PsycPsyc 363363yyCognitive PsychologyCognitive Psychology

A l Cl kA l Cl k FFArlo ClarkArlo Clark--FoosFoos

Part VIIIPart VIIILongLong--Term MemoryTerm MemoryLongLong Term MemoryTerm Memory

Please listen to the following storyPlease listen to the following storyPlease listen to the following storyPlease listen to the following story

The War of the GhostsThe War of the GhostsSir Frederick Bartlett (1932)Sir Frederick Bartlett (1932)

The story became shorter and more coherentThe story became shorter and more coherentThe story became shorter and more coherentThe story became shorter and more coherent“No trace of an odd, or supernatural element is left: we have a “No trace of an odd, or supernatural element is left: we have a perfectly straightforward story of a fight and a death.”perfectly straightforward story of a fight and a death.”

Achieved by:Achieved by:O i i h t itt d l th d b ttO i i h t itt d l th d b tt• Omissions: ghosts omitted early; the wound became a matter • Omissions: ghosts omitted early; the wound became a matter

of flesh, not spiritof flesh, not spirit• Rationalization: growing coherence among parts• Rationalization: growing coherence among parts• Transformational of details into more familiar and conventional• Transformational of details into more familiar and conventional• Changing order of events• Changing order of events

War of the Ghosts 6 5 Years LaterWar of the Ghosts 6 5 Years LaterWar of the Ghosts 6.5 Years LaterWar of the Ghosts 6.5 Years LaterStepwise ReconstructionStepwise Reconstruction

1. Brothers. 1. Brothers. 2. Canoe. 2. Canoe. 3. Something black from mouth. 3. Something black from mouth. 4. Totem.4. Totem.5. One of the brothers died. 5. One of the brothers died. 6. Cannot remember whether one slew the other or was helping the other. 6. Cannot remember whether one slew the other or was helping the other. p gp g7. Were going on journey, but why I cannot remember. 7. Were going on journey, but why I cannot remember. 8. Party in war canoe. 8. Party in war canoe. 9. Was the journey a pilgrimage for filial or religious reasons?9. Was the journey a pilgrimage for filial or religious reasons?10. Am now sure it was a pilgrimage. 10. Am now sure it was a pilgrimage. p g gp g g11. Purpose had something to do with totem.11. Purpose had something to do with totem.12. Was it on a pilgrimage that they met a hostile party and one brother was slain?12. Was it on a pilgrimage that they met a hostile party and one brother was slain?13. I think there was some reference to a dark forest. 13. I think there was some reference to a dark forest. 14. Two brothers were on a pilgrimage, having something to do with a totem, in a canoe, up 14. Two brothers were on a pilgrimage, having something to do with a totem, in a canoe, up p g g , g g , , pp g g , g g , , p

a river flowing through a dark forest. While on their pilgrimage they met a hostile party a river flowing through a dark forest. While on their pilgrimage they met a hostile party of Indians in a war canoe. In the fight one brother was slain, and something black came of Indians in a war canoe. In the fight one brother was slain, and something black came from his mouth. from his mouth.

15. Am not confident about the way brother died. May have been something sacrificial in the 15. Am not confident about the way brother died. May have been something sacrificial in the manner of his deathmanner of his deathmanner of his death. manner of his death.

16. The cause of the journey had both something to do with a totem, and with filial piety.16. The cause of the journey had both something to do with a totem, and with filial piety.17. The totem was the patron god of the family and so was connected with filial piety.17. The totem was the patron god of the family and so was connected with filial piety.

Atkinson andAtkinson and Shiffrin’sShiffrin’s ModelModelAtkinson and Atkinson and Shiffrin sShiffrin s ModelModel

Information-Processing

We studied STM (WM)

Now we’ll t d thiSTM (WM) study this

Types of LongTypes of Long--Term MemoriesTerm MemoriesTypes of LongTypes of Long Term MemoriesTerm MemoriesA.A. What is your name? What is your name?

B.B. What is the capital of Australia? What is the capital of Australia?

C.C. Where were you last Tuesday morning? Where were you last Tuesday morning?

D.D. How many rooms are there in your present home/apartment? How many rooms are there in your present home/apartment?

E.E. Is “mantiness” a valid English word? Is “mantiness” a valid English word?

F.F. What was Beethoven’s telephone number?What was Beethoven’s telephone number?

LongLong--Term MemoryTerm MemoryLongLong Term MemoryTerm Memory

Clive WearingClive WearingClive WearingClive Wearinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Yktix2Yktix2Yktix2Y

LongLong--Term MemoryTerm MemoryLongLong Term MemoryTerm Memory

Three ProcessesThree ProcessesThree ProcessesThree Processes

Old ff t i li htOld ff t i li htOld effects in new lightOld effects in new light

ChunkingChunkingHM, NA, Clive WearingHM, NA, Clive WearingPrimacyPrimacy

AmnesiaAmnesiaAmnesiaAmnesia

AnterogradeAnterogradeAnterogradeAnterograde

RetrogradeRetrogradeRetrogradeRetrogradeTemporallyTemporally--Graded Graded Retrograde AmnesiaRetrograde Amnesia

Distinctions to be made in LTMDistinctions to be made in LTMDistinctions to be made in LTMDistinctions to be made in LTM

Declarative MemoryDeclarative MemoryEpisodicEpisodicSemanticSemantic

Implicit MemoryImplicit MemoryRepetition PrimingRepetition PrimingRepetition PrimingRepetition PrimingProceduralProcedural

Methods of TestingMethods of TestingMethods of TestingMethods of Testing

RecallRecallRecallRecall

R itiR itiRecognitionRecognition

Implicit TestsImplicit Tests

ForgettingForgettingForgettingForgetting

ForgettingForgettingForgettingForgetting

4 ways to explain forgetting4 ways to explain forgetting4 ways to explain forgetting4 ways to explain forgettingNever encodedNever encodedDecayDecayDecayDecayBad Retrieval CuesBad Retrieval CuesInterferenceInterferenceInterferenceInterference

h ( d fl h )h ( d fl h )Aviary Metaphor (Bird flew the coop)Aviary Metaphor (Bird flew the coop)

InterferenceInterferenceInterferenceInterference

Two main kindsTwo main kindsTwo main kindsTwo main kindsProactive & RetroactiveProactive & Retroactive

Think about the direction of the Think about the direction of the interferenceinterferenceinterferenceinterference

TwoTwo List ParadigmList ParadigmTwoTwo--List ParadigmList ParadigmCue Overload (ACue Overload (A--B and AB and A--C)C)

Proactive InterferenceProactive InterferenceProactive InterferenceProactive Interference

Retroactive InterferenceRetroactive InterferenceRetroactive InterferenceRetroactive Interference

Two List Interference ParadigmTwo List Interference ParadigmTwo List Interference ParadigmTwo List Interference Paradigm

Prior Learning Affects P IPrior Learning Affects P IPrior Learning Affects P.I.Prior Learning Affects P.I.

BrownBrown--Peterson TaskPeterson TaskBrownBrown Peterson TaskPeterson Task

Original explanationOriginal explanationOriginal explanationOriginal explanation

Keppel & Underwood (1962)Keppel & Underwood (1962)

Better explanation?Better explanation?

Proactive InterferenceProactive InterferenceProactive InterferenceProactive Interference

Similarity in memorySimilarity in memorySimilarity in memorySimilarity in memory

Release from PI (Release from PI (WickensWickens))

MethodsMethodsMethodsMethods

ImplicationsImplicationsImplicationsImplications

Release from Proactive Release from Proactive ffInterferenceInterference

Release from RI? (Bower & Mann, 1993)

A “Network” has concepts and A “Network” has concepts and li k / l ti b t thli k / l ti b t thlinks/relations between themlinks/relations between them

Semantic Models of LTM Semantic Models of LTM (Collins & Quillian, 1967, 1969)(Collins & Quillian, 1967, 1969)

Semantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTM

Hierarchal organizationHierarchal organizationHierarchal organizationHierarchal organization

H i t d?H i t d?How is memory stored?How is memory stored?

l f fl f fRetrieval of informationRetrieval of information

Problems?Problems?

Semantic Models of LTM Semantic Models of LTM (Collins & Quillian, 1967, 1969)(Collins & Quillian, 1967, 1969)

Semantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTM

Spreading ActivationSpreading ActivationSpreading ActivationSpreading Activation

Li k d N dLi k d N dLinked NodesLinked Nodes

Priming Priming

Semantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTMSemantic Models of LTM

Memory ErrorsMemory ErrorsMemory ErrorsMemory Errors

SchemaSchema--Based ErrorsBased ErrorsSchemaSchema Based ErrorsBased Errors

Remember the antsRemember the antsRemember the ants Remember the ants passage?passage?

War of Ghosts War of Ghosts (Bartlett 1931)(Bartlett 1931)(Bartlett, 1931)(Bartlett, 1931)

Office Items studyOffice Items studyOffice Items studyOffice Items study(Brewer & (Brewer & TreyensTreyens, 1981), 1981)

SchemaSchema--Based ErrorsBased Errors(Brewer & (Brewer & TreyensTreyens, 1981), 1981)

SchemaSchema--Based ErrorsBased Errors(Brewer & (Brewer & TreyensTreyens, 1981), 1981)

Recall: Please write down everything that youRecall: Please write down everything that youRecall: Please write down everything that you Recall: Please write down everything that you remember seeing in the office.remember seeing in the office.

Recognition: Did you see any of the following?Recognition: Did you see any of the following?

Chair?Chair?Books?Books?

Typewriter?Typewriter?

Bike Helmet?Bike Helmet?Pencil?Pencil?Paper?Paper?Typewriter?Typewriter?

Coffeepot?Coffeepot?Sandwich?Sandwich?

Paper?Paper?Skull?Skull?

Stapler?Stapler?

SchemaSchema--Based ErrorsBased Errors(Brewer & (Brewer & TreyensTreyens, 1981), 1981)

Ch i ?Ch i ? Bik H l t?Bik H l t?Chair?Chair?Books?Books?

Typewriter?Typewriter?Coffeepot?Coffeepot?

Bike Helmet?Bike Helmet?Pencil?Pencil?Paper?Paper?Skull?Skull?Co eepotCo eepot

Sandwich?Sandwich?S uS u

Stapler?Stapler?

Memory ErrorsMemory ErrorsMemory ErrorsMemory Errors

What do they tell us about memory?What do they tell us about memory?What do they tell us about memory?What do they tell us about memory?

How do we encode and retrieve info?How do we encode and retrieve info?How do we encode and retrieve info?How do we encode and retrieve info?

Why do we make these errors?Why do we make these errors?Why do we make these errors?Why do we make these errors?

Much more laterMuch more later

It Is Not All BadIt Is Not All BadIt Is Not All BadIt Is Not All Bad

BahrickBahrick et al (1975)et al (1975)BahrickBahrick et al. (1975)et al. (1975)Former high school classmatesFormer high school classmates

Free recallFree recallFree recallFree recallFace recognitionFace recognitionName recognitionName recognitionggName and Photo matchingName and Photo matching

After 30 years, face and name recognition was After 30 years, face and name recognition was f llf llnear 90%. After 40 years, name was still 80%.near 90%. After 40 years, name was still 80%.

Very Long Term MemoryVery Long Term MemoryVery Long Term MemoryVery Long Term Memory

Find a ContextFind a Context

Search

Verify

Williams & Hollan (1981)

MoreMore EbbinghausEbbinghausMore More EbbinghausEbbinghaus

Saving in RelearningSaving in RelearningSaving in RelearningSaving in Relearning

P f ti d titiP f ti d titiPassage of time and repetitionsPassage of time and repetitions

Studying?Studying?

Savings in RelearningSavings in RelearningSavings in RelearningSavings in Relearning

SummarySummarySummarySummarySTM vs. LTMSTM vs. LTMS sS s

Distinctions in LTMDistinctions in LTM

Forgetting and InterferenceForgetting and Interference

Semantic ModelsSemantic Models

Memory ErrorsMemory Errors