Propylene Oxide Storage & Handling...

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This manual is provided by The Dow Chemical Company. It is based upon a previous industry publication by the American Chemistry Council (ACC) in support of the North American propylene oxide industry and was developed through the combined efforts of the following companies:

i

Table ofContents

Contact Information & Legal Notice EmergencyContactInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LegalNotice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

General Information ProductIdentification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 InstabilityandReactivityHazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PhysicalProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 AcronymsandAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

First Aid EyeExposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SkinExposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Inhalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Hazard Assessment AcuteEffectsofOverexposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 RepeatedExposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ChronicEffectsofOverexposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Carcinogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ReproductiveandDevelopmentalToxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 GeneticToxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 ExposureLimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Personal Protective EquipmentEyeProtection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

RespiratoryProtection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 GeneralProtectiveClothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ImperviousGlovesandClothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ProtectiveEquipmentTraining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Sampling EquipmentOn-streamMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ManualMethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Safety-CoatedGlassBottleMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 StainlessSteelCylinderMethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 OtherSafetyConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

ii

Emergency Planning PlanDevelopment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 FireHazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 FirePreventionandProtection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 StaticElectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 FireandExplosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 FireFighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 FireSuppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Environmental SpillsandLeaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 WasteDisposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Absorbents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Bulk Handling GeneralDesignConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Tank Cleaning & Equipment Repair WorkPreparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ControlofHazardousEnergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 ConfinedSpaceEntry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 EquipmentCleanoutandRecommissioningVessels . . . . . . . . . . . 36 MaintenanceandInspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Delivery & Transfer ConsiderationsforDelivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 RailCars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ConsiderationsforUnloadingRailCars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 GeneralGuidelinesforUnloadingRailCars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 TankTrucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 ConsiderationforUnloadingTankTrucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 GeneralProceduresforUnloadingTankTrucks . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ISOContainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 ISOTankShipmentsandUnloadingGuidelines . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Materialand/orContainerReturnGuidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Table ofContents

iii

Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Tables Table 1 PropyleneOxidePhysicalProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 2 PropyleneOxideDensityasaFunctionofTemperature . . . . 5 Table 3 PropyleneOxideVaporPressureasaFunctionofTemperature . 6

Figures Figure1 FlammabilityDiagramforPropyleneOxide . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure2 FlammabilityTriangleforPropyleneOxide . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure3 TypicalPressureStorageTankConfiguration . . . . . . . . 31 Figure4 TypicalTankCarDomeConfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Figure 5 TypicalTankCarConfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Figure6 TypicalTankCarUnloadingSystemConfiguration . . . . . 45 Figure7 TypicalIMOTankConfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Table ofContents

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Contact Information & Legal Notice

Contact Information & Legal Notice

Emergency Contact Information

24 hour Emergency HotlinesIN CASE OF TRANSPORTATION

EMERGENCY CALL:

CHEMTREC 1-800-424-9300

International (call collect) 703-527-3887

Company Contact Information:The Dow Chemical Company (Local) 989-636-4400(Toll-free) �-800-258-2436 www.dow.com

Huntsman LLC(Local) 7�3-727-083� (Toll-free) �-800-328-850� www.huntsman.com

Lyondell Chemical Company (Toll-free) �-800-245-4532 www.lyondell.com

Legal NoticeThismanualisprovidedthroughthecombinedeffortsofTheDowChemicalCompany,Huntsman,andLyondell .ThePropylene Oxide Storage & Handling Guidelines Manualisintendedtoprovidegeneralinformationtopersonswhomanu-facture,use,orhandlepropyleneoxide .TheManualisnotintendedtobea“how-to”manual,norisitaprescriptiveguide .

IndividualcompaniesmayneedtovaryapproachestoparticularpracticesdescribedintheManualbasedonspecificfactualcircumstances,thepracticalityandeffec-tivenessofparticularactions,oreconomicandtechnologicalfeasibility .

TheManualisnotintendedtobeasubstituteforin-depthtrainingorspecificrequirements,norisitintendedtodefineorcreatelegalrightsorotherobligations .Allpersonsinvolvedinmanufacturing,using,orhandlingpropyleneoxidehaveanindependentobliga-tiontoascertainthattheiractionsareincompliancewithcurrentfederal,state,andlocallawsandregulationsandshouldconsultlegalcounselconcerningsuchmatters .

Neitherthecontributingcompanies,noranyoftheiremployees,subcontractors,consultants,orotherassigns,makesanywarrantyorrepresentation,eitherexpressedorimplied,withrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessoftheinformationcontainedintheManual .Thecontributingcompaniesassumenoliabilityorresponsibilityforanyuse,ortheresultsofsuchuse,ofanyinformation,procedure,conclusion,opinion,product,orprocessdisclosedinthisManual .

PropyleneoxideusersareencouragedtoconsultDow’scurrentMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)forspecificguidanceandupdatesonsafehandlinganduse .ShouldyouhavespecificquestionsaboutinformationcontainedintheManual,youmaycontacttheidentifiedmembercompaniesforfurtherinformation .

2 General Information

Product Information

Formula C3H6OCAS Number 75–56–9EINECS Number 200-879-2IUPAC Name 2–Methyl OxiraneChemical Family Alkylene Oxides Common Names Propylene oxide �, 2–Propyleneoxide Alkyl Epoxide �, 2–Epoxypropane Propene epoxide Propene oxide

Methyl Ethylene Oxide

ApplicationsPropyleneoxideisaversatilechemicalintermediateusedinawiderangeofindus-trialandcommercialproductsandisamongthetop50chemicals,byvolume,producedintheworld .Propyleneoxideisamemberofagroupofcompoundsknownasalkyleneoxides .Alkyleneoxidesreactreadilywithcompoundscontaininganactivehydrogenatom,suchasalcohols,amines,andacids .Thesereactionsaregenerallyknownasalkoxylationsandarechemicalroutestomanyimportantproducts,suchasspecialtysurfactants,solvents,foodadditives,andoilfieldchemicals .

Thepolyurethaneindustryisthelargestconsumerofpropyleneoxide .Itusespoly-etherpolyolsmadebyreactingpropyleneoxidealoneorincombinationwithotheralkyleneoxides .Themostcommoninitiators

arepolyolsorpolyaminessuchasglycerin,glycols,pentaerythritol,ethylenediamine,toluenediamine,sucrose,sorbitol,trialkanolamines,andtrimethylolpropane .Polyetherpolyolsarereactedwithvariousdiisocyanatestoformpolyurethanefoamsandresins .

Thesecondlargestuseofpropyleneoxideistheproductionofpropyleneglycolandlesseramountsofco-produceddipropyleneglycolandhigherpropyleneglycols .Propyleneglycolisoneofthemostwidelyusedsyntheticchemicals,findingitswayintosuchdiverseapplicationsasthemanufactureofthermosetpolyestersforbuildingboats,homeconstruc-tioncomponents,additivesforhumanandanimalfoods,andpharmaceuticalexcipients .Itisalsoaprimaryingredientincosmeticsandlaundrydetergents .

Propyleneoxideisalsousedtomanufacturefunctionalfluidsbyreactionofpropyleneoxideormixturesofpropyleneoxideandethyleneoxidewithglycols,glycerin,alco-hols,andphenols .Thetypesoffunctionalfluidsproducedincludeheattransferfluids,hydraulicfluids,andlubricants .

Otherpropyleneoxidederivativesincludeblockcopolymersofpropyleneoxideandethyleneoxide,whichhavebeenfoundtobeefficientandversatilesurfactants .Propyleneoxide-basedsurfactantscanalsobeproducedbythepropoxylationofvariousalcohols .Thewatersolubilityofpropyleneglycolswithmolecularweightlessthan800makespropyleneoxideespeciallyusefulintheseapplications .

General Information

3

Propyleneoxideisalsousedtopropoxylateormodifycarbohydrates(starches) .Propoxy-latedcarbohydrates,orstarches,areusedinavarietyofapplicationsintheconstruction,paint,food,andpharmaceuticalindustries .

Propyleneoxideisalsousedasareactanttoproducealkanolaminesfromammoniaoraminesandasanintermediateintheproduc-tionofallylalcohol .

Instability and Reactivity HazardsPropyleneoxideisastablematerialthatwillnotdecomposeundernormalconditionsoftemperatureandpressure .

Propyleneoxidemayreactvigorouslywithoxidizingmaterials,anhydrousmetalhalides,acids,bases,clay-basedadsorbentmaterials,andperoxides .Propyleneoxidemixedwithammoniumhydroxide,chlorosulfonicacid,hydrochloricacid,hydrofluoricacid,nitricacid,oleum(fumingsulfuricacid),orsulfuricacidcausesviolentreactions .Propyleneoxidereactsslowlyinneutralwater .However,thepresenceofacidsorbasesinwaterwillcatalyzethehydrolysisofpropyleneoxide,andahighlyexothermicreactionmayoccur .

General Information

General Information

4

PROPERTY VALUE

Physical State Liquid

Color Colorless

Molecular Weight 58.08 g/mol

Boiling Point, �0�.3 kPa 34.5˚C (94.�˚F)

Freezing Point -��.93˚C (-�69.47˚F)

Density 25˚C (77˚F) 0.823 g/cm3 (6.87 lb/gal)

Density of Saturated Liquid See Table 2

Vapor Density (Air=�.0) 2.0

Vapor Pressure See Table 3

Index of Refraction

@ 25˚C (77˚F)

@ 20˚C (68˚F)

�.3632

�.3670

Coefficient of Cubical Expansion @ 20˚C (68˚F) 0.00�5�/˚C (0.00084/˚F)

Critical Temperature 209.�˚C (408.4˚F)

Critical Pressure 4.92 MPa

Critical Volume 3.2025 cm3/g (0.5�3 ft3/lb)

Critical Compression 0.228

Acentric Factor 0.2683

Heat of Combustion, Liquid @ 25˚C (77˚F) -426.745 kcal/mol

Heat of Formation, Vapor @ 25˚C (77˚F) -22.395 kcal/mol

Heat of Formation, Liquid @ 25˚C (77˚F) -29.302 kcal/mol

Heat of Fusion @ -��2˚C (-�70˚F) �560.9 cal/mol (2809.6 BTU/lbmol)

Flash Point, TAG-Closed Cup -37.2˚C (-35˚F)

Autoignition Temperature 449˚C (840˚F)

Upper Explosion Limit 42 vol%

Lower Explosion Limit �.6 vol%

Solubility @ 20˚C (68˚F) 39.5% PO in Water, �2.5% Water in PO

Alcohol: ∞ Ether: ∞

Saturation Concentration in Air @ 25˚C (77˚F) 82.6 wt% (70.32 mol%)

Dipole Moment 6.70 x �0-30 C∙m

Electrical Conductivity 2.4 x �0-8 mhos/cm

Specific Heat, 0˚C (32˚F) 2.0 J/(g∙˚C) (0.48 BTU/lb/˚F)

Viscosity, 25˚C (77˚F) 0.29 centipoise (mPa∙s)

Specific Gravity See Table 2

Physical PropertiesTable � Propylene Oxide Physical Properties

General Information

General Information

(Rowley et al.,2004)

5

°C °F °C °F4.4 40 0.8488 7.083 �.0�64 2�.7 7� 0.8275 6.905 0.9908

5.0 4� 0.848� 7.077 �.0�56 22.2 72 0.8268 6.899 0.9900

5.6 42 0.8475 7.072 �.0�48 22.8 73 0.826� 6.893 0.989�

6.� 43 0.8468 7.066 �.0�40 23.3 74 0.8254 6.887 0.9883

6.7 44 0.846� 7.060 �.0�3� 23.9 75 0.8247 6.88� 0.9875

7.2 45 0.8454 7.055 �.0�23 24.4 76 0.8239 6.875 0.9866

7.8 46 0.8448 7.049 �.0��5 25.0 77 0.8233 6.870 0.9858

8.3 47 0.844� 7.043 �.0�07 25.6 78 0.8226 6.864 0.9849

8.9 48 0.8434 7.038 �.0099 26.� 79 0.82�9 6.858 0.984�

9.4 49 0.8427 7.032 �.009� 26.7 80 0.82�� 6.852 0.9832

�0.0 50 0.8420 7.026 �.0082 27.2 8� 0.8204 6.846 0.9824

�0.6 5� 0.84�4 7.02� �.0074 27.8 82 0.8�97 6.840 0.98�5

��.� 52 0.8407 7.0�5 �.0066 28.3 83 0.8�90 6.834 0.9807

��.7 53 0.8400 7.009 �.0058 28.9 84 0.8�83 6.828 0.9798

�2.2 54 0.8393 7.003 �.0050 29.4 85 0.8�76 6.822 0.9790

�2.8 55 0.8386 6.998 �.004� 30.0 86 0.8�68 6.8�6 0.978�

�3.3 56 0.8379 6.992 �.0033 30.6 87 0.8�6� 6.8�0 0.9772

�3.9 57 0.8372 6.986 �.0025 3�.� 88 0.8�54 6.804 0.9764

�4.4 58 0.8365 6.980 �.00�7 3�.7 89 0.8�47 6.798 0.9755

�5.0 59 0.8359 6.975 �.0008 32.2 90 0.8�40 6.792 0.9747

�5.6 60 0.8352 6.969 �.0000 32.8 9� 0.8�33 6.786 0.9738

�6.� 6� 0.8345 6.963 0.9992 33.3 92 0.8�25 6.780 0.9729

�6.7 62 0.8337 6.957 0.9983 33.9 93 0.8��8 6.774 0.972�

�7.2 63 0.8330 6.95� 0.9975 34.4 94 0.8�� 6.768 0.97�2

�7.8 64 0.8324 6.946 0.9967 35.0 95 0.8�04 6.762 0.9703

�8.3 65 0.83�7 6.940 0.9958 35.5 96 0.8097 6.756 0.9695

�8.9 66 0.83�0 6.934 0.9950 36.� 97 0.8089 6.750 0.9686

�9.4 67 0.8303 6.928 0.9942 36.7 98 0.8082 6.744 0.9677

20.0 68 0.8295 6.922 0.9933 37.2 99 0.8075 6.738 0.9669

20.6 69 0.8289 6.9�7 0.9925 37.8 �00 0.8068 6.732 0.9660

2�.� 70 0.8282 6.9�� 0.99�7

General Information

General Information

(Rowleyet al.,2004)

Temperature Grams per

Cubic cm

Lb. perU.S.

Gallon

Specific Gravity to

60°C (140°F)

Temperature Grams per

Cubic cm

Lb. perU.S.

Gallon

Physical PropertiesTable 2 Propylene Oxide Density as a Function of Temperature

Specific Gravity to

60°C (140°F)

6

Keypsia: pounds per square inch absolutepsig: pounds per square inch gauge

General Information

General Information

°C °F mm Hg psia

-28.00 -�8.40 40.20 0.78

-26.00 -�4.80 45.43 0.88

-24.00 -��.20 5�.2� 0.99

-22.00 -7.60 57.60 �.��

-20.00 -4.00 64.65 �.25

-�8.00 -0.40 72.39 �.40

-�6.00 3.20 80.89 �.56

-�4.00 6.80 90.20 �.74

-�2.00 �0.40 �00.38 �.94

-�0.00 �4.00 ��.50 2.�6

-8.00 �7.60 �23.60 2.39

-6.00 2�.20 �36.76 2.64

-4.00 24.80 �5�.06 2.92

-2.00 28.40 �66.55 3.22

0.00 32.00 �83.3� 3.54

2.00 35.60 20�.42 3.89

4.00 39.20 220.97 4.27

6.00 42.80 242.02 4.68

8.00 46.40 264.66 5.�2

�0.00 50.00 288.99 5.59

�2.00 53.60 3�5.08 6.09

�4.00 57.20 343.04 6.63

�6.00 60.80 372.96 7.2�

�8.00 64.40 404.93 7.83

20.00 68.00 439.05 8.49

22.00 7�.60 475.42 9.�9

24.00 75.20 5�4.�6 9.94

26.00 78.80 555.35 �0.74

28.00 82.40 599.�3 ��.59

30.00 86.00 645.59 �2.48

32.00 89.60 694.85 �3.44

34.00 93.20 747.02 �4.45

Temperature Vapor Pressure

°C °F mm Hg psia psig

34.48 94.06 760.00 �4.70 0.00

35.00 95.00 774.24 �4.97 0.28

40.00 �04.00 922.24 �7.83 3.�4

45.00 ��3.00 �09�.5� 2�.�� 6.4�

50.00 �22.00 �284.06 24.83 �0.�3

55.00 �3�.00 �502.00 29.04 �4.35

60.00 �40.00 �747.5� 33.79 �9.�0

65.00 �49.00 2022.85 39.�2 24.42

70.00 �58.00 2330.38 45.06 30.37

75.00 �67.00 2672.54 5�.68 36.98

Temperature Vapor Pressure

(Rowleyet al.,2004)

Physical PropertiesTable 3 Propylene Oxide Vapor Pressure as a Function of Temperature

7

0 5 10 15 20 250

10

20

30

40

50

LFL (Lower Flammability Limit) LOC (Lower Oygen Content) UFL (Upper Flammability Limit)

AIR LINE=20.95 mol %

Oxygen

Oxygen (mol %)

Prop

ylene

Oxid

e (m

ol %

)

Flammable Region

Lower Flammability Limit = 1.56%

Lower Oygen Content = 6.9%

Upper Flammability Limit = 41.6%(Air)

General Information

Test MethodsASTM E 2079 Limiting Oxygen (Oxidant) Concentration in Gases and VaporsASTM E 68� Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)

Test Conditions5-liter stainless sphere�00°C (2�2°F) at � atmosphere

Figure � Flammability Diagram for Propylene Oxide

Larry Britton, Neolytica, February 2005All values are in percent mole.

General Information

8

Oxygen100%

100%0%

0%

0%100%

Lower Flammability Limit = 1.56%

Lower Oygen Content = 6.9%

NitrogenAIR LINE

Propy

lene O

xide

Flammable Region

Upper FlammabilityLimit = 86.5% Oxygen

LFL (Lower Flammability Limit) LOC (Lower Oygen Content) UFL (Upper Flammability Limit)

General Information

Figure 2 Flammability Triangle for Propylene Oxide

Larry Britton, Neolytica, February 2005All values are in percent mole.

General Information

9

Acronyms and AbbreviationsACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

ANSI American National Standards Institute

API American Petroleum Institute

ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASTM American Society for Testing Materials

CAER Community Awareness and Emergency Response

CAS Chemical Abstracts Service

CEFIC Conseil Européen des Federations de l’Industrie Chimique (European Chemical Industry Association)

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (U.S.)

CFR Code of Federal Regulations (U.S.)

DIPPR Design Institute for Physical Property Data

DOT Department of Transportation (U.S.)

EINECS European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances

EPA Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)

EU European Union

HAZWOPER Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer (United Nations World Health Organization)

ID Inside diameter

IMO International Maritime Organization

ISO International Standards Organization

LFL Lower Flammability Limit

LOC Lower Oxygen Content

mg/m3 milligram per cubic meter

MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet

MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration (U.S.)

NEC National Electrical Code (U.S.)

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U.S.)

NTP National Toxicology Program (U.S.)

OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration (U.S.)

PEL Permissible Exposure Limit

POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works

General Information

General Information

�0

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

ppm parts per million

psi pounds per square inch

psia pounds per square inch absolute

psig pounds per square inch gauge

PSV Pressure Safety Valves

PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (U.S.)

RMP Risk Management Plan

RoC Report on Carcinogens (U.S.)

RQ Reportable Quantity

SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (U.S.)

SCBA Self-contained breathing apparatus

STEL Short Term Exposure Limit

TLV Threshold Limit Value

TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act (U.S.)

TWA Time-weighted average

UFL Upper Flammability Limit

Acronyms and Abbreviations (con’t)

General Information

General Information

��

TheinformationinthissectionisgeneralinnatureandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithDow’scurrentpropyleneoxideMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS) .TheMSDSshouldbereviewedpriortoworkingwithpropyleneoxide .

Personnelinvolvedinhandlingpropyleneoxideshouldbetrainedaboutthespecifichazardsofthischemicalandaboutdecon-taminationproceduresintheeventofoverexposure .

Respondersprovidingassistancetoanoverexposedpersonshouldbecautiousnottocontaminatethemselvesbytouchingtheperson’sclothingunlesswearingappropriateprotectiveapparel .Thevictim’sclothingshouldberemovedtominimizecontinuedskincontact,andtopreventcontinuedoff-gassingofpropyleneoxideduringtransporttoanemergencycarefacility .Emergencytransportservicesshouldbeequippedtoprovidecontinualflushingoftheskinandeyeswithwater,especiallywhenthevictimiscomplainingofburningorirritation .

Eye ExposurePropyleneoxidemaycausesevereeyeirritationandpossiblycornealburns .Highlevelsofpropyleneoxidevaporsmayalsoirritatetheeyes .Ifpropyleneoxidegetsintotheeyes,immediatelywashthemwithcleanwaterforatleast30minuteswhileperiodi-callyliftingtheloweranduppereyelidstoenhanceflushing .Removecontactlensesafterthefirst5minutesandcontinuewashing .Continuewashingandhavethe

exposedpersonattendedtobyaphysicianimmediately .Vehiclesusedtotransporttheexposedpersonmustbeequippedwithfacilitiestocontinuewashingduringtransport .

Skin ExposurePropyleneoxidegenerallydoesnotcauseadverseeffectstotheskinifitcanfreelyevaporate .Confinedcontactorcontactwithpropyleneoxideinaqueoussolutionscancausedamagerangingfromirritationtosevereburns .Ifskinisexposed,allclothingcoveringtheaffectedareashouldberemovedandtheareawashedwithflowingwaterorashowerforatleast15minutes .Removewatches,rings,oranythingelsethatcouldholdpropyleneoxideincontactwiththeskin .Putonacompletechangeofclothing .Donotwearcontaminatedclothinguntilithasbeenproperlycleaned .Removeanddiscardcontaminateditemssuchasleatherbelts,wallets,andshoes .Leathercannotbeadequatelydecontaminatedandcanincreaselocalizedburnpotentialbyholdingthepropyleneoxideagainsttheskin .Also,discardrubberfootwearifpropyleneoxidewasinsidetheshoeorboot .Discardedclothing,accessories,and/orfootwearshouldbeproperlycontainedanddiscarded .

Itisnotadvisabletoenteranareawithapropyleneoxideleakbecauseoftheextremeflammabilityhazard .Whenentryintoanareaisnecessarytocontainorcontrolalife-threateningspill,afullrubberslickersuitshouldbewornwithpantsoutsiderubber

First Aid

First Aid

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boots .Chemicalgogglesandproperrespira-toryprotectionshouldalsobeworn .Ifafirehazardexists,asuitableflashsuitandhoodshouldbesubstitutedfortherubberslickersuit .

Inhalation Propyleneoxidemaybeirritatingtothemembranesoftherespiratorytractandtotheeyes .Highconcentrationsmaycauseseriousadverseeffects,evendeath .Inareaswithpoorventilation,leaksorspillsmayresultinaccumulationofacutelytoxicandpotentiallylethalconcentrations .Signsandsymptomsofexcessiveexposuremayincludeeyeandrespiratorytractirritation,cyanosis,andpossiblyanesthesiaandnarcosis .

Ifovercomefrominhalationofpropyleneoxide,avictimshouldbemovedfromthecontaminatedatmosphereintofreshairatoncebypersonsproperlyequippedwithappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE) .Treatforshockifnecessary .Ifthevictimhasstoppedbreathing,giveartificialrespiration .Cautionshouldbeusedtopreventresponderexposuretopropyleneoxidefromthevictim .Ifbreathingisdif-ficult,oxygenshouldbeadministeredbyqualifiedpersonnel .Oncerevived,keepthevictimwarmandcalm .Seekpromptmedicalattention .

Ingestion Exposurethroughingestionofpropyleneoxideisunlikely .Ifpropyleneoxideshouldbeingested,givethepatient,ifconscious,lukewarmwater .Do not induce vomiting.

Becauserapidabsorptionmayoccurthroughthelungsifaspiratedandcauseasystemiceffect,thedecisiontoinducevomitingornotshouldbemadeonlybyaphysician .Whenstabilizedsufficientlyasdeterminedbymedicalauthorities,thepatientshouldbetransportedtoamedicalfacilityforcontinuedtreatment .

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First Aid

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Theprimaryrouteofexposuretopropyleneoxideisthroughinhalationoffugitiveemissionsintheworkplace .Propyleneoxideislikelytobereadilyabsorbedthroughtherespiratorytractandrapidlymetabolizedbyconjugationwithglutathione,orhydrolyzedto1,2–propanediol(propyleneglycol) .Acutely,propyleneoxideisasevereskin,eye,andrespiratoryirritant .

Long-termstudiesinanimalshaveclearlyshownthatchronicexposuretohighlevelsofpropyleneoxidecaninducesite-of-contactmalignanttumorsandthatpropyleneoxideshouldbeconsideredapossiblehumancarcinogen(seepage14,“Carcinogenicity”) .

Consistentwithgoodindustrialhygienepractice,exposuresshouldbecarefullycontrolledtopreventadversehealtheffects;theACGIHTLV(8-hrTWA)is2ppm .FormoredetailedtoxicityinformationandthemostrecentMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS),contactDow .

Acute Effects of OverexposureSingleexposurestoliquidpropyleneoxidecancausesevereskinandeyeirritation,whichmayleadtoseveretissueinjuryifnottreatedpromptly .Therearereportsintheliteraturethatindicatethatexcessiveexposuretoliquidpropyleneoxidemayinduceallergicskinreactionsinworkers;ACGIHnotespropyleneoxideasaskincontactsensitizer .Exposuretohighvaporconcentrationscancauseirritationoftheeyesandrespiratorytract,cyanosis,and

possiblycentralnervoussystemeffectssuchascoordinationproblemsandgeneraldepression .

Propyleneoxidegenerallydoesnotcauseadverseeffectstotheskinifitcanfreelyevaporate .However,confinementunderclothingorinshoesorjewelrypreventsevaporationresultinginirritation,blistering,andpossibleburns .Contactwithevendilutesolutionsofpropyleneoxide(10%)cancauseirritation,blistering,andburnswithasingleshort-termexposure .

Datafromanimalstudiesindicatesthatsingleexposuretopropyleneoxidebying-estionorbyinhalationismoderatelytoxic .

Repeated ExposuresRepeatedexposuretoexcessivelevelsofpropyleneoxidevaporsmaycauseeyeandrespiratoryirritation,andlungandnasaltissueinjury .Effectstothenervesoftheextremities(peripheralneuropathy)havebeennotedfollowingextremelyhigh(>1000ppm),repeatedexposuresinlaboratoryanimals .

Inshort-term,repeatedanimalexposurestudies,concentrationsofpropyleneoxideabove1000mg/m3(420ppm)wereirri-tatingtotheeyesandrespiratorytract,causinglungedema(fluidinthelungs)andcentralnervoussystemdepression .Repeatedhighoraldosesofpropyleneoxideresultedindamagetothestomachliningandaslightdepressionofbodyweight .

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Chronic Effects of OverexposureCarcinogenicityLong-termstudiesonratsandmicehaveshownthatpropyleneoxideinducestumorsatthefirstsiteoftissuecontact .Tumorswereproducedthroughvariousroutesofexposure,includinginhalation,whichismostrelevanttoindustrialapplications .

Intwoseparateinhalationstudiesinrats,lifetimeexposuretohighlevelsofpropyleneoxide-inducedadenomasinthenasalpassages(atexposures≥700mg/m3or300ppm) .Inathirdinhalationstudy,hyperplasia(anincreaseinthenumberofcells)inthetargettissueofthenasalepitheliumoftheratswasreported,althoughnonasaltumorswereidentified;inaddition,anincreaseinthetotalnumberoftumorsinthetumor-bearinganimalswasreported .

Onthebasisofthedatafromthesestudiesandothers,propyleneoxideisconsideredcarcinogenictoexperimentalanimalsandhasbeenclassifiedasapossiblehumancarcinogen(group2B)bytheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC) .ConsistentwiththeIARCclassification,intheU .S .,propyleneoxideislistedasReasonably Anticipated to be a Human CarcinogenintheNationalToxicologyProgram’sReport on Carcinogens .IntheEU,propyleneoxideisclassifiedasaCategory2carcinogen,whichindicatesthatpropyleneoxidemaycausecancer .

Reproductive and Developmental ToxicityPropyleneoxidehasbeenreportedtohaveonlyminimalreproductiveeffectsinmaleandfemaleratsathighexposurelevels(upto300ppm),withnosignificantvariationsfromcontrolanimalsinanyofthereproduc-tiveindicesmeasured .Highexposurelevelsofpropyleneoxide(500ppm)inducedonlyminimalbodyweightchangesinpregnantratsandaslightskeletalvariationintheoffspring .TheEU’sClassificationandLabelingauthoritydoesnotconsiderpropyleneoxidetobeareproductivehazardinanimals .

Genetic ToxicologyPropyleneoxideisadirectalkylatingagentandcaninteractwithtissuemacromoleculesandproduceadducts .ThepresenceoftissueDNAadductsisevidenceofexposuretopropyleneoxide .Inin vitromicrobialandmammaliancellstestsystems,propyleneoxideisdemonstratedtobeadirectactinggenotoxicant,producingmutationsandchromosomeaberrations .Theevidencefollowingin vivoexposure,however,isnotconclusive .Allofthein vivocytogeneticandmutagenicdatawasnegativewiththeexceptionofwhenpropyleneoxidewasadministeredbyinjectionintotheabdominalcavityathighdoses .InEurope,propyleneoxideislistedasaCategory2mutagen .

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Takentogether,theavailableinformationindicatesthatpropyleneoxideisabletoreactwithgeneticmaterialformingadductsand,undercertainextremeconditions,producedamageasevidencebymutationsandchromosomeaberrations .However,currentlyithasnotbeenestablishedthatthesefindingsarelinkedtoanysignificantadverseresponsesinhumansunderusualconditionsofexposure .

Exposure LimitsThecompaniesstronglyrecommendthatuserscomplywiththeACGIHTLVguidelineof2ppm(establishedin2002) .UsersshouldremainawareoflocalTWA,STEL,PEL,orotheroccupationalexposurelevelrequirements .PropyleneoxideuserscanfindcurrentinformationaboutACGIHevaluationsofpropyleneoxideontheorganization’swebsite(www .acgih .org) .CurrentinformationcanalsobefoundontheMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)providedbyDowwithshipmentsofpro-pyleneoxide .

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Systemdesignsshouldfocusoneliminatingtheneedforpersonalprotectiveequipment .However,personalprotectiveequipmentmayberequiredincertainoperations,orinlocationswhereexposuretovapororliquidispossible,suchasintheeventofasystemfailure .Identificationofuserequirementsandselectionofpersonalprotectiveequipmentdemandcarefulmanagementconsideration .

Anoverallappraisalshouldbemadeofplantoperations,exposurepotentials,expectedexposureduration,thespecificactivitiesbeingperformed,andthetrainingonpersonalprotectiveequipmenttobeprovidedtoworkers .Thisappraisalshouldbeperformedbyaqualifiedindustrialhygienistinconjunctionwithengineering,maintenance,supervisory,andmanagementstaff .Awrittenexposurecontrolplanshouldbedeveloped .Theplanshouldidentify:

•typesofapprovedequipment(includingmanufacturer,make,andmodel);

•typesofprotectiveequipmenttouseforspecificsituations;

•proceduresformaintenance,cleaning,andstorageoftheprotectiveequipment;

•trainingrequiredinproperuseoftheprotectiveequipment;and

•otherissuesrelevanttospecificoperations .

Whenselectingpersonalprotectiveequip-mentandmanagingequipmentprograms,theoverallassessmentofpotentialexposuresshouldbeconsidered .Issuestobeaddressedincludethefollowing:

Personal Protective Equipment

•Aretherewaystoreduceexpectedexposuresbyinstitutingchangesineitherequipmentuseorprocedures?

•Istheexposurelikelytobeatlevelsabovetheoccupationalexposureguidelines?

•Istheexposurelikelytobeofveryshortduration,afterwhichdecontaminationcanbeimmediatelyaccomplished,orisalengthyexposurelikely?

•Istheexposurelikelytooccuronlyonceortwicepermonthasmightoccurinsomeunloadingoperations?

•Issingle-useequipmentdesirable?

NOTE: The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for propylene oxide suggests that air purifying respirators, supplied air, or self-contained breathing apparatus be used depending on conditions and when respira-tory protection is required.

Eye ProtectionPropyleneoxidemaycausesevereeyeirritationandpossiblycornealburns .Highlevelsofpropyleneoxidevaporsmayalsoirritatetheeyes .Cup-typeplasticchemicalsafetygoggles—ofgas-tightdesignandequippedwithimpact-resistantlenses—shouldbewornwheneverthereispotentialforexposuretovapororliquid .Afaceshield(8-inchminimum)maybeworntoprovideaddedsplashprotection .Or,ifvaporscauseeyediscomfort,afull-facerespiratorshouldbeworn .EyeprotectivemeasuresshouldmeetANSIZ87 .1specifications .


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Individualswearingcontactlenseswhileworkingwithoraroundpropyleneoxideshouldwearchemicalsafetygogglesatalltimes .Thepotentialforanincreaseineyeinjuryofcontactlenswearersexposedtochemicalshasnotbeendetermined .Aconservativeapproachintheselectionofpersonalprotectiveequipmentiswarranted .

Respiratory ProtectionPropyleneoxidehasasweet,penetratingodorthatdoesnotprovideadequatewarningtopreventoverexposure .Theodorthresholdforpropyleneoxideformostpeopleisbetween10-200ppm .However,theeight-hourTLV(thresholdlimitvalue)recommendedbytheACGIHis2ppmandtheOSHAPEL(permissibleexposurelimit)is100ppm .Anactivepropyleneoxidetestingandmonitoringprogramisrecommended .

Atmosphericlevelsshouldbemaintainedbelowtheappropriateexposureguidelineforpropyleneoxide .Whenrespiratoryprotectionisrequired,useanapprovedair-purifyingorpositive-pressuresupplied-airrespirator,dependingonpotentialairborneconcentrations .Forshort-termorlimitedsingle-usesituations,anapprovedair-purifyingrespiratorwithacartridgefororganicvaporsisrecommended .However,thelimitationsandbenefitsofusingair-purifyingrespiratorsshouldbeclearlyunderstood .

Foremergenciesandotherconditionswhentheexposureguidelinemaybeexceeded(forexample,inconfinedspacesorpoorly

ventilatedareas),useanapprovedpositive-pressureself-containedbreathingapparatusorpositive-pressureairlinewithanauxiliaryself-containedairsupply .

General Protective ClothingEvenwell-engineeredsystemswillrequiretheuseofpersonalprotectiveclothingintheeventofspillsorotherpotentialexposuresituations .

NOTE: Personnel should be required to wear “work” clothes, stored separately from their “street” clothes. This allows the industrial laundry to handle and wash work clothes that could be chemically contaminated.

Inalloperationsinvolvingpropyleneoxide,andwhereemployeeexposureispossible,workersshouldwearchemicalworkers’goggles,safetyhats,imperviousboots,gloves,andprotectiveouterclothing .

Trousersshouldbewornoutsidethebootsandsleevesshouldbetapedtogloves(withtaperedsleeveinsertsbetweensleeveandglove)topreventcontactofpropyleneoxidewiththeskin .

Clothingtype,make,andmaterialsofconstructionshouldbecarefullyevaluatedusingan“exposurecontrolmanagement”approachthatevaluateseachpotentialexposuresituation .Forexample,protectiveclothingforsplashprotection(whichisdisposedoforimmediatelycleanedafterexposure)maynotneedtobeasdurableasprotectiveclothingforcontinuousexposuresituations .Thoroughlyevaluatethedatasuppliedbyyourclothingmanufacturer,



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payingparticularattentiontotheexpectedclothingperformanceintheeventofexpo-suretopropyleneoxide .

Itisimportanttorecognizethehazardsassociatedwiththechoiceofclothingmaterials .Forexample,leatherisahazardwhencontaminatedwithpropyleneoxideandshouldnotbespecifiedforuse .Leathercanabsorbpropyleneoxideandmaintainalowexposureleveloveraprolongedperiodoftime,causingasevereburnbeforedis-comfortregisters .

Itisalsonecessarytosetguidelinesfordecontaminatinganddestroyingprotectiveclothing .Leatherarticlesshouldbedestroyed topreventaccidentalreuse .

Impervious Gloves and ClothingThefollowinginformationisprovidedwiththecautionthatitshouldbeunderstoodthatglovesandclothingareusedasameansofpreventing incidentalcontactonly .

Whenchoosingimperviousprotectiveclothing,thereareseveralfactorstoconsiderinadditiontotheintrinsicbarrierproperties .Performancefactorstoconsiderinclude:

•Thicknessofclothingmaterial .

•Permeationresistancetopropyleneoxideandotherchemicalswithwhichtheclothingmaycomeincontact .

•Fabricationtechnique(particularlyhowseamsaresealedand/orconstructed) .

•Laminateconstruction,ifapplicable .

•Physicalrequirementsoftheclothingthatmayberequireddependingonspecificconditionsofuse,suchasstrength,dexterity,abrasionandtearresistance,orthermalprotection .

•Durationofpotentialexposure .

•Otherfactorsspecifictoyourapplicationoruse .

Customersarestronglyadvisedtoobtaininformationfromclothingandsafetyequip-mentsuppliersaboutproductperformanceingivensituationsandthebarrierpropertiesoftheprotectiveequipmenttopropyleneoxide .Selectionofspecificitemssuchasfaceshields,gloves,boots,apron,orfullbodysuitwilldependonthespecificoperationaswellascharacteristicsoftheitemsthemselves .

Examplesofglovebarriermaterialsthathavebeenfoundtobeprotectiveinpropyleneoxideexposuresinclude:

•butylrubber,

•chlorinatedpolyethylene,

•polyethylene,

•ethylvinylalcohol(EVOH)laminate,

•polyvinylalcohol(“PVA”),and

•styrene/butadienerubber .

Inspecificsituations,anddependingonsupplierinformation,naturalrubber(“latex”),Neoprene®,nitrile/butadienerubber(“nitrile”or“NBR”),polyvinylchloride(“PVC”or“vinyl”),orViton®maybeacceptable .



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Protective Equipment TrainingThekeytoasuccessfulprogramistrainingpersonnelintheuseofprotectiveequipment .Withoutagoodunderstandingofthewaystheprotectiveequipmentworksanditslimit-ations,aswellasofcorrectmaintenanceprocedures,theexpectedprotectionfactorsareunlikelytobeachieved .Specificpropertiesofpropyleneoxide,suchastoxicityofpropyleneoxidevaporsthroughskinexposure,andtheprotectionrequiredtomitigatetheeffectshouldbepartofthetrainingprogram .Awell-designedtrainingprogramalsoincludesinstructionintheproperwaytowear,use,clean,andmain-taineachpieceofequipment .

Respiratoruserequiresmedicalapprovalforeachindividualuserandapersonalfit-testtoensureeffectiveprotection .Detailsregardingrespiratorusecanbefoundin29CFR§1910 .134 .

Trainingshouldbedocumentedandreviewedwitheachemployeeonaregularbasiswithretrainingscheduledonaspecifiedandregularbasis .



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Threedifferentmethodsarerecommendedforsamplingpropyleneoxide—on-streamanalyticalequipment,safety-coatedglassbottles,orstainlesssteelcylinders .Whichevermethodisused,proceduresandequipmentshouldbecarefullydesignedtominimizepersonnelexposureorventingtotheatmosphere .

On-stream MethodsOn-streamsamplingequipmenthastwoadvantagesinpropyleneoxideoperations .First,personalexposurelevelsarekepttoaminimum .Second,samplecollectiondoesnotexposesamplestotheair .Isolatingsamplesfromtheatmosphereisimportantforpropyleneoxide,which,becauseofitshygroscopicnature,willpickupwaterfromtheairifanopensamplingsystemisused,resultinginanartificiallyhighapparentwatercontent .

Manual MethodsSafety-Coated Glass Bottle MethodConsiderminimizingthedead-volumeandallowthesampletobecollectedwithverylittlepurging .

Bottlecapsshouldhaveapolyethylenesealtopreventcontaminationfromagluedorpaperseal .

•Tominimizepersonnelexposure,useeitherclosed-loopsamplingorsurroundthesamplepointwithaboxconnectedtoavacuumsource .Theairflowvolumemustbegreatenoughtocreatethesamevelocityacrosstheopendoorfaceasisrequiredinalaboratoryhood .

•Becauseofthehygroscopicnatureofpropyleneoxide,samplesmayindicateanartificiallyhighwatercontentwhenthismethodisused .

•Materialsshouldbebelowabout32°C(90°F)whencollectingsamplesinbottlestopreventover-pressuring .

Stainless Steel Cylinder Method•Forpropyleneoxidesamples,aDOT3E

cylinderwithaservicepressureof1800psigshouldbeused .Thespecificationforthiscylinderisoutlinedin49CFR§178 .42 .

•Screwedconnectionsmustbesealed .Apolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)tapewithappropriatechemicalpropertiesmaybeused .

•Areliefvalveshouldbeprovidedonthecylinderassembly .

•Thecylindershouldcontainadiptubetopreventitfromfillinghydraulically .

•Thecontentsandsamplingdateshouldbeclearlymarkedonthecylinder .

•Thecylindermaybeevacuated,con-nectedtoalowdeadvolumesampleconnection,filled,andthendisconnected;orconnectedtoaconstantrecycleflow-throughsystem,flushed,filled,andthendisconnected .

Other Safety Considerations•Asafetyshowerwitheyewashcapability

shouldbelocatednearthesamplingpoint .

•Theareaaroundthesamplelocationshouldbefreeofignitionsourcesandotherhazards .

Sampling Equipment

Sampling Equipment

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•Samplingcontainersshouldbeclearlylabeledanddedicatedtopropyleneoxideservicetominimizethechanceofcon-taminationorpossibleviolentreactions .

•Onlytheamountofsampleneededforanalysisshouldbecollected,andanyresiduemustbedisposedofaccordingtoallapplicablerulesandregulations .

•Avoidsmokingareas,controlrooms,andareaswhere“hotwork”isinprogresswhentransportingsamplestothelaboratory .

•Alllaboratoryequipmentusedinanalyzingpropyleneoxidesamples(suchastheventilationhoodandrefrigerator)shouldconformtoelectricalstandardsequivalenttoClass1,Division1,GroupB*oftheNFPA70,NationalElectricalCode .

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Sampling Equipment

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AccordingtotheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),thechem-icalindustryintheU .S .hasoneofthebestsafetyrecordsofanyindustrialsector .Tomaintain—andevenimprove—thissuperiorsafetyrecord,itisveryimportantthatchemicalmanufacturersandprocessorsestablishaneffective,well-developedplantoensurequickandeffectiveresponsetoemergencies .

Emergencyplanningshouldconsiderallaspectsofemergencysituations,includingnotonlythosethatmayoccuron-site,butalsoincidentsthatmayoccurenroutetothesite,inthesurroundingcommunity,orinthecommunityatlarge .

Thissectiondescribesaprocessforemergencyplanningandprovidesspecificinformationaboutspills,fire-fighting,andassociatedwastedisposal .Plansshouldbedevelopedwiththeassistanceoflocalfirefightersandotheremergencyresponsepersonnel .

Plan Development Manyorganizationshavepublishedcomprehensiveguidanceondevelopingcrisismanagementplans .Forexample,OSHAhasdevelopedabookletcalledHow to Plan for Workplace Emergencies and Evacuations (http://www .osha .gov/Publications/osha3088 .html) .Thediscussionpresentedhereisnotall-encompassing;rather,generalprin-ciplesimportantforpropyleneoxideuserstoconsiderarediscussed .

Oneofthefirststepsindevelopingacrisismanagementplanistodefinevariouspotentialcrisisscenariosastheyarerelatedtoplanning,preparation,mobilization,response,recovery,andpost-incidentfollow-up .Theprocessshouldbecomprehensiveandconsiderallaspectsofpotentialemergencies,includingwarningalarms,evacuationassemblyareasandescaperoutes,personnelaccountability,communicationvehicles,chainofcommand,notificationofauthorities,dealingwiththemedia,andotherimportantconcerns .Ifyourplantdoesnothaveacrisismanagementplan,itisrecommendedthatonebedeveloped .

Assumingthatageneralplanexistsforyourfacility,thetaskofpreparingforanewinstal-lationstartswithproperdesign .Engineersshoulddesignthebulkstorageandhandlingsystemtominimizehazardousconditionsandtoallowquickresponseifemergenciesoccur .Forexample,theuseofnitrogenpaddingisrecommendedonpropyleneoxidestoragevesselstoeliminateoxygenfromthevesselandtherebyreducetheriskoffire .Anexcel-lentwaytotestanewdesignistoperformaprocesshazardanalysis .Aspartofthehazardidentificationandmanagementprocess,itisalsoimportanttodevelopsafeoperatingprocedures .

Aftercompletingbothanoverallcrisismanagementplanandaprocesshazardanalysis,thenextlogicalstepistodevelopwrittenproceduresforrespondingtopos-sibleemergenciesassociatedwiththenewinstallation .Theseplansshouldbecarefully

Emergency Planning

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tiedintotheemergencyplanandcoveralloftheaspectsrequiredintheoverallplan .Theproceduresshouldalsoincludeaspecificplanforcontrollingtheemergency .Proceduresshouldcoverallparameters,includingfireextinguishersandotherfixedfireprotectionequipment,emergencyblockvalves,spillcontainment,personalprotectiveequipmentandclothing,andsoon .Allpost-emergencyprocedures,suchaswastecleanup,wastedisposalandequipmentchecks,andproperreportingshouldalsobeconsidered .Theplanshouldbetestedinasimulatedsituationtoensureitseffectivenessinarealemergency .

Anotherimportantstepindevelopinganemergencyplaninvolvescommunityinterac-tion .Theplanshouldbeintegratedintothecommunity-wideemergencyresponseplan .

Fire Hazards TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationclassifiespropyleneoxide1asaClass1Aflammableliquid .TheNationalFireProtectionAssociation(NFPA)Code30definespropyleneoxideasaClass1Aflammableliquid .ForapplicationoftheNationalElectricalCode2,propyleneoxideisaClass1,GroupB*flammableliquid .

Vaporsofpropyleneoxideatconcentrationsbetween1 .6%and42%inaircanexplodeifanignitionsourceispresent3 .Propyleneoxidevaporsareheavierthanairandmaytravelaconsiderabledistancetowardasourceofignitionandflashback .Allprecautionsnecessaryforthesafehandlingandstorageofavolatileflammableliquidorvaporshouldbestrictlyobservedfor

propyleneoxide .Aqueousmixturesaslowas0 .75%propyleneoxidemaybeflammable .

Storageareasshouldbedesignedtopreventexposureofpropyleneoxidecontainerstohazardsfrompotentialfires(seepage30,“BulkHandling”) .Page38,“Delivery&Transfer,”includesrecommendationsforthesafeunloadingandtransferofpropyleneoxide,whicharenecessarytominimizethefireandexplosionhazardwhileperformingtheseoperations .

Ifpropyleneoxideisinvolvedinafire,preventunauthorizedindividualsfromenteringthearea,andevacuatetheareadownwindfromthefire .Firesshouldbefoughtfromasafedistanceupwind .Thermaldecompositionproducts,suchascarbondioxide,carbonmonoxide,andperhapsothertoxicgasesandvapors,maybegenerated .Propyleneoxide,wheninvolvedinafire,burnsrapidlywithtremendousheat .Table1(page4)andFigure1(page7)providepropyleneoxideflammabilitylimits .

Fire Prevention and ProtectionPropyleneoxide,whenignited,burnsrapidlywithhighheat .Becauseofthehighvaporpressureofpropyleneoxide,itiscapableofreadilyformingexplosivemixtures .Sourcesofignition,includingheat,sparks,flames,andstaticelectricity,mustbeavoided .Compliancewiththisbasicrulerequirescontinualoversightandmanagementthatshouldtypicallyincludethefollowingcombinationofworkpracticesandmechanicalcontrols:

Emergency Planning

Emergency Planning

1 29CFR§1910 .106

2 NEC-NFPA70

3 SeeFigure1onpage7 .

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•Defining“nosmoking”and“hotwork”policiesinareaswherepropyleneoxideisused;

•Usingnon-sparkingtoolsifworkinginanareawherepropyleneoxidevaporscouldbepresent;

•Groundingmetalliccontainers/vesselsinwhichpropyleneoxideisstored;

•Bondingandgroundingmetallicreceivingcontainers;

•Enforcingstringentwelding,cutting,andburningpermitsystems;and

•Implementinginsideandoutsidestoragemethodsthatcomplywithlegalrequirementsandgoodindustrypractice .

Tanksandequipmentcontainingliquidpropyleneoxideshouldbeprotectedwithautomaticdelugeorsprinklersystemsincludingcoverageofpumpsandshaftsealareas(perNFPAdesigncriteria) .Amanuallyactivated,remotelylocatedswitchshouldalsobeprovided .

Theuseofinstalledflammable(combustible)gasdetectorsinat-riskareas—suchasthosearoundpropyleneoxidepumpsorloadingandunloadingoperations—isrecommended .

Heatmaycreateabuild-upofpressureandcauseclosedcontainerstorupture .Awaterfogmaybeusedtocoolthecontainers .Watermaybeineffectiveasanextinguishingagent .Preventliquidfromenteringexternalwatersourcesandsewersbybuildingdikesasnecessarytocontainflow .

PertheNFPA,theelectricalclassificationforwell-designedandmaintainedpropyleneoxidehandlingareasisClass1,Division2,GroupB* .Areaswherethepresenceofpropyleneoxidevaporsisprobable,suchasimmediatelyabovetanksorvessels,nearvents,orwithinbuildingsorretainingwallsshouldbeclassifiedasClass1,Division1,GroupB* .

Static ElectricityThetransferofpropyleneoxidecancreatestaticelectricitycharges,whichcanactasanignitionsourceforflammablevapors .Thechargecandevelopevenwhentheliquidflowsorispouredthroughair .Tominimizetheriskofignition,bondingandgroundingofequipmentisrequiredbyfederalregula-tion(29CFR§1910 .107),buildingandfirecodes,andindustrypractice(NFPA70,NFPA77,NFPA30) .Bondingprovidesalow-resistancepathtocurrentflowbetweentwosurfacesthatarephysicallyseparatedorbecomeseparated .PerNFPA77,amaximumof1megaohmisacceptable,thoughlowervaluesreducerisk .

Groundingconnectsthecontainmentvessels,pipes,etc .,toagroundingelectrode(ground)intheearthbymeansofconductorsweldedorattachedtoboththeequipmentandtheground .

Fillingvesselsandcontainersthroughadiptubeorthroughabottomnozzletominimizethestaticcreatedbyfree-fallingliquidisrecommended .

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Fire and ExplosionPropyleneoxidefirescanbedifficulttoextinguishbecauseofthematerial’slowflashpointandhighvaporpressure .Considertheuseofwaterfog,drychemical,alcoholfoam,orcarbondioxidewhenfightingfires .WatermaybeusedtocoolpropyleneoxidecontainersexposedtoafiretoreducethepotentialforaBLEVE(BoilingLiquidExpandingVaporExplosion) .Ifaleakorspillhasnotignited,waterfogmaybeusedtodispersethevaporsandtoprovideprotec-tionforworkersattemptingtostopaleak .Waterfogmayalsobeusedtoflushspillsawayfrompotentialignitionsources,bearinginmindthatanaqueoussolutionaslowas0 .75%propyleneoxidemaystillbeflammable .

Thosewhomaycomeintocontactwiththevaporsshouldwearappropriatesafetyequipment,suchasapositive-pressure,self-containedbreathingapparatus .Ifcontactwithvaporsispossible,wearfullprotectiveclothing .

Formoreinformation,reviewtheFlammableandCombustibleLiquidsCode(NFPANo .30),NationalElectricalCode(NFPANo .70),LightningProtectionCode(NFPANo .78),andFire-HazardPropertiesofFlammableLiquids,GasesandVolatileSolids(NFPANo .325M) .

Fire FightingIfyourfacilityreliesoncommunityfirecompaniesforfireresponse,informationregardingpropyleneoxideoperationsandstorageshouldbeprovidedtothe

responders .Informationshouldincludefacilitylayoutsindicatingthestoragelocationsandquantitiesofpropyleneoxide .Drillsshouldbeconductedperiodicallywiththefirecompany,andfacilityinformationshouldbeupdatedonaregularbasis .

Ifyourfacilityhaschosentheoptionofaninternalfirebrigadeforstructuralfirefighting,compliancewiththeOSHAFireBrigadeStandardisrequired .Theserequire-ments,asdefinedin29CFR§1910 .156,includetheorganizationofafirebrigade,personalfirefightingequipment,andtrainingrequirements .

Firefightersshouldusefullprotectiveclothingandequipment,includingNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth/MineSafetyandHealthAdministration(NIOSH/MSHA)-approvedself-containedbreathingapparatuswithfullfacemaskoperatedinthepressuredemandmode(seepage12,“Inhalation”and“Ingestion”) .Waterspraycanbeusedtodispersevaporstoprotectthefirefightersthatmaybeattemptingtostopaleak .

Ifafireiscontrollableorpropyleneoxidecontainersarenotexposedtodirectflame,anevacuationzonewithaminimumradiusof1,500feetmaybeneeded .Ifthefirebecomesuncontrollableorpropyleneoxidecontainersareexposedtodirectflame,anevacuationzonewithaminimumradiusof5,000feetmayberequired .Insomeinstances,dependingonspecificfacilityhazards,itmaybeprudenttoallowapropyleneoxidefiretoburnitselfout .Aqualifiedfirefightingexpertshouldmakethisdecision .

Emergency Planning

Emergency Planning

26

Afterafirehasbeenextinguished,residualpropyleneoxidecontaminationmayoccur .Residualcontaminationmayrequireacleanupoftheliquid .Individualswhoengageinsuchacleanupshouldbethor-oughlytrainedinpropertechniquesandhavereceivedtraininginaccordancewiththeOSHAHazardousWasteOperationsandEmergencyResponse(HAZWOPER)standard,29CFR§1910 .120 .

Fire SuppressionSomefoamsystemsmaybeusedtoextinguishfires,buttheeffectivenessofthefoamsmustbereviewedwiththefoammanufacturer .Theintensityofapropyleneoxidefiremaysignificantlydiminishtheeffectivenessofcertainfoams .Foamapplieddirectlytoopensurfacefireswillrequireahigherconcentration,ahigherapplicationrate,and/orrepeatedapplications .Becauseofpropyleneoxide’slowflashpointandhighvaporpressure,propyleneoxidemayreignitefromhotsurfaces .

Theemergencyresponseplan(seepage22,“PlanDevelopment”)shouldincludetheamountandlocationsofextinguishingequipmentnecessarytoextinguishapropyleneoxidefireandanevaluationofaworst-casefirescenarioisprudent .

Propyleneoxideissolubleinwaterandtheresultingsolutionrequiressubstantialdilutiontocontrolthevaporabovethemixture .Inconfinedspacessuchassumpsorsewers,adilutionfactorgreaterthan150to1,orlessthan0 .75%propyleneoxide,maybenecessarytopreventvaporconcentrationsabovethe20%lowerexposurelimit(LEL) .

Portablefireextinguishersshouldbeplacedinthevicinitywherepropyleneoxideishandledorstoredandinlocationswherethepotentialforspillsorleaksexists .ClassBdrychemicalorfoamextinguishersshouldbeusedwhenfightingsmallpropyleneoxidefires .NFPA10containsguidelinesforthecorrectselection,use,distribution,inspection,maintenance,andrechargingofportablefireextinguishersandshouldbereferredtowhendesigningaworkarea .

Emergency Planning

Emergency Planning

27

Aqueoussolutionsofpropyleneoxidedegradeintheenvironmentandarehydro-lyzedtopropyleneglycolwithanaveragehalf-lifeof13days .Thelengthoftimeforpropyleneoxidedegradationvariesdependingonconditionsoftheaquaticmedium .Aquaticorganismscanmetabolizepropyleneglycol .Propyleneglycolisclassifiedasreadilybiodegradable .

C3H6O + H2O C3H8O2

Propylene + Water Propylene Oxide Glycol

Propyleneoxidemaycontaminatesoilifaccidentallyspilledandspreadbyrainorgroundwater .Degradationinwetsoiloccursthroughhydrolysistopropyleneglycol .Indrysoil,propyleneoxideevaporatesintotheair .

Studiesindicatethatpropyleneoxide,becauseofitswatersolubilityandconversiontopropyleneglycol,doesnotaccumulateinaquaticorterrestriallifeforms .

Spills and LeaksFacilitiesinwhichpropyleneoxidewillbestoredand/orhandledshouldbedesignedtocontainand/orcontrolspillsinprocessareasaswellasinloading/unloadingoperations .Soilandgroundwatercontaminationthatmayresultfromanaccidentalspillofpropyleneoxidecanbeminimizedbyinstallationofcurbs,sumps,andimperviouscontain-mentareas .

Concretecurbsorearthendikesshouldbeslopedfromthepointofthepotentialspilltoacollectionbasinorsumpandshouldbe

usedtoretainpropyleneoxidewithinthecontainmentarea,thusminimizingworkerexposureandoverallenvironmentalimpact .Thetotalvolumeofthecontainmentareashouldbeadequatetohandleaworst-casereleaseofpropyleneoxide .Forstoragetanks,thecapacityofthecontainmentareais,ataminimum,generallythevolumeofthelargeststoragetankinthedikearea .Dikeorcurbdesignshouldprovideanallowanceforaccumulatedrainfall .

Pumps,piping,andequipmentdesignedtooperatewithinpotentialspillareasshouldbecompatiblewithpropyleneoxideandfreeofpotentialignitionsources .

Ifpossible,allpumpsandancillaryequip-mentshouldbelocatedoutsidetheprimarycontainmentareaandshouldbeprovidedwithcurbingtocollectdrips,leaks,andminorspills .Drainvalvesmaybeinstalledatthelowpointofthecontainmentareaorsump .Duringnormaloperations,alldrainvalvesshouldbeinaclosedposition .

Thereportablequantity(RQ)forpropyleneoxidespillsintheU .S .is100pounds .Intheeventofapropyleneoxidereleasetotheenvironmentequaltoorgreaterthan100pounds,theNationalResponseCentermustbenotified .ThetelephonenumberoftheNationalResponseCenteris(800)424-8802 .ThisreportingrequirementisaprovisionofSections103(a)and(b)oftheComprehensiveEmergencyResponse,CompensationandLiabilityActof1980(CERCLA),asamended .Reportablequantitiesarelistedin40CFR§302 .4,Table302 .4 .

Environmental

Environmental

28

Environmental Protection Agency National Response Center

IN CASE OF PROPYLENE OXIDE RELEASE OF �00 OR MORE POUNDS

NOTIFY 1-800-424-8802

Inadditiontotheabovereportingrequire-ment,Section304oftheSuperfundAmendmentsandReauthorizationActof1986(SARA)requiresthatareleasetotheenvironmentofhazardoussubstancesinquantitiesequaltoorgreaterthantheappli-cableRQbereportedtostateandlocalauthorities .Theseagenciesarelocationspecificandshouldbeincludedinthefacility’semergencyresponseplan .

Anyaccidentaldischargeofpropyleneoxideorwastecontainingpropyleneoxideintothemunicipalsewersystemshouldbereportedimmediatelytolocalauthorities .Thedis-chargeshouldbedilutedwithcopiousquantitiesofwatertoreducethefireandexplosionhazard .NationalPretreatmentStandards,40CFR§403 .5,prohibitthedischargeofpollutantsthatmaycreateafireorexplosionhazardinthesewersystemorpubliclyownedtreatmentworks .

Intheeventofaspillofpropyleneoxide,allnon-essentialpersonnelshouldbeevacuated .Allignitionsourcesmustbeextinguishedimmediately .Afterdonningtheappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment(seepage16,“PersonalProtectiveEquipment”),thespillshouldbecoveredwithwatersprayorfoamtominimizepotentialfirehazardfromvaporizationofthepropyleneoxide .

Dependingonthevolumeandlocationofthespill,recoverybyavacuumtruckmaybesuitable .Residualpropyleneoxideinthecontainmentareashouldbeflushedwithwaterintoasumporcollectionareaforsubsequenttreatmentordisposal .

Waste DisposalPropyleneoxideisaflammableliquidandishazardouswhendischargedtotheenviron-ment .Inareaswherepropyleneoxidemaybereleasedorhandled,accessshouldbelimitedtorequiredpersonnelonly .

OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationregulation29CFR§1910 .120appliestothehandlingofspillsofpropyleneoxidewaste .Thisregulationappliestopersonnelengagedinthefollowingactivities:hazardouswasteresponseunderCERCLA,cleanupoperationsundertheResourceConservationandRecoveryAct(RCRA),operationsinvolvinghazardouswastestorage,hazardouswastesites,andemergencyresponse .

Aqueoussolutionscontaininglowconcen-trationsofpropyleneoxidecanbetreatedbiologicallyinawastetreatmentplant .Biologicaltreatmentcanalsobeconsideredfordisposalofminorspillsprovidedthatthesystemisacclimatedtopropyleneoxideandpropyleneglycol,andthetreatmentsystemhasanyrequiredpermitapprovals .

Incinerationofcontaminatedsoilandliquidpropyleneoxideisalsoanacceptabledisposalalternative .

Environmental

Environmental

29

Ifpropyleneoxideprocesswasteistreatedbiologicallyatapubliclyownedtreatmentworksfacility,thelocalauthorityshouldbeconsultedtodetermineappropriaterequirements .Ifpropyleneoxideisbiologi-callytreatedon-siteandthendischargedtosurfacewaters,thetreatmentplanteffluentshouldcomplywithapplicablefederal,state,andlocaldischargepermitprovisions .

Allwastedisposalofpropyleneoxideshouldcomplywithallapplicablelawsandregulations .

AbsorbentsClay-basedabsorbentsshouldnotbeusedbecausetheycanreactwithpropyleneoxideresultingintheevolutionofheat(seepage3,“InstabilityandReactivityHazards”) .Heatfromthisreactioncanresultinspontaneouscombustionasauto-ignitiontemperaturescanbereached .

Ingeneral,highsurfaceareaabsorbentsmayresultingenerationofflammablevapors .Therefore,theuseofwater,ratherthanabsorbents,isthepreferredmethodofcleaningupapropyleneoxidespill .

Environmental

Environmental

30

Someimportantconsiderationsinthedesignandconstructionofpropyleneoxidestorageandhandlingfacilitiesareflammability,environmentalcontamination,volume,andworkerexposure .Specificdesignrequirementsforpropyleneoxidereceivingandstoragefacilitiesandforhandlingpropyleneoxidedependonseveralfactors,includingvolumesstoredorhandled,containertype,modeoftransportation,processesusedatthefacility,proximitytootherhazardousmaterials,andtheapplicablelawsandregulationsregardingthestorageanduseofpropyleneoxide .

General Design ConsiderationsSystemsforunloading,handling,andstoringpropyleneoxiderequirethesameanalysisanddesignexpertiseassystemsforotherhazardouschemicalproducts .Thefollowinginformationlistsgeneralconsiderationsimportantindesigningsuchsystems .

Fragiledevicessuchasglassorplasticsightandgaugeglasses,bull’s-eyeflowindicators,andothersuchdevicesaresubjecttofailurefromshockandthusshouldnotbeusedinpipingsystems,vessels,orequipmentinpropyleneoxideservice .

Expansionbellowsorflexibleconnectionsshouldnotbeusedinfixedorpermanentpropyleneoxidepipinginstallations .

Gasketsofspiral-woundstainlesssteelwithflexiblegraphiteorPTFEfillerandcircumferentialinternalandexternalmetalretainingringsarepreferredforpipeandvesselflanges .Metal-reinforcedflatflexiblegraphitegasketsarealsoacceptableinclass150and300service .Valvebonnetgasketsandpumpbodygasketsmustbeofspiral-woundstainlesssteelwithflexiblegraphiteorPTFEfiller,ormetal-reinforcedflatflexiblegraphitegasket .

Fewelastomersaresuitableforliquidpropyleneoxideservice .ElastomerssuchasChemraz505®andKalrez2035®areacceptable .

Generally,insulationisnotneededonpropyleneoxidetransferpipingandequipment .Ifrequired,selectaninsulationmaterialthatisneitherreactivewith,norsolublein,propyleneoxide .Knownacceptablematerialsincludeglassfoam,expandedperlite,andcertainpolyurethane-typeinsulatingmaterials .Otherinsulationmaterialsshouldbetestedpriortouse .

Bulk Handling

Bulk Handling

3�

Bulk Handling

Bulk Handling

M

LT

LT LI

PC

TI

1. PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE2. TANK SUPPORT3. TANK DRAIN4. SAFETY RAILING5. MANWAY6. LEVEL TRANSMITTER W/OUTPUT GAUGE

TO PROCESS

TO CONTAINMENT DEVICE TO CONTAINMENT DEVICE

RECY

CLE

DIP

TUBE

PROPYLENE OXIDE

NITROGEN SUPPLY

FROM TANK CAR OR TRUCK

REFRIGERATIONSYSTEM

MAXIMUM FLOW CAPACITY OF PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE (13) SHALL NOT EXCEED RELIEF CAPACITY OF PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE (1)

TO SHUTDOWNINTERLOCKSAND ALARMS

7. OUTLET LINE8. APPROVED GROUND9. FILTER

10. PUMP11. PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL12. PRESSURE CONTROLLER (SPLIT RANGE)

13. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE14. N.F.P.A INDENTIFICATION CODE15. BLOCK VALVE16. CHECK VALVE17. CONTAINMENT DIKE18. TEMPERATURE INDICATION19. LEVEL TRANSMITTER

6

32 2

1

4

5

13 13

14

15 15 15 15

15 15 15

15

15161717

18

19

7

1011

9

12

8 88

Figure 3 Typical Pressure Storage Tank ConfigurationThisfigureillustratesatypicalconfiguration,andisnotintendedtobeusedasadesignspecification .Qualifiedprofessionalsmustexerciseengineeringjudgmenttoestablishsitespecificationsthatmeetapplicablerequirements .

�. Pressure Safety Valve 2. Tank Support 3. Tank Drain 4. Safety Railing 5. Manway 6. Level Transmitter with Output Gauge 7. Outlet Line 8. Approved Ground 9. Filter �0. Pump

��. Pressure Gauge with Diaphragm Seal �2. Pressure Controller (Split Range) �3. Pressure Control Valve �4. NFPA Identification Code �5. Block Valve �6. Check Valve �7. Containment Dike �8. Temperature Indication �9. Level Transmitter

32

Vessels Storagevessels,pressurevessels,andequip-mentthatwillcontainpropyleneoxideatoperatingpressuresabove15psig(1 .02bar)shouldbedesignedinaccordancewiththeASME(AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers)BoilerandPressureCodeorequivalentstandards .

Storageandprocesstanksdesignedtocontainpropyleneoxidewithoperatingpressureslessthan15psigshouldbedesignedinaccordancewithAPI(AmericanPetroleumInstitute)standard620orequivalentstandards .ThedesignpressureofAPI620tanksshouldbeashighaspractical,atleast5psigfortankslargerthan50feetindiam-eterandaminimumof10psigforsmallertanks .Requirementsforvesselstorage,includingsecondarycontainment,arepresentedinNFPA30 .Considerationsinsiteselectionandtankspacingincludeproximitytootherflammablematerialstoragefacili-ties,nearbysourcesofignition,accessibilityforfirefightingequipment,andimpactofavaporcloudexplosiononnearbyareas .InstallationsshouldcomplywithNFPA30andNFPA70regardingtheseissues .Thesestandardsareintendedtoensurethattankspossesssufficientstructuralstrengthandpressurereliefsystemstopreventcata-strophiclossofcontentsineithernormalserviceorunderfireconditions .

Storagetanksshouldbesituatedwithincontainmentsystemsthatareequippedtoprovidedetectionandcontrolofanaccidentalreleaseofpropyleneoxide .

Storagetanksandfacilitiesforloadingandunloadingpropyleneoxidefromtankcarsortrucksshouldhavespillretentionwalls,dikes,orcurbstodirectspillsintocontain-mentareas,whicharesufficientlyremotetoaccommodatesaferecoveryordisposal .Iftanksaregrouped,thepondshouldhold110%ofthelargesttank’scapacity,orbelargeenoughtoaccommodateavolumeofdelugewaterthatallowsadequatetimetodetectandrectifyasignificantleakorspill .Theroutingofpropyleneoxidetotheimpoundingareashouldavoidpossibleignitionsources,andshouldnotexposeotherstorageorprocesssystemstodamageintheeventthatthespillageisignited .Routingthroughundergroundlineswithfiresealsispreferred .ContainmentsystemdesignandoperationshouldconformtoNFPA30 .

Instrumentationattheunloadingstationshouldwarntheoperatorofthepotentialforoverfillingandactivateatotallyindependentflowshut-offdevicewheneveroverfillisimminent .Thedeviceshouldnotbeusedasaregularoperatingtoolfordeterminingtanklevel .Bulkstoragetanksshouldbeventedtoacontainmentdevice,whicheliminatesdischargesofpropyleneoxidevaporstotheatmosphere .Thecontainmentdeviceshouldbedesignedtopreventthepassageofaflamefromonecontainertoanother .

Alltanksandvesselsshouldbeprotectedfromover-pressure .Pressurereliefsystemsshouldemploydualinstallation,three-way

Bulk Handling

Bulk Handling

33

pressurereliefvalves,soonevalveisinserviceatalltimes .Dischargefrompressurereliefvalvesshouldnotbemanifoldedandshouldbedirectedawayfromequipment,piping,andpersonnel .Designofsafetyvalvesshouldconsiderthepossibilityoffiredamagetothevesselbeingprotected .Rupturediscs,usedinconjunctionwithpressurereliefvalves,shouldbeprovidedwithableed-typeopeningbetweenthediscandvalve,andtheconnectionshouldbepipedintothereliefvalvedischargepipingthrougharestrictingorifice .Acombustiblegasdetectorthatactivatesanalarmshouldbeplaceddownstreamfromthebleedreturnandreliefvalves .

Designallvesselssothatpropyleneoxidecannotfree-fallthroughthevaporspaceofthevessel .Onedesignthathasbeenfoundeffectiveistoinstalldiplegswithsiphonbreakersinvesselswhereentryisthroughtheupperportionofthevessel .Designalltanksandequipmenttoeliminatestagnantareaswherelittleornofluidturnoveroccursineitherthevapororliquid .Flat-bottomedpressurestoragetanksshouldbedesignedwithfoundationsthatwillwithstandthecompressionloadofthetankfullofwater,andshouldbereinforcedwithaheadstiff-eningringandanchoredaroundthebottom .

Thenumberofvesselnozzlesshouldbeheldtoaminimum .Specialattentionshouldbegiventoallnormallyactivenozzlesintheliquidzone,astheseshouldbefittedwithmotor-operatedemergencyblockvalves .

Bothlocalandremoteoperationofthevalvesshouldbeprovided .Thevalvesshouldfailclosedintheeventofinstrumentairorelectricalfailure .Theclosurerateoftheemergencyblockvalvesshouldbeadjustedsoastopreventhydraulicshockuponclosure .

Emissionsresultingfromloadingandunloadingoperationsshouldbecontrolledusingcontainedsystems;vaporbalancingandproductrecoveryarethepreferredmethods .Ventsmaybedirectedtoflaresorincinerators,providedtheyareremotelylocatedandaredesignedwithflamearrestorsandassociatedinstrumentationtopreventflashback .

Refrigerationandinsulationofstoragetanksarenecessaryonlywhendictatedbytheuser’sprocess .Forrefrigeratedstorageofpropyleneoxide,coolingbyplatecoilsattachedtothetankexteriorisrecommendedtopreventpossiblecontaminationbythecoolant .Whenagreaterdegreeofcoolingisrequired,anexternalheatexchangerwithpropyleneoxidecirculationisrecommendedoveraninternalcoil .

InstrumentationsituatedonorinpropyleneoxidetanksandvesselsshouldmeetelectricalclassificationNFPA30guidelines[Class1,GroupB*] .Instrumentationshouldbedesignedsothatpropyleneoxidewillnotmakecontactwithenergizedelectricalconnectionsandwillnotenterairsupplylinesbecauseofaruptureddiaphragmorotherfailure .

Bulk Handling

Bulk Handling

34

Theminimumrecommendedinstrumentationforpropyleneoxidevesselsis:

•Temperature,levels,andpressuresindicationgauges(recordinginstrumentsarepreferred) .

•Audio-visualalarmsforhightemperature,highandlowpressure,andhigh-fill-levellimits .

•Asecondhigh-fill-leveldevicesettoactuateanalarmatahigherlevelthanthefirstandtoautomaticallyclosethemotor-operatedblockvalveinthefillline .

•Anautomaticpadanddepadsystemusingnitrogenasthepadgasonallstoragevessels .Devicestopreventbackflowshouldbeinstalledinthenitrogensupplylineaswellastheprocesslines .Ahigh-puritynitrogensupplyshouldbeusedandmustnotcontainammoniaoramines .

Flammable(combustible)gasdetectorsshouldbeuniformlydispersedaroundequipmentcontainingpropyleneoxide .Thedispersionpatternshouldensurecoverageregardlessofwinddirection .Locatingdetectorsatlowpointsneardrainagestructuresandoutletsinprocessandstorageareasisalsoadvisable .

PipingThepipingsystemshouldcomplywiththelatesteditionofAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers/AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(AMSE/ANSI)B31 .3 .

Thefollowingkeypointsshouldbeconsideredinanypropyleneoxidepipinginstallation:

Pipingshouldbeweldedandflanged .Minimizepotentialleakpointsbyminimizingthenumberofvalves,flanges,couplings,etc .Useofthreadedconnectionsisnotadvisable .Integrallyreinforcedfittingsorreinforcingpadsshouldbeusedforbranchconnections1-1/2inchesandunderinsize .Allpipenipplesusedforinstrumentationandtestconnectionsshouldbeofminimumschedule80thickness .

Steamtracingshouldnotbeinstalledonpropyleneoxidepiping .Pipingsystemsshouldnotbemanifoldedtogetherwithsystemscontainingotherproducts .Thedesignofpipingsystemsshouldpreventbackflowofprocessmaterialsintostoragefacilities,andshouldallowforpressurereliefduetoliquidexpansionintheentiresystem,aswellassectionsthatcanbeisolatedusingvalves .Allinactiveterminalconnectionsinoxidepipingshouldbepluggedorblinded .Nogalvanizedpipingshouldbeusedinpropyleneoxideservice .

Linesthatareburiedshouldbeofweldedconstruction .Flangeconnectionsshouldnotbeused,exceptinvalveboxeswithaccessforservice .Cathodicprotectionshouldbeprovidedforburiedlines .

ValvesValvesshouldmeetfire-testeddesignrequirementstoAPI607 .Ballvalvesshouldhaveself-relievingseats,duetopotentialthermalexpansionfromtrappedliquids .

Bulk Handling

Bulk Handling

35

PumpsCentrifugalpumpswithbodiesandwettedpartsconstructedofcaststeelorstainlesssteelarerecommended .Doublemechanicalsealswithbufferfluid(suchaspropyleneglycol),ordouble-drygassealsandmoni-toringinstrumentsarerecommended .Thesealsshouldbefittedwithcarbonstationaryelementsandtungstenrotatingelements .Theresilientorcompressiblecomponentsofthesealassemblyshouldbeofethyl-propylrubberorfluoroelastomer(forexample,Chemraz505®andKalrez2035®areacceptableforpropyleneoxideservice) .Pumpswithdouble-drygassealsshouldhaveprovisionsmadeforventingthepumpbeforestarting .

Pumpsshouldbeinstalledwithindikeorcurbedareas,withthedikeorcurbslopedtodirectanyleaksorspillstoasecondarycontainmentarea .Preferably,pumpsshouldnotbelocatedinthesameprimarycontain-mentareawithstoragetanks .

Seal-lesspumps,suchasmagneticdrivepumps,arealsoacceptableforuseinpro-pyleneoxideservice .Careshouldbetakentoensurethatthepumpsarenotrundrytopreventdamagetothepump .

Pumpsusedtounloadpropyleneoxideshouldbesizedaccordingly,consideringtheexcessflowcheckvalvesthatareinstalledontherailcarsandtrucks .Interlockinggroundingdeviceswithalarmsshouldbeusedwiththetransfersystemtoprovideanautomaticshutdownifthegroundingislost .Aninterlockshouldalsobeusedtopreventover-flowingthestoragetank .

Allpumpsshouldbeprotectedagainstabnormaltemperaturerisebyahigh-temperaturealarmandshutdown .ThesensingelementshouldbeofaClass1,GroupB*electricalclassificationandpreferablyshouldbelocatedinthepumpbody .Locatingthedeviceimmediatelyadjacenttothedischargepipingbeforethefirstblockvalvemaybeasuitablealternative .

Bulk Handling

Bulk Handling

36

Work PreparationAppropriateproceduresfortankcleaningandequipmentrepairarenecessarytopreventexposuretohazardouschemicals .Preparationshouldincludeacleardefinitionofthetaskstobeperformed,anidentifica-tionofhazardousmaterials,andrelatedhazardousconditions .Ahazardousworkpermitsystemshouldbeusedtoidentifythejob-relatedhazardsandplanforthesafecompletionofthiswork .Employeeprotectionshouldincludetheuseofengineeringcontrols(seepage30,“BulkHandling”)andtheselectionofpersonalprotectiveequipment(seepage16,“PersonalProtectiveEquipment”and29CFR§1910 .133–136) .

Emptytanksandequipmentthatcontainedpropyleneoxidevapororliquidshouldbeclearedofresidualmaterialbeforecleaningand/orrepair .Liquidsshouldberemovedfromalowpointofthevessel .Residualliquidandvaporshouldbeflushedwithwateroranothersuitablematerial,andvaporshouldbepurgedwithnitrogen(see“ConfinedSpaceEntry,”following) .Flushandsweepmaterialsshouldbedisposedofproperlytopreventreleasetotheenvironment(seepage27,“Environmental,”andpage30,“BulkHandling”) .

Onlyproperlytrainedworkersshouldbeinvolvedinthecleaningandrepairoftanksandequipmentthathavepreviouslyheldpropyleneoxide(seepage16,“PersonalProtectiveEquipment”andHAZWOPER29CFR§1910 .120) .

Eyewashandsafetyshowersshouldbelocatedneartheworkoperation .Appropriatefireextinguishingequipmentshouldbepresent(seepage22,“EmergencyPlanning,”and29CFR§1910 .38) .

Control of Hazardous EnergyAfacilitymusthaveproceduresforcontrol-linghazardousenergysourcesthatcomplywiththerequirementsof29CFR§1910 .147 .Theproceduresprotectworkersinareaswherepropyleneoxidevesselsorequipmentarecleaned,maintained,orentered .Afterthesystemispurged,ensurethatallpoten-tialsourcesofpropyleneoxideorhazardousenergyarephysicallytaggedand/orlockedout,andaffectedpersonsnotified .

Confined Space EntryTheOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationestablishesrequirementsforentryintoconfinedspaces(29CFR§1910 .146) .Precautionsshouldbetakentopreventasphyxiationfromanyinertgasflushoperation,suchasnitrogenpurging .

Appropriaterespiratoryprotectionforpropyleneoxidevaporexposures(seepage17,“RespiratoryProtection”and29CFR§1910 .134)mayalsoberequired .

Equipment Cleanout and Recommissioning VesselsIfanewtankistobeputintoservice,itiscriticalthatitbecleanofallrust,dirt,grease,andwater .Soapordetergentsandwatershouldbeusedtoremovegreaseand

Tank Cleaning & Equipment Repair


37

oils .ThecleanedsurfaceshouldberinsedwithwateruntilaneutralpHisobtained .Nosolventscontainingorganicorinorganicchloridesshouldbeused .

Ironoxideisacatalystforpropyleneoxidepolymerization .Toeliminatelooserust(ironoxide)andscalefrominsideatank,ahigh-pressurefreshwaterblastiseffective .Acidicorbasiccleaningorpicklingsystemsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheirresiduescancausevigorousreactionswithpropyleneoxide .Afterthisstep,thetankwallsshouldbedriedandthebottomcleanedofallsolidsandwater .Thetankshouldthenbepurgedwithnitrogengastobelow2%concentra-tionofresidualoxygen .

Maintenance and InspectionPreventivemaintenanceandinspectionofcontainers,hoses,pumps,fittings,fireprotectionequipment,andrefrigerationunitsusedforpropyleneoxideshouldbeconducted .Anadequatesupplyofsparepartsforrefrigerationunitsshouldbemaintained .Overpressureandoverfilldetectorsandflammable(combustible)gasdetectorsshouldbemaintainedandcalibratedregularly .

Theinspectionprogramshouldalsoincludeappropriatelyscheduledinspectionofequip-mentstorageareasandventilationsystems .

Preventivemaintenanceschedulesshouldbedevelopedforcriticalequipmentsuchastankinstrumentation,firefightingequipment,combustiblegasdetectors,pumps,safetyreliefvalves,gaskets,andemissioncontrolequipment .



38

Priortodelivery,customersshouldbepreparedtosafelyreceive,off-load,andstorepropyleneoxide .Topromotesafetyandsecurity(seepage53,“Security”),Dowwillmakedeliveriesonlytositeswithwhichitisfamiliarorhasotherwisebeenassuredthatthepersonnelarecapableofsafelyhandlingpropyleneoxide .Ingeneral,thisnormallymeansthatthesitewillbevisitedandreviewedbyarepresentativefromDowpriortotheitsfirstdelivery .

Itisimportanttocarefullyinstructallpersonnelinvolvedinplantdesignandthehandlingofpropyleneoxideontheproper-tiesofthismaterial .Becausethedegreeofhazardvariesfromoneoperationtoanother,individualsituationsshouldbecarefullyevaluatedtodetermineallappropriatesafetymeasures .

Avarietyofvessels—includingrailtankcarsandtanktrucks—areusedtotransportpropyleneoxide .Allappropriatenationalandinternationalregulationsmustbemet .

Forregulatoryrequirementsconcerningunloadingandstorageofhazardouschemicals,Title49oftheCodeofFederalRegulations,theUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation(DOT),shouldbecon-sulted .Becausegovernmentalrequirementsmaydifferbetweenlocal,state,federal,orothersovereignauthorities,afullreviewofallapplicablelawsandregulationsshouldbecompletedbeforedesigningandinstallingastorageandunloadingfacility .

Considerations for DeliveryThefollowingaresomeconsiderationsdesignedtohelpprepareforaninitialbulkdeliverytoanewfacility .Forspecificinfor-mationabouthardware,youmaywanttocontactDow .

•HasDowvisitedyourfacilityandreviewedyourbulkpropyleneoxidehandlingandstoragefacility?

NOTE: Dow may decline to deliver to a facility until an on-site review is conducted to verify that the facility meets Dow’s minimum standards.

•Isitnecessary,orpreferable,forDowtoattendthefirstdelivery?

•Wastheoff-loadingpipingandvalvesystempressure-testedtoensurethatitisleak-free?Ifwaterwasusedforthepressuretest,howwasthesystemdried?

NOTE: Any water in the system can create quality and safety problems.

•Wastheoff-loadingpumptestedwithliquidafterinstallation?

•Isawrittenoff-loadingprocedureavailabletoemployees?

•Wastheprocedurereviewedbytheoff-loadingoperator?Willtheoperatoruseitasachecklistforoff-loading?

•Howwillthevehiclebemanagedforspillcontainment?

Delivery & Transfer

Delivery & Transfer

39

NOTE: It is recommended that the spill-containment volume is large enough to hold the entire contents of the vehicle scheduled for off-loading.

•Aretherevalvepositionchangesrequiredtosecurethecontainmentsystem?Ifso,aretheydescribedintheoff-loadingprocedure?

•Arespotting,choking,andbrakesecure-mentrequirementsclearlyidentified?

NOTE: For trucks, the driver should have clear instructions to surrender the keys and leave the truck cab.

•Istheappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentavailabletotheoperatorbeforeoff-loading?Istheequipmentspecifiedinaprocedure?

•Arethesafetyshowerandeyewashstationsimmediatelyaccessibleintheoff-loadingarea?

•Arethesafetyshowersandeyewashstationstestedbeforeanyconnectionsaremadetothevehicle?

•Istheoff-loadingareacordonedofforbarricadedtokeepunauthorizedper-sonnelandvehiclesout?

•Howwillthevehicle’selectricalgroundbeverified?

•Hastheoff-loadingoperatorreceivedtrainingonthehazardsoftheproductandreviewedcurrentMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS)?

•Willacheckbemadeofthevehicle’snumber,seals,andproductidentificationtag(ontheoff-loadingline)toverifytheproductagainstboththeinvoiceandCertificateofAnalysis?

NOTE: Product stencils and accompa-nying documents on rail cars also should be checked.

•Willasamplebedrawnandanalyzedpriortooff-loading?

NOTE: If so, what precautions will be taken to avoid personnel exposure?

•Arealllinesandvesselsproperlylabeledandidentified?

•Ifconnectionshavetobemadeonthetopofthetransportvehicle,isprotectionagainstfallsadequate?

•Wastheoxygenlevelinthestoragetankcheckedandverifiedtobebelow2%?

•Areallterminallinesplugged(blinded)topreventspillsfromanaccidentalvalveopening(e .g .,samplingandblow-downlines)?

•Arefireextinguishersandadelugeorwatermonitor(cannon)availableintheimmediatearea?

•Isthereacommunicationlinktothecontrolroom?Howwillitbemaintainedduringoff-loading?

•Havecalculationsbeenmadeandcon-firmedtoensurethattheloadwillfitintotheavailabletankspace?

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40

•Howwillthetransferoftheloadintothetankbemonitoredtoverifymove-mentofproductwhenthepumpisstartedandtoensurethattheproductisgoingtothecorrectlocations?Howwillthemovementofvaporsthroughthevaporreturnlinetothevehiclebeestablishedandverified?

NOTE: At any sign of safety relief valve activation, the transfer should be stopped.

•Istheoff-loadingprocedureclearaboutthelocationandsizeoftheliquidandvaporlines?

•Ifdrydisconnectsareused,aretheylockedinplacebysecuringthearmsinaclosedposition?

•Whenopeningthevalvesonboththeventandliquidsides,willacarefulcheckforleaksbemade?

•Areflammable(combustible)gasdetectorsinstalledatstrategicpointstosoundanalarmifaleakoccurs?

•Whatisthepressureinsidethestoragetank?

NOTE: If it is at a pressure that exceeds the vehicle safety system, the pressure relief valve will open and a vapor cloud will be released. Relief pressure can vary, depending on the type of vessel used by the supplier.

•Afterthetransferisinitiated,istheoperatorrequiredtostaywithinacertaindistanceoftheconnectionsuntiltheloadiscompletelytransferred?

NOTE: This is required by DOT for trucks. If a rail car is involved, how will it be monitored?

•Howwilltheoperatorknowwhenthevehicleisemptysothatthepumpcanbeshutdownafteritlosessuctionpressure?

•Iftheliquidlinewillbeblownclearpriortodisconnection,howwillthenitrogenberegulatedtonotexceedthepressureatwhichthevehicle’ssafetysystembeginstorelieve?Whatstepswillbefollowedifablow-downisperformed?

NOTE: Hoses should not be left hydraulically full.

•Whatprocedurewillbeusedtoensureallliquidandvaporreturnlinesonthecarandpipingsystemarecorrectlyblownclear,depressurized,andblockedtosecurethesystemandthedeliveryvehicle?

•Whendisconnectingthefitting,doestheprocedurerequiretheuseofappropriateprotectivegear?

•Howwillthehosesbesecuredtokeepthemcleanandcontamination-freeforthenextload?

•Howwilltheoperatorensurethatthefallrestraint,chocks,groundstrap,andbarricadesareremoved(andthattheplacardsarereversedandderailandwarningsignsareremovedbeforereleasingarailcar)?

•Railcarsandsomeintermodalcontainershavetopdischargelines;establishingpumpsuctionrequiresspecificoperating

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4�

procedures .Theproceduresmusteitherutilizethepressureinthecaruponarrivalorprovidethepressuretopushtheproductoutofthecartofloodthepumpsuction .Howwillthisbemanaged?

•Isthereverificationofre-sealing?

•Whatmechanismisinplacethatallowstheoperatortofactoranylearningexperiencesintothenextoff-loadingexperiencetocontinuouslyimproveperformance?

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Delivery & Transfer

42 Delivery & Transfer

Delivery & Transfer

NITROGEN

NITROGEN

LIQUID

LIQUID

LIQUID LIQUID

LIQUID

LIQUID

1. STRAIGHT BALL VALVE2. GAUGING DEVICE3. SAFETY VAVLE 225#4. EDUCATION PIPE5. SUPPORT6. THERMOWELL7. SAMPLE LINE

4

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7

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1

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A ACC

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CC

SECTION “C-C”MANWAY BONNET

SIDE COVER(ACCESS TO VALVES)

SECTION “B-B”SECTION “A-A”

NITROGEN OR VAPORBALANCE LINE

Figure 4 Typical Tank Car Dome ConfigurationThisfigureillustratesatypicalconfiguration,andisnotintendedtobeusedasadesignspecification .Qualifiedprofessionalsmustexerciseengineeringjudgmenttoestablishsitespecificationsthatmeetapplicablerequirements .

�. Straight Ball Valve 2. Gauging Device 3. Safety Valve 225# 4. Eduction Pipe 5. Support 6. Thermowell 7. Sample Line

43

Rail CarsPropyleneoxideistypicallyshippedinDOT105J300railcars,whichareratedfor300psig .Theyareconstructedofweldedcarbonsteel,insulatedwithfourinchesoffiber-glass,andcoveredbya1/8-inchsteeljacket .Thejacketheadsoneachheadare1/2-inchthickforprotectionintheeventofatrans-portationemergency .

Theonlypipingattachmentstothecarsaremadethrougha20-inchmanwaynozzleontopofthecenterofthecar .Externalpipingandvalvesareprotectedbyametalhousingwithacoverthatissecuredwithalockingpin .Sketchesofthelayoutoftheseattach-mentsareshowninFigures4and5 .Liquidisremovedthrougha2-inchvalveconnectedtodippipesterminatingnearoronthebottomofthecarinashallowsumpthatcontainsabout10gallonsofliquid .Theheadspaceventisthrougha2-inchvalvewithpipingthatterminatesjustbelowthemanwayflange .Bothliquidandvaporlinesareequippedwithexcessflowcheckvalvesthatrestrictflowtoabout125gpm,butwillnotfunctiontoprotectagainstslowleaksinplantpiping .

NOTE: While unloading, if flow shuts off after having started, the excess flow valve may be checking. When this occurs, shut off flow and restart slowly, transferring at a slightly lower flow than previously used.

Thereisalsoamagneticfloatgaugingdevicethatmeasurestheliquidlevelfortheupperhalfofthecaronly .Aworkingplatformsurroundsthedomeandisabout12feet6inchesfromtheground .Considerusingadditionalfallprotectiondevices .Carsarecommonlyequippedwithapressurereliefsafetyvalvethatcanbesetaslowas75psig .

CAUTION: Do not exceed 60 psig on the tank car, as this may cause premature relieving of the pressure relief safety valve.

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Delivery & Transfer

Figure 5 Typical Tank Car ConfigurationThisfigureillustratesatypicalconfiguration,andisnotintendedtobeusedasadesignspecification .Qualifiedprofessionalsmustexerciseengineeringjudgmenttoestablishsitespecificationsthatmeetapplicablerequirements .

1. VAPOR VALVE2. MANWAY (see figure 9-3)3. LIQUID VALVE4. PLACARD (Figure 11-2 & 11-3) (ALL 4 SIDES)5 WHEEL CLOCKS6. APPROVED GROUND CLAMP7. FILTER8. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE

CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300

PROPYLENE OXIDE

NITROGEN SUPPLY

TO STORAGE

FROM SHUTDOWNINTERLOCKS

ATMOSPHERE

DOT 105J

9. PRESSURE SAFETY VALVE (N2)10. CHECK VALVE11. BLOCK VALVE12. FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY W/2” NPT CONN.13. DRY DISCONNECT & FLEX. HOSE ASSEMBLY W/2” NPT CONNECTIONS14. NITROGEN HIGH POINT PURGE W/BLOCK VALVE15. PUMP 16. PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL

17. APPROVED GROUND18. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY NUMBER 800/424-930019. HANDRAIL20. HAND BRAKE WHEEL21. DERAILER22. PRESSURE GAUGE 23. DOT CLASSIFICATION NO.

19 19

1 3

2021

23

15

16M

7

18

12 13

6

14

5 5

1111

11

22

11 11 11 1110

10 8

9

1717

4

4

4

2

�. Vapor Valve 2. Manway 3. Liquid Valve 4. Placard (All 4 Sides) 5. Wheel Chocks 6. Approved Ground Clamp 7. Filter 8. Pressure Control Valve 9. Pressure Safety Valve (N2) �0. Check Valve ��. Block Valve �2. Flexible Hose Assembly with 2” NPT Connections

�3. Dry Disconnect & Flexible Hose Assembly with 2” NPT Connections �4. Nitrogen High-Point Purge with Block Valve �5. Pump �6. Pressure Gauge with Diaphragm Seal �7. Approved Ground �8. CHEMTREC Emergency Number (800) 424-9300 �9. Handrail 20. Hand Brake Wheel 2�. Derailer 22. Pressure Gauge 23. DOT Classification No.

45

Delivery & Transfer

Delivery & Transfer

5

5

6 6

NITROGEN

TANKCAR

10

11 11 11 15

13

6

11

11

16

12

8

9

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23

14

14

�. Excess Flow Check Valves 2. Pressure Relief Valve 3. Tank Car Sample Valve 4. Magnetic Level Gauge 5. Rigid Pipe with Swing Joints 6. Pressure Gauge

7. Sample Points 8. Double Seal Leak Detector 9. Centrifugal Pump �0. Emergency Block Valve ��. Ground Wires �2. Indicating Ground Detector

�3. High-Temperature Shutdown �4. Sprinkler System �5. Combustible Gas Detector Alarm �6. Below-Grade Grounding System �7. Grounding Clamp

Figure 6 Typical Tank Car Unloading System ConfigurationThisfigureillustratesatypicalconfiguration,andisnotintendedtobeusedasadesignspecification .Qualifiedprofessionalsmustexerciseengineeringjudgmenttoestablishsitespecificationsthatmeetapplicablerequirements .

46

Considerations for Unloading Rail CarsFigure6showsatypicalunloadingset-upforpropyleneoxide .

•Thesiteshouldbesafelyremotefromtraffic,generalactivity,andignitionsources .

•Thesurfaceshouldbeslopedtoprovidedrainageintoacontainmentareaforspillcontrol .

•Therailcarshouldbeconnectedtoacommonearthground .Interlockinggroundingdevicesandalarmsshouldbeusedwiththetransfersystemtoprovideautomaticshutdownifthegroundislost .

•Allfixedcomponentsoftheunloadingsystemmustbelocatedoutsideanareathatcomplieswiththeappropriatecodesandstandardstoprovideadequatephysicalclearance .

•Allelectricalequipment,includingphones,radios,andintercomsystemsintheunloadingarea,shouldcomplywiththeappropriatecodesandstandards .

•Theunloadingfacilityandthedomeareaoftherailcarshouldhavesomeformoffireprotectiondevice,suchasanautomaticsprinklersystem .Itisrecommendedthatflammable(combus-tible)gasdetectorsarestrategicallyplacedinthegeneralarea .Dry-powderfireextinguishersshouldbepresentandafirewatermonitorshouldbelocatedwithin40feetofthecardome .

•Counter-balancedsteelpipeandswingjointsfortankcarliquidandvent

connectionsarepreferred .Dedicatedflexiblestainlesssteelhosesarealsoacceptable .Ifflexiblehosesareused,astorageareaforthehosesshouldbeprovidedthatwillprotectthemfromdamageandcontamination .Adocumentedhosetestingprogramisrecommended,astheyareprobablythemostvulnerablepartoftheunloadingsystem .Allhosesshouldbepressuretestedpriortoeachuse .Emergencyblockvalvesintheliquidandvaporpipingshouldbecapableofactivationfromboththeelevatedplatformandgroundlevel .Ifapumpisused,provideastopswitchattheremotelocation .

•Eyewashandsafetyshowerstationsshouldbelocatedonboththegroundandplatformlevel .Providepersonalprotectiveequipmentandhaveappro-priatetoolsstorednearby .

•Alltransferlinesshouldbeproperlyidentified,sothatproperalignmentcanbemade .

•Topreventrollingduringunloadingoperations,thecar’shandbrakemustbesetandthewheelsmustbechocked .

•Toprotectacarfromothertrafficontherailsduringunloading,aderaildeviceshouldbepositionedonthetrack50feetfromtheendofthecarbeingprotected .

•PerDOTregulations,awarningsign(bluebackgroundwithwhiteletters)mustbeattachedtotherailaboutfourfeetbeyondthederaildevice .Ifunloadingatnight,abluelanternistobehungonthewarningsign .Ifthetrackisactive

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47

frombothdirections,aderaildevice,sign,andlanternshouldbeplacedateachendofthetankcar .

•Allregulations,includingDOTatten-dancerequirements,mustbefollowed .Foradditionalsafety,apersonshouldbestationedcloseenoughtomaintainvisualcontactwiththecarduringtheunloadingoperation .

•Unloadinghosesandarmsshouldbedisconnectedwhenthereisnooneinattendanceorwhentransferisstopped .

Tamperevidentsealsareappliedtoallshipmentsofpropyleneoxide .ShippersareencouragedtoapplytamperevidentsealsonresiduerailcarsreturningtoDow .

General Guidelines for Unloading Rail Cars 1 . Confirmthattherailcarcontains

propyleneoxide,i .e .,performapositiveIDcheckorcheckshippingdocumenta-tionsuchasthecarnumber,theDOTplacards,thecarlabel,andothershippingdocumentation .

2 . PerDOTregulations,placeabluecautionsign(orlantern)onthetrack .Putabluelanternontheflagifthejobisbeingdoneatnight .Putthederaildeviceinthederailingposition .Chockthewheels .Setthehandbrake .Activatethebarricadesystemandoperationallights .

3 . Attachthelowergroundcabletothecarriagesupportandconfirmthatthegroundinterlockisactive .Extendandsecuretheloadingracktothetopofthecar .Openthedomecoverandattachtheuppergroundingcabletothedome .

4 . Checkthatthebulktagcorrectlyidenti-fiesthecontentsaspropyleneoxide .Samplingthecarcanconfirmproductidentityanddetermineifthematerialissuitableforunloading(seepage20,“SamplingEquipment”) .

5 . Ensurethatappropriatemeasuresaretakentopreventstoragetankoverflow .

6 . Connecttheliquidandventlinestothecar .Openthebleedvalvesatthetankcarend .Purgeairfromtheunloadingandventlineswithnitrogenandpressurethelines(maximum60psig) .Pressuretestthelinesadequately,i .e .,foraboutoneminute .Ifthepressuredoesnothold,searchforleakswithsoapsudsorotherleak-detectingfluids,andcorrectleaks .

7 . Openthevaporvalveonthetankcaranddeterminethecarpressure,whichmayrangefrom10-40psig .Confirmthattheliquidandvaporvalvesatthestoragetankareopen .Equalizethepressureonthetwotanksbyopeningthefinalvaporblockvalveattherailcarrack .

8 . Opentheliquidlineontherailcar,attherack,andatthepump .Starttheunloadingpump .Checkthepumpforleaksandproperoperation .Tankcarsmaybeoff-loadedusingnitrogenpres-sureof40-50psiginlieuofpumping .

CAUTION: Do not exceed 60 psig in the tank car, as this may cause premature relieving of the pressure relief safety valve.

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48

9 . Assoonasthecarisempty,stoptheunloadingpump .Avoidallowingthepumptorundrytopreventdamagetothemechanicalseal .

10 .Cleartheliquidunloadinglineintothecarbypurgingwithnitrogen .Closetheliquidvalveonthecarandemptytheliquidlinefromthecarintothestoragetankbycontinuingtopurgewithnitrogen .Closetherackliquidvalves,thepumpvalves,andtheliquidinletvalveintothetank .Closethevaporlineintothetank .Adjustthenitrogenpres-sureinthecartothe10-15psigrangeandclosethevaporvalveonthecarandrack .Bleeddownanddisconnecttheloadinglines .Capthemandsecurethemtotheloadingramp .Replacetheplugsintherailcarvalves .Securethemagneticgauge .Removetheuppergroundcablefromthedome,closethedomecover,andboltitdown .Retracttheloadingramp .Removethelowergroundcablesfromthecarriagesupport .Removetheblueflag,bluelights,andderails .Removethewheelchocksonthecar .Leavethebrakeengagedfortherailroadcrewtorelease .Deactivatethebarri-cadesystem .

Tamperevidentsealsareappliedtoallshipmentsofpropyleneoxide .ShippersareencouragedtoapplytamperevidentsealsonresiduerailcarsreturningtoDow .

Tank TrucksAcceptabletanktruckstotransportpropyleneoxidearedefinedin49CFR§173 .243 .

DifferenttypesofdedicatedtrailersareusedbysupplierstotransportpropyleneoxideinNorthAmerica .TypicallyDOT412orMC331-typetrailersareused .Safetyvalvepressuresettingsofcommonlyusedpro-pyleneoxidetanktruckscanvaryfrom25-260psig,dependingonthespecificationsusedtodesignandmanufacturethevessel .ContactDowforspecificdetails .

Propyleneoxidetrailersarecommonlyequippedwithamechanicaloutagegauge,adialthermometer,andapressuregauge .Allliquidandventconnectionsaretypicallylocatedattheback,behindtherearwheels,andaretypicallyequippedwith2-inchdrydisconnectfittings .

Tanktrucksaresometimesequippedwithexcessflowvalvesontheliquidline .Quick-actinglever-cablesystemsforremoteshut-offmaybeaccessiblefromdifferentlocationsonthetrailers .Therearealsoterminalvalvesandquick-connecttypeplugsontheliquidandvaporconnections .Ableedvalveforblow-downisconnectedtoateebetweentheinsidevalveandtheterminalblockvalve .

Trailersmaynotbeloadedcompletelyfullbecausetheymustcomplywithmaximumloadrestrictionsdeterminedbystateandfederalregulations .Priortoloading,thetrailerispurgedwithnitrogen .Afterloading,aresidualnitrogenblanketintherangeof25-30psigwillbeleftonthetrailer .

Considerations for Unloading Tank Trucks•Thesiteshouldbesafelyremotefrom

traffic,generalactivity,andignitionsources .

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49

•Considertheuseofroadbarricadesandwarninglightstorestricttrafficorotheroperationsfromtheunloadingarea .

•Thesurfaceshouldbeslopedtoprovidedrainageintoacontainmentareaforspillcontrol .

•Thetanktruckshouldbeproperlyelectricallygrounded .Interlockinggroundingdevicesandalarmsshouldbeusedwiththetransfersystemtoprovideautomaticshutdownifthegroundislost .

•Allelectricalequipment,includingphones,radios,andintercomsystemsintheunloadingarea,shouldcomplywiththeappropriatecodes .

•Theunloadingfacilityandtherearareaofthetruckshouldhavesomeformoffireprotectiondevices,suchasanautomaticsprinklersystem .Itisrecommendedthatcombustiblegasdetectorsarestrategicallyplacedinthegeneralarea .Dry-powderfireextinguishersshouldbepresentandafirewatermonitorshouldbelocatedwithin40feetofthetrailer .

•Truckunloadingcanbedonebyeitherpumpingorapplyingnitrogenpressuretothetruck .Theadvantagesanddisad-vantagesofeachmethodoftransferringproductshouldbereviewedtomakecertainallsafetyandenvironmentalquestionsareanswered .

NOTE: To minimize personnel exposure to propylene oxide, Dow encourages customers to use a dedicated hose

permanently attached to the pumping system. For this reason, Dow does not supply hoses or truck pumps.

•Steelpipeandswingjointsfortruckliquidandventconnectionsarepre-ferred .Dedicatedflexiblestainlesssteelhosesarealsoacceptable .Ifflexiblehosesareused,astorageareaforthehosesshouldbeprovidedthatwillprotectthemfromdamageandcon-tamination .Adocumentedhosetestingprogramisrecommended,astheyareprobablythemostvulnerablepartoftheunloadingsystem .Allhosesshouldbepressuretestedpriortoeachuse .Emergencyblockvalvesintheliquidandvaporpipingshouldbecapableofactivationfromboththeelevatedplatformandgroundlevel .

•Eyewashandsafetyshowerstationsshouldbelocatedonboththegroundandplatformlevels .Providepersonalprotectiveequipmentandhaveappro-priatetoolsstorednearby .

•Alltransferlinesshouldbeproperlyidentified,sothatproperalignmentcanbemade .

•Allregulations,includingDOTatten-dancerequirements,mustbefollowed .Anattendantmustbestationedcloseenoughtomaintainvisualcontactwiththetruckduringtheunloadingoperation .

•Unloadinghosesandarmsshouldbedisconnectedwhenthereisnooneinattendanceorwhentransferisstopped .

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General Procedures for Unloading Tank Trucks 1 . Makesuretheunitisspottedcorrectly

andthatitswheelsarechocked,itsbrakesareset,andtheroadbarricadesareup .Turnontheflashinglightsorothervisualwarningsystemsattheroadentrance .

2 . Placeaplacardonthewindshieldorsteeringwheelofthetrucktowarnagainstmovingthevehicle,orremovethekeysandplaceinasecurearea .Directthedrivertowaitinadesignatedarea .Thedrivershouldnotremaininthecab .

3 . Attachthelowergroundcabletothecarriagesupportandconfirmthatgroundinterlockisactive .

4 . Confirmthattherailcarcontainspropyleneoxide,i .e .,checkthecarnumber,theDOTplacards,thecarlabel,andshippingdocumentation .Samplingthecarcanconfirmproductidentityanddetermineifthematerialissuitableforunloading(seepage20,“SamplingEquipment”) .

5 . Ensurethatappropriatemeasuresaretakentopreventstoragetankoverflow .

6 . Connecttheunloadinglinetothetruckliquidline .

7 . Connectthevent-back(vapor)linetothetruck .

8 . Purgetheunloadingandvent-backlineswithnitrogenandpressureupto60psigtoconductapressurecheck .Isolatetheunloadinglineswithappropriateblock

valvesandobservethepressureforaboutoneminute .Ifthepressuredoesnothold,searchforleakswithsoapsudsoranequivalentleakdetectingliquidandmakenecessaryrepairs .

CAUTION: Some trailers are designed for lower pressures.

9 . Confirmthattheventandliquidinletvalvesatthestoragetankareopen .Slowlyequalizethepressureonthetruckandthevaporlinetothetruck .

10 .Openthevalvesintheliquidlineonthetanktruck,attheemergencyblockvalveatthepumpsuction,anddischarge .Checkforleaksandproperoperation .

11 .Ifpressuringoffthepropyleneoxidewithnitrogen,makecertainthatthenitrogenisdryandcontainslessthan2%oxygen .Thenopenthetankventlinetoanappropriatescrubberandpressurethetruckwithnitrogen .Opentheliquidlinetobeginthetransfer .

CAUTION: Low-pressure trucks may not be suitable for pressure off-loading. Provide provisions to ensure that the tank truck is protected against vacuum to prevent collapsing the cargo tank during the unloading operation.

12 .Assoonasthetrailerisempty,stoptheunloadingpump .Avoidallowingthepumptorundrytopreventdamagetothemechanicalseal .

13 .Cleartheliquidunloadinglineintothetruckbypurgingwithnitrogen .Closetheliquidvalveonthetruckandemptytheliquidlinefromthetruckintothe

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5�

storagetankbycontinuingtopurgewithnitrogen .Closethepumpvalves,theemergencyblockvalves,andtheliquidinletvalveintothetank .Closethevaporlineintothetank .Adjustthenitrogenpressureinthecartothe10-15psigrangeandclosethevaporvalveonthetankandattheloadrack .Bleeddownanddisconnecttheloadinglines .Capandsecurethehoses .Placecapsontruckpiping .Hosesneedtobestoredinase-curelocation .Removetheuppergroundcables .CheckthetrailerDOTplacardstoseethattheyareproperlyaffixedandingoodcondition .Removethewheelchocks,takedownthebarricade,turnoffthevisualwarningsystem,andreleasethetrucktothedriver .

ISO ContainersAcceptableportablecontainersusedtotransportpropyleneoxidearedefinedin49CFR§173 .243 .

Propyleneoxideisshippedinothertypesofcontainers,suchasIM101andIM105portabletanks,whichcontainapproxi-mately4,000-6,000gallonsofproduct,shippedunderanitrogenblanketofbetween15-30psig .Unloadingvalvesaretypicallylocatedattherearofthetank(seeFigure7) .

ISO Tank Shipments and Unloading GuidelinesTheISOtankshipmentsandunloadingproceduresaresimilartothetanktruckprocedureslocatedonpage48,“TankTrucks .”

Material and/or Container Return GuidelinesAlwayscontactDowifthereisreasontosuspecttheproducthasbeentamperedwithordamagedwhileenroutetoyourfacility .

For safety and security reasons, DO NOT RETURN THE PRODUCT WITHOUT PRIOR CONSULTATION WITH AND APPROVAL from Dow.

Delivery & Transfer

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Delivery & Transfer

1. TANK FRAME2. TANK SHELL IN STAINLESS STEEL WITH INSULATION AND ALUMINUM CLADDING PROTECTION3. MALE BOTTOM DISCHARGE4. DATA PLATE LADDER5. LADDER6. WALKWAY7. STEAM HEATING(NOT USED FOR P.O. SERVICE)8. THERMOMETER

9. SAFETY RELIEF VALVES (2) W/TANK10. MANHOLE11. NITROGEN INLET12. PROVISION FOR FILLING/DRAIN SYSTEM13. BALL VALVE14. FLEX HOSE ASSEMBLY15. BLOCK VALVE16. CHECK VALVE17. PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE18. PRESSURE CONTROL VALVE19. FILTER

20. PUMP21. PRESSURE GAUGE W/DIAPHRAGM SEAL22. GROUND WIRE23. FLEXIBLE HOSE ASSEMBLY24. DOT CLASSIFICATION NUMBER25. PRESSURE GAUGE26. DOT PLACARD (ALL FOUR SIDES)27. CHEMTREC EMERGENCY800/424-930028. CARRIER’S NAMECONTAINER OWNER/LESSOR’S NAMECERTIFICATION DECALS

FROM SHUTDOWN INTERLOCKS

PROPYLENE OXIDE

CHEMTREC (800) 424-9300

IM-101

TO STORAGE

ATMOSPHERE

NITROGEN SUPPLYOR VAPOR BALANCE LINE

1124

910 12

1

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(2)

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M

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161415 18

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�. Tank Frame 2. Tank Shell In Stainless Steel with Insulation and Aluminum Cladding Protection 3. Male Bottom Discharge 4. Data Plate 5. Ladder 6. Walkway 7. Steam Heating (Not Used for P.O. Service) 8. Thermometer 9. Safety Relief Valves (2) with Tank �0. Manhole ��. Nitrogen Inlet �2. Provision For Filling/Drain System �3. Ball Valve �4. Flexible Hose Assembly

�5. Block Valve �6. Check Valve �7. Pressure Relief Valve �8. Pressure Control Valve �9. Filter 20. Pump 2�. Pressure Gauge with Diaphragm Seal 22. Ground Wire 23. Flexible Hose Assembly 24. DOT Classification Number 25. Pressure Gauge 26. DOT Placard (All 4 Sides) 27. CHEMTREC Emergency Number (800) 424-9300 28. Carrier’s Name Container Owner/Lessor’s Name Certification Decals

Figure 7 Typical IMO Tank ConfigurationThisfigureillustratesatypicalconfiguration,andisnotintendedtobeusedasadesignspecification .Qualifiedprofessionalsmustexerciseengineeringjudgmenttoestablishsitespecificationsthatmeetapplicablerequirements .

53

Employeesmustbesensitivetotheirworkenvironmentandabletorecognizenormalandsuspiciousactivities,unusualbehaviors,aswellasanycontainerabnormality .Employeesmustalsobeabletoimplementanactionplanornotificationsequence .Possiblethreatsmayincludefraudulentorintentionallyfalsestatementstoinitiateashipmentofpropyleneoxide .Possiblethreatstothecontainerintransportationorstorage/tankcarmustalsobetakenintoaccount .Aplanisimportanttopreventunauthorizedaccesstopropyleneoxidecontainersateverypointinthesupplychainandtoensurecarefulmonitoringofthemovementandreportingofoverdueorout-of-routeshipmentstosupervisors,shippingcompanies,andappropriatelawenforcementagencies .

Additionally,usingcablesealstosecuretheloadingorunloadingfittingsduringtransitisstronglyrecommended .Personnelrespon-sibleforloading,transporting,andunloadingpropyleneoxideshouldbetrainedtorecognizeandreporttamperingwiththecontainers,whensealsaremissing,orwhensealshaveadifferentnumberthanindicatedontheloadingdocuments .

Theelementsoftheplanshould,therefore,address:

•Ensuringfulfillmentonlyoflegitimateorders

•Accesstostorageareas

•Sealingcontainersandrecognitionofcompromisedseals

Security

Security

54

Thefollowingregulatoryinformationconcerningpropyleneoxideisnotnecessarilyacompletelistofallapplicablelawsandregulations,butisintendedforconsiderationonly(notaslegaladvice)andisbelievedtobecurrentonthedatethismanualwaspublished .Itisyourresponsibilitytoinvesti-gateandcomplywiththeregulationsinyourlocality,state,province,and/orcountry .Consultregulationsperiodicallyforotherapplicableregulations,changes,andupdates .

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) HazardRatings:health3,flammability4,reactivity/instability2 .

Section 8(a) Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)Reportingrequirementsestablishedforpersonswhomanufacture,import,orprocess .

Section 3�� Clean Water ActSpillageinnavigablewatersisregulatedbytheproceduresestablishedbythisprovision .

Section �� Clean Air ActPropyleneoxideisidentifiedasapotentialhumanhealthhazardforwhichspecificcontroltechnologiesareprescribed .

Section ��2 Clean Air ActPropyleneoxideisidentifiedasaHazardousAirPollutant .

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of �980 (CERCLA)Apropyleneoxidereleaseequaltoorexceedingthereportablequantity(RQ)prescribedmustbereportedimmediately(RQinpounds=100) .

Section 302 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)EmergencyplanningandnotificationrequirementsareapplicableifmorethantheThresholdPlanningQuantity(TPQ)ofanyextremelyhazardoussubstanceispresentinafacility .TheTPQisestablishedat10,000pounds .

Section 3�� and 3�2 Superfund Amend-ments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)The“HazardCategories”establishedforCommunityRight-to-Knowreportingrequirementsare:immediatehealthhazard,delayedhealthhazard,firehazard,reactiveandsuddenreleaseofpressure .

Section 3�3 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Acts of �986Annualreportingofreleasestotheenvironmentrequired .

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)AThresholdLimitValue-TimeWeightedAverage(TLV-TWA)of2ppmhasbeenadoptedforpropyleneoxide .

Regulations

Regulations

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National Toxicology Program (NTP)PropyleneoxideislistedinNTP’sReportofCarcinogens .

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)IARCevaluatedpropyleneoxideandcon-cludedthatthereissufficientevidenceofcarcinogenicityinexperimentalanimalstolistasananimalcarcinogen,category2B(possiblehumancarcinogen) .

Department of Transportation (DOT)TheDOTHazardousMaterialTableidenti-fiespropyleneoxideasaflammableliquidandhazardoussubstance .

Proper Shipping Name: Propylene Oxide

UN Number: 1280

North American Emergency Response Guidebook: 127P

Regulations

Regulations

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R .L .Rowley,W .V .Wilding,J .L .Oscarson,Y .Yang,N .A .Zundel,T .E .Daubert,R .P .Danner,DIPPR® DataCompilation of Pure Chemicals Properties,DesignInstituteforPhysicalProperties,AIChE,NewYork,NY(2004) .

References

References

For current contact information for propylene oxide. The Americas (except Brazil and Mexico)

�-800-447-4369 �-989-832-�542

NOTICE: No freedom from any patent owned by Seller or others is to be inferred. Because use conditions and applicable laws may differ from one location to another and may change with time, Customer is responsible for determining whether products and the information in this document are appropriate for Customer’s use and for ensuring that Customer’s workplace and disposal practices are in compliance with applicable laws and other governmental enactments. Seller assumes no obligation or liability for the information in this document. NO WARRANTIES ARE GIVEN; ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY EXCLUDED.

Published January 2007 ®™Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow Form No: ��7-0�736-0�07 CRCG

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