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E D SE PTI SW / Sachs
Power Transmission and Distribution
PSSSINCALBenefits from advanced network planning procedures
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PSSPSSSINCALSINCALSystem System PlanningPlanning forfor all Fieldsall Fields
NetworkNetwork Analysis Analysis steadysteady statestate and and dynamicdynamic
Multi WindowingMulti WindowingDiagrams for Diagrams for VisualizingVisualizing
Network analysis and planningNetwork analysis and planning
Weak pointsWeak points
Optimal structuresOptimal structures
Cost effective networksCost effective networks
Power Water Power Water Gas Gas DistrictDistrict HeatingHeating
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Data Dictionary
COM-Interfaces: Data base access layer
Input data
Graphic data
Results
SINCAL DB
SQL-DB Librariesglobal / local global / local global / local
elements protection macros
Object oriented access layer (models, methods, cases)
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WorkspaceXML
Embedding PSSSINCAL into IT Environment
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Standard Interfaces:GIS Smallworld(Mettenmeier)DVGUCTEPSS EAdeptViperNETOMAC
CIM-ExchangeODMS
EXCEL-Import
Scripting (any language)
Customized:SCADAGISERP.
Customized Applications
Data Bus - (virtual) Data Ware House - Middle ware IEC 61970 - CIM/XMLG
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CIM/XMLPSSSINCAL
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PSSSINCAL Modules Electricity Networks
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4Z [Ohm]
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
t [sec]
EB14EB2EB11EB12EB5EB10
S1 SS1 SS3 SS2 Abg1
EB14 EB2
EB11
EB12
EB5
EB10
Schutzstrecke: EB14 [S1,Abg1]10 -1 1 10 1 10 2 103 10 4 10 5
I [A]10-3
10-2
10-1
1
101
102
103
104
t [s]
-K2 S5 EB6 NA-B -K2 S7 EB3 RSZ3nkva K2 S2 EB2 3WN6 K2 S7 EB7 3UA42-2C K2 S1 EB1 7SJ512
Basic Modules Enhanced Modules Time Domain Frequency Domain Protection Strategy
Load FlowUnbalancedLoad Flow
Unbalanced
Short Circuit 1-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74
or Preload
Short Circuit 1-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74
or Preload
Short Circuit 3-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74
or Preload
Short Circuit 3-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74
or Preload
Dimensioning of LV Networks
Dimensioning of LV Networks
Load Flow OptimizationLoad Flow Optimization
Ripple ControlRipple Control
Short Circuit 2-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74
or Preload
Short Circuit 2-PhaseIEC / VDE / ANSI / G74
or Preload
StabilityStability
Distance ProtectionDistance Protection
Multiple FaultMultiple Fault
Generation andLoad Profile
Generation andLoad Profile
Load DevelopmentLoad Development
ReliabilityReliability
Protection SimulationProtection Simulation
Harmonic ResponseHarmonic Response
ElectromagneticTransients EMT
ElectromagneticTransients EMT
EigenvaluesEigenvalues
Optimal BranchingOptimal Branching Line ConstantsLine Constants
Cost CalculationsCost Calculations
Contingency AnalysisContingency AnalysisCompensationOptimizationCompensation
Optimization
Optimal Network Structures
Optimal Network Structures
Graphical Model BuilderBOSL / Netcad
Graphical Model BuilderBOSL / Netcad
Motor StartMotor Start
Overcurrent Time Protection
Overcurrent Time Protection
Load BalancingLoad Balancing
Arc Flash HazardArc Flash Hazard
Load FlowBalanced
Load FlowBalanced
Generic Wind ModelsGeneric Wind Models
FACTS ModelsFACTS ModelsLoad Allocation (Trim) Transformer Tap DetectionLoad Allocation (Trim)
Transformer Tap Detection
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PSSSINCAL Modules - Pipe Networks
Gas Water District Heating
Gas Steady State
Gas Steady State
Gas Dynamic
Gas Dynamic
Water DynamicWater
Dynamic
Water Steady State
Water Steady State
Water Tower Filling
Water Tower Filling
District HeatingDynamic
District HeatingDynamic
District HeatingSteady State
District HeatingSteady State
Gas Contingency Analysis
Gas Contingency Analysis
Water Contingency Analysis
Water Contingency Analysis
District HeatingContingency Analysis
District HeatingContingency Analysis
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsProtocol in Crystal Reports
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsResult evaluation in tabular view
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsDisplay at Element Location
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsResults in the Network Map- Short Circuit
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsResults in the Network Map- unbal. Loadflow
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsNetwork with coloured Results
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Diagram Comparison for Different Variants
In the diagram system, diagram data from different variants can now be compared.
Fig: Voltage curve diagram with data from multiple variants
Fig: Dialog box for customizing diagrams
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Presentation of Calculation ResultsDiagrams for Illustration
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Supporting Network Planning by common features
Building catalogues for network parts or specificoutlet or busbar configurations
Working with macrosworking with multiple data bases at the same timesee them in separate windowsholding them synchronousdefining connetcion points between them
Using variantsusing tree structure for updatesmaintaining the network changesevaluate across different variants
Defining batch procedures
Programming with COM-Interfaces
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Macro usage
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Calculation of Transfer between Networks
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Supporting Network Planning with specific features
Definition of areas, zones and other element groups
Calculation of power exchange between areas
Highlighting of element groups
Calculation and display of ISO-Areas e.g. for load density
Positioning of Substation by load density criteria
Feeder evaluation and documentation
Load profiles (days, weeks ,year, common)
Load increase in areas during time periods
Cost calculation (elements with life time cycles)
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PSSSINCAL Network Generation: Load Density Visualization
On basis of the customer loads and their location in the area a load density visualization is done with isoregionsWith this it is possible to get a quick overview about the load and feeding situation.
red: high load density e.g. town centregreen: low load density
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Iso area with load density and substation placement
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Feeder evaluation and documenation
Feeder individually or per substation
Feeder documentation in EXCEL sheets
e.g. adjascent feederchecking
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Feeder Evaluation
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Load density in areas with proposal for supply loops
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load development during a long time period
load density in different areas during a 10 years
investigation
2000 2005 2010
load increase in areas with additional loads
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Digitizing of Maps
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Background Graphics
.shp
.MrSid
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From Data Collection to Results
Digitised Import from GIS
Import from Excel
PSSSINCALData Base
ResultsExport to Excel
PSSE, etc.
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Standard Interface between GE Smallworld and PSSSINCAL
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PSSSINCAL Network displayed in Google Earth
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PSSSINCALNetworks and Results displayed in Google Earth
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Modelling of Large Transmission Networks in PSSSINCAL
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PSSSINCAL Example: Schematic Network View
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Example: Network with synchronizedgeographic and one-line diagram
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PSSSINCAL Substion Model (with decluttering)
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Wind Power Simulation
Modeling of wind power plants and their effect on the network:
Connection and Grid Code Compliance StudiesLoad flow, short-circuit, harmonics, protection anddynamic simulations (RMS, EMT), fault ride through
Connection modelsAC-connections, HVDC, HSC-HVDC, DC-lines
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Wind Power Simulation
Modeling of wind power plants and their effect on the network:
Modeling of wind generatorsGeneric models for squirrel-cage and double-fed induction generators, direct driven synchronousgenerators (including pitch control, wind speed, crowbar, PWM controllers, etc.) are available.Specific vendor models can be embedded.
Siemens AG, E D SE PTI SW
Pr oduce d with PSS (R) NETOM AC (Re gi stered trademark of S iemens A G)TESTNET
SCIG SMIB test system - RMS - dT=1 - SCR=1000
2009 -1 0-30 12 :19
1
0 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 [s ]
-1.2 5
0
1.2 5PCC volta ge(pu)
-1
0
1MEL [pu]WTG1
-1
0
1Y DREHZ [__]WTG1cppu
-4
0
4P [MW ]BRA 2LTG3
-1
0
1Y DREHZ [__]WTG1vwf
-5
0
5Y VAR -Y [__]CAP 1NC
-10
0
10Y DRE HZ [__]W TG1b eta
-4
0
4Q [Mvar]C AP1PCC
-1
0
1
MMEC H [pu]WTG1
-4
0
4
Q [Mvar]BRA 2LTG3
Siemens AG, E D SE PTI SW
Pr oduce d with PSS (R)NETOMAC (Re gi st ere d trade mark of S iemens A G)DFIG_TESTNET
DFIG SMIB test system - RMS - dT=1 - SCR=1 00
20 09 -10-3 0 12 :28
1
0 0.25 0.5 0 0.7 5 1.0 0 [s ]
-5
0
5active powerstator + LSC(MW )
-5
0
5active powerstator(MW )
-2
0
2active powerLSC(MW )
-2
0
2active cu rr entstator + LSC(pu)
-2
0
2crow bar t rigger
-1 .5
0
1 .5generato r speed
(pu)
-5
0
5
reactive powerstator + LSC(MVAr )
-5
0
5
reactive powerstator(MVAr )
-2
0
2
reactive powerLSC(MVAr )
-2
0
2
reactive curren tstator + LSC(pu)
user defined models(including machine model)
Matlab Simulink models
wind profiles
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One PSSSINCAL Element Model for all Tasks
The model complexity could vary from very simple (e.g. for short circuit) to normal (Load Flow or Harmonics) and different levels of complexity for Dynamics (different PV models or wind)
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Example: PSSSINCAL Dynamics in Unbalanced Networks with DER (PV, Wind,)
simulates effects like:
network stability, if a wind generator at the end of a feeder disconnects from the grid and grid is unbalanced
or
unbalanced faults simulation in balanced systems e.g. according to grid code
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Smart Grid Simulation(photovoltaic, fuel cells, batteries, )
Distributed generation (e.g. photovoltaic, wind turbines, fuel cells, batteries) and its effect on the network can be simulated.
Stability analysis (for balanced & unbalanced disturbances), protection simulation, harmonic analysis, etc.
Single-phase loads and generation can be modeled.
Quasi-dynamic simulation of changesin solar radiation or wind speed is possible with generation/load profiles.
Smart meter data can be integrated.
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Smart Metering
Smart Grid Calculation
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Smart Grid Calculation
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Smart Grid Calculation
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Smart Grid Calculation
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Solution for optimal Operation: Switching off back-feeding Transformer by Network Protectors
meshed low voltage network with (single phase) DER
feed-back of transformers
sequential switch offof transformers by NWP
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PSSSINCAL has an linkage to MDMS system
Understand the actual networksand evaluate specific events (post mortem)
Improve long term network planningbased on profile data for loads and generators
Develop more suitable standard profilesfor utility-specific clusters of customers.
Recognize different trends in the network at an early stage
Support Operation Planning :Influence the network configuration based on the actual situationOptimize the loading of elements due to the conditions of the last periodShift investments to a later date
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Long Term Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via MeterReadService from Energy IP
Existing network model within the network planning System PSSSINCAL
All loads and generators linked to standard VWEW profiles
SINCAL analyzes this specific day
2 loads represent the meters in the presentation wall, are linked to these meters with specific profile names
On request load profiles from history are uploaded from Energy IP system to SINCAL data base
New, optimal network structures with additional equipment are evaluated
Data Dictionary
COM-Interfaces: Data base access layer
Input dataGraphic data
Results
SINCAL DB
SQL-DB Librariesglobal / local global / local global / local
elements protection macros
Object oriented access layer (models, methods, cases)
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WorkspaceXML
PSSSINCAL
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The network simulation gives you results for the loading of the network and for the voltage ranges during the day in every locationSINCAL also provides theme-maps for the whole network e.g. for the voltage at different times
This will lead to optimized network configuration for the future based on reliable evaluations
Long Term Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via MeterReadService from Energy IP
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SINCAL simulates the actual situation of the network and optimizes the network configuration
On request via the ActivityGateway of EnergyIP the average P and Q of the last h of the loads are updated in the SINCAL data base
The operation planning can initiate suitable changes in the SCADA systemData Dictionary
COM-Interfaces: Data base access layer
Input dataGraphic data
Results
SINCAL DB
SQL-DB Librariesglobal / local global / local global / local
elements protection macros
Object oriented access layer (models, methods, cases)
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WorkspaceXML
PSSSINCAL
Operation Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via the ActivityGateway of Energy IP
Actual Customer Meter Data
Existing network model within the network planning System PSSSINCAL
All loads and generators linked to standard VWEW profiles and planning P and Q2 loads represent the meters in the presentation wall, are linked to these meters with the actual P and Q
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The network simulation gives you results for the loading of the network and for the voltage ranges for the near real time situation
With a suitable network configuration a change of parts of a feeder to an adjacent feeder can optimize generation and losses in the network
Operation Network Planning in PSSSINCAL via the ActivityGateway of Energy IP
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Benefit for Utilities and Customers
Benefits
Save losses
Save investment cost
Save carbon pollution
May offer cheaper energy to the customers
Support new form of Micro Grids
Support new pricing models for customers (e.g. load shedding on demand)Operate networks with a high content of distributed energy resources (DER)
With the better and actual knowledge of the network situation gained out of the customer and feeder data together with the structure and operation planning the networks can be optimized
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PSSSINCAL : Programming Interface
Open Structure
SINCAL DB
SINCAL COM
SINCAL DB
+
VBA
VBS
.NET
Open + DocumentatedDB
SINCAL 3.52 PSSSINCAL 5xx
DATA DATA + Methods
External Applicationscould control PSSSINCALby standard-APIs
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PSSSINCAL : Example Automation
Control of PSSSINCAL byExcel
Requirements: PSSSINCAL V5xx MS Excel 2000
Tools: Visual Basic for Application(VBA) Visual Basic Editor within Excel
Knowledge: SQL Visual Basic PSSSINCAL DB-Structure
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3D-Visualization Load funnels
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3D-Visualization Load density and max load
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Good Reasons for PSSSINCAL: Long history in power system planning, analysis and software Complete network analysis tool for electricity networks (radial/meshed,
balanced/unbalanced, all voltage levels) as well as gas, waterand district heat networks
Powerful network analysis and planning tools with strong graphical visualization & automated documentation capability
Geographic and schematic networks diagrams are supported Good integration in work flows and with other IT-systems,
e.g. GIS (e.g. ESRI, Smallworld etc.), SCADA/DMS/EMS interfaces Numerous standard import and export formats, e.g. PSS E, CIM, Excel Easy to use (Plug and work), online help, hotline support Trainings, customized workshops and user group meetings Continuous further development and regular updates
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calculation of quality mixture from different sources and time from source to node
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contour plotting in pipe networks (load density)
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Contour plotting of elevation of nodes
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longitudinal cuts through network
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longitudinal cut: results
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longitudinal cut for three different working points
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Water: filling of water tower within the day
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day profile of at a defined node
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display of problems in supply
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longitudinal cut:forward and reverse flow (heating)
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Tasks:Determination of currents, voltages and powerswithin electrical networks- within operation- within failure of operation equipment- while changing of loads
Restrictions:no overloading or operation equipmentvoltages within the voltage rangemachines within controler ranges
Determination of weak points
PSSSINCAL LoadflowTasks
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UG = const.
A B
S = const.
UL
ZABI
S = x UL x J = const.
UG = const.
Z = const.
ZULI
ZABA B
S =UL
ZS = S100%
ULU100%
constantpower
constantimpedance
( ) 2
PSSSINCAL Loadflowconstant Power or constant Impedance
3
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Y =U(y)S*SOLL
U*(y-1)
P
=
Q
P|U|
Q|U|
|U|
|U| |U||U|
P
QNewton-Raphson
Current - Iteration
PSSSINCAL LoadflowLoadflow - Iteration Methods
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Load and generation profile modelling
simultaneity factor
load or generationprofile
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Losses at the transformer in kWh
Calculating power from energyWorking with diversity factors
Working with day curves(different types, 96-1/4h-values)
PSSSINCAL Load Flow Day Profiles
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Determination of the max. and min values at.:
according to VDE 0102/1/90 eg. IEC 909 or 2002
for system configuration, thermic and dynamicdimensioning of switching devices,protection coordinationinterference,method of neutral-point connection
1 -2 -3 -} phase short circuits
PSSSINCAL Short CircuitTasks
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2
2
I
k
"
i
P
time
current
switching off time: 0,1s...1s
A
22 Ik= 22 Ik"
Ik thermic stress
iP mechanical stress
PSSSINCAL Short CircuitStress in case of short circuit
upper envelope curve
lower envelope curve
DC component
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PSSSINCAL Short Circuitwith Preload
Loadflow
Short Circuit: Feed back Short Circuit with Preload
Superposition
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Protection Devices
must carry load current must switch off faults selectively
Combination:
Loadflow1 - phase short circuit
PSSSINCAL DimensioningTasks
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1. Time step
2. Time step
3. Time step
Ik1 > k ( In1 + In2 )
In1 max. permissable Insi according to neutralizationRated current of existing fuse Insi > max. perm.Insi according to neutralization
PSSSINCAL DimensioningContradictions
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PSSSINCAL Multiple FaultsCombination of Faults
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PSSSINCAL Stability (ST)
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PSSSINCAL Electromagnetic Transients (EMT)
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System OverviewSystem Overview
Load flowInitial conditions
Short circuit calculationIEC or ANSI
System in a-b-cAll elements by
differential equationsNon-linearities
Single line networkComplex admittances
Symmetrical componentsFundamental frequency
Time domainInstantaneous values
ns ... s ... ms ... sQuasi steady-state values
s ... min
Electromechanicalphenomena
48.5
Power System 2 - System 1 [MW]
50Frequency [Hz]
65
0
Voltage System 1 and 2 [%]100
85
Special requirements,e.g. interferences of tunnel
accessories by trainsLine feeder
Return path
ChainWall
Cable ductRails
Earthing strip
Frequency responseResonances
Degree of compensation
SystemGenerator
1
1
10-4
10-2
Time domain
Graphical input with NETCAD:System components,Machines, Shafts,Grid- and machine controllers,Control units
onlyLoad flow
all system variablesFrequency domain
Graphical outputof results withNETCAD
75%
Load flowOperating point
System linearization
Eigenvalue analysisFrequency domain
Local modes
Inter-area modes
2.5Hz
0.5Hz
G6
G5G4G3
G2
G1
Eigenvalue analysisj
NEVA
Frequency domainEigenvalue analysisSystem oscillations
Local modes
Inter-area modes
2.5Hz
0.5Hz
G6
G5G4G3
G2
G1
Observability, Controllabilityj
NEVA
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Program Program ModesModes
SIEMENS AG, EV NP
Produced with NETOMAC(R) NETOMAC is a registered trade-mark of Siemens AGSVC_DEMO_K
PAGE :SVC ON NODE AE WITH RANGE +/- 400.000 FREQUENCY CONTROLLED3PHASE SC AT F-L7 CLEARED BY OPENING SL7-1 AND SL7-2 AFTER 0.256SEC.LOAD FLOW CONTROLLER (LFC)
1
VOLTAGE ANDACTIVE POWERNODE AE
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 SEC
-1.5
0.0
1.5
VOLTAGENODE AEIN P.U.
-1000
0
1000ACTIVE POWERAT AE IN MW
SIEMENS AG, EV NP
Produced with NETOMAC(R) NETOMAC is a registered trade-mark of Siemens AGSVC_DEMO .
PAGESVC ON NODE AE WITH RANGE +/- 400.000, FREQUENCY CONTROOLEDLOAD FLOW CONTROLLER (LFC)
15.9.1999 21:08
1
VOLTAGE ANDACTIVE POR
0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 SEC
0.0
1.5LE-Volt [ pu]AE
-1000
0
1000P [ MW]SL5-2
SIEMENS AG, EV NP
Produced with NETOMAC(R) NETOMAC is a registered trade-mark of Siemens AGDOKUNEU SIEMENS AG EV_NP2-dn0040/Ru
Erstellt mit NETOMAC fr Windowsbergang Momentanwertteil - StabilittsteilTESTRECHNUNG (DOKU)
15.9.1999 21:01
1
GeneratorgrenBild 1 von 1
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 SEC
-1
0
1DIF-Volt[ pu]110KVT2. RBETR.SIE R
-75
0
75THETA [ Deg]GT5MVA
-1
0
1P [ pu]GT5MVA
-1
0
1MMECH [ pu]GT5MVA
-1
0
1LE-Volt [ pu]BETR.SIE R
-5
0
5IA_HV [ pu]GT5MVA
-1
0
1Q [ pu]GT5MVA
-1
0
1+ 0.7 pu
-75
0
75
THETA [ Deg]DT2.5MVA
-1
0
1
MEL [ pu]GT5MVA
-1
0
1
- 0.7 pu
Transient Mode
Stability ModeFrequency Response
Transient Stability Mode
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Useful Tools for Increase of Application EfficiencyUseful Tools for Increase of Application Efficiency
Variant Calculations
Dynamic NetreductionInteractive Simulationsupports Training PSS/PSS/NETOMACNETOMAC
Identification / Optimization
Other Data / Formats
Automated processes for variant investigations
Recognition algorithms forunknown quantities
Complete System
Relevant Network
ImportfilterExportfilter
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NEVANEVA -- Visualization of Power Systems OscillationsVisualization of Power Systems Oscillations
ME NM
CO
AZ
UTCA
NV
WY
IDOR
MTWA
ABBC
-0.03 j4.06 rad/secf = 0.65 Hz
Chile
WSCC
All Results Are Visualized in NEVArSample Results
NETS
0.30 Hz
0.60 Hz0.65 Hz
0.70 Hz
SAPP
SECP(Southeast China Power)
(Western Systems Coordinating Council)
(New England Test System)
(South African Power Pool)
Geographical Mode ShapeGeographical Mode Shape
NEVA - various representations of resultsNEVA - various representations of results
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NEVANEVA -- Controller Controller SitingSiting
Residue (incl. O. and C.)Residuesvoltageexcitationspeedrotor
VG
PSSs
_
_
)( =
=
Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
SVCpowerreactivepowerlinevoltagebus
QVG
SVC
Buss
__
_,_
)( =
=
Static Var Compensator (SVC)
TCSCcesuspecpowerline
BPG
L
Ls
_tan_
)( =
=
Thyristor Controlled SeriesCapacitor (TCSC)
SMESpoweractivefrequencybus
PG
SMESs
__
_
)( =
=
Superconductive Magnetic EnergyStorage (SMES)
0.3 Hzinterarea
mode
0.3 Hzinterarea
mode
without TCSC
with TCSCwith fixed series compensation
PL (MW)
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Automatic Test and Optimization of Protection Automatic Test and Optimization of Protection EquipmentEquipment
Simulation of your real network conditions for the protection and controller tests
Test continuation also after the first system response (e.g. Autoreclosure) Realtime simulation of processes with complex fault conditions (e.g.
Double-earth fault)
AD
System-response
Di Ne Mogital twork delRelay
NETOMAC
Digital Real-Time-Simulator
Amplifiers
D/A - ConverterPC
PCInterface
HardwareInterface
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PSSPSSNETOMAC LightNETOMAC LightTestingTesting of an of an ExciterExciter ControllerController
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S335
S440
S340
S437
V39 5
V400V393
V390
PSSPSSSINCALSINCALoptimal optimal BranchingBranching
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PSSPSSSINCALSINCALoptimal optimal BranchingBranching
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3. Usual approximations
1. Lv = Lo and Rv = Ro regardless of the frquency dependency
of the ohmic part
2. Lv = Lo v k and Rv = Ro v k nearly constant quality factor
3. Considering theSkin and Proximity Effects
0.9
Re { Z }
f
Im { Z }
f
f
PSSSINCAL HarmonicsFrequency Dependency of the Elements
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PSSPSSSINCAL SINCAL HarmonicsHarmonicsHarmonicHarmonic Response and Polar Plot of a Response and Polar Plot of a NetworkNetwork PointPoint
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PSSPSSSINCAL SINCAL HarmonicsHarmonicsVoltageVoltage DisturbanceDisturbance at at NodeNode and and NetworkNetwork LevelLevel
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Contingency Analysis
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Reactive Power Optimization: Capacitor Placement
Optimum capacitor locations
Capacitor rating
Reduction in network losses
Annual savings from reduced losses
Return on investment period
Result documentation in report
Optional automatic creation of proposed capacitors in the network.
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The aim of this optimization procedure is to reduce transmission losses by adding capacitors. PSS SINCAL estimates the costs for the capacitors and the expected savings from reducing transmission losses. Based on costs and savings the "Return on Investment" can be determined.
The available capacitors as well as the nodes where these can be placed need to be defined. The capacitor placement optimization procedure then attempts to place available capacitors at those nodes where they will produce the least possible network losses.
Available capacitors:
10 * 0,1 MVA, 0,7 kV
5 * 0,5 MVA, 0,7 kV
Available insert nodes:1 and 2
1
2
The following have been installed at Node 1:
2 * 0,1 MVA and 1 * 0,5 MVA
The following have been installed at Node 2:
2 * 0,1 MVA and 1 * 0,5 MVA
1
2
Capacitor Placement
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Compensation Optimization
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Tap Zone Detection
Tap Zone Detection is a special load flow procedure for determining transformer tap positions in feeders. PSS SINCAL attempts to set transformer tap positions at the feeders so that the voltage for supplied consumers stays within the permitted voltage range for both minimum and maximum load.
Basically, tap zone calculations combine a simple optimization with load trimming for minimum and maximum operating states.
The results of tap zone calculations provide the optimal transformer tap positions as well as the load flow results for minimum and maximum load.
Enhanced loads with transformer and measurementsMeasuringdevices
Transfomer Tap Calculation
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-In the first step, the load is trimmed for both the minimum and maximum values in the network. The network needs to be analyzed topologically to determine how measuring devices and loads are interconnected.
-With the help of the network topology, PSS SINCAL assigns all loads "behind" a measuring device to it. Any number of loads can be assigned to a measuring device.
-Loads with measurements are included in the tap zone detection. Loads without measurements remain with their prescribed power as constant load in the network.
- After load trimming, two load flow calculations are performed for both minimum and maximum loads.
- The load flow results are stored at the enhanced loads. -- PSS SINCAL uses this data to determine the tap
position so that the transformer low-voltage side at the enhanced load stays within the permitted voltage range for both minimum and maximum load.
- The optimal transformer tap positions calculated are prepared for all the nodes with attached enhanced loads
Transfomer Tap Calculation
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Transformer Tap Calculation
To visualize the results in a simple and clearly arranged manner, the evaluation type tap zone positions can be used to color the network diagram. Network areas with the same transformer tap positions are colored in identical colors.
The load flow results are prepared for both minimum and maximum load.
To precisely evaluate transformer tap positions, PSS SINCAL has special voltage curve diagrams to show voltage curves at feeders
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Parallel Injection Series Injection
PSSSINCAL Ripple ControlModells of Transmitter
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Reliability Analysis as Planning Tool
Interruption frequency Hu 1/aMean interruption duration Tu hUnavailability Qu min/aPerformance interruption Lu MVA/aEnergy not supplied in time Wu MVAh/aInterruption costs Ku EUR/a
Interruption frequency Hu 1/aMean interruption duration Tu hUnavailability Qu min/aPerformance interruption Lu MVA/aEnergy not supplied in time Wu MVAh/aInterruption costs Ku EUR/a
Reliability indices
Additional planning tool Quality statement for customers Basis for risk assessment Support for maintenance management Identification of weak points
Additional planning tool Quality statement for customers Basis for risk assessment Support for maintenance management Identification of weak points
Significance of reliability analysis
Non availability
0
2
4
6
8
10
Exist V1 V2 V3Variant
m
i
n
/
a
Non availability
0
2
4
6
8
10
Exist V1 V2 V3Variant
m
i
n
/
a
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Reference Case Reference Case Normal OperationNormal OperationAbsolute NonAbsolute Non--Availability in min/aAvailability in min/a
0 min/a0 min/a 25 min/a25 min/a
Example: Day ahead reliability assessmentwithout and with line shutdown for maintenance
0 min/a0 min/a 25 min/a25 min/a
Scenario Scenario Line Shutdown for MaintenanceLine Shutdown for MaintenanceAbsolute NonAbsolute Non--Availability in min/aAvailability in min/a
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Extension: Variant A
0
20
40
60
80
100
f (E)F (E)
Kabel Transformatoren Schaltanlagen
Influence of components to energy not delivered in time
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PSSSINCAL ReliabilityInput and output data in network diagram
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- several motors running up atdifferent time
- Spezification ofload torquemotor torquestarting current
- variable-speed drivepossible
PSSSINCAL Motor StartingInput Data
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PSSSINCAL Motorstart (MA)
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Overcurrent time protection
Coordination of overcurrent time protection devices
Extensive overcurrentprotection device library:
Overcurrent time relays Fuses and bimetal
switches MCBs and circuit
breakers
Definition of user-defined overcurrent time protection characteristics and devices
Stepped-event simulation of relay starting and operation (including back-up protection)
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Distance protection
Calculation of distance protection relay settings based on different grading strategies
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Depiction of protection simulation results
Stepped-event simulation automatically determines the protection device states if the network configuration changes,
e.g. change of short circuit current/impedance after disconnection of one end of a parallel circuit
green:started
red: tripped
Tele-protection
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Stepped-Event Fault Simulation in PSSSINCAL
Simulation determines automatically the state of operation of overcurrent time and distance protection devices
Changes in the network due to protection devise operation areconsidered, i.e. each state of fault clearance sequence is simulated
Unwanted overload tripping conditions are checked Different fault locations are simulated
Results are summarized in reports and visualized graphically
Warning messages indicate unsuccessful fault clearance Detailed step-wise analysis of fault events (e.g. back-up
protection)
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Results of stepped-event protection system analysis
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Protection Devices Management System PSSPDMS
PSS PDMS (Protection Device Management System) is a program for the central management of protection devices and their settings. All the data are stored in a central relational database for protection devices.
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PSSSINCAL and PSSEGraphic Model Builder (GMB)
GMB supports modeling of AVRs, Exciters, and other models GMB created models are easily included in PSSSINCAL and
PSSE files Now model any vendor-supplied model
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PSSSINCAL and PSSEGMB Wires Together Control Blocks
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PSS SINCAL Cost Calculation
The objective of the Cost Calculationis to determine the most economictechnical solution
Investment, annual maintenance, de-commissioning, energy costs; interest rate, planning horizon, depreciation, etc. are taken into account
Costs can be assigned to network elements or to station, feeder, equipment and route model
User-defined cost libraries are supported Costs comparison of planning horizon
based on net present value method
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Cost calculation
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
171 282 403 604
Proposed solution
Conductor Cross Section in mm2
MDM
B1 B1 B3 B4
G
G
2 x 500 MW
345 kV345 kV
161 kV
2 x 500 MVA
load
power station substation
30 km
Alternative B: 345 kV
G
G
power station161 kV
2 x 500 MW
load
2 x 500 MVA
substation161 kV 345 kV
30 km
Alternative A: 161 kV
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Optimal Network Structures
The objective of this method is the determination of optimal structures for medium-voltage networks.
The optimization considers minimum losses and complies with technical limits (max. feeder load, max. voltage drop, etc.), and determines the costs of proposed Greenfield network structure.
Picture 1 shows an underlying route and station model. Picture 2 shows the resulting identified
optimal routes from network stations (representing loads and downstream networks) to the primary substations.
Various optimization strategies are available and resulting alternatives can provide a benchmark for
the existing network.
Picture 1
Picture 2