new problem to put a new question, and then to solve a task. question, and then to solve a task. Very important is the penetration in Very important is the penetration in essence of the phenomenon, essence of the phenomenon, process, not being satisfied with the process, not being satisfied with the separate facts.separate facts.

Breadth of thinkingBreadth of thinking is an opportunity is an opportunity of the man to hold under the control of the man to hold under the control significant amount of connections significant amount of connections between subjects, phenomena. between subjects, phenomena.

Flexibility of thinkingFlexibility of thinking is the skill to is the skill to change the plan of actions, if it does change the plan of actions, if it does not satisfy conditions, which arise not satisfy conditions, which arise during the decision of a task. during the decision of a task.

Critisism of thinkingCritisism of thinking – is the skill to – is the skill to estimate both objective conditions estimate both objective conditions correctly, and the activity, if correctly, and the activity, if necessary to refuse the planned way necessary to refuse the planned way to find other way of the decision of a to find other way of the decision of a task.task.

Speed of thinkingSpeed of thinking – is the skill to find – is the skill to find correct, proved decisions quickly and correct, proved decisions quickly and to realize them at definite time. to realize them at definite time.

ProfitabilityProfitability – is the choice of the – is the choice of the shortest way for formation of shortest way for formation of concepts, construction of concepts, construction of conclusions.conclusions.

Development of thinking at the Development of thinking at the man.man.

Quality and orientation of thinking Quality and orientation of thinking caused by factors action. caused by factors action.

The orientation of judgement of the The orientation of judgement of the perceived information depends on perceived information depends on age and interests.age and interests.

The first most simple thinking arises at the child on the basis of perception of subjects and practical action with them.

Development of thinking on the Development of thinking on the average age.average age.

With transition of the schoolboys to With transition of the schoolboys to middle classes of school the contents middle classes of school the contents of their educational activity becomes of their educational activity becomes complicated, on the basis of that complicated, on the basis of that there is also further development of there is also further development of their thinking. their thinking.

Development of thinking in the Development of thinking in the senior school age.senior school age.

From understanding of the From understanding of the separate systems of separate systems of scientific concepts they scientific concepts they pass to mastering by the pass to mastering by the theory any sciences, laws theory any sciences, laws of natural phenomena and of natural phenomena and society. In this connection society. In this connection the abstract thinking in the abstract thinking in this age achieves more this age achieves more maximum development.maximum development.

Intelligence -

the ability to understand, recall, mobilize and constructively integrate previous learning in new situations.

An intellect An intellect (mind) is an (mind) is an aggregate of knowledges and aggregate of knowledges and vital experience of man, vital experience of man, possibility of their subsequent possibility of their subsequent accumulation and use in practice. accumulation and use in practice.

Intellectuality Intellectuality is a breadth of is a breadth of range of interests, general range of interests, general erudition.erudition.

Intelligence Intelligence is a culture of is a culture of display of intellect and conduct.display of intellect and conduct.

Methods of thinking and intellect investigation.

Modern intelligence testing was originated in France by Simon Binet in 1905. His test was modified for America by Lewis Terman at Stanford University, and thus we have the Stanford-Binet IQ test that, after a few revisions, is still used often today.

IQ refers to the ratio of one's mental age to one's chronological age. Mental age is calculated by comparing your intellectual performance to average performances by others. The Wechsler scales are also popular intelligence tests. They differ from the Stanford-Binet in that they feature separate subscores for various intellectual skills. There is a Wechsler scale for children and another for adults.

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