Psychology module 2
description
Transcript of Psychology module 2
MODULE 2: HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVES
LEARNING GOALS:
1. Describe the first psychologists and the origins of psychology as a science
2. Explain how twentieth Century psychologists changed the way psychology was studied
3. Discuss how some of psychology’s groundbreakers helped advance gender and race equality.
4. Explain the six contemporary psychological perspectives.
5. Discuss 3 recentareas of psychological study.
MODERN PSYCHOLOGICAL NINTEENTH-CENTURY ROOTS
Thinking critically: How did the study of psychology of science get started?
Earliest pioneers shared an interest in understanding mental proce3sses and behavior.
Wilhelm Wundt(VOONT)- German philosopher and physiologist.
Became a doctor but wanted to understand human consciousness.
Introspection-describe own concious experiences in systematic way.
Experiment-given similar sound or visual experience and each person asked to give full details of what they felt.
WUNDT….CONTINUED…..BORING
Used details as foundation for understanding consciousness
More examples of consciousness: BUTTON EXPERIMENT. Time it took to react
Time it took to press button and left green right red button
Task one- perception of light Task 2-perception of light, decision of color,
decision of button to press.
EDWARD TITCHENER AND STRUCTURALISM
Wundt’s student Structuralism- Theory that the structure of
conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.
Understand conscious experience through intensity, clarity and quality of its basic parts.
Example tree Intensity-height clairity-texture quality of
leavesBuilding blocks of consciousnessTitchener steered psychology to use descriptive
titles
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
German word meaning configuration Emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces
of information into meaningful wholes. Not just use consciousness, but to use
individual elements of the experience. Example song
WILLIAM JAMES AND FUNCTIONALISM
William James(1842-1910)First American psychologist
Needed to study the functions of consciousness or how consciousness helps people adapt to their environment.
Functionalism-STUDY OF HOW conciousness helps adapt to their environment
Analysis of basic thoughts and sensations in lab
PSYCHOLOGY IN THE 20TH CENTURY
People didn’t really hear of structualisma nd functualism
1900 Sigmund Freud(1856-1939) introduced psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis-Theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconcous motives and conflicts
Focused on abnormal behavior- Freud linked to unconscious drives and conflicts stemming from childhood.
Example:potty training cleaniliness later in life.
FREUD CONTINUED
Psychoanalysis relied on personal observation and reflection instead of controlled laboratory experimentation as its means of discovery.
Cons- Freud claimed his work was scientific, but relied on self reported reflections and not scientific method.
Freud’s original theory still is being used as a basis till today.
IVAN PAVLOV, JOHN WATSON, AND BEHAVIORISM
Ivan Pavlov(1849-1936) studied of animal behavior prompted interest in observable behaviors from the self-examination of inner ideas and experiences.
Focused on things that are visual not mental John Watson(1878-1958) Made article to
dismiss the idea of consciousness Used fact that the study of structuralism and
functionalism where non-scie3ntific and so you should not even consider theories.
Wanted psychology to move to more experimental
WATSON CONRTINUED… \
Developed the idea of behaviorism Behaviorism- the theory that
psychology should only study observable behaviors not mental processes
Utilized scientific methods BREAK-WHAT ARE THE SCIENTIFIC
METHODS??? Watson’s ideas where most dominant
thought in schools. Promoted the study of learned reflexes
orignially developed by Pavlov
WATSON
Developed experimentation on human reactions to stimuli in their environment
Famous presentation of white furry object paired with a loud noise
Fear of furry white object similar to Pavlov’s dog
BF SKINNER AND ALBERT BANDURA
BF Skinner(1904-1990) American Psychologist whose brand of
behaviorism focused on the role of responses in learning
Utilized operant conditioning(will cover in later chapters)
Albert Bandura(1925-) Utilized idea that people learned by watching
others
ABRAHAM MASLOW, CARL ROGERS AND HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY
Behaviorism and psychoanalysis was strong in the field of psychology till the 1960’s\
Humanistic psychology- school of thought that focuses on the study of consncious experience, the individual’s freedom to choose, and the capacity for personal growth
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers rejected the idea thaqt humans are controlled by a series of rewards and reinforcements they instead emphasized conscious experience and “ FREE WILL”
HUMANISTIC CONT.
Gestalt theory was idea based on humanistic experience
CON-did not have enough scientific research to back up ideas
RULE: IF YOU HAVE AN IDEA… SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH MUST BACK IT UP…
JEAN PIAGET AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget(1896-1980)Swiss biologist and psycholigist.
Pioneer for children devleopment on their thinking abilities
Worked at a school that administered intelligence testing and noticed that younger kids made mistakes that on tests that older children did not make
PIAGETS WORK
PSYCHOLOGY’S AMERICAN GROUNDBREAKERS
G. Stanley Hall was student of Wundt and first american to receive Ph.D.
First American to open up laboratory at John Hopkins and first APA president in 1895
Women in psychology was unheard of due to discrimination.
Mary Whiton Calkins first women to get Ph.D from Harvard but they did not give it to her.
APA president in 1905 Margaret Floy Washburn was Titchener’s first
grad student at Cornell and wrote first textbook in 1908 about animal behavior
AMERIKAN
Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American in 1920 to receive Ph.D.
Wrote many articles about racism, prejudice and nature nurture issues.
Kenneth Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark were deucational psychologists whose research was presented as evidence to the US Supereme Court during the landmark case of desegregating schools Brown V board of education.
Lead to separate but equal clause
AMERIKAN CONT.
Inez Beverly Prosser first AA woman to receive Ph.d in 1933 studided development of AA in segregated and integrated schools
SIX CONTEPORARY PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Thinking critically: how do current psychological theories explain thinking and behavior?
Perspectives have come and go People view one way look that way:
behaviorist looks at behavioral perspectives Review Behavioral perspective-observable responses
to rewards and punishments Humanistic-how people strive to reach full
potential Psychodynamic perspective-behavior springs
from unconcious drives and conflicts
CONT
Cognitive perspective-thought that focuses on how people think
Structuralism fuctionalism and gestalt psychology follow this style
Biological perspective-thought that focuses on physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior
Chemical responses in the branSocial-cultural perspective:thought that
focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in situations.
Psychologists today focus on all 6 perspectives
PSYCHOLOGY IN 21ST CENTURY
Thinking critically: what are the basic ideas behind the 3 of psychology’s developing areas?
Psychology continues to grow Developing areas Genetics, evolutionary psychology and
positive psychology