Intellect Explorer

Intellect Explorer

Compiled by Gokul B.Alex

Thursday, April 13, 2023 2

Index

Archaeology Current Affairs General

Awareness General Science Geography History of

Journalism History Of Reading

Personalities & Quotes

Political Economy Sociology

Archaeology

Archaic indeed …


El Mirador World’s largest ancient pyramid structure In the Peten jungle, Guatemala It has the remnants of the Mayan city

state Pre-Columbian inhabitants mined

limestone quarries here to make the Mayan temple

Mayan civilization collapsed mysteriously around the 9th century A.D.


Hampi

A village in northern Karnataka state It is located within the ruins of

Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire

The name is derived from Pampa, which is the old name of the Tungabhadra River on whose banks the city is built

Hampi is identified with the historical Kishkindha, the Vanara (monkey) kingdom mentioned in the Ramayana.


Hampi

Vitthala temple with musical pillars, Hoysala style multigonal base is located here


Machu Picchu

A pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,430 metres above sea level.

Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472).

Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.


Machu Picchu

Machu Picchu was built in the classical Inca style, with polished dry-stone walls.

it was unknown to the outside world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian Hiram Bingham.

The Incas were masters of this technique, called ashlar, in which blocks of stone are cut to fit together tightly without mortar.

Current Affairs !

Always ticking …


Indo-Czech Relations

The Bata shoe company originated in the erstwhile Czechoslovakia

Professor Vincenc Lesney of the Charles university was the first European to have translated Tagore’s verses directly from Bengali to Czech

President of the Czech Republic Vaclav Klaus committed his country’s support for India’s bid for security council membership


Indo – Myanmar Relations

This month, New Delhi will extend a red carpet reception to the leader of Myanmar's junta, Senior General Than Shwe, who will be in India from July 25 to 29, his second visit in six years.

Tamanthi hydro-electric project between India & Myanmar

Naypyidaw – The Capital of Myanmar India awarded its highest civilian honor,

the Jawaharlal Nehru Award, to Aung San Suu Kyi in 1993


Social Media Networks

Philippines President Benigno Aquino ||| announced that his government would use Facebook and Twitter to enlist public cooperation for government campaigns.

General Awareness

A Kaleidoscope


Global Warming

The records show that 2010 has surpassed 1998 for the most record-breaking months in a calendar year, reports The Telegraph, Britain.


Climate Change: Timeline

1979 – First climate conference 1987 – Brundtland commission

report 1989 – Montreal Protocol entered in

force 1995 – First COP (Berlin Mandate) 2002 – COP 8 held in New Delhi


Climate Change

Earth’s surface temperature has risen by 0.76 degree Celsius since 1850

Projected global warming can cause a rise of sea levels of between 18 to 59 cm

Primary source of tetrafluromethane, an extremely potent greenhouse gas is the production of aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina

Snow cover is decreasing in most regions, particularly in spring


Climate Change

Kyoto protocol: Adopted in 1997 Annex-I countries to reduce the GHG emissions

by 5.2% below their 1990 levels There are Annex-1, Annex-2 and Developing

Countries 172 countries have signed it so far

France, the UK and Germany reduced GHG emissions by 7, 15 and 19 %

Canada, Spain and Turkey increased GHG Emissions by 50 % Emissions from USA increased by 16%


Climate Change

Population of penguins are decreasing by 20 percent

IPCC was established in 1988 UNFCC was launched in 1992 at the

Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit and adopted in March, 1994

According to the IPCC, SF6 is the most potent greenhouse gas


Climate Change

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)- Provided under Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol Enables developing countries to

participate in joint GHG migration projects

Carbon Trading – Incentivising the industrial units which pollute less


Climate Change

Cyclone detection using Doppler Weather Radar Chennai and Kolkota are selected for

their use MONEX- Monsoon Experiment IONEX-Indian Ocean Experiment


World Around Us

Fiji will have a new constitution by 2013 Korean Peninsula :-

38th parallel- Between South and North Korea Korean War started in 1950 North Korea is a signatory to the 1968 Nuclear

Non-proliferation Treaty All nations except India, Pakistan, Israel

and Cuba are parties to this treaty

General Science

A Life process …


CERN

Located in the North west suburb of Geneva, in the France-Swiss border

Provides particle accelerators for high energy physics

World wide web originated here Started in 1952 Achievements

1983: The discovery of W and Z bosons in the UA1 and UA2 experiments.

1989: The determination of the number of light neutrino families at the Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP) operating on the Z boson peak.


Space Projects Of India

Aditya-1, India’s first space-based solar coronagraph.


Particle Physics

The W and Z⁰ bosons are the elementary particles that mediate the weak force.

The Higgs boson is a hypothetical massive scalar elementary particle predicted to exist by the Standard Model in particle physics.

At present there are no known elementary scalar (spin-0) particles in nature, although many composite spin-0 particles are known.

The term hadron refers to particles composed of quarks.


Particle Physics

The Higgs boson would explain the difference between the massless photon, which mediates electromagnetism, and the massive W and Z bosons, which mediate the weak force.

Higgs mechanism was theorized in 1964


God’s particle

The Higgs boson is often referred to as "the God particle" by the media, after the title of Leon Lederman's book, The God Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question?.


Applied Chemistry

Benzene, Toluene and Xylene are known carcinogens They are Polycyclic Aromatic

Hydrocarbons (PAH) Contained in Crude oil Possible contamination in Gulf of

Mexico oil spill


Metric System

One barrel roughly is 160 litres

Geography

Earth matters most …


El Nino

Ocean atmospheric phenomenon originating in the south of the equator in the Pacific ocean

Responsible for warm, wet conditions in Northern Peru and Ecuador in December – January

Accompanied by dry, drought like conditions in Australia and Indonesia


Other Causes of Delayed Monsoon

ENSO : El Nino Southern Oscillations The atmospheric component of El Nino

and La Nina IOD – Indian Ocean Dipole

Effective all over Indian Ocean Responsible for the sea surface

temperature and wind anomalies occurring on inter-annual time scales



PIOD – Positive IOD Causes a cooling of sea surface

temperatures in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean ( Off Java Island )

Brings drought in the Indonesian and Australian region

Western tropical Indian Ocean ( off the east coast of Africa ) experiences warming of the sea and hence the rainfall



NIOD – Negative IOD Opposite of PIOD in effect

Concurrent El Nino – PIOD years Sea surface temp: in pre-monsoon

season was cooler leading to the delayed monsoon onset

Concurrent La Nina – NIOD years Sea surface temp: warmer leading to

an early monsoon onset


Mount Everest

In 1865, Everest was given its official English name by the Royal Geographical Society upon recommendation of Andrew Waugh, the British Surveyor General of India at the time.

By the same measure of base to summit, Mount McKinley, in Alaska, is also taller than Everest.

Mt. Everest has two main climbing routes, the southeast ridge from Nepal and the northeast ridge from Tibet,

History Of Reading

A Cognitive Analysis


What makes a reading ?

Prior knowledge + Prediction = Comprehension

There are stages in the development of reading ability

Whether language based or knowledge based


Analysing the reading

Reading is a means of language acquisition, communication and sharing ideas

Reading involves multiple intelligence The history of reading dates back to the

invention of writing in Mesopotamia during the 4th millennium BC

Personalities & Quotes

‘I speak, therefore I am’


Kamala Surayya

She openly and honestly discussed and wrote about the sexual desires of Indian women, which made her an iconoclast of her generation

On 31 May 2009, aged 75, she died at a hospital in Pune.

Kamala Das was born in Punnayurkulam, Thrissur

first book, Summer In Calcutta was a promising start.


Kamala Surayya

Some of her better-known stories include Pakshiyude Manam, Neypayasam, Thanuppu, and Chandana Marangal

She wrote a few novels , among which Neermathalam Pootha Kalam, which was received favourably by the reading public as well as the critics, stands out

In 1984 she unsuccessfully contested in the Indian Parliament elections


Kovilan

Kandanisseri Vattomparambil Velappan Ayyappan (9 July 1923 – 2 June 2010)

Malayalam Novelist Recipient of Ezuthachan puraskaram Born in Guruvayur, Thrissur He had worked in the Royal Indian Navy from

1943 to 1968 in the Corps of Signals. Novels

Thattakam (1995), Current Books, Thrissur Janmantharanngal (1982), Sahitya Pravrthaka Co-

opertaive Society Ltd., Kottayam Bharathan (1976), Poorna Publications, Calicut Thottanngal (1970), Current Books, Trissur


MG Radhakrishnan

born on 8 August 1940 at Haripad, in Alappuzha district

was a disciple of Sree Vidyadhiraja Hridayanjali

In 1962, he joined All India Radio as music composer

His debut film as a music director was G. Aravindan's Thampu (1978).

The other major works by him include Adwaitham, Devasuram, Manichithrathazhu, Rakkuyilin Rajasadassil and Ananthabhadram


Rupert Murdoch

Born in Australia, studies in Oxford The Adelaide News was Rupert Murdoch’s

base to launch into the global media empire he went on to create.

"I'm a catalyst for change … You can't be an outsider and be successful over 30 years without leaving a certain amount of scar tissue around the place." Rupert Murdoch


Rupert Murdoch

In an effort to expand his television interests further in the United States Rupert Murdoch became an American citizen in 1985.

"The world is changing very fast. Big will not beat small anymore. It will be the fast beating the slow." Rupert Murdoch


Mass Society

‘Forward, let us range, Let the great world spin for ever

down the ringing grooves of change’ ( Tennyson, ‘Locksley Hall’ )

TS Eliot once asked ‘Where was the wisdom we have lost in knowledge and where the knowledge we have lost in information


News

“News is what someone want to suppress. Everything else is advertising” Rubin Frank of NBC


Jawaharlal Nehru

Said on the eve of independence “ The spirit of the age is in favour of equality, though practice denies it everywhere”


Andre Beteille

The academician and social scientist, has observed that the Indian approach to inequality oscillates between the utopian and the fatalistic. In the utopian mode there is a call for removing all the inequalities in toto but in the fatalistic mode the Indian mindset says nothing will ever change except for the worse in India.


Ryszard Kapuscinsky

Well known Polish journalist of the nineteenth century

Describes what happens in a crowd when Czar had a military parade outside Moscow

During the free bread distribution, stampede happens and crowd becomes so frantic that dead are seen moving with the alive

Political Economy

Matrix of evolution …


World Economic Crisis 2008

1997 – Asian Tigers felt the heat of the economic crisis

After Dec 2007, USA lost 7 million jobs 2008 March – Bear Stearns was saved by

rival Morgan Chase Sept 2008 – Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, AIG

were saved by US govt October 2008

US Govt introduced the bail out BSE lost 1000 points a day


Goods and Services Tax

The GST is an indirect tax that would replace existing levies such as excise duty, service tax, and value-added tax (VAT)

The reform would eliminate multiple indirect taxes levied by states and the central government

Leading to a reduction in the average tax burden on companies and a rise in the country's tax-to-GDP ratio.

Exports would not be subject to GST For the first two years of operation, the proposal is for two

rates both at the federal and state levels, converging to a single rate in the third year.

Direct taxes, such as income tax, corporate tax and capital gains tax would not be affected.

Increased compliance and fewer exemptions to GST would lift India's federal tax-to-GDP ratio from the 11.8 percent it currently estimates for the financial year 2012/13.

Reducing production costs would make exporters more competitive.


Goods and Service Tax

For the first year: 10 percent and 6 percent. Depending on revenue collections and compensation handouts to states, the higher rate would come down to 9 percent in the second year, and the two rates would converge at 8 percent in the third year.

Asim Dasgupta, the chairman of the panel of state finance ministers, said alcohol, petroleum and electricity would not come under GST.

Goods deemed necessary or of basic importance would be taxed at a lower rate.

The GST is initially intended to be revenue-neutral Implementation of a comprehensive GST would lift India's

economy of over $1 trillion by between 0.9 percent and 1.7 percent,

Exports would rise by between 3.2 percent and 6.3 percent, while imports would increase 2.4 percent to 4.7 percent


Global Recession

Factors: Easy monetary policies & Easy credit in

G7 Economies Bubble in asset prices Resultant deleveraging

Reactions Reducing interest rates Fiscal stimulus involving tax reductions

and spending


Direct Tax Code

A New comprehensive definition of income that include prerequisites

Long term capital gains in the equity market are taken under taxation

Slashes both corporate and personal income taxes

Proposes to alter the structure of corporate tax exemptions by linking tax benefits to investment rather than profits


Indian Economy

SEZ’s - under the current law, SEZ units are given 100% tax exemption on profits for the first five years and 50% on the next five years

In the year 2009 – 2010 India has exported 28 million tonnes of petroleum products against an import of 10 million tonnes.

IOC is the first and the highest ranked Indian company in the Fortune `Global 500’, placed at 116th position by sales in 2008.


Inflation In India

Inflation rate for manufactured articles has increased in May 2010 to 6.41%, which was only 2.18% in May last year.

The growth rate of food grains during 1993-94 to 2003-04 was only 0.69% which further reduced to 0.32% during 2004-05 to 2009-10.

This meagre rate of growth of food grain should be compared with a population growth rate of 1.4%.

This inflation is aggravated by speculation in the commodity market.


Inflation in India

As given by the RBI Bulletin of May 2010, India had a much higher rate of inflation than all the other developing countries like Brazil, China, Indonesia, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Russia, Thailand etc.

inflation hurts the poor only when the prices of commodities rise with respect to money wages/income.


Inflation in India

Inflation hurts finance capital because it is concerned about the real rate of interest which is the difference between the nominal rate of interest and inflation.

If there is high inflation the real rate of interest gets reduced, thereby harming finance capital.


Inflation in India

The idea that by bridging fiscal deficit inflation can be controlled is erroneous because fiscal deficit is positively related with inflation only in situation of full-capacity or full-employment both of which are absent in today's India.

Supply side constraints are leading to inflation every time growth picks up.

Effect of reducing subsidies, raising administered prices


Inflation in India

PDS as a tool against speculation in the food market

Government suggested opening up the retail trade to combat inflation


Oil Pricing Mechanism In India

Till the nationalisation of foreign oil companies i.e. Burma Shell, Caltex, and Esso, the pricing of petroleum products was done based on the international prices of the products.

This was known as import parity pricing system. In 1976, import pricing system was discontinued

and Administrative Pricing Mechanism (APM) was introduced as with continued increase in the domestic refining capacity, the share of imported products was coming down.

As per APM the actual cost of crude and refining cost of crude were assessed and a reasonable profit margin was ensured to the companies before fixing the price of products.


Developing Countries

The share of the developing countries in the world’s income is only 20% while they carry 80% of the world population

They have only 10% of the advanced technological infrastructure

A Course on Print Journalism

11 July 2010 Onwards …

History Of Journalism

A bird’s eye view


Ancient History of journalism

59 B.C.- Published in Rome. In the time of Julius Ceaser. Actuarii – State appointed reporter

713 – Mixed News. First newspaper published in China 1040 – In China, Pi Sheng invents printing from

movable woodblocks 1392 – Movable copper type is invented in Korea 1447 – Johann Gutenberg invents letterpress printing 1556 – Veneitian publishes Notize Scritte, readers

should pay a ‘gazetta’ a small coin 1844 – Telegraph invented 1851 – Reuters established 1903 – Alfred Harmsworth develops the first tabloid

newspaper, Daily Mirror in London 1994 – First on-line daily appears


Nationalist Journalism

Balagangadhara Thilak, Gopalakrishna Gokhale 1905 – Militant movement 1907 – Muzzafpur Bomb case Seditious Meeting Bill 1905 1908 – Newspaper Act

Local authorities can take action against editors 1909 – Minto Morley Reform

More representation of Indian elected members 1910 – Newspaper Act Trial for sedition against Thilakan

Maratha Kesari – Edited by Thilakan Desasevak – From Nagpur Vandemataram – Aurbindo

New Path Doctrine Kaal – SM Paranjpe, Thilakan’s associate Jugandar, Sandhya- CR Das Bhupendra Nath Dutt – Brother Swami Vivekananda


Nationalist journalism

Madan Mohan Malavya, Feroz Shah Mehta – Congress leaders supported Press freedom

Advocate of India – Feroz Shah Mehta Times Of India became moderate Indian Spectator – MM Malabari Bombay Chronicle – Benjamin Guy Horniman

Irish Editor Described TOI as ‘Old lady of Boribandhar’ Participated in the protest against Rowlett act

1915 – 1916 – Militant movement subsided 1916 – MK Gandhi attended the Lucknow Congress CY Chinthamani – Leader

Mouthpiece of the conservatives in congress



Independent – By Syed Hussain George Joseph became the editor

MK Gandhi 1904 - Started first newspaper in South Africa ‘Indian Opinion’ Publishes in Tamil, Gujarati, English 1919 – Editor of Young India Navajeevan – Another paper edited by MK

Gandhi 1924-25 – Gandhiji Harijan

Mahadev Desai was the editor



Annie Beasant – 1914 – started Madras Standard

Renamed it to ‘New India’ Indian Patriot – Karunakara Menon Justice paper – Edited by TM Nair Swarajya – T Praksom Sadhana – Started by Rabindra Nath

Tagore Swaraj – Bipin Chandra Pal


Joseph Pulitzer

A Hungarian immigrant with few resources, Pulitzer rose to purchase the struggling New York World newspaper in 1883 after many successes in St. Louis.

Pulitzer used his newspapers to crusade for the rights of immigrants, the poor and the working class.


History Of American Journalism

1690 – Public Occurrences from Boston – First newspaper in America Publisher was arrested and destroyed the copies

1704 - Boston News-letter – First successful newspaper by John Campbell, a post master

By 1783, end of war, there were 43 newspapers 1791 – Bill of Rights guaranteed the press

freedom 1814 – 346 newspapers 1830’s – Advancements in paper making and

printing; led to explosion in newspaper; emergence of ‘Penny Press’ A copy one cent


History of American Journalism

Yellow Journalism: In 1800’s, the headline wars between William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

Use of sensationalistic, lurid stories, attention-grabbing banner headlines

Decline of yellow journalism coincided with the rise of journalism as a profession

Early newspapers in the US were highly partisan


Impact of Industrial Revolution in American Newspapers

Number of papers and their paid circulation continued to rise

1850 census catalogued 2526 titles In 1850’s giant presses emerged First pictorial newspapers emerged During Civil War, demand for timely,

accurate news reporting transformed American journalism

By 1910, all the essential features of modern newspapers emerged


History of American Journalism

Pennsylvania Gazette – Benjamin Franklin American Mercury – Andrew Bradford 1720 – New England Current 1780 – 1st Amendment to American constitution 1735 - John Peter Zenger in NewYork Weekly

Journal – Not guilty of seditious libel- Found not guilty by Jurors

By 1750’s Political Newspapers emerged 1754 – First cartoon in Pennsylvania Gazette 1783 – Pennsylvania Evening Post becomes the

first American daily newspaper Frederic Hudson – Father of American journalism


History of Indian Journalism

1780 – Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Adviser by James Augustus Hickey

1785 - The Madras Courier by Richard Hudson 1878 – The Hindu was founded Raja Ram Mohan Roy

1820’s The Brahmanical Magazine in English The Sambad Kaudi, in Bengali Mirat-ul-Akhbar in Persian

Bombay Samachar – 1822, Fardoonji Murzban Gujarati Daily

By 1870’s Vernacular papers grew in strength 1878, Vernacular Press Act 1936, All India Radio


History of British Journalism

1620 – First coranto in English 1641 – Abolition of Star Chamber, measure of

press freedom First reporting of Parliament

1643 – Rivalary between Royalist and Parliamentarian newspapers

1655 – Cromwell restores licensing system and suppresses all newspapers except Mercurius Politicus

1665 – Oxford Gazette founded. Became London Gazette in February 1666. World’s oldest surviving periodical

1693 – Ladies Mercury founded, the first women’s magazine


History of British Journalism

1702 – Daily Courant founded. First daily newspaper. Ceased published in 1735.

1704 – Weekly Review by Daniel Defoe.

1709 – First CopyRight Act. 1785 – Daily Universal Register

founded by John Walter. Became the Times on 1788.


Where it began

1456- Invention of printing using movable types by Gutenberg He developed a punch and mold system He was a gold smith

However, Movable type was originally invented in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 to 1048 He used clay type Wang Zang later used wood type

Arabs had paper mill in Bagdad as early as AD 794 First printing press in a Muslim territory opened in

Andalusia in the 1480s.


Martin Luther and Reformation

1483 – 1546, a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation

Strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money

The 95 Theses were quickly translated from Latin into German, printed, and widely copied, making the controversy one of the first in history to be aided by the printing press.

Within two weeks, copies of the theses had spread throughout Germany; within two months throughout Europe.

his was excommunicated by the pope and condemned as an outlaw by the emperor as he was reluctant to retract his statements


Martin Luther and Reformation

His translation of the Bible into the language of the people (instead of Latin) made it more accessible

Tremendous impact on the church and on German culture. It fostered the development of a standard version of

the German language Added several principles to the art of translation Influenced the translation into English of the King James Bible In the first three critical years after Luther posted his 95

Theses in Wittenberg, from 1517 to 1520, Luther published 30 pamphlets and flooded Germany with 400 000 copies.

By 1523, half of all the printed works in Germany were Luther’s works.

In 1517 there were about 24 printing centres in Europe.


Gutenberg’s contribution

Perfected oil-based ink Devised a mould of metal prism

matrices Devised punch-stamped typeface

moulds Devised punch cutting, matrix

fitting, type casting and composing


Timeline

59 BC – News sheets known as Acta Diurna were posted in public places in Rome.

Acta Diurna – Means Daily Activity Contained Govt: and military developments Regarding births, deaths, sports

HMD Pages – Hatch, Match, Despatch AD 868 – Wang Cheih published a book from blocks. It

is the oldest printed book. Marco Polo described Chinese printing methods when

he returned to Venice from East in 1295. 1476 – William Caxton set up the first printing press in

England PAO – Report, 1618, Another Newspaper First reference to Kerala- Asoka rock edict


16th Century Forerunners

Newsletters Handwritten Publications used to ring Industrial

fares Ex: Fuggers, Fogli Di Avissi, a newsletter from Venice, 1563

About the war with Turky Newsbooks

Pamphlets About one particular event of the time or day Not a daily or weekly About Crime, Politics etc

Battle of Ploddenfield, war between England & Scotland


17th Century

Saw the invention of newspapers Different characterization of newspaper

A miscellaneous source of information Topical-relevant to that particular point of the time Element of regularity

Nieuwe Tijdinghen – One of the first newspaper South Netherlands newspaper

Flemish Newspaper by Abraham Verhoeven Dutch were the richest countries during those times Netherland become the centre of newspapers

Dutch papers were called ‘Corantos’ Almost all newspapers in the world were called by this

name Slowly power concentrated in Britain 1600, Establishment of East India Company


17th Century

Newspapers were linked with urban sector Age of Pen and Sword Lot of wars in this period Impact of Colonialism Portuguese helped the spread of Christianity 1621, Thomas Archer was the first to start a newspaper

in England He was imprisoned

License act came into being Introduced by Nathaniel Butler Translations of Dutch creations

Decree of Star Chamber, 1632 Withdrawn in 1641 and age of free journalism began


17th Century

Age of Mercuries Partisan journalism Almost all newspapers had the prefix ‘Mercury’ Mercury – Messenger God Mercuries Politicus, Mercurius Civics, Mercurius

Academicus 1651, John Milton was the editor of Mercurius Politicus Mercurius Civicus had full of illustrations 1662, Licensing act 1688, Newspapers began to flourish 1649, Parliament won the war against the royalists Oliver Cromwell became the ruler

Banned all newspapers except two owned by him Marc Mond The royalty came after Cromwell


18th Century

Imperial power was at its peak Called the ‘Twilight of Princes’ Right of the individual French Revolution

Common man in power Enlightenment

Scepticism, Rationalism, Science and Logic

Adam smith and importance of individual

1702-1735, First Daily, Daily Courant


18th century

1712 – Stamp Duty to control the radical press Robinson Crusoe, First novel 1740, Pamela, Samuel Richardson 1749, Ton Jones – Henry Fielding Universalization of education in Britain Daily Universal Register – John Walter Daniel Defoe wrote the editorial for the first

time Review was his newspaper

Magazine journalism Spectator- Richard Steele, The Tatler – Joseph

Addison


19th Century

1813, Charter Act : Removed some of the chief institutional

restrictions to private trade, both English and Indian, the former enjoying privileged conditions.

1815, Waterloo 1835, Macaulay minute

English as the medium of instruction To create an intermediary social class

Dreyfus affair : In France Emile Zola wrote the letter to save Alfred

Dreyfus


American Journalism

17th century 1773 - Boston Gazette, By James

Franklin 1735 - John Peter Zenger ‘ New York

Weekly Journal’


Timeline

1400 - Technique of printing with wooden blocks arrived in Europe from the far east

Wine presses had been used in the Rhine valley since the days of the Roman empire

1460 - Printers ink invented 1500 – Handbill began to replace the town

criers 1600 – Screw press was improved


Timeline

1621- Primitive news sheets known as Corantos appeared in England

1665 – Publication of Oxford Gazette 1681 – Benjamin Harris published a

periodical in America 1704 – First Newsletter in America ‘Boston

Newsletter’ was launched John Campbell was the editor

New England in America was the birth place of the American newspaper


Timeline

1600 – The printed medium changed the advertisements from announcements to persuasion

Newspapers first flourished in Germany where authority was weak

1799 – Printing by lithography was invented by an Austrian printer Alois Senefelder. He found that flat, fine-grained limestone surface could be used for printing


Timeline

Early 19th century – Reproduction was better if the ink was transferred to the paper via a rubber blanket instead of directly from the stone. This became called ‘offsetting’.

1803 – Machine paper began to replace hand-made paper. The first paper machine was invented by Nicholas Louis Robert at the Essonnes Mill, France

Tudor controlled the English press


Timeline

First Tabloid – Daily Mail by Alfred Hamsworth Started Daily Mirror in 1903 Daily Mirror for women – first tabloid

William Howard Russel – First war currespondant News Agencies

1835 - Charles Havas in Paris 1846 – US v/s Mexico war

New York Associated Press 1851 – Paul Julius Reuter in London

Bernard Woff in Berlin 1870 – First Agency Treaty Second Agency Treaty

Between AP and Reuters


American Press

The Courant of James Franklin Mercury Weekly – 1719

Another postmaster paper Defended James Franklin Printed the controversial ‘Cato Letters’ By Andrew Bradford

Franklin took over the management of the Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729


American Press

More than half of the 2120 newspapers established between 1690 and 1820 expired before they were two years old

Only 34 lasted a generation New York Sun – In 1833, launched by a

young printer, Ben Day in his hand press and sold for a penny

1883 – Joseph Pulitzer bought “The New York World”


American Press

1895 – William Hearst bought the “New York Journal”

Morril Goddard – Famous “Sunday” journalist for whom Hearst and Pulitzer matched dollars


Yellow Kid

The Yellow Kid emerged as the lead character in Hogan's Alley, drawn by Richard F. Outcault, which became one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper


Indian Press

1674 – East India Company installed a printing press in Mumbai

James Augustus Hicky – Launched the first English newspaper in India in 1780 It was named Bengal Gazette alias

Calcutta General Advisor It annoyed Warren Hastings


Indian Press

Indian Gazette – contemporary of Bengal Gazette Owned by Peter Read and B.Messinck

Madras Courier – The first newspaper in Chennai (1785) Founded by Richard Johnson Censorship was first introduced in

Chennai in 1795


Indian Press

Bombay Herald – Mumbai’s first newspaper (1789)

In Mumbai and Chennai, newspapers tried to appease the Company

William Duane – Acquired Bengal Journal (1791) In conflict with the Company

Bengal Harkaru – By Dr.Charles Maclean Asiatic Mirror – By Rt: Samuel James Bryce


James Silk Buckingham

Founded “Calcutta journal” Edited his paper fearlessly in 1823, when

he was deported John Adam, the Governor General was behind

this In England, he started “Oriental Herald” He started “Athenaeum” for serious

literary criticism of the mass of books


Block Printing

Pressing sheets of paper onto individually carved wooden blocks (xylography) Believed to be originated in Asia A Buddhist sutra dated AD 750-751

from a Korean pagoda excavation is the oldest printed work


Movable type

Came about in AD 1234 during the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea by Chwe Yun-Ui

Oldest extant movable metal print book is the Jikji, printed in Korea in 1377

Gutenberg is credited with the first use of the soya-based ink He created the movable type from an alloy of

lead, tin and antimony


Printing in the Industrial age

1812- Steam powered press : By Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer

1833 – Rotary Press: Richard M. Hoe of USA

Jobbing press- quick setup and quick production

Led to the decline of the Latin language


World’s oldest !

A newspaper that was begun in 1645 in Stockholm still appears and thus the credit ungrudgingly goes to it for being the world’s oldest known continuously published newspaper.


First Daily Newspaper !

The first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, appeared in 1702 and continued publication for more than 30 years. Its first editor was also the first woman in journalism, although she was replaced after only a couple of weeks.

Kerala Culture


Kerala Newspapers

Mahabharatam Translation – Kodungaloor Kunnhikuttan Tampuran

Mahabharatham Prose translation – K Prakasom

Rajyasamacharam – By Herman Gundert

Kerala Pathrika – P.Kunnhirama Menon


Kerala Newspapers

Kerala Sanchari - Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar, Vadakkan Kesari

Swadeshabhimani (edited by K. Ramakrishna Pillai and published by Vakkom Abdul Khadir Moulavi)

Mithavadhi (edited by Moorkkoththu Kumaran and later by C. Krishnan)

Mathrubhumi (founded and edited initially by K. P. Kesava Menon)

Malayala Manorama (founded and edited initially by Kandathil Varghese Mappila)


Kerala Culture

Mahodayapuram – Old name of Kodungallur

Swapna Vasavadatham – By Bhasan in 4th century

Sangam literature – Avvayar, Andar Reign of Chera Kingdom ended in 12th

century Mavelikkara, Thakazhi, Karumadi –

Centers of Buddhism Kapilavasthu – In Nepal


Kerala culture

Venad – From Aaruvamozhi to Edava 1884 – 1915- Kerala renaissance

Vakom Abdulkhadar Moulavi 1915 – 1937 – Emergence of Communist Party in

Kerala First trade union – K.P.Kesavadev First Book in Malayalam is : Samkshepa

Vedartham Samkshepa Vedartham is written by : Clement

Piyanus Pathiri in A.D. 1772 Huang Tsang a Chinese Traveler visited Kerala in :

A.D. 630 Italiam Traveller Marco Polo visited Kerala in : A.D.

1292


Kerala Culture

Kundara Proclamation was made by Veluthampi in the year : A.D. 1809

Mahodayapuram was the Capital of : Kulasekharas Mamankom held during the reign of Samoothiri of

Kozhikode at : Thirunavaya in Malappuram Districts Name of the Ship in which Vascoda Gama came : Saint

Gabriel St. Thomas came to Kerala in : A.D.52 The Capital City of Venad Kingdom was : Kollam The only Muslim Kingdom in Kerala was the : Arakkal

Kingdom Who established the Chala Bazar in Thiruvanathapuram

: Raja Kesavadas Who was the first Britisher to come to Kerala : Captain

Keeling


Kerla Culture

1917 – Champthur Chinnamu Amma – First detective novel

1824 – Cherupaithangalude Upakaraartham Englishil ninnum paribhashapedthiya kadhakal, Benjamin Baily

1834 – Government Press began in Kerala First short story – Vasana Vikruthi First verse in Malayalam – Ramacharitham by

Cheeraman Ayurvedam began in 5th century AD Ashatangahridayam - Vagbhadan


Kerala Mathematics

The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Malabar, Kerala, South India,

Its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar.

The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632).

Business Reporting


Terms

PMS – Portfolio Management Services SLR – Statutory Liquidity Ratio – Min 25%, At present 30%

Section 24 of the Banking regulation act, 1949 CRR – Cash Reserve Ratio, Min 5%,

Can be made up to 15% (CRR), the percentage of cash banks must keep in reserve with the

RBI AMC – Asset Management Companies

More diversification, liquidity of assets than individual companies

Depository Services NSDL – National Security Depository Ltd: CDSL – Central Depository Services Ltd:

NPA – Non-Performing Assets an asset which is not producing income


Terms

DEMAT Depository Participants ETGF - Exchange Rate Gold Fund

SEBI – Security Exchange Board of India Overdraft is issued only for Current Account

holders Financial Market

Money Market, short term supply and demand Treasury Bills, Purchase Bill Organized Un-organized

Capital Market, long term supply and demand Shares and debentures


Terms

Open market operations the means of implementing monetary policy a central bank controls in an economy

the short term interest rate the supply of base money indirectly the total money supply

VCF – Venture Capital Fund Gets only dividend, no interest

Repo ( Repurchase ) Rate Rate at which our banks borrow rupees from RBI

Reverse Repo Rate Reserve Bank of India (RBI) borrows money from banks.

MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Recognition For processing cheques Can be read by humans

ECS – Electronic Clearing System


Terms

ADR – American Depository Receipt A negotiable certificate issued by a U.S. bank

representing a specific number of shares of a foreign stock traded on a U.S. stock exchange.

ADRs make it easier for Americans to invest in foreign companies, due to the widespread availability of dollar-denominated price information, lower transaction costs, and timely dividend distributions.

GDR – Global Depository Receipt A bank certificate issued in more than one country

for shares in a foreign company. EDR – European Depository Receipt IDR – Indian Depository Receipt


Types of Bank

Exim bank – Export Import Bank SIDBI – Small Industrial Development Bank of India IDBI – Industrial Development Bank of India NABARD – National Bank for Agriculture and Rural

Development Urban Bank

Medium and long term financial needs of industries Commercial Bank

Provides credit for trade, industries and commerce Mobilizes saving of the people

Scheduled Bank Having paid up capital and reserve more than 5 lakh

Central Cooperative Banks


Sports Reporting - Profile

Saina Nehwal Born March 17, 1990 Currently ranked number 2 in the world by

Badminton World Federation Saina is the first Indian girl to reach the singles

quarterfinals at the Olympics The first Indian to win the World Junior

Badminton Championships. Saina Nehwal made history on June 21, 2009,

becoming the first Indian to win a Super Series tournament, by clinching the Indonesia Open with a stunning victory over higher-ranked Chinese Wang Lin in Jakarta.


Saina Nehwal

Saina won her second career Super Series title by winning the Singapore Open title on June 20, 2010.

She completed a hat-trick in the same year by winning the Indonesian Open on June 27, 2010.

Saina was born in Hisar, Haryana and has spent her entire life in city of Hyderabad, India.

Currently coached by Indonesian badminton legend Atik Jauhari since August 2008

The former All England champion and national coach Pullela Gopichand being her mentor


Saina Nehwal - History

Her foray into the world of badminton was influenced by her father Dr. Harvir Singh, a scientist at the Directorate of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad and her mother Usha Nehwal, both of whom were former badminton champions in Haryana.

Harvir Singh and Saina, who was 8 years old at the time, would wake at 4am every morning and head to the stadium which was 25 km away. After two hours of practice, Singh would drop Saina at school on his way to work.


Saina Nehwal

Saina is the reigning Under-19 national champion.

Saina Nehwal was rewarded with Arjuna award in August, 2009 and her coach Gopichand was also rewarded with Dronacharya award at the same time.

Saina has been awarded with Padma Shri award in January 2010.

Saina is brand ambassador of Deccan Chargers, an Indian Premier League team owned by Deccan chronicle.


Uber Cup

The Uber Cup, sometimes called the World Team Championships for Women, is a major international badminton competition contested by women's national badminton teams.

First held in 1956-1957 and contested at three year intervals, it has been contested every two years since 1984 when its scheduled times and venues were merged with those of Thomas Cup,

Science Reporting

26 July 2010


Chandrayan-1

Lunar Remote sensing satellite It carried high resolution remote sensing equipment

for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies.

It was launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation in October 2008, and operated until August 2009. from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota,

Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar

orbit on 8 November 2008 On 14 November 2008, the Moon Impact Probe

separated from the Chandrayaan orbiter


Chandrayan -1

Chandrayaan operated for 312 days as opposed to the intended two years but the mission achieved 95 percent of its planned objectives

The estimated cost for the project was Rs. 386 crore (US$ 80 million)

The US Space agency’s Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) detected the enormous crater - the South Pole -Aitken basin - that was created when an asteroid smacked into moon’s southern hemisphere shortly after the formation of moon

Chandrayaan's Moon Mineralogy Mapper has confirmed the magma ocean hypothesis, meaning that the moon was once completely molten.


Chandrayan 2

To be launched in 2013, using GSLV includes a lunar orbiter made in

India as well as one lander and one rover built by Russia.

will look at powering the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter with nuclear energy.


PSLV

It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia.


GSLV

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) initiated in 1990

GSLV uses major components that are already proven in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) launchers

The GSLV improved on the performance of the PSLV with the addition of liquid strap-on boosters and a cryogenic upper stage.

It is a three-stage launch vehicle with the first stage being solid-propelled, the second liquid-propelled (with hypergolic fuels) and the final stage being liquid propelled as well (with cryogenic fuels).

The solid first and liquid second stages are carried over from the PSLV.


GSLV failure

GSLV D3 Mission fails The cost of the mission was Rs 330 crore. The failure will impact India's efforts at launching its

own communication satellites, its first manned space flight and the planned launch of Chandrayan 2 in 2012.

The first stage separates and the second stage, powered by a liquid engine takes over, while the heat shield is shed.

At an altitude of about 130 kilometres, the second stage separates and the all-important cryogenic engine takes over. Using very cold liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen as fuel, this special engine helps launch heavier satellites into space.

Editing Basics


Editing basics

Chief sub-editor does the make up design of a newspaper

News comes first, design follows to present it well

Morning v/s Evening newspapers Dinathanthi - First Indian newspaper to

cross 1 crore circulation Ingredients of designing a page

Photograph, type and whitespace


Choice Areas

Right hand pages attract higher readership than left hand pages

The top of a page commands more attention than the bottom

Editors regard the upper right-hand corner of the right page as the most preferred choice, followed by left hand half of left hand pages

Editors balance the bottom with a good photograph or a large head stretching over a story over several columns


Principles of Design and layout

Basic principles of newspaper design Make the product attractive, saleable proposition to give the paper an identity

What kind of readership is sought Have a typographical identity

Page proportion Photographic enlargements are usually 5*7 or 8*10

inches 3*5 inch proportion was used by ancient Greek

architects Square page is not used for two dimensional graphic

materials as it does not suggest movement or change


Elements of layout

Column Rule Logo Headline Photo/picture Text/copy Caption Cartoon Boxes Drop letter Raise letter Colour tint Whitespace


Aspects of Layout

Horizontal is heavier than vertical Left is heavier than right Line of force adds weight in that

direction Eye Movements

Human eye enter a page at the top left corner



Balance Unbalanced page is an unstable page Balanced page is harmonious But the excitement of news comes from its

unpredictability Sum of optical weights should be equal Optical centre is the imaginary centre line

slightly 1/10 above the geometrical line Colour and shape affect optical weights Farther the element is from the centre, more

weight it has



Contrast – Juxtaposition of dissimilar elements Accentuation of an element in a page Used in headline typography

To differentiate different stories Use of box items, graphics and illustrations Interplay of heavy matter with empty spaces to

highlight news items Type-Type contrast using heavy and light

headline alternatively Type – Whitespace contrast



Unity – Same family of fonts used to achieve this Illustrations and type must be compatible Elements must not be crowded

Eye movement Primary Optical Area Line of Reading Gravity – The line from the top

left to the bottom right Balancing weights are distributed top to

bottom, rather than quarter to quarter



Sometimes a strong focus is more important than balance

Especially on feature pages Each quarter of the page should have at least one good

large headline If there is a photograph at the bottom of the page it

should be balanced by a bigger one at the top with a headline which is heavy

Give at least one dominating story with a large headline on each page

No photograph should touch an advertisement Photograph at the exact centre should be avoided

rather it should be given at the optical centre A multi-column item should never be put immediately

next to another multi-column one



Advertisements can be balanced with photographs, box items or thick headlines

Purpose of Layout Help the leader to locate the news

Steps in Layout Thumbnail sketches

Graphically preserve ideas Visually portray ideas Choice among two three designs

Methods of preparation Rough layout

Improvement or refine thumb nail sketch Comprehensive layout



Types of layout Top-and-bottom balance layout

Centre part is ignored Off-balance layout

Page is divided into four areas Heaviest item is always at the top

Broken page layout Concept of balance Breaking the monotony Small items with heavy single column

headline is useful



Types of layout Centre balance layout

Focus is on centre Front page of the newspaper can be seldom

done this way Stepped layout

Staircase from larger ones to smaller ones Heavy headlines step down to lighter Known as pyramid

Free-Style layout No balance, no limitation of headline types



Vertical layout Most of the stories run into single columns Narrow or thin photographs are used Not favoured by many

Horizontal Layout Multi-column headlines Single columns are few Deep photographs

Make up and layout Layout is a trailer Make up is the final plan

Irregular makeup Square makeup Square make up offers more whitespace



Line of force adds weight in that direction

Windows One or two words at the end of a

paragraph which are carried over to the top of the next columns


Rules for Headline writing

Get a verb into the headline Change passive to active Don’t use many jargons Don’t use obscure words Don’t use too many abbreviations and

punctuations When quotes are used, always give attribution Don’t cram much into headlines Don’t labour for smart headlines Don’t laugh at a tragedy Avoid opinion headlines Don’t break lines unnaturally


Photograph should have a sense

Very important in the age where attention is transient Good taste Readership profile Decapitated body Invasion of privacy Line of force principle When there is no picture, use

Graphic Caricature Tint Hanging indent Bullet Drop letter / Raise letter


Rules for Headline writing

Headline as a Science Whitespace Headline collision Bumpheading or tombstoning

Headline types Left flush Right flush Centralised


Rules in Caption writing

Must provide supplementary information

Must not overwrite Must identify people and relevant

things Must match the typographical

pattern of the newspaper


Terms

Banger – Elimination point Banner – Line of ribbon or streamer or headline

across or top of all or most of the newspaper page Bcopy – the bottom section of a story written

ahead of an event that will occur too close to the deadline for the entire story to be processed

Break – When a news development becomes known and available The point of introduction in a story from one page to

another Brite – Shot amusing story


Terms

Bull dog – Early edition or first edition Byline – Name of the reporter who wrote the

story, published at the top Clip – Newspaper cutting used for future Copy desk – The desk used by copy editors to

read the copy Crony journalism – Reporting that ignores or

treats lightly negative news about reporters or editors

Cropping – Eliminate a material from the story, unwanted portion from a photograph Known otherwise as Masking


Terms

Cutline – Any descriptive or explanatory material under a picture

Column closes – small item used to fill space Dateline – Name or date of the city Dirty copy – With lot of mistakes Daily copy – A version of newspaper edition a day Flag – Printer title of a newspaper on page one Filler – Material used to fill the space Good night – Before leaving for the day, beat

reporters check with dark and give a good night, which means there is nothing further for the day


Terms

Handout – Handwritten copy by agent Hard news – Spot story Headshot / Mugshot – A photo with only face Jump or run-over – Continuation of a story from

one page to another Kill – To delete a section or entire story Make up / layout / design Mast head – Formal statement of a newspapers

officers, place of publication and other descriptive information

Overnight – Story usually written late of night for the afternoon newspapers for the next day


Terms

Play – Amplify a small story Rawback – A story that attempts to collect a previous

story without indicating that the prior story had been erratic

Running story – A period of story; event that is covered over a period or time

Shirtale – short fill up; short related story all to the end of a longer one

Slant – To influence the reader’s thinking Slug – Word or words placed on all copies to identify the

story Stringer – Not a regular staff member who is paid by

the story Trim – Reduce or condense the copy carefully


Characteristics of a sub-editor

A perpetually replenished fund of GK

A sure grasp of language Knowledge of production process –

time management A tidy mind to avoid clutter Two types of sub-editors

Mechanical Intelligent


Sub-editing techniques

Check the names, address, figures and other story (facts) Check and put right or wrong Any errors of grammar, spelling, and structure Check for legality, if necessary referring queries to the office lawyer Edit the story to the length needed for the page, cutting the copy or

collating copy from a number of source into one story Rewrite any part or all of the story as needed to reduce it to length or

bring it to the standard required Prepare the story for the press by typing up Write a headline to the chosen type Write any caption needed to go with the story Rewise the story in length and context for editors in the light of new

information or change in position in the paper Ensure that all these procedures are carried out to meet page and

editor deadline Translation


Requirements for a good lead

Intro should be direct Should be unambiguous or uncluttered Self contained Never start with subsidiary clauses Never start with number or digit Never start with the name of official bodies Only rarely start with quotes Do not get too obsessed with length of intro Each word should count for making it attractive Intro should highlight the salient or most interesting part of

the story It should not start with time and place It should avoid the use of abbreviations whenever possible

and either spell out organizations in full or use a general reference such as the doctors, teachers etc

Public Relations


Terms

Logo Crisis Management Risk Management House Journal Employee Relations Manual VNR: Video News Release ANR: Audio News Release Writing a Press release

Inverted pyramid style Eye catching headline Fundamental tool of PR work Written statement distributed to the media


Terms

E-zine Double page spread FUD – Fear, Uncertainty, Doubt Ink – Space devoted to a company Mind share: Amount of thinking an

individual does about a company Reactive PR / Proactive PR Sig File – Signature block, tagging a

company USP – Unique Selling Proposition


Basics

Techniques of PR Publicity Direct

communication Collateral literature Speeches

Crisis management

Reputation management

Issue management Investor relations Labour relations Grassroots PR


Public Relation

Public opinion Communication Management Function PR is a two way

Mutual understanding Corporate Public image organization Sphere of influence of an organization The tool to improve the communication with people

PR is a propaganda to impose a point of view PR is not a direct sale PR is not a paid advertising PR is RACE

Research Action Communication Evolution


Public Relation Reports

Public relation is not a paid news Public relation is a public content Not factual information alone Duties of PR

Image building Speech writing Editing Media relations Conducting Press Meets


The Benefits & Disadvantages of Hiring Consultants

Advantages You get special expertise You use them as needed You save on tax contributions You save on benefits You have flexibility in the relationship You can terminate them easier than terminating

employees But using contractors/consultants can have its own set

of disadvantages: You may not have the same continuity in the relationship

as you would have with an employee You may have to pay high fees to the consultant You have limited control over the consultant You run the risk of tax problems if the consultant in fact

operates like an employee


PR Opportunities in different media

Newspapers – news release, facts Magazines – News as feature Book Publishing Radio – Public announcements Television

Guest appearance Silent publicity Demonstration

Film PRO Corporate video

Objective Target Audience Time factor is very important, contact

Tourism


Difference between Journalism & PR

In journalism, news is edited In PR, news should be creative Development journalism is a PR


PR Organizational Structure

Pres CEO PR Manager

Creative services Advertising Audio Visual unit Web

Accounts Marketing

Sales promotion Administration

HR Legal

Research Polling Retrieval


PR Methodology

Goals Objectives Strategy Tactics Target audience Public relations can add

credibility/authority, create an opportunity to probe new markets for your product/service less expensively than advertising


Difference between PR and Ad

With public relations your control of the message is more limited than with advertising.

There is no guarantee of frequency, how often or how many times your message will appear, or placement, where your message will appear.

With public relations a reporter/editor is being "sold" a story. Even if the reporter "buys" the story, there is no guarantee of how or when he will use the story.

However, PR has the advantage of third-party credibility. People tend to believe what they read much more than the ads they see.

In fact, studies show that a reader is seven times more likely to respond to PR than to advertising and that articles written by reporters are four times more believable than advertisements


Public Relation Types

Business-increasing PR Fund raising PR Enhancing Public image Public information Special Events


PR tools

Print media Press release Photograph Case histories Interviews Brochure Posters and calendars Written speech Events Letters to the editor Corporate Advertising Internet E-mail Audio-Visual Special events

Advertising


Advertising Agency Structure

Board of directors Chairman President

Director creative services Copy Chief

Writer Art Supervisor

Art Director Director Account Services

Account Supervision Account Executive

Director Marketing Services Media Director

Media Buyer V.P. Management and Finance

Office Management


Advertising Agency Structure

Accounts management department Accounts planning (strategy) department Internal services department

Traffic Department Creative department Print production department Human resource department Finance department

Media planning department


Advertising Objectives

Trial The purpose of the trial objective is to encourage customers to

make an initial purchase of a new product. Companies will typically employ creative advertising strategies in order to cut through other competing advertisements. The reason is simple: Without that first trial of a product by customers, there will not be any repeat purchases.

Continuity Existing customers are targeted and are usually provided new and

different information about a product that is designed to build consumer loyalty.

Brand Switching A common strategy is for a company to compare product price or

quality in order to convince customers to switch to its product brand.

Switchback A company might highlight new product features, price

reductions, or other important product information in order to get former customers of its product to switchback.


Advertising Objectives

Personal selling Sales promotion Publicity Public relation convey availability of a "product" provide information regarding the

product. This can stimulate demand for the product

persuade people to buy the product


Media Choice

Product or service Target audience Media Budget Depending on the target segment Their most preferred medium most potential point of time Go with the season Other factors

Frequency Spread Cost per thousand. Cost per rating point Selectivity Gross rating points (GRPs) are used to estimate broadcast

reach and frequency from tabulations and formulas


Different Media Choice

Television Wide range Greatest influence Short but long lasting

Radio Easy to plan and produce Cheap

Newspapers Easy to plan Quick to appear Cheap Specific and visible ads


Advertising Creativity

Creative Parameters Conceptual fluency Originality Avoiding Pre-conditional judgements Impulses Fantasy Skill and imagination

Creative Objectives Learning

Awareness and comprehension Attitude

Evaluation and conviction Behaviour

Action


Basic Objectives of Media plan

Defining the marketing problem Translating the marketing requirements

into attainable media objectives. Defining a media solution by formulating

media strategies. Plan about the target audience

Classification in terms of age, sex, income, education, occupation

Select the right media-mix Combination of advertising channels

employed in meeting the promotional objectives of a marketing plan or campaign.


Press advertisement

Heading Sub heading Visual Body copy Ingredients Company name and address Statement


Video Advertisement

Evolve a Concept Frame by frame description


Marketing Management

The practical application of marketing techniques and the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities

Level, timing, and composition of customer demand

Marketing Mix Product Price Place Promotion Target Market

Marketing activities Consumer analysis Product planning Distribution planning Price Planning Promotion planning

Market segmentation

Marketing analysis was structured into three areas:

Customer analysis, Company analysis, Competitor analysis

(so-called "3Cs" analysis) Types of Markets

Consumer market Business market Global market Non-profit and government

markets Branding Channels

Communication channels Distribution channels Service channels

Marketing strategy Implementation planning


Consumer Behaviour

Psychology Sociology Anthropology Marketing Economics Because market does not have a standard

behaviour People repeat the behaviours that are

awarded


Buying behaviour

4 Ps Marketing environment

Economic Technological Political Cultural

Buyer characteristics Buyer decision making process

Problem recognition Information search Evaluation of Alternatives Purchase decision Consumption Post purchase behaviour

Buyer Decision


Buyer Decision

Product Choice Brand Choice Dealer Choice Purchase Timing Purchase Amount


Social factors

Reference Groups Family Roles and Status


Types of buying motives

Product motive Primary product motive Selective product motive

Patronage motive Emotional and rational motive


Buying Role

Initiator Influencer Decider Buyer User


Recent innovation in modern marketing

Social marketing De-marketing

Opposite to marketing During the period of shortage

Remarketing Over-marketing Meta-marketing Counter-marketing Mass marketing Mega marketing Reciprocal marketing


Recent Trends in marketing

Changing role of women Growth of services Social emphasis Non-business marketing More competition Internet marketing More concern on quality Retaining customers


Marketing Activities

Consumer Analysis Product planning Price planning Distribution planning Promotion planning


Product / Marketing Matrix

Existing Markets New Markets Existing products New products Market Penetration Market Development Product Development Diversification


Market Segmentation

Should be Measurable Accessible by

communication and distribution channels

Different in response to a marketing mix

Durable

Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioural


Segmentation Strategy

Selecting consumer segments Positioning company’s offering in

relation with competition Establishing an appropriate

marketing plan


Classification

Services Rented goods

service Owned goods

service Non-goods

Product Life cycle Introduction Growth Maturity Decline


Product Life Cycle

Marketing objective Industry sales Competition Industry profits Customers Product mix Distribution Pricing Promotion


New Product Planning

Idea generation Product screening Concept testing Business Analysis Product Development Test Marketing Commercialization


Promotion Mix

Advertising Publicity Personal selling Sales promotion Target market


Key Steps to Advertise

Determine message content and devise an ad

Specify the location of an ad Outline of a promotion schedule Choose how many variation of a

message to utilize


Things to consider in advertise

Waste Reach Frequency Message permanence Persuasive impact Clutter


Type of advertising

Product, service, institutional advertising Classified Advertising

Dry facts Public Service Advertising

Development advertising Industrial Advertising

Precise, technical and down-to-earth Corporate or institutionalized advertising

Information-oriented Patronage institutional advertising Public service institutional advertising Public service institutional advertising

Other type of advertising Legal Tenders and Legal Notices Political advertising


Developing a Publicity plan

Setting objectives Outline types of publicity Selecting media Creative publicity message Timing publicity message


Factors affecting Pricing

Consumers Competitors Cost Channels Government

Total effects on price decisions

Elastic demand In-elastic demand Unitary demand


Indian scenario

Biggest English language Television market

200- 300 million middle class Advancements in Information Technology

resulted in broadcasting industry Entry of global conglomerates

September 2001 Twin tower attack Cable News Network (CNN) Satellite Television Asian Region TVo


Audit Bureau of Circulation ( ABC )

Established in 1948 in Mumbai Advertising agencies and

Advertising sources and media owners

Contact with all the bureaus world wide, though functioning independently


National Readership Survey

Operations Research Group and Indian Marketing Research Bureau Syndicate of AIR, Dooradarshan,

Advertisers, Advertising Agencies, National Press

1970, org, nrs1 1977, org, imrb, nrs2


Indian Readership Survey

Focus on Urban and rural areas Began in 1995, 1997, 1998 Uses the masthead method Uses the Recent Reading technique


Role of Publisher

Developing, marketing, producing, printing, and distributing the work

Negotiating with the author Intellectual right Internet right

Radio Journalism


Interview Types

On the basis of subject Informational interview Interpretive interview Emotional interview Documentary interview Oral history interview

Preparation before interview Purpose Points to cover Research / Background material Framing of questions in logical sequence Framing of alternative questions Key questions Pre-interview discussion


Different Types of microphones

Multi purpose microphone Unidirectional microphone

Close range microphone Low range microphone

Label microphone Newsreaders use this

Telescopic mike Commentator mike Shure microphone Carbon microphone Ribbon microphone


Radio tips

Type of Radio Advertisement Jingle ads Spot ads

News Reading Should target a person Script should be informal 1st sentence should be interesting 2nd sentence should be informative

Television Journalism


Terms

Dolly: A mobile platform that supports the camera Dutch Angle: Deviates from the horizontal and vertical.

Conveys extreme state of mind or sense of disquiet. Dziga Vertov's 1929 experimental documentary Man with a Movie

Camera is known to contain one of the first usages of the Dutch angle, among other innovative techniques discovered by Vertov himself.

Editing: Selection, shaping of shots and mixing sound tracks Establishing shot: Opening shot of a sequence. Explains the

situation. Usually a long shot. Extreme close up: Very close to the subject Extreme long shot: Great distance from the subject. Wide

view of a location Fade in / out: A gradual means of closing or opening a scene.

A transition device. Image disappearing ( fade-out) and Image appearing ( fade-in)


Terms

Field of action: Circular area infront of the camera

Wild track: Asynchronous sound Sound bridge: Adding continuity

through sound Parallel (synchronous sound) Backlighting : Mis-en-scene: Contrast montage


Jargons

Actual sound: Environmental sound recorded from the location

Aerial shot: Ambient sound: The natural

environmental noise that surrounds a scene

Angle – Reverse angle: Asynchronous sound: Closely

related to the image on the screen


Jargons

Backlight: The light placed behind and the subject Cinema Verite – Means ‘Cinema truth’.

Documentary films are known as this. Aims immediacy, spontaneity and authenticity

Composition: Arrangement of all its elements. Lighting, characters, movements.

Conflict: The struggle between two forces in a narrative. It can be between person and group or in between a person and another person

Crossing the line: Moving the camera between the two performers so that camera reverses its position


Jargons

Cut: Instantaneous change from one shot to another by means of splicing the two shots together

Cut away: Used to join two shots of the main action to designate the passage of time Build suspense by extending time Show the reaction of someone or some group

Deep focus: Great depth of field and brings background,

foreground into sharp focus The freedom of attention is left to the audience

Docudrama: Any dramatization of actual people or events. Can alter the actual event but seems to achieve authenticity and credibility


Jargons

Genre Imaginary line, line of interest, director’s line,

stage line, centre line A hypothetical line drawn between actors to keep

the camera on a single side of the action so that several shots with different distance are edited together

Invisible editing: Cutting unobtrusively so that viewers are unaware

of the position of camera Jump cut: Disorientation cut Key light: Master scene technique: Mis-en-scene


Jargons

Montage- Compress the time and space that conveys a great deal of information in a short period. Shots, scenes and sequence are assembled to make the final picture. More than a mechanical process it is a creative process.

Motif – A subject, idea, object, phase, musical passage, compositional effect, film technique that appears throughout the work that imposes itself upon the viewer


Jargons

Objective camera: Camera becomes the objective viewer / Subjective camera: Camera as a point of view of a specific character

Over the shoulder shot: Pan: Parallel Editing: Point of view shot: A subjective shot that shows how a

character see things Post production: After shooting is completed, editing,

sound mixing, special effects Pre production: Rack focus / Shift focus: Reaction shot: Cut away from the main shot. Generally

a close up showing the reaction of a preceding shot


Jargons

Sequence: A series of related shots and scenes that form a single coherent unit of dramatic action. Such units of action are frequently unified by a single general location and continuous chronology.

Sequence shot / long take: Zoom out Zoom in Aspect ratio Demonstration Stand-up: Dolly shot: Camera shot in a wheeled conveyance ENG : Electronic News Gathering EFP: Electronic Field Production Eyewash: Little to do with the main theme False Reverse Lead-in


Jargons

Linear Editing Non-linear Editing Naked Live: Showing only the reporter Nat sound Package

News feature Picture Sound bite Voice over narration Natural sound

Sequential Video SOT : Sound On Tape: Written in script Sound Bite: Short excerpt from an interview added in a

news story


Jargons

Split Focus Presentation: Spot news Stand up: Talking Head: Tedious, Boring Interview Toss: Between Anchor and reporter Freeze frame: Reprinting of the same frame

number of times Inset: An inset is a special visual effect whereby a

reduced shot is superimposed on the main shot. Often used to reveal a close-up detail of the main shot.

Matched cut Crab shot:


Type of shots

Extreme Wide Shot an establishing shot.

VWS (Very Wide Shot) WS (Wide Shot) / long shot MS (Mid Shot) Full shot, a medium shot from head to foot Medium Close Up

In between Medium Shot and Close Up Close Up

A certain feature or part of the subject takes up the whole frame. Extreme Close Up

shows extreme detail. Cut-In

Shows some (other) part of the subject in detail. Cut away

A shot of something other than the subject. (OSS) Over-the-Shoulder Shot

Looking from behind a person at the subject. Point-of-View Shot (POV) Front View Rear View


Camera Angles

Angle: Placement of the camera in relation to the image Eye-Level Top Angle High Angle

This has the effect of diminishing the subject, making them appear less powerful, less significant or even submissive.

Low Angle This shows the subject from below, giving them the impression of

being more powerful or dominant. Bird's Eye

The scene is shown from directly above. This is a completely different and somewhat unnatural point of view which can be used for dramatic effect or for showing a different spatial perspective.

Slanted Also known as a dutch tilt, this is where the camera is purposely tilted

to one side so the horizon is on an angle. This creates an interesting and dramatic effect.

Oblique Angle: Camera tilts to the left or right


Jargons

Stand up: Reporter in the field delivers one or more sentences while appearing in camera

Trucking: Diagonal movement of the camera. Objective – Pan ( right to left), tilt up, tilt down, Vertical

movement, Zoom Also known as Optical movement

Subjective – POV, Spread, Ped up, Ped down, Dolly in, Dolly out Jimmy jib - Specifically, it is a portable crane that can be

shortened or lengthened based on the needs of the current shot Different times in cinema

Experiencing time, Running time, Screen time, diegetic time Shooting time Story time, Subjective time Compressed time

Spectacle: Mixture of sound, colour and vision Kumbha Mela:


Jargons

Shots are composed of frames Parallel editing: Cutting between

two or more related actions simultaneously


Types of documentary

Expose Compilation Epic documentary Analytical documentary Direct intervention documentary

Activist documentary News based documentary Essay type documentary

Factual Portrait documentary

Personality and their space, time Persuasive documentary


Functions of Documentary

Observation ( Epic, Compile ) Analysis ( Analytical, Compile,

Direct Intervention) Propaganda (Persuasive)


Transition Devices

Types of transition devices Cut Montage Dissolve, lap dissolve Overlap Fade-in / Fade out Superimpose Wiping off Split


Doing a Television Interview

Should have a good listening skill Open up: to build a rapport with the

interviewee Keep an eye contact Scope for sub questions Don’t dominate the interview Don’t ask multiple questions

Personality Interview Provocator Interview


New Media

Periodicals http://

www.hinduonnet.com/fline/ www.the-week.com www.businessweek.com/

Online News Portal www.sify.com http://www.indiatimes.com/

New agency Press Trust of India

www.ptinews.com www.ap.org www.afp.com

CMA – Content Management Application

Citizen Journalism based http://citizenreporter.org http://www.thirdreport.com/ www.360ne.ws

User Generated Content www.associatedcontent.com www.wikipedia.org www.atom.com

Social Media http://twitter.com http://www.facebook.com

CDA – Content Delivery Application

FOSS – Free and Open Source Software


New Media

Backpack Journalism the journalist to be reporter, cameraman, editor and

producer of stories Otherwise known as Video Journalism, Multimedia

journalism RSS - Really Simple Syndication moblogging Personalized News

www.meehive.com Pro-am journalism

working with citizen journalists to engage in the kind of investigative reporting that not even the largest newsrooms can undertake.

Prosumer – A user who can update the product CGM : Consumer Generated Media:

Media Management


Newspaper Organizational Structure

Editor News Editor Bureau Chief Special Correspondent Reporters Liner Stringer Columnist and

Freelancer Sub- Editor Advertising Circulation Department Production Department

Editorial Advertising Circulation Printing


Commodity Mix

Customer-focused marketing mix Koichi Shimizu proposed a four Cs

classification in 1973. Compass model

Commodity Cost Channel Communication

The four Cs Model provides a demand/customer centric version

Communication Theory


Essentials

Journalism as a practice of meaning production Robert A. Hackett and Yuezhi Zhao

have named the ‘regime of objectivity’ How journalists are implicated in the

production and reproduction of ideas Communication theory provides the

essential ‘why’ to the more pragmatic ‘how’ of journalistic method


Non-Verbal Communication

Proxemics – Study of physical space Chronomics – Study of use of time Hapthics – Study of sense of touch Occulasics – Study of eye contact Olefatics – Study of smell Vocalics – Study of tune,

timber,volume and speed Kinesics – Study of movement


Proxemics

Edward Hall defined proxemics in the 1950’s and 1960’s

Proxemics can be divided physical personal territory. Physical territory is like desks that are

in front of the room of a classroom instead of center.


Communication Models

First to theorize was Aristotle’ Theory of rhetoric

Speaker Message Listener

Primitive model of an oratorical communication


Lasswell’s Verbal model

Harold Lasswell was a political scientist Communicator Message Medium Receiver Effect

Proposed in 1948 Who communicates Says what message In which channel medium With what effect

Who ... says what ... in which channel ... to whom ... with what effect Lasswell described 3 function of communication.

The first one is a environmental monitoring. Correlation of components of society. The last one is a social transmission from one generation to the other



Berlo’s model Sender Message Channel Receiver

Shannon & Weaver Effect oriented

model Mathematical

model Source Transmitter Channel + Noise Receiver Destination



Osgood’s model Continuous cyclic

process Encoder Interpreter Decoder

Message

Decoder Interpreter Encoder

Wilber Schram model Interpersonal model Field of Experience

model Source Encoder Decoder Receiver


Communication model

Osgood and Schram Circular model : Encoding and decoding were most important

Berlo saw communication as a process A bucket model

Western models were uni-linear but gradually gave way to semiotic models

Semiotic models look at communication as a social interaction through messages Relationships between signs Works of C.S.Pierce, O.K.Ogden, I.A.Richards,

Ferdinand De Saussure



Dance’s helical model Dance (1967) and Noelle-

Neumann (1974 and 1980) Developing Social helix

Sapir-Whorf model Linguistic relativity

principles and ideas Differences in the way

languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think

Speakers of different languages think and behave differently

Jacobson model Extended Buhler’s system

of communicative functions From Linguistics to Poetics The shifting dominant

Addresser / emotive function

Message / poetic function Context / referential fn: Contact / Phatic fn: Code / meta-linguistic fn: Addressee / connative fn:


Theories of Press

Authoritarian theory Developed in 16th & 17th century England Requires direct government control of the

mass media Ownership can be either private or public The media are not allowed to print or

broadcast anything which could undermine the established authority

The government may punish anyone who questions state’s ideology


Libertarian theory

Otherwise known as / free press theory Adopted in England after 1688, and in the U.S., and

is influential elsewhere in the world Purpose is to inform, entertain, sell, as well as

discover truth and check on government Individual should be free to publish they like From the days of John Milton who asserted that

human beings inevitably chose the best ideas and values

No restrictions on the import or export of media messages

Rooted in this theory is the belief held by Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States,

If man exercised reason, the majority, as a group, would make sound decisions, even if individual citizens might not.


Soviet theory

Closely tied to a specific ideology:- Communist

The media organizations in the system were not intended to be privately owned

To serve the interests of the working class The mass media expected to be self

regulatory with regard to the content The underlying standard was to provide a

complete and objective view of the world according to the Marxist – Leninist principles


Social Responsibility Theory

an outgrowth of the libertarian theory Practiced in the US in the 20th century Purpose is to inform, entertain, sell, but also to raise

conflict to the plane of discussion Ownership is private

Informativeness Truth Accuracy Objectivity Balance

The goal is to see media as pluralized, indicating the diversity of the society as well as access to various points of view

The Journalist is accountable to their audience as well as to the government


Four Functions of the Press

To serve the economic system Fuelled by advertising, which brings

buyer and seller together. To entertain To inform To Influence


Theories Of Communication

Hydermic needle / Magic Bullet / One step flow theory

Two-Step flow theory 3-Step flow theory Multistep flow theory Gate-keeping theory Grape wine theory Agenda setting Knowledge gap Cultivation Theory Diffusion Theory Cognitive dissonance Spiral of silence


Noise Types

Semantic Noise Psychological Noise Physical Noise


Selectivity

Selective Exposure Selective Attention Selective Perception Selective Retention Selective Recall


Indian models of communication

‘Sadharinakran’ – communication among the sahridayas Sthai Bhavas Arouse the state of feeling, rasa Secondary moods

Buddhist model of communication Advaitha model

Wimal Dissanayake Neville Jayaweera


Barriers to Communication

Physical barriers Environmental stress Subjective stress Ignorance of the Medium

Psychological Barriers Frame of reference Reference group

Self Image Resistance to change

Carl Rogers Defensiveness and fear Linguistic and Cultural Barriers Language and Meaning Mechanical Barriers


One step flow theory

Known as Hyperdermic needle or Magic Bullet theory

Mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences.

By ‘shooting’ or ‘injecting’ them with appropriate messages designed to trigger a desired response.


Two Step flow theory

Paul Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet in The People's Choice, a 1944 study focused on the process of decision-making during a Presidential election campaign.

Media moves in two distinct stages. First, individuals (opinion leaders) who pay close attention to

the mass media and its messages receive the information. Opinion leaders pass on their own interpretations in addition

to the actual media content. The term ‘personal influence’ was coined to refer to the

process intervening between the media’s direct message and the audience’s ultimate reaction to that message.

Opinion leaders are quite influential in getting people to change their attitudes and behaviours and are quite similar to those they influence.


Two Step flow theory

Individuals interact in groups or networks It requires conformity in essential attitudes, opinions and

actions Groups evolves and transform Information flows from mass media directly to opinion leaders

, then through interpersonal communication to the rest of the populace

The project was conducted during the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940 to determine voting patterns and the relationship between the media and political behaviour.

The majority of people remained untouched by the propaganda; interpersonal outlets brought more influence than the media.

two-step flow theory gave way to the multi-step flow theory of mass communication or diffusion of innovation theory.


Multi-step flow Theory

There are a number of relays in the communication flow from a source to a large audience.

It takes place in interlocking webs of social groups Here some media information flow bypassed the

opinion leaders and went directly to audience members Opinion leaders can have their own opinion leaders Followers can initiate communication Some people never seek opinion input Followers listen to the advice of other followers Opinion leaders can be influenced by followers


Diffusion Theory

The original diffusion research was done as early as 1903 by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde who plotted the original S-shaped diffusion curve.

Between 2-step flow and gate keeping Levelling Sharpening Assimilation or distortion to fit existing stereotypes

A theory of how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures. The concept was first studied by the French sociologist Gabriel Tarde (1890)

the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system


Communication Theory

Spiral of Silence / Noelle Neuman People’s willingness to speak out is

dependent on the prevailing climate of opinion

The theory asserts that a person is less likely to voice an opinion on a topic if one feels that one is in the minority for fear of reprisal or isolation from the majority Ironically, they may not be a minority


Cultivation Theory

They posited that television as a mass medium of communication had formed in to a common symbolic environment that bound diverse communities together, socializing people in to standardized roles and behaviours.

They compared the power of television to the power of religion, saying that television was to modern society what religion once was in earlier times.

exposure to television, over time, subtly "cultivates" viewers' perceptions of reality. This cultivation can have an impact even on light viewers of TV, because the impact on heavy viewers has an impact on our entire culture.

Encultration


Development Communication

marketing and public opinion research that is used specifically to develop effective communication or as the use of communication to promote social development.

Uses computerized linguistics analysis of verbatim responses to qualitative survey interviews and may, at times also involved consumer psychological "right brain" (emotional) research techniques.

Daniel Lerner, Wilbur Schramm, and Everett Rogers being the earliest influential advocates.

information dissemination and education, behavior change, social marketing, social mobilization, media advocacy, communication for social change, and participatory development communication.


Soap Opera

A drama, typically performed as a serial on daytime television or radio, characterized by stock characters and situations, sentimentality, and melodrama.

1985, Hum Log, India’s first soap opera Inspired by Mexican ‘Telenovela’

( Television novel ) and Peruvian Telenola not by American daytime soap opera


SITE

Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

1975 – 1976 NASA and ISRO Vikram Sarabahi Orissa, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar

Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Karnataka.


Interpersonal communication

Targeted individual Group Mass communication



Frank Dance’s helical model Dance (1967) and Noelle-

Neumann (1974 and 1980) Developing Social helix A non-linear model Communication as an

evolutionary process Discovery Understanding Discussion Action

Sapir-Whorf model Linguistic relativity principles

and ideas Differences in the way

languages encode cultural and cognitive categories affect the way people think

Speakers of different languages think and behave differently

Jacobson model Extended Buhler’s system of

communicative functions From Linguistics to Poetics The shifting dominant

Addresser / Emotive function Message / Poetic function Context / Referential Contact / Phatic fn: Code / Meta-linguistic fn: Addressee / Connative fn:


Knowledge Gap Theory

each new medium increases the gap between the information rich and information poor, because of differences in access to the medium, and control over its use, among other factors.

It was first proposed by Phillip J. Tichenor and his colleague

The concept of a digital divide is linked to this hypothesis


Gatekeeping

Kurt Lewin, Psychologist David Manning White, For

interpreting the editor’s news choices

Gatekeeper decides which information will go forward and which will not

Objectivity and audience feedback mitigates the gatekeeping bias


Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling caused by holding contradictory ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance.

In a state of dissonance, people will avoid further information that might increase the dissonance

People attitude towards persuasive and factual messages


Agenda Setting

The agenda-setting theory is the theory that the mass-news media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and how much prominence and space to give them.

Salience transfer is the ability of the mass media to transfer issues of importance from their mass media agendas to public agendas.

Public agenda setting Policy agenda setting Media may be unable to persuade people what to

think, but are quite adept at telling people what to think about


Agenda Setting

People decide the order of priority set by the mass media

The term coined by Malcolm McCoombs and Donald Shaw in 1976

However, there are other media which play the ‘watchdog’ and ‘lapdog’

Media Law


History Of Media Law

1799 – 1865 First Stage Except from 1835 to 1857, when there

were no restrictions 1799, Lord Wellesley introduced the

complete cesorship Charles Metacalfe withdrawn all the

restrictions 1857, Licensing act passed by Lord

Canning 1865, withdrawn the Gagging act



1865 – 1908, Second stage 1878, Vernacular Press Act introduced

Lasted only for four years Any District Magistrate or Police Commissioner can

demand security from Printer and Publisher of vernacular newspapers

Lord Ripon repealed it in 1882 1867, Press and Registration of Books Act (PRB Act)

Placed no restraint on the liberty of the press To get the identity of printers, publishers and

keepers of the press to fix the legal responsibility Law of Sedition



1908 to 1922, third stage The Newspaper Act, 1908

Gave power to local government confiscate and extinguish offending newspapers

Local govt: had to file an application before the magistrate

Incitement of violence or murder The Press Act, 1910

It was more wider



Fourth stage, 1922 - 1947 Indian Press Law Committee with the

authority of the Central Assembly This committee repealed the acts of 1908,

and 1910 Modified the PRB Act, 1867 Modified the CPC Due to Civil Disobedience Movement,

1931, Press (Emergency) Powers Act came into force

Made permanent in 1935



Fifth Stage, 1947 onwards 1910 Act was made more stringent

Enacted Criminal Amendment Act, 1913 Introduced the Defence Of India

regulations Press ( Objectionable Matter ) Act, 1951

was passed In 1957, this act is repealed First Press Commission favoured more

internal control of the press


PRB Act

Every newspaper copy shall contain name of the owner and editor

The printer of every newspaper is required to deliver to state government free of expense as soon as it is published Name of printer, place of printing, publisher,

place of publication should be printed legibly in the paper

A printer can publish a paper only after the permission of District Magistrate /Presidency Magistrate / Divisional Magistrate


PRB Act

On every publication and issue, the name of the proprietor and the editor must be printed

Printer and publisher should sign before the DM or PM after giving the information of language and periodicity of the paper and after enclosing the written authority

Information of any change must be given to the general officer

After the acceptance of the declaration, if any weekly for 6 weeks or any newspaper for 3 months is not published, then the authority letter will become invalid

In three months time, any daily, tri-weekly, bi-weekly publishes issues less than half the number of copies, its declaration becomes invalid

A declaration will be cancelled if the paper is not published within one year

Magistrate has the power to revoke the declaration by ordering enquiry based on the demand of Press Registrar


PRB Act

Upon cancellation of declaration, the incumbent has the right to go for an appeal well within 60 days

It is mandatory to send one copy of every published paper to the Press Registrar and two copies to the state government, free of cost

For not complying with the press laws, the editor and the printer are punishable with a fine

This Act extends to the whole of India


Restrictions By Constitution

Freedom of expression is restricted in relation with Libel Slander Defamation Contempt of court Legislature is given the right to impose

reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order


Reasonable Restrictions

Restrictions upon the freedom of speech and expression Sovereignty and integrity of India Security of the State Friendly relations with foreign states Public order Decency or morality Contempt of court Defamation Incitement to an offence


Media Law at a glance

Indian constitution does not provide press freedom separately Derived from Article 19(1)(a), 19(2)

Press Council Act, 1978 Code of Criminal Procedures, 1898 Article 13, Constitutional Law

Delegated Article 311, Regarding Public servants

Not valid in a Private company Sovereignty can be legal and political Article 356 , Indian constitution is quasi federal Article 14, Equality before law Article 15, There shall be no discrimination of language, sex,

religion Article 16, Protective discrimination with regard to

employment Parliament is a French word


Media Law at a glance

Article 13, Judicial Review Article 32, Supreme Court Article 226, High Court Article 21, Right to Life Article 22, Right to the arrested person Article 324, Power to the Election commission Article 141, Job of the Supreme court Article 19(2) Restriction to freedom 16th Amendment, 1963 Contempt of Court, 1971 WRIT / Habeus Corpus – Whenever there is a violation of

fundamental rights ADR – Alternative Dispute Resolution [ADR]

Informal mechanism of resolving cases Press council is an ADR

Mandamus?


Indian Constitution at a Glance

Popular Sovereignty Fundamental Rights Directive Principles of State Policy Socialism Secularism Judicial Independence Federalism Cabinet Government


Rule of law

Supremacy of law no man is punishable or can lawfully be made

to suffer in body or goods except for a distinct breach of law established in the ordinary legal manner before the ordinary courts of the land.

Equality before law no man is above law

Predominance of the legal spirit The Constitution of India has been made the

supreme law of the country and other laws are required to be in conformity with the Constitution.


The Directive Principles of State Policy

Contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down

therein are considered fundamental in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State

The principles have been inspired by the Directive Principles given in the Constitution of Ireland and also by the principles of Gandhism; and relate to social justice, economic welfare, foreign policy, and legal and administrative matters.

They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state.

Article 31-C, inserted by the 25th Amendment Act of 1971 seeks to upgrade the Directive Principles

Article 45, which ensures Provision for free and compulsory education for children

Article 48-A, which ensures Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life


Terms – Media Law

Habeas corpus is a writ, or legal action, through which a prisoner can be released from unlawful detention.

A writ of habeas corpus is a summons with the force of a court order, addressed to the custodian (a prison official for example) demanding that a prisoner be taken before the court, and that the custodian present proof of authority, allowing the court to determine if the custodian has lawful authority to detain the person.


Defamation

Against a person’s reputation Defined in section 499 of IPC Sentences are defined in section

500 of IPC Addressed to eye - libel Addressed to ear - slander


Parliamentary Privileges

The claim of privileges can be seen in demand of the legislative councilor under the charter act of 1853

government of India act 1915, the entire position of parliament privilege which were obtained were consolidated.

Government of India act 1935 contained the provisions related to privileges of members of Indian legislature.

immunity in respect of publication of proceedings of a house in a newspaper, or by wireless telegraphy as part of any service provided by a broadcasting station

Prohibition on the courts to inquire into the proceedings of parliament. [article 122 of the constitution]


Parliamentary Privileges

Freedom from arrest of the members in the civil cases during the continuance of the session of the house and 40 days before its commencement and 40 days after its conclusion. [section 135A of the code of the civil procedure]

Exemption of the members from liability to serve as jurors Right of the house to receive immediate information of the

arrest, detention, conviction, imprisonment, and release of a member. ( rules of 220 and 230 of the rules of procedure and conduct of business in lok sabha,)

Members or the officers of the house are not to attend as witnesses before the other house or a committee thereof or before a house of state legislature or a committee thereof without the permission of the house and they can’t be compelled to do so without their consent.

Limitations : The freedom conferred by this clause is “subject to the other

provisions of the constitution”, such as article 19(1)(a), 118 and 121.


Protective Discrimination

Protective discrimination is the policy of granting special privileges to the downtrodden and the underprivileged sections of society, most commonly women. These are affirmative action

programs, most visible in both the United States and India, where there has been a history of racial and caste discrimination.

Article 16(4): Article 16 provides for equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State, Nevertheless, “nothing in this Article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State”.

The 77th Amendment to the Constitution has been brought into effect permitting reservation in promotion to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Article 335: This article provides that “the claims of the members of the SCs and STs shall be taken into consideration, consistently with the maintenance of efficiency of administration in the making of appointments in services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or of a State”.


Preamble to the Constitution of India

As originally enacted the preamble described the state as a ""sovereign democratic republic". In 1976 the Forty-second Amendment changed this to read "sovereign socialist secular democratic republic".

It also emphasises that the constitution is made by and for the Indian people and not given to them by any outside power (such as the British Parliament).

The wording is close to the preamble to the Constitution of Ireland

The preamble is not an integral part of the Indian constitution in the sense that it is enforceable in a court of law.


Equality before law

Article 14: Guarantees that all citizens shall be equally

protected by the laws of the country. It means that the State cannot discriminate against a citizen on the basis of caste, creed, colour, sex, religion or place of birth.

However The President or the Governor of a State is not

answerable to any Court for the exercise and performance of the powers and duties of office;

No criminal proceeding is to be instituted or continued against the President or a Governor in any Court during his term of office;


Press Council of India

The Press Council of India was first set up in the year 1966 by the Parliament on the recommendations of the First Press Commission

The present Council functions under the Press Council Act 1978.

It is a statutory, quasi judicial body which acts as a watchdog of the press.

The Press Council is headed by a Chairman, who has, by convention, been a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India.

The Council consists of 28 other members of whom 20 represent the press


Press Council of India

5 members are nominated from the two houses of Parliament

3 represent cultural, literary and legal fields as nominees of the Sahitya Academy, University Grants Commission and the Bar Council of India.

The members serve on the Council for a term of three years.

The Council was last reconstituted on May 22, 2001. The present Chairman is Ganendra Narayan Ray. The Council is funded by revenue collected by it as fees

levied on the registered newspapers in the country on the basis of their circulation. No fee is levied on newspapers with a circulation of less than 5000 copies.


Copy Right Act

THE COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 India is a member of the Berne Convention of 1886 (as

modified at Paris in 1971) The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement of 1995. "Indian work" means a literary, dramatic or musical work,

The author of which is a citizen of India; or Which is first published in India; or The author of which, in the case of an unpublished work is, at the

time of the making of the work, a citizen of India. Literary dramatic, musical and artistic works (other than a photograph)

sixty years from the beginning of the calendar year next following the year in which the author dies.


Trial By Media in India

In India, trial by media has assumed significant proportions.

Some famous criminal cases that would have gone unpunished but for the intervention of media are Priyadarshini Mattoo case, Jessica Lal case, Nitish Katara murder case and Bijal Joshi rape case.


Rule of law

Article 13(1) Article 13(1) of the Constitution makes it clear

that all laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the Constitution, in so far as they are inconsistent with the provision of Part ill dealing with the Fundamental Rights, shall, to the extent of such inconsistency, be void.

Article 13(2) Article 13(2) provides that the State should

not make any law which takes away or abridges the fundamental rights and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.


Article 19

Article 19 (1) (a) guarantees the third principle of rule of law (freedom of such and expression).

Article 19 guarantees six Fundamental Freedoms to the citizens of India -- freedom of speech and expression, freedom of assembly, freedom to form associations or unions, freedom to live in any part of the territory of India and freedom of profession, occupation, trade or business.

The right to these freedoms is not absolute, but subject to the reasonable restrictions which may be imposed by the State.


Article 19(2)(a)

Reasonable Restrictions Nothing against

the security of state Friendly relation with foreign countries Public order Decency of morality Contempt of court

Civil contempt Criminal contempt

Incitement of an offence Sovereignty and integrity


Article 20

Article 20(1) provides that no person shall he convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence not be subject to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted tinder the law in for cc at the time of the commission of the offence.

Article 20(3) makes it clear that no person accused of the offence shall be compelled to be witness against himself.


Article 32

In India, Constitution is supreme and the three organs of the Government viz. Legislature, Executive and judiciary are subordinate to it. The Constitution provided for encroachment of one organ (E.g.: Judiciary) upon another (E.g.: Legislature) if its action is mala fide, as the citizen (individual) can challenge under Article 32 of the Constitution.


Cases for Rule of law

In Kesavanda Bharti vs. State of Kerala (1973) - The Supreme Court enunciated the rule of law as one of the most important aspects of the doctrine of basic structure.

In Menaka Gandhi vs. Union of India, AIR 1978 SC 597 - The Supreme Court declared that Article 14 strikes against arbitrariness.


Article 21 – Right to life

Protection of life and personal liberty is also stated under right to life and personal liberty.

"Personal liberty" includes all the freedoms which are not included in Article 19 (that is, the six freedoms).

The right to travel abroad is also covered under "personal liberty" in Article 21.

In 2002, through the 86th Amendment Act, Article 21(A) was incorporated. It made the right to primary education part of the right to freedom


Different courts

Muncif court Sub-ordinate court District court High court Supreme Court

Editing Techniques

24 July 2010


Media Organization

Editorial Dept: Marketing Dept:

Advertisement Department Circulation Department

Production Dept: Administration Dept:

Reporting Techniques


Crime Reporting

Crime alone does not make all the news on the court beat. But it does dominate the beat

Crime is the main staple of legal reporting

Warrant An arraignment Plea bargaining


Crime Reporting

The incident Arrest Lower-Court

Arraignment Preliminary Hearing Higher-Court

Arraignment The Trial

Pre-trial developments

Jury selection Testimony

Mistrials Closing arguments Verdict Presentence hearing Sentencing Appeal The Aftermath Dealing with Sources

on Criminal case


Beat Reporting

At least a story a day Constant contact with the sources Sources and potential sources

Credibility Motive Reliability

Five things in covering the beat How things work Cultivate the sources Keep abreast Be persistent Anticipate developments


Type of Leads

Straight lead (or Summary lead) Used with hard news stories Generally not more than 35 words brings in action and colour makes the lead on a spot story fast moving

Punch lead is a variation of summary lead concentrating with a brief, to-the-point lead

sentence and developing details later in the story Cartridge lead

another variation of summary lead. brief and contains one single news incident, to be

expanded later in the story


Type of Leads

Descriptive lead Eyewitness accounts can provide the

background for writing lucid descriptions help the reader to visualise a news situation

Quotation lead Question lead

Many editors dislike this on the basis that people read newspapers to get answers, and not to be asked questions.

If the question is provocative, it may be used


Type of Leads

Oddity Lead Unusual, eye catching approach

Dialogue Lead Figurative Lead Bullet Lead

Short sentences Staccato Lead

Rhythmic conjunction of sentences


Type of Leads

Personal lead It involves the use of the first person

singular in the lead. Normally such a use is discouraged

except for a columnist or such privileged writers.

'You' lead (or Direct Address lead) The second-person approach reaches

out to involve the reader and capture his/her attention.


Type of Leads

Contrast lead To vary monotony, a saga can be split into two

sentences The first refers to the humble beginning and

the second to the hero's latest triumph Delayed lead

Otherwise known as suspended interest lead Blind identification lead

If the person concerned is not well known in the community


Type of Leads

Anecdotal lead The anecdotal lead is used when the anecdote

is bright and applicable and not too wasteful of space.

It brings the reader quickly into a news situation that might not attract his attention if it were routinely written.

Funny (Gag) lead Literary allusion lead

Paralleling the construction of a nursery rhyme or part of a well-known literary creation can add to variety.


Principles Of Summary Leads

The Inverted Pyramid The five W’s and H

Identification Rating

Thought process behind the lead What has happened in the past How the reporter feels about the subject How the audience feels about the subject

Multiple Element Lead Also known as double barreled lead


Principles Of Summary Leads

Summary leads on features A feature: A variety of stories written on

soft news events Not usually structured on inverted

pyramid Topping it with a special lead

Feature lead can be Narrative, contrast or a question


Special Leads

Best for breaking hard news stories Narrative Leads

Lead block Nut graph News peg – Links the story to a

previously reported news Using observation Keeping the story going


Special Leads

Contrast Leads Staccato Leads

Made up of a short burst of phrases Tease the readers and set the mood for the

story Most commonly used in television news stories

Direct Address Leads Word ‘you’ in the lead

Question Leads


Inverted Pyramid

summarizing the most newsworthy parts of the story.

The lead should answer "what", "where" and "when".

In some circumstances, the lead can answer "who" if "who" is someone notable.

The sentences following the lead will answer "who", "why", and "how".

Intro Facts

Quotes Background

Further facts


Inverted Pyramid

Developed during the American Civil War The inverted pyramid structure is the

product of an old media technology—the telegraph. When news outlets would telegraph

information over the wires, it made sense to use the inverted pyramid because the most vital information in the story was transmitted first. In the event of a lost connection, whoever received the story could still print the essential facts.

Used even in the time of Wired services


Inverted Pyramid

The inverted pyramid structure also benefits editors. If an editor needs to cut an article, they

can simply cut from the bottom. If their reporter was writing in the

reliable inverted pyramid structure, the most essential information would remain at the top.


Hour Glass Style

Used by reporters covering trials and fire news

Major news in the first few paragraphs in descending importance

A transitional paragraph to introduce the chronology of events

Rest in the chronological order


Advantages Of Hour Glass

Writer can take advantage of narrative

Most important information is repeated in the narrative

A balanced structure Keeps the reader in the story Discourages editors from slashing

from the bottom


Interviews

Research Using morgue

Setting up the interview Make an appointment Identify yourself

Questions and answers Structuring the Interview


Structuring the interview

Funnel interview Most threatening questions at the end The length of the interview is not important

Inverted funnel interview Key questions are asked immediately With experienced in fielding closed-ended questions In breaking news stories

Asking questions Closed ended questions

Precise answer solicited Open ended questions Using follow up questions Establishing rapport


Election Reporting

Stick to the issues Beware of exaggerated controversy Equal time for all Beware of creeping legitimacy


Speech Reporting

No control over what the speaker says Speeches are not usually organized like

news stories Covering a speech Use advance texts During speech

Take copious notes Make observations Listen for news Listen for summaries Ask question afterwards


Weather Reports

Types of weather stories

Forecasts Travel conditions Record-Breaking Weather Unusual Weather Seasonal and Year-End stories


Disaster Reports

The First Bulletins Making Every Minute count Using instinct

A single story may become their beat Including the Essentials Coordinating Coverage Orchestrating the staff Checking clips and hospitals Chronology of coverage

First-Day coverage Second-Day coverage

Writing follow up stories


Essentials in Disaster Reports

Death count Number of injuries Updates from

hospitals Date of the

disaster Time of the

disaster Background

Factors that led to the disaster

Latest findings Quotations from

survivors Quotations from

witnesses Historical

significance


Two Problems in Disaster Reports

Pitfalls of instantaneous coverage Interviewing victim’s families


Basic Reporting Streamer headlines : A newspaper

headline that runs across the full page While writing obits:

A person dies “unexpectedly”, not “suddenly” as all deaths are sudden

A person dies “apparently of a heart attack” not of an “apparent heart attack”

A man is survived by his wife, not his widow A good obit is like a good personality feature Most of the newspapers do not use suicide in

obits


Service Journalism

Service Journalism- Information that helps people cope with their daily lives; more personal and direct Can be called as ‘utility journalism’ Types of service articles

The how-to The case history The feature with how-to emphasis Lists

Specialized Reporting

Sports journalism


Sports newspapers

L’Equipe in France La Gazzetta dello Sport in Italy Marca in Spain Sports illustrated in America Sports journalism also involves

investigating the story


Aspects of Sports journalism

Has socio-political significance Issues

Hyper-compensation of top athletes Use of anabolic steroids Cost to local and national governments

Sports writer need to entertain and inform people


Sports for Development and Peace

Sports is about participation, discipline, confidence and leadership

Critical for Child’s development Improves health In July 2002, the Secretary-General of the

United Nations convened an Inter-Agency Task Force to review activities involving sport within the UN system


Terms in Sports journalism

ATP – Association of Tennis Professionals


Excerpts from Sports History

Tour de France began in 1903 Sports agencies

Pardons or Cricket Reporting Agency Hayters, now known as Infostrada AllSport – Picture Agency

It is not About the Bike, My Journey back to life –Book By Lance Armstrong

Sociology

From Simple to complex


National Knowledge Commission

Constituted in June 2005 Promote creation of knowledge in

S&T laboratories Promote knowledge applications in

agriculture and industry. Leverage information and

communication technologies to enhance governance and improve connectivity


Transgender ID Cards

Government of Tamil Nadu has issued state ID cards recognizing transgender status

Read, Rationalize, Revolutionize !

Signing Off …

Intellect Explorer

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