Psychological factors affecting self-sustaining buildings (Rich Wener)
Transcript of Psychological factors affecting self-sustaining buildings (Rich Wener)
NSF SelfNSF Self--Sustaining HighSustaining High--Rise Rise Building Workshop Building Workshop -- Jan 13Jan 13--14, 14,
20052005
Environmental Psychology Environmental Psychology in the Design, in the Design,
Operation, & Impact ofOperation, & Impact ofSustainable SkyscrapersSustainable Skyscrapers
Richard WenerRichard WenerPolytechnic UniversityPolytechnic University
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Overview of This Presentation
Past work – literature on behavior in skyscrapersSustainable design and required user behaviorBehavioral Issues in Energy Use Quality of Life Issues Environmental Stress & ControlPsychological Response to NatureWindows View LightingGreen Buildings and Environmental AttitudesGreen Buildings and Performance
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
BACKGROUND
There is not much research on…– Psychological response to high-rise buildings, or– Psychological response to green buildings
Much of existing literature…– Is old (1974 AIA Conference on “Human Response to Tall Buildings”)
– Deals with single issues (i.e., lighting) -– Or is only tangentially relevant (such as response to
passive solar design)
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Sustainability more holistic approach than passive solar movement, more sophisticated, and more high tech
Past work only moderately relevant
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
ALL BUILDINGS REQUIRE USER DECISIONS AND RESPONSES, eg.
– Calling elevators– Adjusting thermostat– Lowering/raising blinds, drapes– Carrying items to recycling bin– Flushing toilet– Turning off lights– Etc., etc., etc.
Some building types are more sensitive than others
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
PASSIVE SOLAR BUILDINGS REQUIRED SIGNIFICANT EFFORT
Users had to pay more attention to– the timing of adjusting window coverings – manipulating sources & uses, – etc.
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
RESEARCH QUESTION:
WHAT KINDS OF BEHAVIORS ARE REQUIRED OF USERS IN A SUSTAINABLE SKYSCRAPER?
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Different than behavior in ordinary high-rise?– If so, how much different?
What user knowledge required?How much maintenance (of building or behavioris needed?
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Research Question:
Is sustainable design robust or sensitive to use?
e.g., how easily can behavior change “net zero” equation?
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Example - green factory in Michigan (Heerwagen & Wise)
running sub-optimally – large bay doors left open for view & fresh air
the design allowed for good views – but high shelving blocked views
(post hoc, ad hoc change risky)
designed ventilation was insufficient
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Research Question
How much user effort in sustaining operation is too much? (for “ordinary”users)
– If too much…Only pioneers will live thereBuilding quality degrades
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Energy Use
Much research in 70’s about how to get people to conserve energy
Applied Behavioral Analysis– ABC model
Antecedents Behavior Consequences
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Energy Conservation
Antecedents– Problem – often no cues available to conserve– Need to cue the desired behavior
Consequences– Problem – reinforcement for using energy
immediate – punishment has long delay– Give feedback about effectiveness– Reinforce Behavior
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Energy Conservation
Cue– Design/signs that signal appropriate behavior
Feedback– Signals about above average (or peak) use
Consequences– Metering– Immediate Charges
Significant energy savings possible (15% to 35%)
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Quality of Life (QOL)
Many issues, including– Comfort / Effort in daily living
Such as ease of maintaining comfort, responsiveness of systems
– Health/well-being– Stress
Control over systems
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Environment & Stress
Lack of control very stressful
Skyscrapers are an inherently less controllable environment (?)
Does “sustainable design” add control to individual?
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Stress and Control
Level of control over HVAC?
Operable Windows– Wow!
Options to elevators – Important – ability to transport self without mechanical aid
Perceived safety re: escape– Mega-size makes it hard
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO NATURE
Evidence from recent research of…– Psychological benefits from close contact
with nature
– Problems from separation from nature
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
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PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO NATURE
– Exposure to nature enhances restoration from mental fatigue
– S. Kaplan - attention restoration theoryVoluntary directed attention = effort = fatigue
– Such as - studyingInvoluntary attention (view of nature) relaxed, restorative
– Reduces stress– Improves mood– reduces aggressiveness
reduce crime in high rise low income housing (Kuo)
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
NATURE, PSYCHOLOGY & GREEN SKYSCRAPERS
In urban core (especially in skyscrapers) people are inherently separated from nature
Past studies showed most disliked aspect of high-rise life was the lack of plant-life - too much concrete(Young, Haber).
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Hypothesis
The “Greenness” of Sustainable Skyscrapers Ameliorates the Negative Affects Of Separation from Nature that is Likely to be Found in Skyscrapers
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
WINDOWS, VIEW, LIGHTING
The quality of the view in tall buildings is important to user satisfaction (Young, Haber, Nichols)
– Designers have suggested maximizing visual access to windows from all areas of buildings, including green buildings.
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Research Questions
What is value of view? Is good view sufficient to provide sense of contact with nature?
How does the quality of view (height, viewing distance, quality/size of windows content of view) affect comfort satisfaction, productivity, stress
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
LIGHTING
How important is a natural vs artificial lighting– People want (& overestimate) natural light
– Intensity more important than full spectrum for mood (Gifford, Veitch)
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
GREEN BUILDINGS & ENVIRONMENTAL ATTITUDES
Attitudes don’t always cause behavior –
Behavior can lead to attitudes
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
Research Question
Does working/living in green skyscraper change (increase) support for environmental issues? (i.e., change the likelihood of engaging in environmentally sound behaviors in other settings)
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
GREEN BUILDINGS & PERFORMANCE
Evidence of improved performance and productivity in “green” buildings? - (Fisk & Rosenfield; Heshong)
– But…little discussion of behavioral mechanism
– Heshong says increased retail sales result of daylighting and/or view -- why?
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
RESEARCH ISSUE
We need to replicate these effects and analyze the underlying mechanisms (perception, motivation, etc?)
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
MANY OTHER RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Different responses among types of users– elderly more favorable?
Cross cultural differences How appropriate is building=neighborhood analogy?– Very different structure of urban elements, social
relationships
Will people drink recycle water?– Probably – participatory decision making important
Response to high-rise swaying?
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
RESEARCH APPROACHES
Individual case studies of buildings.
Post Occupancy Evaluations – assessing satisfaction with, response to and behavior in Green Skyscrapers
NSF Self-Sustaining High-Rise Building Workshop - Jan 13-14,
2005
RESEARCH APPROACHES
Field Experiments to test theoretical models through:– Longitudinal studies
comparisons of buildings over time (i.e., before & after move to new, green building (like Heerwagen & Wise -found pos & neg effects)
– Cross sectional studies (analogous to Kuo)comparisons of comparable green and ‘ordinary’facilities at same point in time
– must deal with self selection issues