Psych 450 Chapter 9 Lec

8/8/2019 Psych 450 Chapter 9 Lec

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psych-450-chapter-9-lec 1/27

Behavior TherapyBehavior Therapy

SathishSathish RAJAMANIRAJAMANI M.ScM.Sc (N)(N)

Lecturer Lecturer AMCONAMCON



Behavior Therapy DefinitionBehavior Therapy Definition

** The term behavior therapy isThe term behavior therapy is

applied to psychologicalapplied to psychologicaltreatment based ontreatment based on

experimental psychology andexperimental psychology andintended to changeintended to change

symptoms and behavior.symptoms and behavior.



ORIGIN OF BEHAVIOURORIGIN OF BEHAVIOUR

THERAPYTHERAPY

R eward and punishment systems have been usedR eward and punishment systems have been used

throughout recorded history in an attempt tothroughout recorded history in an attempt to

influenceinfluence behaviorbehavior, from child rearing to the, from child rearing to thecriminal justice system.criminal justice system.

ModernModern behavioralbehavioral therapy began in the 1950stherapy began in the 1950s

with the work of B.F. Skinner and Josephwith the work of B.F. Skinner and Joseph WolpeWolpe..

WolpeWolpe treated his patients who sufferedtreated his patients who suffered

fromfrom phobiasphobias with a technique he developedwith a technique he developed

calledcalled systematic desensitizationsystematic desensitization



DESENSITIZATIONDESENSITIZATION

DesensitizationDesensitization

involved graduallyinvolved gradually

exposing a patientexposing a patientto an anxietyto an anxiety--

provoking stimuliprovoking stimuli

untiluntil

thethe anxietyanxiety responsrespons

e was extinguished,e was extinguished,

or eliminatedor eliminated




Identifying Maladaptive Behavior & Seeks to correctIdentifying Maladaptive Behavior & Seeks to correct

these by applying the principles of learning derived fromthese by applying the principles of learning derived from

the following theories.the following theories.

1. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov, 1936)1. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov, 1936)

2. Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner, 1953)2. Operant Conditioning (BF Skinner, 1953)



Behavior Therapy TheoriesBehavior Therapy Theories



CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGCLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Classical Conditioning isClassical Conditioning is

a term used to describea term used to describelearning which has beenlearning which has been

acquired throughacquired throughexperience.experience.



Behavior Therapy TheoriesBehavior Therapy Theories



OPERANT CONDITIONINGOPERANT CONDITIONING

Skinner introduced aSkinner introduced a behavioralbehavioral technique hetechnique hecalled operant conditioning. Operantcalled operant conditioning. Operant

conditioning is based on the idea that anconditioning is based on the idea that anindividual will choose hisindividual will choose his behaviorbehavior based onbased onpast experiences of consequences of thatpast experiences of consequences of thatbehaviorbehavior. If a. If a behaviorbehavior was associatedwas associated

withwith positive reinforcementspositive reinforcements or rewards inor rewards inthe past, the individual will choose it overthe past, the individual will choose it overbehaviorbehavior associated with punishmentsassociated with punishments



ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS

AllAll behavioursbehaviours are learned, (Adaptive &are learned, (Adaptive &

Maladaptive).Maladaptive).

Human beings are passive organisms thatHuman beings are passive organisms thatcan be conditioned or shaped to docan be conditioned or shaped to do

anything.anything.

Maladaptive behavior can be unlearnedMaladaptive behavior can be unlearnedand replaced by adaptive behavior if theand replaced by adaptive behavior if the

person receives exposures to specific stimuliperson receives exposures to specific stimuli

and reinforcement.and reinforcement.



ASSUMPTIONS Cont«««. ASSUMPTIONS Cont«««.

Behavior assessment is focused moreBehavior assessment is focused more

on the current behavior rather than onon the current behavior rather than on

historical antecedents.historical antecedents.

Treatment strategies are individuallyTreatment strategies are individuallytailored.tailored.



TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

SHAPING SHAPING

MODELING MODELING

PREMACK PRINCIPLE PREMACK PRINCIPLE

EXTINCTION EXTINCTION

TOKEN ECONOMY TOKEN ECONOMY

CONTIGENCY CONTIGENCY CONTRACTING CONTRACTING

FLOODING FLOODING

TIME OUTTIME OUT

RECIPROCALRECIPROCAL

INHIBITIONINHIBITION

OVERTOVERT

SENSITIZATIONSENSITIZATION

COVERTCOVERT

SENSITIZATIONSENSITIZATION SYSTEMATICSYSTEMATIC

DESENSITIZATIONDESENSITIZATION



SHAPINGSHAPING

Reinforcements are givenReinforcements are given

for increasingly closer for increasingly closer approximations to theapproximations to the

desired response.desired response.Example: Autistic ChildExample: Autistic Child



MODELINGMODELING

Modeling refers to the learning of newModeling refers to the learning of new

behaviors by imitating the behaviors inbehaviors by imitating the behaviors in

others.others. Role ModelsRole Models

Children imitate the behaviors of their Children imitate the behaviors of their

parents, teachers and friends.parents, teachers and friends. In therapeutic setting clients imitate theIn therapeutic setting clients imitate the

behaviors of their care providers.behaviors of their care providers.



PREMACK PRINCIPLEPREMACK PRINCIPLE

This technique is named after its originator This technique is named after its originator..

A frequently occurring response (R1) canA frequently occurring response (R1) can

serves as a positive reinforcement for aserves as a positive reinforcement for a

response (R2) that occurs less frequently.response (R2) that occurs less frequently.

Discriminative

Stimulus

(Home Work)

To do or not to do

R2

(Completion of

Home Work)

R1

(Talk to friends

on Telephone)



EXTINCTIONEXTINCTION

It is a gradual decrease in frequency or It is a gradual decrease in frequency or

disappearance of response when thedisappearance of response when the

positive reinforcement is withheld.positive reinforcement is withheld.Example:Example: Temper Tantrum ChildTemper Tantrum Child



CONTIGENCY CONTRACTINGCONTIGENCY CONTRACTING

A contract is drawn up among all partiesA contract is drawn up among all parties

involved.involved.

The behavior change that is desired isThe behavior change that is desired isstated explicitly in writing.stated explicitly in writing.

The contract specifies the desired behavior The contract specifies the desired behavior

change, the negative consequences or change, the negative consequences or

punishment that will be rendered for notpunishment that will be rendered for not

fulfilling the terms of contract are alsofulfilling the terms of contract are also

delineated.delineated.



TOKEN ECONOMYTOKEN ECONOMY

TE is a type of CC (may or may not a writtenTE is a type of CC (may or may not a written

contract) in which thecontract) in which the reinforcer reinforcer for desiredfor desired

behaviors are presented in the form of behaviors are presented in the form of

token.token.

Tokens are awarded when desiredTokens are awarded when desired

behaviors are performed, and maybehaviors are performed, and may

exchanged for designated privileges.exchanged for designated privileges.

Example: By using the token, client can buyExample: By using the token, client can buy

a cigarettes, or snacksa cigarettes, or snacks..



TIME OUTTIME OUT

Time out is an aversive stimulusTime out is an aversive stimulus

or punishment during which theor punishment during which the

client is removed from theclient is removed from the

environment when the desiredenvironment when the desired

behavior is being is exhibited.behavior is being is exhibited.



RECIPROCAL INHIBITIONRECIPROCAL INHIBITION

Also called as Counter Conditioning.Also called as Counter Conditioning.

Reciprocal Inhibition decreases or Reciprocal Inhibition decreases or

eliminates a behavior by introducing aeliminates a behavior by introducing amore adaptive behavior.more adaptive behavior.

Example:Example: Introduction of relaxationIntroduction of relaxation

exercises to an individual who isexercises to an individual who isphobic.phobic.



OVERT SENSITIZATIONOVERT SENSITIZATION

It is a type of aversive technique,It is a type of aversive technique,

that produces unpleasant responsethat produces unpleasant response

to the undesirable behavior.to the undesirable behavior.Example:Example: DisulfiramDisulfiram ((AntabuseAntabuse))



COVERT SENSITIZATIONCOVERT SENSITIZATION

It relies on the individual¶s imagination toIt relies on the individual¶s imagination to

produce unpleasant symptoms rather thanproduce unpleasant symptoms rather than

on medication.on medication.

The individual learns, through mentalThe individual learns, through mental

imagery, to visualize nauseating scenes.imagery, to visualize nauseating scenes.

The primary advantage of covertThe primary advantage of covert

sensitization is that the individual does notsensitization is that the individual does not

have to perform undesired behaviors buthave to perform undesired behaviors but

simply imagines them.simply imagines them.



SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATIONSYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

It is a technique for assistingIt is a technique for assisting

individuals to overcome their fear of individuals to overcome their fear of

phobic stimulus.phobic stimulus. It is a ³systematic´, in that there is aIt is a ³systematic´, in that there is a

hierarchy of anxiety producing eventshierarchy of anxiety producing events

through which the individualthrough which the individualprogresses during therapy.progresses during therapy.



SD ExampleSD Example

A hierarchy of events associated with a fear of A hierarchy of events associated with a fear of

elevators may be as followselevators may be as follows

1.1. Discuss riding an elevator with the therapistDiscuss riding an elevator with the therapist

2.2. Look at a picture of an elevator Look at a picture of an elevator

3.3. Walk into the building and see the elevator Walk into the building and see the elevator

4.4. Push the button for the elevator Push the button for the elevator

5.5. Walk inside the elevator with the trusted personWalk inside the elevator with the trusted person6.6. Ride the elevator with trusted personsRide the elevator with trusted persons

7.7. Ride the elevator without trusted personRide the elevator without trusted person



FLOODINGFLOODING

This technique is some times called asThis technique is some times called as

implosive therapy, used to desensitizes theimplosive therapy, used to desensitizes the

phobic stimulus.phobic stimulus.

It differs from SD, in that instead of workingIt differs from SD, in that instead of working

up a hierarchy of anxiety producing stimuli,up a hierarchy of anxiety producing stimuli,

the individual is flooded with a continuousthe individual is flooded with a continuous

presentation of the phobic stimulus until itpresentation of the phobic stimulus until itno longer elicits .no longer elicits .




LIMIT ATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPYLIMIT ATIONS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Behavior therapy may change behaviors,Behavior therapy may change behaviors,

but it does not change feelingsbut it does not change feelings Does not deal with the emotional processDoes not deal with the emotional process

as fully as other approachesas fully as other approaches

Relationship between client and therapist

Relationship between client and therapistis discountedis discounted

Psych 450 Chapter 9 Lec

Documents

Transcript of Psych 450 Chapter 9 Lec