Psychology 101 Plotnik chapter02-v03
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Transcript of Psychology 101 Plotnik chapter02-v03
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and EvolutionL02 Describe the structures and processes involved in genetic transmissionL03 Articulate the forces believed to be responsible for the evolution of the human
brain and describe the relevance of the theory of evolution in how psychologists conduct research today
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
Overview of Genes: Conception
2.2 Genes and Evolution
Sperm Egg Zygote
Chromosomes
2.2 Genes and Evolution
Each cell of the human body contains 46 chromosomes arrangedin 23 pairs.
DNA
2.2 Genes and Evolution
Each rung of the DNA ladder is made up of four chemicals. Theorder in which the four different chemicals combine to form rungs creates a microscopic chemical alphabet.
Genes and Proteins and Polymorphic Genes
2.2 Genes and Evolution
On each chromosome are specific segments thatcontain particular instructions.
In the chromosome on the left, each segment represents the location of a gene.
Dominant and Recessive Genes
2.2 Genes and Evolution
Sperm Egg ZygoteSperm Egg Zygote
r
Father MotherChild
Brown eyesBrown eyesSperm Egg Zygote
D r
Sperm Egg Zygote
D D
Sperm Egg Zygote
rr
Brown eyes
Brown eyes
Blue eyes
DDrDDD rrr
Evolution of the Human Brain
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and CommunicationL04 Identify the main functions of glial cellsL05 Identify the various parts of the neuron and explain how a neuron functions
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
Structure of the Brain
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
Front
Back
RightLeft
Glial Cells
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
Cell body
Dendrites
Neurons
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
Glial cell
Axon Myelin sheath
End bulbs
Signals travel away from the cell body, down the axon.
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Receptors
Reflex Responses
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
3. Interneuron makes connections between neurons, which carry message to the brain.
Afferent, or sensory, neuron
4. Efferent, or motor, neuron carries neural messages from spinal cord to hand.
2. Afferent, or sensory, neuron carries neural messages from hand to spinal cord.
Efferent, or motor, neuron
1. Sensors
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
2.4 Nervous SystemL09 Differentiate between the nerves and neuronsL10 Classify the major divisions and subdivisions of the nervous systemL11 Differentiate the functions of the major divisions and subdivisions
of the nervous system
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
Central Nervous System
2.4 Nervous System
The spinal cord is made up of neurons and bundles of axons and dendrites that carry information back and forth between the brain and the body.
Peripheral Nervous System
2.4 Nervous System
Nerves carry information from the senses, skin, muscles, and the body’s organs to and from the spinal cord.
Subdivisions of the PNS
2.4 Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
Parasympathetic Division
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living BrainL12 Describe the different technologies used to investigate the brainL13 Describe experimental procedures to treat the brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine System
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
Brain damage
fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
fMRI scans can map activities of neurons that are involved in various cognitive functions.
PET Scan: Positron Emission Tomography
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
The red and yellow colors indicate strong activity and the blues and greens indicate minimum activity.
EEG: Electoencephalograph
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
Electrodes measure the activity of specific neurons that are in use during a specific cognitive task.
Stem Cells
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
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Stereotaxic Procedure
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and FunctionsL14 Identify and locate the major parts of the brain, and state their functionsL15 Identify and locate the four lobes in the cerebral cortex, and state their
key functionsL16 Identify and locate key structures in the limbic system, and state their functionsL17 Identify sex differences in the brainL18 Describe the lateralization of brain functions
2.7 Endocrine System
Major Parts of the Brain: The Forebrain and Midbrain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Forebrain
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Cerebellum
Major Parts of the Brain: The Hindbrain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
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The Cortex
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
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Four Lobes
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
Motor Cortex
ToesAnkle
KneeHipTrunk
ShoulderElbowWristHandLittle
RingMiddleInd exThumbNeck
Brow
FaceLips
Eyelid and eyeball
Jaw
Tongue
Swallowing
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Toes
Genitals
Foot
LegHipTrunk
ShoulderHead
Neck
ElbowArm
Forearm
WristHandLittle
RingMiddleInd exThumbEye
FaceUpper lip
Lower lipLips
Nose
Teeth, gums, and jaw
Tongue
Somatosensory Cortex
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Broca’s area Wernicke’s area
Frontallobe
Temporallobe
Broca’s and Wernicke’s Aphasia
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Temporal Lobe (understanding)Frontal Lobe (speaking)
Wernicke’s AreaBroca’s Area
Understands sentences
What are you doing in this hospital?
“I have been working as anurse in this hospital.”
Produces speech
I am working as a nurse at this hospital.
Visual Association Area
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Occipitallobe
The Limbic System
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
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Split Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Genes and Evolution
2.3 Neurons: Structure, Function, and Communication
2.4 Nervous System
2.5 Studying the Living Brain
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
2.7 Endocrine SystemL19 Locate and describe the key elements of the endocrine systemL20 Discuss some ways that hormones regulate behavior
The Endocrine System
2.6 Brain: Structures and Functions
Thyroid
Pancreas
Testes
Hypothalamus
Heart
Adrenal glands
Ovaries
