PSY 1101- Lecture Notes

7/23/2019 PSY 1101- Lecture Notes

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/psy-1101-lecture-notes 1/20

September 8, 2014

WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

Definition: Science of study of the “mind” (psyche) or “mental process”

Psyche is the totality of the human mind, consciousness, and unconsciousness

Problems:

- What are ”mental processes”?

- Difficult to define

- Mental process cannot e oser!ed

- "hey can e inferred

- #eha!ior can e oser!ed

- $o% do %e measure eha!ior?

$o% do %e &uantify eha!ior?

In AY s!"en!e:

# We must define our variables in ' science (psycholo*y is a science)- Measure (&uantify) our !ariales)

$e%&'"or

Problems:

- #eha!ior can e oser!ed

- $o% do %e measure eha!ior?

- $o% do %e &uantify eha!ior?

(&)or *"'"s"ons o+ ps!%olo-:- +perimental- - linical

- -'pplied

./per"ment&l Ps!%olo-:

- Deate o!er %hether the mind is physical or non-physical

- Functionalism (pra*matism)

- De!eloped y Williams .ames in the /0S0 (father of 'merican psycholo*y)- What is the function of our thou*hts, consciousness and emotions?

-

Cl"n"!&l Ps!%olo-:

- ounselin*1 psychotherapy

- o% the ma2or field in Psycholo*y

-

Appl"e* Ps!%olo-:

- Social de!elopmental, educational, industrial psycholo*y



S!%ools o+ ps!%olo-:

- o*niti!e

- #iolo*ical- #eha!ioral

- Social

- Psychoanalytical

Co-n"t"'e:

- Study of hi*her “mental functions”

- 'ttempts to infer hypothetical mental states of “information” processin* ased on currentresponse eha!ior, pattern0

- Pro!ides and eceedin*ly ele*ant means to scientifically test !arious co*niti!e functions

(“mental e!ents”)

- Must e inferred on the asis of performanceSb#*"'"s"on o+ !o-n"t"'e ps!%olo-:

- o*niti!e neuroscience- eural3co*niti!e modelin*

$"olo-"!&l:

- #iolo*ical psycholo*ists attempt tom measure actual mental e!ents y monitorin* rain

acti!ity0

- Manipulate rain (stimulate, lesion, dru*s and determine effect on psycholo*y)

$e%&'"or&l:

- Psycholo*y as an o2ecti!e science

- 'll psycholo*ical e!ents must e directly oser!ale- We learn to repeat eha!ior that has een “reinforced”

- ' strict en!ironmental (not inner “mind”) eplanation of eha!ior0

- 'll eha!ior is learned- o need to infer “inner” mental causes no need to postulate aout hidden, “repressed”

moti!es0

September 11, 2014

eterm"n"st"! eha!ior is determined y unconscious “dri!es”

$o% can %e e!er pro!e that there is an unconscious? $o% can %e pro!e that certain memories are

repressed?

"++eren!es &mon- ps!%o&n&ls"s, ps!%"&tr, !l"n"!&l ps!%olo-, e/per"ment&l ps!%olo-

May or may not e a psychiatrist0 (+mphasis on 4reud and post-4reudian theory



Ps!%"&tr"st

# 5esidency in “psychiatry”0 Must ha!e and M0D0- "hey employ a medical model

- "reatment methods can include psychotherapy and dru* therapy (psychiatric disorders are a

mental “illness”

Cl"n"!&l ps!%olo-

- 6n anada, must ha!e a research de*ree, a Ph0D0

- "rained in oth research and clinical psycholo*y

- +mphasis on “anormal” eha!ior and not necessarily “illness”- +mphasis on “chan*e” throu*h counselin*3psychotherapy

./per"ment&l ps!%olo-"st

- "rained 78 as a researcher

- ot trained in clinical psycholo*y- 8e*ally, cannot pro!ide psychotherapy or counselin*

P%enomenolo-"!&l3Hm&n"st"! Ps!%olo-

- $umanistic theories - +mphasis on uni&ue human &uality of eha!ior0

- oncerned %ith indi!idual9s uni&ue personal eperience, their phenomenolo*y- oncern %ith de!elopin* theories of inner life rather than eplainin* eha!ior

- riticied as ein* unscientific

S!"ent"+"! (et%o*s

(Methods of otainin* ;no%led*e)

#6< research issues (at least accordin* to Myers)

- Staility !s0 chan*e

- 5ationality !s0 irrationality

- ature !s0 nurture

.p"stemolo- met%o* o+ obt&"n"n- 5no6le*-e7

- Di!ine (non physical insi*ht)

- Pure lo*ic and thou*ht ('ristotle)

- Scientific manipulation



I*e&l"sm 's (&ter"&l"sm

6s all that eists material in form?

- 8a%s of physical uni!erse

Psycholo*y “concepts”

- 8o!e, hate, lierty, etc0

1 Obser'&t"on o+ n"'erse W%&t "s t%e problem t%&t nee*s to be sol'e*?

=0 #>ariales: What is it that !aries (chan*es)? Why?

2 e'elopment o+ & t%eor A poss"ble 9&ns6er to t%e ;est"on

< T%eor: l"ter&tre se&r!% &n* & smm&r3snt%es"s o+ 6%&t "s &lre&* 5no6n

- ote that this is not “opinion” or “speculation”

- Different theories0 ontro!ersy0

S!"ent"+"! Pro!ess

0 Definition of variables of interest. Operational definition0 #efore a theory can e testes,

%e need to define our !ariales0

@0 Prolems definin* psycholo*ical concepts0

A0 Measure3&uantification of !ariales0

B0 Desi*n study re&uires a study

C0 5un the Study

0 'nalye the results

=E0 6nterpret the results

+periment manipulation. "he eperimenter manipulates the independent variable

"his mi*ht cause the dependant variable (that %hish she3he is measurin*) to !ary

T%eor

- Define the prolem- 7tain the ;no%n “facts”0 What appears to cause the !ariation?

- What is the possile ans%er? (What is the contro!ersy?)

- De!elopment of theoryF a summary (synthesis of %hat %e already ;no%n)F and a

possile eplanation of the phenomenon



September 1=, 2014

O$S.>ATIO # Correl&t"on St*"es

- han*e in one !ariale is also associated %ith a chan*e in another

- "his does not mean that chan*e in one !ariale '/S+ the other !ariale to chan*e

- "he correlation allo%s one to predict scores on one !ariale if the scores on another!ariale are ;no%n0

- orrelations !ary from -=0E to G=0E

- ' positi!e (increase) and ne*ati!e correlations (decrease)- orrelation does not pro!e causality

Tre ./per"ments

- Manipulation of one !ariale '/S+S another !ariale to chan*e

Sor!es o+ &r"&n!e

- +plained !ariance

- /neplained !ariance

Problems 6"t% t%e (e&n

- 't times, our measures are not normally distriuted (some are too hi*h and3or others are

too lo%)

CAS@ALITY lo-"!&l pos"t"'"sm

- +!ery scientific theory must e potentially falsifiale

- We cannot pro!e somethin* does not eist

- We can pro!e somethin* eists

Lo-"!&l pos"t"'"sm

- #ased on theory, scientists form a hypothesis (or prediction)0

- 'ccordin* to many philosophers of science, %e assume all hypotheses are false under

pro!en other%ise

- "hus, %e assume the ne*ati!e0 We assume the hypothesis is false0

- "he null hypothesis

.t%"!s o+ rese&r!%

- 6nformed consent- an children !olunteer to participate? "he parents must *i!e the consent

- al %e allo% children to e !ery !iolent in a school settin*?

- “Psycholo*ical” studies on a**ression and !ideo *ames end to rely on measures of

a**ression that are a far cry from murder0

e+"ne me&sre t%e epen*ent &r"&ble

$o% to define and measure a**ression?



>&n*om &ss"-nment o+ sb)e!ts

- =E su2ects in each of the H *roups (control, eperimental)

W%&t "s t%e nll %pot%es"s?

We !&nnot e/pl&"n

- >ariance %ithin each of the *roups

- +rrors- /neplained !ariance

St&t"st"!&l S"-n"+"!&n!e

- Di!ide eplained !ariance y uneplained !ariance

- 5esearcher M/S" indicate %hat is the proaility of findin* a difference this lar*e y

chance alone

- ote: Statistical si*nificance and practical si*nificance are not the same thin*.nsre t%&t & *"+ "s st&t"st"!&ll s"-n"+"!&nt

- +nsure that eplained !ariance is hi*h

September 18, 2014

Ho6 !ol* & rese&r!%er ensre t%&t & *"++eren!e "s st&t"st"!&ll s"-n"+"!&nt?

- 4Ieplained !ar03uneplained !ar0

- +nsure eplained !ariance is lar*e enou*h- ("he sie of the eperimental effect)- 8ar*er differences are more li;ely to e si*nificant (ml of !od;a !s0 8 of !od;a eample)

- "he sie of indi!idual differences

- 6n a pre-test if all indi!iduals score the same and then in a post-test, they score only sli*htly

hi*her, this is not due to chance0

- "he sie of the sample

- We are much more confident %ith results from lar*e than small samples- 6f a !ery lar*e sample is used, !ery small differences mi*ht e statistically si*nificant (an

under*raduate drin;s a case of eer a day eample then same for @E other people I same

results I confident is result)

C&se St*"es

- 7ne eceptional indi!idual (or a fe%) is3are studied in detail0

- Patient $M: he had se!ere epilepsy



Problems

- <eneraliation

- +ceptions to the rule

Grop st*"es s&mpl"n-

- Sample a small numer of indi!iduals from a population- 5andomiation? (4rom that population, %e randomly select)

- 5epresentati!e?

- 6t9s etter to ha!e a small ut representati!e sample than one than is lar*e and

unrepresentati!e

Tre e/per"ments

- +perimental manipulation applied- ("he dependent !ariale is caused to chan*e y manipulation of the independent !ariale

Problems 6"t% Tre ./per"ments

- Sample sie, often small, *eneraliation (a lac; of funds or accessiility, etc0)

- #ut po%er of replication- +periment must often e carried out in a controlled settin* (often in a laoratory)

B&s"#./per"ments

- 6n the social (human) en!ironment, the scientist cannot al%ays manipulate the independent

!ariale0- omparin* one *roup to another

- 'ssumed that the differences are caused ye independent !ariale

./per"ment&l 9es"-ns e/per"ment&l !ontrol7

- 7ne desi*n uses control and experimental *roups- Why is the control *roups called “control *roup”

- 5andom assi*nmentJparticipants %ill e randomly assi*ned to either the control or

eperimental conditions0

./per"ment&l es"-ns Pre#Post7

- Prolem %ith use of control eperimental *roup

- 7ne *roup mi*ht e different from another y chance proaility alone

- Solution: use the same *roups of participants in repeated conditions



./per"ment&l es"-ns Pl&!ebo7

- ' special desi*n is used to eamine the effects of” treatment”

- ' treatment is *i!en to a patient0 "he patient impro!es o!er time0

- Was the treatment effecti!e? Perhaps not- "he ”placeo” effect

- "o control for this, one *roup of patients is *i!en the actual dru* (or any other treatment)

and the other half is *i!en %hat they thin; is a !alid treatment- "his control condition is called the placebo condition

Pl&!ebo !ont*7

- Doule lind desi*n

- Placeo effects can e etremely po%erful

- o medical treatment that is appro!ed y the Ministry of $ealth can e used %ith the*eneral pulic efore a placeo study is carried out

- 're the enefits of psychotherapy actually a placeo effect?

Sr'e

- 7ne is as;ed to report their eha!ior, to attitude or eliefs typically usin* a “sur!ey”

- ' ma2or prolem %ith sur!eys is determinin* if the sample is truly representati!e of the

population

- 're those that !olunteer to participate truly representati!e?

./&mple o+ sr'e ;est"ons

o o &-ree or *"s&-ree t%&t:

- Wordin* can influence the results

- "he anadian *o!ernment should appro!e any research pulished y its scientist0

- "he anadian *o!ernment should censor any research pulished y its scientists

(&r")&n& Consmpt"on Sr'e e/&mple

onser!ati!es:

' certain numer of mari2uana users %ill e!entually also use dru*s such as cocaine and heroin0

Should mari2uana use e le*alied in anada?

8ieral:



Scientist ha!e sho%n that smo;in* ci*arettes is much more addicti!e than smo;in* mari2uana0

Should mari2uana use e le*alied in anada?

September 22, 2014

eros!"en!es: neron&l &n* sn&pt"! tr&nsm"ss"on

- "erminal +ndin*s: secrete neurotransmitter sustance

- 'on

(el"n S%e&t%:

- 8ipid materials- Protect aon

- 6nsulatin* material- Speeds up transmission

Term"n&l .n*"n-

Tpes o+ nerons

- ereellum- >isual corte

- 'uditory orte

- Primary orte- Dentate *yros

< C&te-or"es o+ erons:

- Sensory Neurons transmit impulses recei!ed y sensory receptors to Central Nervous

System ( S)0 Afferents0

- Motor Neurons: carry out*oin* si*nals from S to muscles K *lands. Efferent. - Interneuron

Interneron:

- 6nterneuron communication- 7ften, far remo!ed from either sensory or motor neurons

- ommunication can e ecitatory or inhiitory

- "his allo%s for fleiility of eha!ior - "his is the route to memory

>est"n- Potent"&l

- 'll cells carry an electrical char*e



- har*e of the neuron can chan*e

- "his allo%s one neuron to communicate to another (or to perhaps a muscle)

- 'n inacti!e neuron has an ecess of ne*ati!ely char*ed ions inside the ner!e cell- har*e is aout -BE m>olt (m!) for humans

epol&r"D&t"on

- When the dendrite is electrically stimulated

- ell memrane opens channels: positi!ely char*ed ions to flo% in

- 6f the le!el of ecitation is not enou*h (the critical threshold is not reached)- When critical threshold (L9threshold of ecitation”) is reached, the neuron “fires”

- "he action potential %ill tra!el do%n the len*th of the aon

- May suse&uently influence the firin* of another neuron

All#or#one L&6

- 'ction potential %ill tra!el do%n the len*th of the aon

- "he amplitude of the aon potential %ill not !ary0

- We either *et the action potential or %e do not- 6ncreasin* the intensity of stimulation %ill not cause the action potential to *et lar*er0

Co*"n- t%e (ess&-e

- "his has important conse&uences for codin* in the ner!ous system

- "he intensity of the stimulus cannot e coded y the sie (or amplitude) of the action

potential

- 'mplitude of the action potential cannot !ary

- 6ntensity could e coded y ho% often the neuron fires

Prop&-&t"on o+ A!t"on Potent"&l

- 8on* aon are myelinated (ha!e a myelin sheath)- "he myelin sheath is not continuous0 't places the aon (called the “nodes”) is eposed- "his allo%s the action potential to “2ump” from node to node

Sn&pt"! Tr&nsm"ss"on

- eurotransmitters are released into the synaptic *ap (under influence of action potential)

- "he neurotransmitters are no lon*er “protected” y the cell memrane (%hen synaptic *ap

is the “intercellular space”)- eurotransmitters tra!el to post-synaptic neurons or muscle cells

- "he neurotransmitter inds to the post-synaptic receptors0 +citatory or inhiitory effects

- "he neurotransmitter %ill ha!e a lon*-term effect until its actions are terminated- +nymes (to rea; do%n the molecule)

- 5eupta;e

A!t"ons o+ erotr&nsm"tters

- eurotransmitters are either ecitatory or inhiitory

- 'n excitatory neurotransmitter %ill increase the li;elihood that the post-synaptic cell %ill

fire0 $o%?



- auses depolariation

- Possiility of action potential

- 'n inhiitory neurotransmitter %ill decrease the li;elihood that the post-synaptic cell %ill

fire0 $o%?

- 5estin* potential ecomes more ne*ati!ely char*ed than normal

- $yper polariation- 6ncrease in the critical threshold for the firin* the action potential of the post-synaptic

neuron0

S"/ 6&s *r-s m& &++e!t sn&pt"! tr&nsm"ss"on 1#< not 'er !ommon7

=0 #loc; release of neurotransmitter

H0 #loc; stora*e of neurotransmitter in pre-synaptic memrane0 ause release of ecessi!e neurotransmitter

0 Simulates or loc; receptor on post-synaptic memrane

@0 May attac; enymes that rea; do%n neurotransmitter

A0 #loc; re-upta;e of the neurotransmittererotr&nsm"tters

- 'cetylcholine

- orepinephrine

- <'#'- Dopamine

A!etl!%ol"ne AC%7

- <enerally ecitatory on memrane of s;eletal-muscle fier (muscles contract)- Muscle paralysis

o urare loc; 'ch receptors

o #otulin loc;s 'ch release

- Muscle con!ulsions

o #lac; %ido% spider !enoms (stimulates release of 'ch)

- 6n S, role in memory N 'ch depleted in 'lheimer9s disease)

orep"nep%r"ne .73or&*ren&l"n A7

- 6mportant role in alertness and mood

- 6ncrease alertness in the rain

G&mm&#Am"no #btr"! A!"* GA$$A7

op&m"ne A7

- Predominately inhiitory

- 6nsufficient &uantity of D': Par;inson9s disease- 6mplicated in mo!ement, attention, and learnin*

- "remors K paralysis

- "oo much D': psychosis



Seroton"n =HT7

- Plays a role in sleep (dreamin*?)Perhaps control of eatin*, mood, pain re*ulation

- We do not ;no% much aout @$"

- Dru*s that are similar in their chemical structure may result in iarre hallucination (i0e0

mushrooms, 8SD, etc0)

.n*orp%"ns

- “atural opiates” of the rain

- hemical structure similar to opiates (heroin, morphine)

- 6nhiit sensation of pain

- 6ncrease mood and pleasure

T%rs*& September 2=, 2014

T%e $r&"n &n* er'os Sstem

Or"ent&t"on

- Medial-8ateral

- >entral-Dorsal (elly-ac;)- 'nterior-Posterior aspects of the rain (front-ac;)

- Superior 6nferior aspects of the rain (upper-lo%er)

Sl"!es

- oronal- Sa*ittal- $oriontal

Im&-"n- Te!%n";es

- 'natomical techni&ues

o Slicin* the human rain

o >ie%in* macrostructures %ith the human eye or microstructures %ith a microscope

- 'ppropriate for cada!ers

- M56o 'd!anta*es: pro!ide hi*h resolution ima*es of the human rain

o Prolems:

Static: pro!ides an ima*e of the structures ut does not sho% eactly %hat

the ima*e is doin* F

Problems 6"t% (>I



- >ery epensi!e

- ereral or*anids model human rain de!elopment and microcephaly

En!t"on&l Te!%n";es obser'"n- t%e &!t"'e br&"n7

- What areas of the rain are responsile for different animal and human functions?- 6n the clinical settin*: 7ser!e function lost ecause of rain in2ury (trauma, stro;e,

tumors, etc)0

- Prolem: human rain in2uries are often %idespread and not hi*hly specific0- 6n the eperimental settin*: 8esion a specific part of animal rains to determine its function

- Stimulate a specific area of the rain to oser!e the function it controls

- 7pto*enetics (sho% mo!ie)

o ontrollin* the #rain %ith 8i*ht (M6" !ideo)

o "he li*ht acti!ates ner!e cells that ma;e the mouse *o around in circles (ri*ht

corte is acti!ated)

o /sin* li*ht to control function of the cells0o Proteins: channelrhodopsinH

o <eneG promoter put them in a !irus then in2ect !irus into mouse to

acti!ate the protein, all %e need is li*ht *enetic en*ineerin*

o $alorhodopsin (the li*ht acti!ates it)

- Prolems: 6n many case, it is difficult to ;no% 2ust %hat an animal is eperiencin*

- $i*her mental states may %ell differ across species0 $o% applicale are these studies to

humans?

Hm&n St"ml&t"on

- "rans-Ma*netic Stimulation ("MS)- Deep #rain Stimulation (D#S)

En!t"on&l Te!%n";es

- P+" (Positron +mission "omo*raphy)

- 'd!anta*es: pro!ides an ima*e of the function of !arious structures of the rain0 6ndicates

%hich areas are acti!e (and re&uire *lucose) for a tas; to e completed0

- Disad!anta*es:

o 6n!asi!e0 5e&uires deoy*lucose to e in2ected into lood

o >ery slo%0 #lood circulates slo%ly0 "he rain ma;es rapid decision0 "he P+"

pro!ides and ima*e of all the rain areas that %ere acti!e %ithin the last =-H minutes

o +pensi!e

En!t"on&l (>I +(>I7



- /ses M56 scan

- 6ndicates %hich areas are acti!e (and re&uire oy*en) for a tas; to e completed

- $i*h resolution ima*e of the rain structures (unli;e P+")

"s&l Pro!ess"n-#asic !isual processin* I re*ions in primary !isual corte alon* the acalcarine sulcus (left)0 >isual

search for chan*e I etrastriate !isual areas in the fusiform hyrus and intraparietal sulcus (ri*ht)

$uettel et al0, HEE=)0

"s&*'&nt&-es o+ (>I

- Slo%

- +pensi!e

Im&-"n- te!%n";es

- ++<3+!o;ed Potentials

- +lectrodes attached to the scalp

- Pro!ides an indication of the electrical acti!ity of the rain

.'o5e Potent"&ls &n* ..G

- When a stimulus is presented, the can!es in the electrical acti!ity (the e!o;ed potential)

- 'd!anta*es:

o 5apid0 Processin* in the rain can e determined e!ery = ms

o >ery inepensi!e

- Disad!anta*es

o Poor spatial resolution

o Pro!ides poor indication of the actual underlyin* structure of the rain

T%e er'os Sstem

- Peripheral ner!ous system- entral ner!ous system

o "he spinal cordo "he rain

o ereral corte and associated areas” =H -=@ illion neurons

Per"p%er&l er'os Sstem

- Sensory 5eceptors



o 6n the ody and also, specialied receptors in the head

- Sensory “ner!es”

o 'fferent input from the sensory receptors to 00S0 (central ner!ous system)

o 6n the ody (soma)

o 6n the head (specialied “senses”)

- Motor ner!eso +fferent output from 00S0 to the muscles1 motor action muscles 7" ner!es

- Muscles

o 6n the ody and head (mo!ement of head, face eyes, ears, ton*ue3lips)

o $eart, lun*s, stomach, *ut

- 'utonomic er!ous System

o Sympathetic (arousin*1 need for action and ener*y)

o Parasympathetic (calmin*1 return to normal functionin*)

(on*& September 2F, 2014

T%e Sp"n&l Cor*

- <an*lia

"'"s"ons o+ t%e $r&"n

- $indrain

o Medulla1 pons

- Midrain

- 4orerain

o Diencephalon1 cererum

T%e $r&"nstem

- Medulla, pons, midrain

- Specialied senses of the head- $ead “muscles” N eye, ear mo!ement, and facial muscles, ton*ue, lips, etc0

- 8ife “support” system -- temperature1 heart, respiration

- Sleep-%a;e cycle- 5eticular acti!atin* system

Cerebellm

T%e T%&l&ms

- 5ecei!es input from all sensory systems (eception olfaction)- Massi!e *rey area

- $as specific sensory “nuclei”

- 'lso, many “association” areas- "hus, acts as a type of receptionist3filter for the neocorte



T%e Hpot%&l&ms

- Monitors lood: le!els of nutrients, %ater, etc

- 'utonomic ner!ous system

- ontrol of the +ndocrine system !ia the Pituitary *land

T%e .n*o!r"ne Sstem

- ontrol of the endocrine *lands: !ia pituitary *land

- "he pituitary controlled y the rain

- $ypothalamus monitors the le!el of hormones circulatin* in the lood- $ormones are released into the lood

- "heir action is thus !eneral 0 "his results in *eneral, nonspecific “dri!es” and “ur*es”

- "heir action is slo" and lon!-lastin! - "he neuron comes directly in contact %ith its tar*et (aonal communication)0 6t

communicates directly %ith the tar*et throu*h neurotransmitters

- "he action of a neuron is rapid and can specific or nonspecific

Ar!%"te!tre o+ t%e Corte/

- eo-corte N A layered *rey matter - omple interconnections

- Sulci and *yri

- 8on*itudinal, central, lateral fissures

- 4rontal, parietal, temporal, occipital loes- Pre-central post central *yris

T%rs*&, O!tober 2, 2014

T%e *"en!ep%&lon:

"halamus: located superior to the rain stem

o "his is the first place %here all sensory systems mer*e0 (Massi!e *rey area) N

specific sensory nuclei

o "he thalamus can thus act as a type of receptionist for the neocortex# filterin*

throu*h %hich sensory afferents are rele!ant (and in %hich case, the messa*e %ill e relayed to the !ery usy corte) and those that are not (in %hich case, further

processin* %ill e inhiited)0

o 4unctions include inte*ration of incomin* sensory information, attention, and

consciousness0 ($as many “association” areas)

o Does not recei!e the olfaction sensory systems



$ypothalamus: located inferior to the thalamus (at ase of rain)

o "he hypothalamus has many sudi!isions each of %hich controls the asic needs

and dri!es of the or*anism: eatin*, drin;in*, matin*, temperature re*ulation0

o "he hypothalamus monitors the lood that is circulatin* at the ase of the rain(nutrients, %ater, oy*en0 "emp, hormones)0

o 's an eample, if there is not enou*h *lucose, a si*nal *oes out and %e feel

“hun*ry”0 6f lood pressure is lo%, %e feel “thirsty”0

o "he hypothalamus forms part of the autonomic ner!ous system and controls it

o ontrols the endocrine system !ia pituitary *land

Pituitary *land:

o ot part of S ecause not composed of neurons

o ontrol of the endocrine *lands !ia pituitary *lands

o ontrolled y the rain

$ypothalamus monitors the le!el of hormones circulatin* in the lood

T%e en*o!r"ne sstem:

- $ormones are released into the lood

- "heir action is thus !eneral 0 "his results in !eneral nonspecific dri!es and ur*es0

- 'ctions of hormones is slo% and lon*-lastin*

- "he neuron comes directly in contact %ith its tar*et (aonal communications)0 6t

communicates directly %ith the tar*et throu*h neurotransmitters

- 'ction of neuron is rapid and can be specific or non-specific

Ar!%"te!tre o+ t%e Corte/:

- eo-corte A layered *rey matter

- 8on*itudinal fissure (!ery deep, separates the hemispheres)

- entral fissure (fissure of 5olando) Nseparates frontal loe and parietal loe- 8ateral fissure (fissure of syll!ius) separates the temporal loe from frontal and parietal

- 'nother fissure separatin* occipital from the rest (ut only not in humans, chimps and %hat

not)



4rom the %esite, he posted:

“Some chan*es ha!e een made to the notes for the section on "he #iolo*y of the #rain: euroscience 66, "he #rain K Mind0 Most of these chan*es are relati!ely minor and ha!e een

made principally for clarification0 6n some cases, the chan*es correct errors in the tet0 ou should

do%nload the section a*ain0 "he chan*es that ha!e een made are as follo%s:

$e %rainstem0 Some authors consider the cereellum to e part of the rainstem0 6 thus added the

follo%in* information:

ereellum0 Properly spea;in* not part of the rainstem ut it is connected to it !ia the pons, the

“rid*e” o!er the rainstem that %ill also pro!ide connections to the motor corte of the cererum0

6nter-neuronal communication %ithin the cereellum is enormously comple0 We do ;no% that a

*ood deal of our motor “s;ills” must e learned0 "he formation of these motor memories, motor pro*rammes and circuits are stored in the cereellum0 #ut, %e are typically not conscious of the

motor pro*rammes0 "hus, if 6 %ere to as; you ho% to ride a icycle, you %ould ha!e a !ery

difficult time demonstratin* to me ho% to ride the icycle (ecause you are not conscious of the!arious steps in the motor pro*ramme)0 ou could ne!ertheless demonstrate to me ho% to ride the

icycle0 "he motor pro*ramme must thus e stored0 "his is also a !ery important eample of soft-

%irin* and plasticity0 "he circuits for the specific motor s;ill %ere not estalished at irth (i0e0,estalished *enetically)0 5ather the circuit is estalished thou*h “eperience” and learnin* after

considerale practice0 #y contrast, most of the connections in the rainstem are hard-%ired and are

estalished throu*h *enetics, not throu*h learnin* and eperience0

&eriperal Nervous System0 'dd point @:

- 'utonomic er!ous System: Sympathetic (pro!ides ener*y and arousal in times of

emer*ency) K Parasympathetic (calmin*1 returns system to normal functionin*) ranches04or more detail, see section on “'utonomic er!ous System later in these notes0

$e Frontal 'obe

/nder motor functions, note the chan*e in the description of #roca9s area:

- #rocaOs area (inferior frontal lobe and speech

$e 'imbic System

"he amy*dala is located immediately anterior and some%hat superior to the hypothalamus (in*rey)0 )ypotalamus has een chan*ed to ippocampus.*

"he ererum (eocorte):

- 'rchitecture (A-layerd)- omple interconnections

- Sulci and *yri



- 8on*itudinal, central ,lateral fissures

- 4rontal, parietal, temporal, occipital loes

- Pre central1 post-central *yrus- orpus callosum

'rchitecture of the orte:- eo-corte: A layered *rey matter (arch-corte only has layers)

Sensory3Motor ortices:- >ision (occipital loe)

- 'udition(*yrus of $eschl- temporal loe)

- Somatosensory (post-central *yrus-parietal loe)

- Motor (pre-central *yrus-frontal loe)- ereellum

&rimary Sensory ortices:

- Detect asic features of stimulus input0- 8ocation

- Duration- 6ntensity

- Pitch1 colour

Speech 'reas:- Motor (communicate) aspects: #rocaOs area

- (t%o hemispheres, one theory is that they oth do the same thin*, if you lose one you can

still run on the other (ac;up rain), )

- Sensory (recepti!e) aspects: Wernic;eOs area- on-dominant hemisphere: “tonality”1 emotional epression0

- (if you are ri*ht handed, it is thou*ht that your ri*ht rain is the more dominant one)

'ssociation 'reas:

- Massi!e areas of the frontal loe0

- Massi!e areas of the parietal loe0- Massi!e areas of the temporal loe0

- Portions of the occipital loe0

4rontal 8oe:- Psycholo*ical functional

- Selecti!e attention, concentration, “%ill”, initiati!e (initiator of appropriate action),

- 6nhiitor of inappropriate action1 social norms,- ”+ecuti!e” control

- 6nsi*ht, lo*ic, feedac;

- onsciousness, self-consciousness, personality

+!olution of the 4rontal 8oe:

- $o% lon* does it ta;e for the frontal loe to mature?: =C-HE years



Self-onsciousness:

- "heory of mind0 (learn %hats appropriate and inappropriate)

Parietal 8oe:

- Post-entral <yrus

- Permanent memory systems (?) (me must store memories)- S%itchin* of attention0 (you are forced to s%itch attention)

- amin* o2ect (?) (associates %ith your memory, has nothin* to do %ith your !isual corte,

you can still see shapes and descrie, 2ust do not rememer %hat it is)

PSY 1101- Lecture Notes

Documents

Transcript of PSY 1101- Lecture Notes