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Transcript of Psych therapy
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 1
PSYCHOLOGYCynthia K. Shinabarger
Reed
Therapy
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 2
Therapy Through The Ages
The current view of causes of psychological disorders influence treatments.
People who believed in "possession" by evil spirits Exorcism Trephining
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“Possession" by evil spirits
Treatments Exorcism Driving out of evil
spirits that are believed to have taken over the individual’s body. The spirits cause the individual to perform evil acts.
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Trephining
Opening of the skull
Performed for the escape or entrance of spirits.
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Therapy Through The Ages Greek philosopher and physician
Hippocrates Physical and psychological disorders have
natural causes Also in ancient Rome
Treatments Baths Exercise Massage
16th & 17th centuries Accused of being witches.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Paris 18th century, mentally ill often chained to walls “Keepers” Rarely showed compassion Punished at will
Dr. Philippe Pinel, Needed humane care & treatment Moral management or moral therapy
Providing humane & relaxed environment = + changes in behavior.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Benjamin Rush Introduced moral therapy at
Philadelphia’s Pennsylvania Hospital 1st general hospital in the U.S. with a
separate unit for mentally ill Yet he restrained manic patients in his
tranquilizer chair He thought more humane than other
restraints used at the time.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Mid-19th century, Dorothea Dix, Union's Superintendent of Female Nurses during the Civil War
20 years fought for homeless & mentally ill
Insisted states had an obligation to provide care
Convinced legislatures in 20 states to establish or enlarge mental hospitals.
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Therapy Through The Ages
They built larger institutions to handle more patients.Expansion caused conditions
to deteriorateUse of restraints increased
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Therapy Through The Ages
Franz Anton Mesmer Believed he could harness this
magnetism as a form of therapy to treat patients.
With modifications, his techniques evolved into hypnotism.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Sigmund Freud Psychological disorders result from
unconscious feelings and conflicts Freud turned to other techniques
when hypnosis proved less effective than he had hoped.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Early 20th century General paresis
Symptoms Paralysis Memory difficulties
Discovered resulting from syphilis Stimulated search for biological
causes of other psychological disorders
Development of biomedical treatments Psychosurgery Electroconvulsive (shock) therapy or ECT
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Therapy Through The Ages
Beginning 1950s, populations of mental hospitals began to decline
Drugs made it possible to control many serious symptoms.
Growing belief that community care was more effective
Deinstitutionalization Policy of discharging large numbers of
patients Closing hospitals
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Therapy Through The Ages
Psychologists recognize 3 forms of prevention:
1. Primary prevention– Prevent disorders from occurring.
2. Secondary prevention– Detect existing disorders– Provide treatment at early stages.
3. Tertiary prevention– reduce the damage caused by disorders for
patients & society.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Not everyone who seeks therapy suffers from a psychological disorder.
Cope Loss of a job School-related difficulties Family problems
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Therapy Through The Ages
About 30% with psychological disorder seek treatment.
More likely to seek treatment than substance abusers Schizophrenias Bipolar disorder Panic disorder
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Therapy Through The Ages
2 treatment categories for psychological disorders: Biomedical therapies Psychological therapies
Biomedical therapies Psychotropic drugs ECT Psychosurgery
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Therapy Through The Ages
Psychological therapies “talk therapies” to treatments based on
principles of learning. Psychotherapy
General term that describes psychological treatments designed to help people resolve behavioral, emotional, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives.
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Therapy Through The Ages
Most common licensed psychotherapists are clinical and counseling psychologists, psychiatric nurses, psychiatrists, and social workers.
States regulate many mental health professions
Just beginning to regulate counselors
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Psychologically Based Therapies
Psychotherapy involves a special relationship between a distressed person and a therapist in which the therapist helps the client make changes in his or her thinking, feeling, and behavior.
Copyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 21
Psychologically Based Therapies
Psychoanalytic therapy Goal is to uncover unconscious conflicts
and feelings and bring them to the conscious level.
Freud (get to unconscious) Free association Dream interpretation Resistance Transference
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Psychologically Based Therapies
Free association Relate thoughts, feelings, or images without
modifying them in any way. Freud called dreams “the royal road to the
unconscious” and distinguished between two forms of dream content: manifest and latent. Manifest content
Dream you recall when you awaken Latent content
Underlying meaning Psychoanalyst’s interprets dreams by discovering
the latent content.
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Psychologically Based Therapies
Resistance Occurs during free association when the
patient’s flow of words and thoughts stops.
Cessation of associations Indicates the defense mechanism of
repression is operating to protect the ego from the anxiety generated by the thoughts and feelings revealed through the associations.
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Psychologically Based Therapies
TransferencePatient’s + or - reaction to the
therapist Believed to reflect relationship to a
significant person outside of therapy. Countertransference
Therapists reaction to the client Believed to reflect relationship to a
significant person in their life.
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Humanistic
Humanistic therapies Emphasize the present & the ability of
clients to solve their own problems once they are able to accept themselves.
Client-centered therapy Designed to create an environment in
which the client is able to find solutions to his or her problems.
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Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive therapies Designed to change cognitions in order
to eliminate maladaptive behaviors. Thinking errors
Rational-emotive behavior therapy (RET) Therapist challenges and questions the
client’s irrational ideas. Thinking errors
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Psychologically Based Therapies
Rational-emotive behavior therapy ABC framework. A = activating event
Related to an important Desire Goal Preference (getting the job, in our example
B = belief (thinking error) Related to failure to attain the goal, that
follows the activating event (“I’m no good because I didn’t get the job”).
C = consequences anger, anxiety, and depression.
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The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Eysenck Psychotherapy clients just as likely to
improve w/o treatment. Studies show psychotherapy is
generally effective, although we are uncertain as to why.
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The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Research shows Little difference among treatments.
Characteristics of therapy may contribute to improvement
Therapist’s ability to communicate empathy
Particular therapies Effective in alleviating certain problem
behaviors.