Prokaryotic Profiles: the Bacteria and the Archaea Chapter 4.
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Transcript of Prokaryotic Profiles: the Bacteria and the Archaea Chapter 4.
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Prokaryotic Profiles: the Bacteria and the Archaea
Chapter 4
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Prokaryotes
The first prokaryotes evolved at least 3.5 billion years ago
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Prokaryotic Cell Flowchart
Prokaryotic Cell
Appendages
Cell Envelope
Cytoplasm
Flagella Pili/Fimbriae
Glycocalyx Cell Wall Cell Membrane
Cell Pool Ribosomes Granules Nucleoid/Chromosome
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flagella
3 parts– filament – long, thin, helical structure composed of proteins– hook- curved sheath– basal body – stack of rings firmly anchored in cell wall
rotates 360o
1-2 or many distributed over entire cell functions in motility One can generalize that all spirilla, about half of the
bacilli, and a small number of cocci are flagellated
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Fig 4.2b
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Flagellar arrangements
1. monotrichous – single flagellum at one end
2. lophotrichous – small bunches arising from one end of cell
3. amphitrichous – flagella at both ends of cell
4. peritrichous – flagella dispersed over surface of cell, slowest
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Fig. 4.4
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monotrichouslophotrichous
amphitrichous
peritrichous
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Chemotaxis
Positive chemotaxis- movement toward a favorable stimulus; runs
Negative chemotaxis- movement away from a repellant; tumbles
Phototaxis- movement in response to light Receptors in the cell membrane bind to
molecules in the extracellular environment and send signals to the flagella
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Fig 4.5
counterclockwise clockwise
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Fig 4.6
Chemotaxis
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axial filaments
periplasmic, internal flagella, enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane of spirochetes
motility
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Fig 4.7a b
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fimbrae
fine hairlike bristles from the cell surface function in adhesion to other cells and
surfaces
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pili
rigid tubular structure made of pilin protein found only in Gram negative cells
Functions – joins bacterial cells for DNA transfer (conjugation)– adhesion
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Conjugation
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glycocalyx
Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins
2 types1. capsule - highly organized, tightly attached
1. Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae
2. slime layer - loosely organized and attached functions
– attachment– inhibits killing by white blood cells– receptor
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Fig 4.10
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2 Types of Glycocalyx
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Biofilms
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4 groups based on cell wall composition
1. Gram positive cells
2. Gram negative cells
3. Bacteria without cell walls
4. Bacteria with chemically unique cell walls
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Peptidoglycan
unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments
provides strong, flexible support to keep bacteria from bursting or collapsing because of changes in osmotic pressure
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Fig. 4.14c
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Gram positive cell wall
Consists of – a thick, homogenous sheath of peptidoglycan 20-
80 nm thick– tightly bound acidic polysaccharides, including
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid– cell membrane
Retain crystal violet and stain purple
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Gram positive wall
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Gram negative cell wall
Consists of– an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide
(LPS)– thin shell of peptidoglycan– periplasmic space– inner membrane
Lose crystal violet and stain red from safranin counterstain
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Gram negative cell wall
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Gram positive Gram negative
Fig 4.16
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Nontypical cell walls
Mycobacterium and Nocardia contain mycolic acid in their cell walls; stain acid fast
Archaea lack peptidoglycan; mainly composed of polysaccharides or lack a cell wall
Mycoplasmas lack cell walls
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L forms
Loss of the cell wall due to mutation or chemicals lead to L forms of gram positive and negative bacteria
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Fig. 4.17
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Cell Membrane Structure
Mesosomes- invagination or artifacts of the cell membrane; may be involved in cell wall synthesis
Phospholipid bilayer
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Cell Membrane Functions
Regulates transport Selectively permeable Secretion Metabolic reactions
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Cytoplasm
dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, & salts
70-80% water serves as solvent for materials used in all cell
functions DNA plasmids
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Chromosome
single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a cell
DNA is tightly coiled around a protein, aggregated in a dense area called the nucleoid
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plasmids
small circular, double-stranded DNA free or integrated into the chromosome duplicated and passed on to offspring not essential to bacterial growth & metabolism may encode antibiotic resistance, tolerance to toxic
metals, enzymes & toxins used in genetic engineering- readily manipulated &
transferred from cell to cell
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ribosomes
made of 60% ribosomal RNA & 40% protein consist of 2 subunits: large & small procaryotic differ from eucaryotic ribosomes
in size & number of proteins site of protein synthesis All cells have ribosomes.
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ribosomes
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Inclusions, granules
intracellular storage bodies vary in size, number & content bacterial cell can use them when environmental
sources are depleted Examples: glycogen, poly--hydroxybutyrate,
gas vesicles for floating, sulfur and polyphosphate granules, magnetosomes
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Inclusions
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Endospores
Resting, dormant cells produced by some G+ genera: Clostridium,
Bacillus & Sporosarcina Have a 2-phase life cycle – vegetative cell & an
endospore sporulation -formation of endospores germination- return to vegetative growth
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Endospores
hardiest of all life forms withstand extremes in heat, drying, freezing, radiation &
chemicals not a means of reproduction resistance linked to high levels of calcium & dipicolinic
acid dehydrated, metabolically inactive thick coat longevity verges on immortality 25, 250 million years. pressurized steam at 120oC for 20-30 minutes will
destroy.
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Table 4.2
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Endospores
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3 shapes of bacteria
cocci - spherical bacilli - rod spiral - helical, comma, twisted rod,
spirochete
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Fig. 4.25
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Table 4.3
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Fig. 4.23
spirochete spirillumCoccus in chains
Diplobacillusarrangement
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Fig. 4.26
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Methods in bacterial identification
1. Microscopic morphology2. Macroscopic morphology – colony appearance3. Physiological / biochemical characteristics4. Chemical analysis5. Serological analysis6. Genetic & molecular analysis
• G + C base composition• DNA analysis using genetic probes• Nucleic acid sequencing & rRNA analysis
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species –a collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly
strain or variety – a culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars)
type – a subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype).
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Major Taxonomic Groups of Bacteria per Bergey’s manual
Gracilicutes – gram-negative cell walls, thin-skinned
Firmicutes – gram-positive cell walls, thick skinned
Tenericutes – lack a cell wall & are soft Mendosicutes – archaea, primitive
procaryotes with unusual cell walls & nutritional habits
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Unusual Forms of Medically Significant Bacteria
Rickettsias– small, gram negative, – obligate intracellular parasite – arthropod vector
Clamydias – small, gram negative– obligate intracellular parasite
Mycoplasms – small – lack cell walls
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Free Living Nonpathogenic Bacteria
Photosynthetic Bacteria– Cyanobacteria- gram negative– Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria– Gliding, Fruiting Bacteria- gram negative– Appendaged Bacteria- attach to surfaces
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Fig. 4.35
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Swarm and stalked phases
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Table 4.6a
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Table 4.6b
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Archaea: the other procaryotes
constitute third Domain Archaea seem more closely related to Domain Eukarya than to
bacteria contain unique genetic sequences in their rRNA have unique membrane lipids & cell wall construction live in the most extreme habitats in nature,
extremophiles adapted to heat salt acid pH, pressure & atmosphere includes: methane producers, hyperthermophiles,
extreme halophiles, and sulfur reducers
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Table 4.7