Project title, Project Number, Principal Investigator and contact details

ASSESSMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AT THE

LATIN-AMERICAN ANTARES TIME-SERIES NETWORK

CRN3094

Participants by country (Co-PIs in gray), affiliation, and role in the project, [Working

Groups: ISTS, Sat, NatMod, SEES: see note at beginning of “Work Completed”]:

PI: Milton Kampel, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

milton@dsr.inpe.br

Argentina

1. Vivian Lutz, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Consejo

Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIDEP-CONICET), Argentina,

vlutz@inidep.edu.ar (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares-coordination activities) (Antares

Station Co-PI – Bio-optics– EPEA) [ISTS, NatMod]

2. Martina G. Chidiak, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

(ECON-UBA), Argentina, martinachidiak@gmail.com (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares)

(Socioeconomic analysis & Environmental economics component-Project IAI-

Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics /

Environmental economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

3. Rubén Mario Negri, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero,

Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

(INIDEP-FCEN-UNMdP), Argentina, negri@inidep.edu.ar (CoPI-Project IAI-

Antares) (Antares Station PI –- Plankton dynamics- EPEA) [ISTS, NatMod]

4. Ignacio Carciofi, independent consultant, ignaciocarciofi@gmail.com (Collaborator -

Socioeconomic analysis & Environmental economics component-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [Leader: SEES]

5. María Cecilia Filipello, Universidad de Buenos Aires, c.filipello@gmail.com

(Collaborator - Socioeconomic - Ocean governance component-Project IAI-Antares)

[SEES]

6. Isabela Sánchez Vargas, IIEP- Universidad de Buenos Aires,

isabela_sv@hotmail.com (Collaborator - Socioeconomic analysis & Environmental

economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

7. Ana Dogliotti, Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio, Consejo Nacional de

Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IAFE-CONICET), Argentina,

adogliotti@iafe.uba.ar (Collaborator - Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares) [Sat]

8. Martín Saraceno, Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera, Consejo

Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires

(CIMA-CONICET-UBA); Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y de los

Océanos, Universidad de Buenos Aires (DCAO-UBA), Argentina,

saraceno@cima.fcen.uba.ar (Collaborator - Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares)

[Sat]

2

9. Virginia Palastanga, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

(CONICET), Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, vpalastanga@hidro.gov.ar (Collaborator

- Modeling component-Project IAI-Antares) [NatMod]

10. Mario Carignan, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

(INIDEP), Argentina, marioc@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Nutrients- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

11. Ricardo Silva, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP),

Argentina, risilva@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Phytoplankton-

Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS, NatMod]

12. Valeria Segura, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP),

Argentina, vsegura@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Primary

Production- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

13. Guillermina Ruiz, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

(CONICET), Argentina, m.guillermina.ruiz@gmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-

Antares) (Bio-optics- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

14. Carla Berghoff, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP),

Argentina, cberghoff@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Carbonate

System- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

15. Ezequiel Cozzolino, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

(INIDEP), Argentina, ecozzolino@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Collaborator - Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares) [Sat]

16. Blas Amato Uriburu, PIRNA (Programa de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales y

Ambiente), Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina,

blas.amato@gmail.com, (Collaborator- Social Analysis-Project IAI-Antares). [SEES]

Brazil

17. Milton Kampel, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

milton@dsr.inpe.br (PI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – Ubatuba)

(Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares) [Sat]

18. Alexander Turra, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, turra@usp.br (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean

governance / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component-Project

IAI-Antares) [SEES]

19. Paulo Sinisgalli, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e

Humanidades (EACH-USP), Brazil, psinisgalli@usp.br (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

20. Pedro Roberto Jacobi, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Educação (FE-

USP), prjacobi@usp.br (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean

governance / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component-Project

IAI-Antares) [SEES]

21. Salvador Gaeta, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, sagaeta@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI –

Ubatuba) [ISTS]

3

22. Mayza Pompeu, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, pompeum@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Field work, laboratory

Antares Station – Ubatuba) [ISTS]

23. Natalia de Moraes Ruddorf, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE),

Brazil, natalia.rudorff@cptec.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component-Project IAI-

Antares) [Sat]

24. Gabriel Moiano, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

gabrielmoiano@gmail.com (Collaborator- In situ data-base - Project IAI-Antares)

[ISTS]

25. Wander Ferreira, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

wander_glayson@yahoo.com.br (Collaborator- Antares Web -Project IAI-Antares)

26. Caroline Cichoski, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), capopck@hotmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component) [SEES]

27. Iuri Amazonas, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), iuriamazonas@gmail.com (Collaborator-Tur-Project IAI-Antares)

(Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean governance /

Ecological economics / Environmental economics component) [SEES]

28. Pablo Sosa, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), pablo.papito@gmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component).

[SEES]

29. Bruno Meirelles, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), bruno.meirelles@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component) [SEES]

Chile

30. Rubén Escribano, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción

(IMO- UdeC), Chile, ruben.escribano@imo-chile.cl (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares)

(Antares Station PI – Concepción) [Leader: ISTS]

31. Carmen Morales, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción (IMO-

UdeC), Chile, camorale@udec.cl (Collaborator- Plankton dynamics- Antares Station–

Concepción Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

Colombia

32. Mary Luz Cañón-Páez, Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas

del Caribe (CIOH), Colombia, marlucpaez@gmail.com (Collaborator - Project IAI-

Antares) (Antares Station Co-PI – Cartagena) [ISTS]

33. Liseth Arregoces, Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del

Caribe (CIOH), Colombia, Liseth.Arregoces@dimar.mil.co (Collaborator- Field

work Antares Station– Cartagena - Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

4

Ecuador

34. María Elena Tapia, Armada del Ecuador, Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada

(INOCAR), Ecuador, mtapiab17@gmail.com (Collaborator - Project IAI-Antares)

(Antares Station PI – La Libertad/Manta) [ISTS]

35. Christian Manuel Naranjo Padilla, Armada del Ecuador, Instituto Oceanográfico de

la Armada (INOCAR), Ecuador, mnaranjo48@gmail.com (Collaborator - Project

IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – La Libertad/Manta) [ISTS]

Mexico

36. Eduardo Santamaría-del Ángel (Antares Coordinator), Facultad de Ciencias

Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (FCM-UABC), Mexico,

santamaria@uabc.edu.mx (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI –

Ensenada) (Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

37. Roberto Millán-Núñez, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de

Baja California (FCM-UABC), Mexico, rmillan@uabc.edu.mx (CoPI-Project IAI-

Antares) (Pigments analysis component-Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

38. Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la

Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico, scerdeira@conabio.gob.mx (Collaborator -

Project IAI-Antares) (Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares) [Leader: Sat]

39. Adriana González-Silvera, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de

Baja California (FCM-UABC), Mexico, Adriana.gonzalez@uabc.edu.mx

(Collaborator – Bio-optics - Ensenada Station - Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

40. Ramon Cajal-Medrano, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de

Baja California (FCM-UABC), Mexico, rcajal @uabc.edu.mx (Collaborator –

Nutrients- Ensenada Station - Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

41. Omar Cervantes, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas (FACIMAR),Universidad de Colima,

Mexico, omar_cervantes@ucol.mx (Collaborator – Ecosystem services / Ocean

governance / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component-Project

IAI-Antares) [SEES]

Peru

42. Jesus Ledesma, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Peru,

jledesma@imarpe.gob.pe (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – IMARPE)

[ISTS]

43. Luis Escudero Herrera, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Peru,

lescudero@imarpe.gob.pe (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – IMARPE)

[Sat]

USA

44. Robert Frouin, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San

Diego (SIO-UCSD), USA, rfrouin@ucsd.edu (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Satellite

component-Project IAI-Antares) (Modeling component-Project IAI-Antares) [Leader:

NatMod; Sat]

Venezuela

45. Yrene M. Astor, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Estación de

Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita (EDIMAR-FLASA), Venezuela,

5

yrene.astor@yahoo.com (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – Cariaco)

[ISTS]

46. Ramon Varela, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Estación de

Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita (EDIMAR-FLASA), Venezuela,

varelaallegue@hotmail.com (Collaborator- Antares Station – Cariaco Project IAI-

Antares) [ISTS]

47. Jaimie Rojas, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Estación de Investigaciones

Marinas de Margarita (EDIMAR-FLASA), Venezuela, jaimajo2000@gmail.com

(Collaborator- Antares Station – Cariaco Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

48. Shubha Sathyendranath, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK,

Shubha.Sathyendranath@dal.ca (Collaborator-Advisor Antares Network - Project IAI-

Antares)

Project funding

Complementary Funds 2015

Donor name Recipient institution / PI Amount

INIDEP and PNA funds for

cruises

INIDEP / Vivian Lutz 15,000.00 USD

PIDDEF (Ministry of Defense) INIDEP / Vivian Lutz 4,000.00 USD

CONICET International

Cooperation linked to IAI-

CRN3094

INIDEP / Vivian Lutz 5,000.00 USD

National Science Foundation CARIACO / Yrene Astor 103,906.00 USD

Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y

Tecnología

CARIACO / Yrene Astor 68,280.00 USD

Chilean National Comission for

Science and Technology

(CONICYT-Chile)

University of Concepción /

Ruben Escribano

25,000.00 USD

ICM (MInistry of Economy) Univ. Concepción- Instituto

Milenio de Oceanografía /

Ruben Escribano

15,000.00 USD

CNPq schoolarship to MIMES

training course

USP / Alexander Turra-

Paulo Sinisgalli

10,000.00 USD

FUNCATE-PETROBRAS INPE / Milton Kampel 25,000.00 USD

IMARPE IMARPE / L.Escudero-

J.Ledesma

20,000.00 USD

Total 291,186.00 USD

6

Research Activities and Findings

Long Term Goals

Our overarching long term goal is to understand the impact that changes in the ocean may

have especially in regulating and supporting ecosystem services provided by phytoplankton

and to investigate the connection of these ecosystem services with the human populations in

the coastal areas of the Antares network sites (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, Mexico and Venezuela). In addition, we intend to understand the functioning of the

different local systems, including how they are connected at a regional scale.

Objectives

The primary goals of this study are:

1. Evaluate the main temporal trend in changes in phytoplankton biomass and

composition at each region and the main environmental variables.

2. Identify and assess ecosystem services associated with phytoplankton and the

influence of natural and man- made (climate change-local) drivers.

3. Characterize the linkages between trends in phytoplankton ecosystem services via

economic activities such as fisheries, and key services as carbon uptake and nutrient

cycling.

4. Generate integrated Socioeconomic and Natural Science assessment methods to better

understand and communicate the dynamics of ecosystem services and their policy

implications.

Approach

Our approach to achieving the above objectives consists of the following components:

1. Integrate data on phytoplankton and oceanographic variables regulating their growth

collected at eight time-series stations around Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile,

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico and Venezuela). Historical in situ observations

together with remote sensing information will be used to investigate the state and

trend of changes in phytoplankton populations and the oceanographic environment.

2. Complement these studies by modeling tasks aimed at understanding the functioning

of the different local systems.

3. Focus on some (unexplored) linkages between the natural and socioeconomic systems:

the channels through which phytoplankton ecosystem services are related and

contribute to the socioeconomic system and how global change is affecting them.

Exploring these relationships will be the main contribution of the project with regard

to its multidisciplinary objective.

7

Work Completed

NOTE: During the second virtual meeting (May 2015) it was decided to organize the work

into 4 different Working Groups by subject rather than by countries or institutes. These

groups are:

In situ Time Series [ISTS]

Satellite [Sat]

Natural Modelling [NatMod]

Socio-economic/Ecosystem Services [SEES]

The participants and the leaders of each group are marked in the list at the beginning of the

report (item 1). The organization of this report was done taking into account advances from

these groups.

Working Group “In situ Time Series”

In situ sampling work

Sampling at the different Antares time-series stations is being carried on, even though

some local constraints related to ship availability and weather conditions can cause some

delays. This activity is very costly, and funding is provided by other sources, local and/or

regional. During 2015, a total of 40 sampling cruises were accomplished.

The dates of cruises accomplished during 2015 at each one of these time-series-stations are

given below.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ENSENADA 10

EPEA 10 28 16

CARIACO 15 10 14 29 18 9

UBATUBA 22 24 18 7 13 17 28 19 23

CARTAGENA 26 19 25 16

IMARPE 23 23 11 22

CONCEPCIÓN 27 3 23 4 7-28

MANTA

LA LIBERTAD

-INOCAR

5 5 9 7 7 4 8 5

Notes:

Ubatuba: At the Ubatuba ANTARES station (Brazil) we made 9 collections at each month

during 2015 so far (January-September). All samples have been analyzed for fluorimetric

chlorophyll a concentration at IOUSP. Physical-chemical data and satellite imagery have also

been gathered in our data base to be integrated in the ANTARES network and IAI project. We

also have planned data collections in October, November and December, 2015.

CARIACO: By 2015, we have made so far 223 core cruises to the CARIACO Time-series

station since November 1995 to September 2015. During the period 2014-2015, we continued

doing the CARIACO time-series measurements on monthly observations at 10° 30’ N, 64° 40'

W at the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela; however, major malfunctions of the ship make us stop the

operations on January and between May and July 2015. The sampling restarted on July 29th

when cruise # 221 was made. During the period covered by this report, a total of nine core

cruises were made. During the core cruises, monthly measurements of temperature, salinity,

8

dissolved oxygen, fluorescence, pressure and light attenuation were made using a CTD

SeaBird model 25 SBE with sensors for each one of the parameters. Discrete samples were

taken with a rosette sampler for analysis of: chlorophyll a and pheopigments (Holm-Hansen

et al., 1965), nutrients (autoanalyzer), phytoplankton taxonomy, and pigments composition

(HPLC). Taxonomic observations were made by Dr. Luis Troccoli and Rafael Diaz at the

Universidad de Oriente, Venezuela using an inverted light microscope, with Utermöhl technique

(Hasle, 1978) using 100 ml sedimentation chambers with a settling time of 48 h. Optical

measurements were limited since the PRR unit was damage and the Spectrascan equipment

failed to work in several occasions.

Ensenada: By 2015, we have made so far 38 samplings from May 2007 to September

2015. During the period 2014-2015, we sampled the time series station (31.75oN and

116.96oW ) in six occasions, being only one in 2015 because of problems with the ship.

Water samples were taken with GoFlo bottles from surface to around 60 m depth and Secchi

disc readings were used for calculation of the attenuation coefficient for the downwelling

irradiance (Kd). Just after collection, 50 mL of water was filtered through 25 mm GF/F filters

and the filtrate was stored in ice until arriving to laboratory. In laboratory samples were stored

in freezer until analysis of inorganic nutrients (NO3+NO2, H4SiO4 and PO4) using a Skalar

autoanalyzer (Armstrong et al., 1967).The remaining water from each depth was immediately

stored in Nalgene Large Amber Polypopylene bottles (Thermo Scientific) in a shaded place in

the ship until arriving the laboratory (2 to 3 hs). The degradation of samples was previously

tested and no significant degradation results from the transportation. When arriving at the

laboratory 2 liters of seawater was filtered using positive pressure through 25 mm GF/F

filters, which were stored folded in half inside aluminum foil and in liquid nitrogen until

analysis of phytoplankton pigments using HPLC.

EPEA: At the EPEA station, sampling continues to be severely affected by a strike of the

crew members at INIDEP (from April 2014 still going on today October 2015). Fortunately,

thanks to the valuable collaboration of the ‘Prefectura Naval Argentina’ (Coast Guard) three

cruises were performed on the motor-sailing ship “Dr. Bernardo Houssay” (former “Atlantis”

of Woods Hole). The subject of ocean acidification (i.e., the dynamics of the carbonate

system) is being studied by Carla Berghoff (researcher hired by INIDEP) with the purpose of

incorporating these measurements at the EPEA station as part of a CONICET-IAI project (see

proposal at: https://antaresiaiproject.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/project-conicet-iai-

crn3094.pdf ; and Report of the first year; Appendix-2). Carla has acquired the theoretical

background to tackle this relevant and complex subject, and she had the opportunity to

perform preliminary sample analysis in collaboration with the group of A. Bianchi (SHN).

She had the opportunity to carry out training on measurements of pH and total alkalinity at

EDIMAR (Margarita, Venezuela) under the guidance of Yrene Astor and Jaimie Rojas from

the CARIACO time series (see Appendix-1).

Concepción: There were a few gaps in monthly sampling because the research vessel was

under maintenance during the first half of 2015. A total number of 5 samplings have been

carried out and the remaining months of 2015 should be sampled as projected. Hydrographic

casts, biological measurements and samples, as well as processes for nutrient recycling and

gases exchanges have been obtained and studied.

All Stations: All samples collected have been already analyzed at each laboratory. These

activities require time, effort and trained personnel; in most cases graduate students who are

fully involved in the project (see list at the beginning).

9

Database

For this “In situ Time Series” group the main objective has been improving and

making more effective the interaction among researchers directly involved in data acquisition

and management from each of the ANTARES time series. This “In situ TS” working group

became organized and started to take actions by May 2015. Rubén Escribano from the

Concepción time-series in Chile accepted to coordinate this working group with the

invaluable help of Evelyn Bustos, a student hired by this IAI project, the rest of the members

are all the Co-PIs and collaborators of the project directly linked to the field work in the time-

series stations (see the names with [ISTS] in the list of point 1). A priority task for the group

was to compile existing oceanographic data from all the time series and organize a data base.

Main tasks of the “In situ TS”

-Develop a unique data base to integrate the oceanographic data.

-Develop initiatives for improving data acquisition, processing and standarization across

time series.

Working Group “Satellite”

Antares Webpage. The whole package to handle the Antares web page, where the remote

sensing information is going to be shown, was transferred to CONABIO. Nevertheless, there

was no possibility to have a webmaster at this institution. Recently a programmer at INPE

(Brazil), Wander Ferreira was assigned to work as Webmaster. He already worked in an

update of the site. The website will be constantly updated.

Project Webpage. A dedicated webpage was developed to post relevant documents and

information from this IAI-CRN3094 project (https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/). This

site was created by Ezequiel Cozzolino (INIDEP, Argentina) using a free of cost platform.

Ezequiel will be the Webmaster of this site. It includes among other information: the proposal

of this project, the minutes of the Workshops (the ones in person, and the virtual ones), the

study plans of students having fellowships under this project; as well as information on

related projects and relevant links.

Processing and distribution of satellite information. The process of re-establishing the

system of processing and distribution of satellite information that Antares had previously is

divided into four main phases:

Phase 1 - Data transfer from USF to CONABIO. 300GB of disk space is required to

host existing data. A periodic synchronization is scheduled for the time considered

necessary.

Phase 2 – Interface and webpage. A server capable of running apache, php and

drupal is required for taking this task.

Phase 3 – Data processing. A dedicated server is required for performing this task,

in communication with the data storage server. Additional software – JAVA,

should be installed in the processing server and in the storage server. MySQL

should be running in the storage server.

Phase 4 - Definition of new areas for data processing. Once the transfer is completed

processing will proceed to update the different areas and / or add new areas,

according to common interests.

Phase 1 is ongoing. We expect to finish Phase 4 at the end of 2015.

10

Working Group “Natural Science Modelling”

The group is leaded by Robert Frouin (SIO, USA) main responsible for the large-scale

NEMO model, Virginia Palastanga (CONICET/SHN, Argentina) main responsible for the

ROMS 1D model, as well as: V. Lutz, R. Negri and R. Silva (INIDEP, Argentina) who

contribute in the interpretation of the results.

Objectives and approach. Coupled physical-biological models provide valuable

information on ecosystem functioning, integrating the components (variables) and processes

(rates) that occur within it. Models are developed to predict a number of variables (e.g.,

concentrations of nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton); they use fix values for the rates

predicting the fluxes among these variables (e.g., photosynthesis, grazing, etc..); and they

make assumptions about ‘expected behaviors’ (i.e., there is no phytoplankton below the

mixed layer). Out of necessity a model has to involve a reduced number of variables,

otherwise it would be too complex and susceptible to large errors. Initial values of one or

more central variables are taken from what is known to be reasonable for a certain place and

time (field measurements). In the same way assumptions are made about the rates (estimated

in the field) in different spatial and temporal situations; this is mainly because there are fewer

field or laboratory estimations of rates. We have to be aware of the limitations, which may be

due to the occurrence of values for the variables or rates outside the prescribed range, to the

effect of factors (variables and rates) not included in the model, or to the invalidity of some of

the assumptions (constraints in the model).

Local. A 1D model will be implemented to investigate the dynamics of nutrient cycling

and phytoplankton growth, first for the EPEA station, and in a second phase, for the

CARIACO station. The biogeochemical model outputs will then be analyzed in conjunction

with remote sensing data and relevant fisheries data to identify ecosystem indices.

Large scale. A 3D model will be run to examine the local/regional ocean response to

atmospheric phenomena in the context of the broader, basin-scale circulation. The focus will

be on nano-phytoplankton, diatoms, and micro- and meso-zooplankton abundances, primary

production rates, PCO2, and alkalinity. Seasonal and inter-annual variability in these

predicted variables will be documented and contrasted for the ANTARES regions, analyzed

as a function of various factors (e.g., mixed layer depth, nutrients, solar irradiance, horizontal

advection), and related to climate change indices (Southern Oscillation Index, Southern

Annular Mode Index, etc.). Emission scenario experiments will also be performed to

investigate the impact of future climate change.

ROMS/NPZD local modeling

Model Description. A one-dimensional (1D) configuration of the Regional Ocean

Modeling System (ROMS) was implemented for the Antares time-series EPEA off the coast

of Argentina. ROMS is a free-surface, hydrostatic, eddy-resolving primitive equation ocean

model that uses stretched, terrain-following coordinates in the vertical (Haidvogel et al.,

2000; Shchepetkin & McWilliams, 2005). The domain is centered at 38.5S, 57.5W, with a

water depth of 46 m. The model has 20 vertical leveles with vertically varying grid-spacing.

The physical model is coupled to a Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD)

model that uses nitrogen as the master currency (Fennel et al., 2006). The biogeochemical

module includes a total of 12 variables: nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), chlorophyll (Chl-a),

one phytoplankton group (P), one zooplankton group (Z), small and large detritus of nitrogen

and carbon, dissolved oxygen (O2), total dissolved inorganic carbon, and alkalinity. In

addition, the model predicts the rates of new and regenerated primary production, surface

pCO2, and air-sea CO2 fluxes.

11

Input/Forcing. Initial conditions for all physical and biological variables were derived

from in situ historical data or, alternatively, set to relatively small concentrations. Parameter

values to force the NPZD model were initially set as in the ROMS default case and some

were adjusted by initial tuning and optimization.

The model was forced by the daily-averaged surface wind stress and net heat flux derived

from the ERA-Interim Reanalyses (http://www.ecmwf.int/) at the nearest grid point to EPEA.

The net downward heat flux in the model was calculated according to the formulation of

Barnier (1999) to account for possible biases in the model SST. For the incident light at the

surface, we used the daily-avergaed net solar radiation from ERA-Interim modulated by an

analytical diurnal cycle. In the present configuration, salinity variations were not considered.

External inputs of nutrients (by rivers or the atmosphere) were also neglected.

Numerical Experiments. As a first test of the model, a series of model runs of variable

time periods (from 2 up to 12 years) were performed over the time range 1999-2011. All

model simulations start from winter conditions (e.g. 1st July 1999), thus, from homogenous

vertical profiles for all the variables. The model reaches quickly an energetic equilibrium,

therefore, the initial 2-3 months of the simulations allow for sufficient time for the model to

spin up.

NEMO/PISCES large-scale modeling

Model Description. We use the ORCA2_LIM2_PISCES configuration of the NEMOGCM

(Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean), a global ocean modeling framework which is

composed of an ocean model ORCA2, coupled to an ice model LIM2, and a biogeochemichal

model PISCES (Madec et al., 1998; Madec, 2008; http://www.nemo-ocean.eu/About-NEMO).

Ocean model. ORCA2 is a primitive equation model adapted to regional and global ocean

circulation problems. The distribution of variables is a three-dimensional Arakawa C-type

grid. In the ORCA2_LIM2_PISCES configuration, the model domain extends from 78S to

90N. The model uses a global tripolar orthogonal curvilinear grid with 2 deg zonal resolution

and a meridional resolution varying from 0.5 at the equator to 2 cos(phi) south of 20S. The

horizontal grid features two points of convergence in the Northern Hemisphere, both situated

on continents to overcome the North Pole singularity found for geographical meshes, thus

avoids singularity point inside the computational domain (Madec and Imbard, 1996), and

attains the ratio of anisotropy nearly one everywhere. Minimum resolution in high latitudes is

about 65 km in the Arctic and 50 km in the Antarctic (Timmermann et al, 2005).

In the vertical direction, the model uses a full or partial step z-coordinate, or s-coordinate.

There are 31 levels, with 10 levels in the top 100m and partial steps in the lowest level. The

vertical mesh is deduced from a mathematical function of z (Madec and Imbard, 1996).

Bottom topography and coastlines are derived from the ETOPO5 dataset and Smith and

Sandwell (1997).

In the ORCA2_LIM2_PISCES configuration, lateral tracer mixing is done along

isopycnals. Eddy induced tracer advection is parameterized following Gent and McWilliams

(1990). Horizontal momentum is mixed along model level surfaces using the eddy viscosity

coefficients varying with latitude, longitude and depth. Vertical eddy diffusivity and viscosity

coefficients are calculated using a 1.5 order turbulent kinetic energy model (Gaspar et al.,

1990). Zero fluxes of heat and salt and no-slip conditions are applied through lateral solid

boundaries. At the bottom boundary, zero fluxes of heat and salt are applied through the

ocean bottom.

Among the process methods treating the penetrative solar radiation available in NEMO

arethe "bio-model" light penetration method and the "RGB" light penetration method. For the

calculation of the phytoplankton light limitation as well as the oceanic heating rate due to the

penetrative solar radiation, both methods use a polychromatic (3-waveband) model called

12

"RGB (Red-Green-Blue) model." It is a simplified version of the 61-waveband model

proposed by Morel (1988) in which light absorption in the ocean is dependent of the particle

concentration and is spectrally selective. The solar radiation in the wavelength range longer

than 700 nm is strongly absorbed and contributes to heating the top few centimeters of the

ocean. On the other hand, the solar radiation in shorter wavelenghts (400-700nm) propagates

to deeper depths and contributes to local heating below the surface.

Sea-ice model. Within NEMO, the ocean is interfaced with the interactive sea-ice model

LIM2 (Louvain-la-Neuve sea ice model) (Fichefet and Morales-Maqueda, 1997;

Timmermann, et al, 2005). LIM2 is a C-grid dynamic-thermodynamic model that includes the

representation of the subgrid-scale distributions of five-category sea ice thickness, enthalpy,

salinity and age. Brine entrapment and drainage as well as brine impact on ice

thermodynamics and a snow ice formation scheme are explicitly included (Vancoppenolle, et

al, 2009a; Vancoppenolle, et al, 2009b).

Biogeochemical model. The NEMO modeling framework includes PISCES based on the

Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle 5 (HAMOCC5) model (Aumont et al., 2003; Aumont and

Bopp, 2006). PISCES is a biogeochemical model which simulates the marine biological

productivity that describes the biogeochemical cycles of carbon and of the main nutrients (P,

N, Si, Fe). PISCES assumes a constant Redfield ratio and phytoplankton growth is directly

limited by the external availability in nutrients (Monod, 1942) so that the elemental ratios of

Fe, Si and Chlorophyll (Chl) are prognostically predicted based on external concentrations of

the limiting nutrients. PISCES has currently 24 compartments. These are five modeled

limiting nutrients for phytoplankton growth: Nitrate and Ammonium, Phosphate, Silicate and

Iron. Phosphate and Nitrate+Ammonium are not really independent nutrients in PISCES since

they are linked by constant Redfield ratios but the nitrogen pool undergoes nitrogen fixation

and denitrification.

Four living compartments are represented: two phytoplankton size-classes/groups

(nanophytplankton and diatoms) and two zooplankton size classes (microzooplankton and

mesozooplankton). For phytoplankton, prognostic variables are total biomass, the iron,

chlorophyll and silicon contents. This means that the Fe/C, Chl/C and Si/C ratios of both

phytoplankton groups are fully predicted by the model. For zooplankton, only the total

biomass is modeled. For all species, the O/C/N/P ratios are kept constant and are not allowed

to vary.

Input/forcing. Atmospheric external forcing fields. NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset for 1958-

2007. We use the CORE.2 Global Air-Sea Flux dataset (Large and Yeager, 2004) available

from http://dods.idris.fr/reee605/CORE2_interan/. The CORE.2 dataset consists of 8 variables

used for interannual forcing:

-6-hourly wind velocity components at 10m above the surface

-6-hourly potential temperature at 2m above the surface

-6-hourly specific humidity at 2m above the surface

-daily solar and infra-red downwelling radiation at the surface

-monthly total precipitation and snow falling rates.

Biogeochemical data. We use various initial biogeochemical datasets described in Aumont

and Bopp (2006). Biogeochemical datasets includes parameters such as Alkaline (Alk),

Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), Nutrients (NO3, PO4, Si, Fe, NH4), Dissolved Organic

Carbon (DOC) and O2.

Numerical experiments. One pass through the 1958-2007 forcing with the CORE.2 dataset

is used as a spinup for the simulations beginning at 01Jan1958. In this "spin-up" run, the

ocean is initially at rest with temperature and salinity set to January climatological values of

Levitus (1982). In the Arctic and Southern Oceans, initial mean sea ice thickness of 3.5 m is

imposed in regions with a sea surface temperature below 0 C. An initial ice concentration of

13

0.95 are also assumed (Vancoppenolle, et al, 2009a). Initial biogeochemical parameters are

also set following Aumont and Bopp (2006).

From this initial state, the ORCA2_LIM2_PISCES configuration of NEMO is integrated

for 50 years with Newtonian restoring terms for sea surface salinity only. For the ocean

surface forcing, the CORE bulk formula is used with the 50-year CORE.2 dataset. For the

initial conditions at 01Jan1958 in the 50-year 1958-2007 experiment, the restart conditions at

the end of 2007 in the spinup run are used that include restart conditions of biogeochemical

parameters and the model was forced with the 50-year CORE.2 dataset. The model results for

the 40-year period 1968-2007 of this experiment are used for analysis.

Working Group “Socio-economic / Ecosystem Services”

The group includes fellows from two institutions in Brazil and Argentina: USP and FCE-

UBA, as well as a representative from the University of Colima (Mexico).

During the period 1 October 2014-30 Sept 2015, a selection process was initiated (after

contractual arrangements with FUNDEP were fully completed, funding was available, and

incorporation of students was approved by the universities) to complete the team of

collaborators and participants (students) at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil and at

University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. This process resulted in the incorporation of Pablo

Sosa in July 2015 and Bruno Meirelles in August 2015 at University of Sao Paulo, Brazil as

well as graduate students Isabela Sanchez Vargas and Maria Cecilia Filipello in June 2015 at

IIEP, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

As a result, the group composition is as follows:

USP Team: Alexander Turra, Paulo Sinisgalli, Pedro Roberto Jacobi, Caroline Cichosky,

Iuri Amazonas, Pablo Sosa, Bruno Meirelles.

FCE-UBA Team (UBATEC): Martina Chidiak, Ignacio Carciofi, Isabela Sanchez Vargas,

Maria Cecilia Filipello.

Universidad de Colima: Omar Cervantes.

Research activities and methodological approach

The approach and modalities of the socioeconomic analysis related to ecosystem services -

involving not only the socioeconomic team but also other project participants from the

Natural Science component- was further developed during the reporting period.

Each of the two socioeconomic and ecosystem services research teams in Brazil and

Argentina discussed and developed its own focus and methodology, and further to that, a

number of group discussions aimed at building an interdisciplinary approach and a common

language to discuss results were initiated, through different means: virtual meetings of the

whole project team (initiated in April 2015), virtual meetings of the socioeconomic studies

and ecosystem services subgroup (initiated in August 2015 ) and one subgroup meeting held

in Sao Paulo on 17-18 December 2014. The minutes of the Sao Paulo workshop 2014; of the

virtual workshops including all project participants; and the group virtual meetings (skype)

are available on the project webpage (https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/research/).

Very early in the discussion process it was recognized that developing the interdisciplinary

analysis along with the natural component and the socioeconomic and ecosystem services

analysis posed a challenge. This involves developing different efforts and requires initiating

14

and giving pace to a process of encompassing activities: understanding new phenomena,

creating new methodologies for the analysis and advancing studies in many disciplinary and

interdisciplinary fronts at the same time. To describe this challenge, the team has created its

own image or metaphor: playing music on an Argentine bandoneon. In order to play the

bandoneon, each hand has to hold the instrument and play the right keys (in our metaphor,

each hand represents natural and socioeconomic tools). Clearly, the most interesting sounds

come not only from both holding and playing the keys properly in each hand but, most

interestingly from generating the right movement to let the air flow through the middle part of

the instrument (the bellows). Getting the right movement depends on how both hands work

together. That middle part represents the interdisciplinary or joint analysis efforts. Its success

relies not only on the joint work (coordinated movement of both hands in our image), but also

it demands that proper research is conducted under each disciplinary avenue (the right grip,

movement and key playing in each hand, in our image) We need to complete and advance our

knowledge in each of our disciplines or approaches but also to construct together towards the

"middle ground" through interdisciplinary efforts. And all these efforts are to move forward at

the same time.

Using this image may help better understand and identify the components and the inter-

relation of the different parts of our approach:

1. The team needs to broaden and deepen the "pure" socioeconomic understanding

of social and economic impacts (e.g. benefits) derived directly or indirectly from

phytoplankton ecosystem services. This is a topic hardly covered in usual

socioeconomic studies. Each of the two teams (USP and FCE-UBA) approaches this

issue with its own tools and perspectives.

2. Data gathering and analysis within the natural component and the subgroups

analyzing socioeconomic issues and ecosystem services also has to be deepened and

completed (e.g. to identify relevant stake holders and ecosystem services, to evaluate

how the flow of ecosystem services from phytoplankton has been changing over time

in different stations/areas, to identify the right indicators to assess socioeconomic

impacts).

3. The research group on socioeconomic and ecosystem services and some Co-PIs

and participants from the Natural Science Components aim at developing new

methodologies for interdisciplinary analysis and to contribute to the task of knowledge

creation in the sense of deepening our understanding of a number of inter-related

issues in the natural and socioeconomic realms:

a) How climate change trends are having or may have an impact on the

socioeconomic system due to its influence on phytoplankton ecosystem

services.

b) How decision-makers perceive these changes, and how they are reacting

to them.

c) How policymakers and other relevant actors incorporate new information

on these impacts in their plans and actions.

d) What sort and which sources of scientific information is relevant for

decision makers (and whether it is currently provided by the scientific

community).

During this reporting period, progress was made on many fronts in these three different

parts or aspects.

1) The socioeconomic analysis and ecosystem services research team was completed, and

research plans and methodologies were developed for the research involving themes 1) and 3)

(b) and (c).

15

2) The socioeconomic analysis and ecosystem services team has also advanced its

literature review and data gathering in order to assess socioeconomic impacts of sectors and

activities directly or indirectly related to phytoplankton ecosystem services (fisheries,

tourism).

3) Many efforts were made to create a common working language to advance in

interdisciplinary methodologies and work, among the subgroups working on Natural Science

topics and those working on socioeconomic analysis and ecosystem services.

New methodologies and approaches for inter-disciplinary analysis are being discussed both

within research groups and amongst them. The need to communicate and coordinate the joint

research agenda and priorities is also taking much time during the full team virtual workshops.

In this context, the different groups devoted the largest share of their time and efforts to

refine their own disciplinary approach and research (even if the USP team approach is

interdisciplinary in itself) and to start the dialogue with the other groups to prepare for

interdisciplinary work involving different teams working in the natural and socioeconomic

and ecosystem services components.

In other words, progress has been uneven in the disciplinary and interdisciplinary fronts, in

particular when the interdisciplinary approaches involved the dialogue and joint research

development among different teams (in the natural and the socieconomic components).

Setting a common agenda, approach and a common language is taking time but nevertheless

the team shows increasing interest in joint work and discussion of results (as it can be seen

from the minutes of our virtual meetings). Within the socioeconomic and ecosystem services

group we have two teams developing different but complementary approaches to the analysis

of socioeconomic aspects and policy decision-making related to ecosystem services. Within

this group dialogue and discussion is progressing in good terms. As previously mentioned, the

teams from Argentina and Brazil started in December 2014 different efforts to exchange

insights and results and to learn from each other regarding methodologies, approaches and

lessons and also to start constructing joint results from our work.

Regarding the interdisciplinary work there was also a first meeting (skype) with Omar

Cervantes (Univ. Colima) to discuss his approach to analyze beach preferences by tourists and

how they relate to sea water characteristics (e.g., water colour and water quality). A first

exchange of views was initiated and this dialogue is bound to continue and collaboration to

start through next year.

The specific methodological developments and activities for the two main research teams

(institutions) involved in socioeconomic studies and ecosystem services are presented below:

USP Team: Approach and activities

The USP team is interdisciplinary in itself, focusing on methodology development and on a

case study of local governance and ecosystem services management in Ubatuba.

The researchers are developing and applying a common methodology and case study. The

research background proposed by the Brazilian team is based on an ecosystem management

approach, considering the multiple factors (social, economic and environmental). This

approach allows a better understanding of the interactions among these factors and Ecosystem

Services availability and limitations in the study area. This approach considers aspects and

impacts not only economic and social but also environmental from the point of view of

Ecosystem Services. The ecosystem management approach contributes to understanding the

changes in the ocean that could impact some Ecosystem Services (e.g. regulating and

supporting) provided by phytoplankton. Besides this allows us to investigate the connection

16

of these ES with the human populations in the coastal area of the Antares site (Ubatuba – São

Paulo - Brazil). In short, the USP team is using an integrated and multidisciplinary approach

based on Ecosystem Services (ES). A complete description of the methodology and case

study (Ubatuba, SP, Brazil) developed by the USP team is attached to this report, as well as

the workplan and schedule. In what follows only a brief summary of the main elements and

related activities are presented.

Regarding the Ubatuba case study, the focus is the relationship between stakeholders, ES

and local governance. The complexity and dynamic nature of environmental problems

requires decision making systems that have the ability of being flexible, transparent, and also

capable of taking into account the whole diversity of views and knowledge regarding those

problems. Nevertheless, not all knowledge and values are evenly recognized by all

stakeholders. Thus identifying the different views and perceptions is needed in order to

understand the development of stakeholders interests, as well as of environmental concerns

and related citizenship.

The case study analysis follows a methodological approach where three main drivers are

recognized: Key Stakeholders, Ecosystem Services (ES) and Modeling.

Following this approach, during the reporting period the USP team has developed the

methodology and worked in the identification of key stakeholders, identification of ecosystem

services and selected the modeling approach.

i-Identification of key stakeholders

The relevant stakeholders ' group three subgroups:

1) Those that affect the ecosystem (variables)

2) Those who are directly affected by the variation in the ES, and

3) Those that governing or managing the relationship related to ES and human activities.

Such identification is based on the DPSIR (Driving forces-Pressure-States-Impacts-

Responses) methodology, widely used to analyze environmental information and problems.

This approach believes that human activities exert pressures on the environment and,

therefore, affect the quality and quantity of natural resources (in the case of marine Ecosystem

Services), or their status; and the responses refer to the decisionmaker's responses to the

environmental situation. The purpose of identifying these three groups is to get information

flowing amongst them, so that to complement knowledge seeking efforts in a joint

construction of a balanced management methods.

ii- Identification of the Ecosystem Services (ES)

Ecosystem goods and services are products of structures and processes of the ecosystem

through ecosystem functions and that are critical to human well-being (MEA, 2005). The

team considers several ES provided by phytoplankton, available in Ubatuba. ES identification

followed a method described in Annex XX including the full methodology, based on an

analysis of the region's natural, social and economic characteristics.

Firstly, the team aimed at and conducted a study of the relevant ecosystem services to

consider and their relations with local communities. The study and categorization of ES by De

Groot et al (2002) led the way to the development of many scientific analysis on these topics

all over the world. It is acknowledged that ES related to the ocean contribute to more than

60% (equivalent to almost US$21 trillion per year measured in 1994 US dollars) of the total

economic value of the Biosphere (Costanza et al., 1997). This statement intends to put this

issue in the decision-making agenda. In a further study De Groot (2012) showed an average

income from coastal zones of $2,384.00/ha/year due to food provision plus $256/ha/year due

to recreation. Both of these services will be studied in Ubatuba case.

17

The marine ES that will be object of the Ubatuba case study and the reasons for their

choices are as follows:

Category Good or Service Reason for choice

Provision Services 1 Food Provision (Fishing) Important fishing region of São Paulo

(important for the region's economy)

Regulation Services 2 Gas and climate

regulation Atmospheric CO2 fixing (important for

global climate change)

Cultural Services 3 Leisure and recreation Landscape (important for tourism)

Over-arching support services

4 Resilience and

resistance (life support) Production of O2 (fundamental for the

other services)

Table: List of Marine Ecosystem Services object of study in Ubatuba case

iii- Modeling

A set of socio-ecological variables and indicators to assess the phytoplankton ES and

environmental health will be analyzed by using a model that integrates all these aspects. The

team is assessing how to build and apply the Multi-scale Integrated Modeling Ecosystem

Service (MIMES) methodology to this case. This method is an innovative approach to model

the interactions of coupled human and natural systems (Boumans et al. 2015) that can

integrate diverse types of knowledge and data to create alternative scenarios and help

decision-making. The output of this approach is a set of scenarios resulting of the impacts of

changes in phytoplankton availability. Socio-economic and environmental variables will be

included in the model.

In this framework, a stakeholder mapping was conducted as a result a number of relevant

local decision makers were identified and contacted. These stakeholders are key players in the

study: they will receive information from the project; they will discuss questions regarding

policymaking and management decisions with researchers and will also play a key part a

discussing research questions, information and results. Scenario analysis will be used to

discuss ecosystem service impacts. This dialogue between researchers and stakeholders will

be continuous and help the researchers co-construct research questions and results with the

participation of key actors. This is a major goal of the project.

FCE UBA team: Approach and activities

The UBA team is conducting two different socioeconomic research avenues. Research is

carried out at the Political Economy Interdisciplinary Institute (IIEP, UBA-CONICET)

The first one follows a more traditional line of applied economic studies to analyze the

socioeconomic relevance of one economic sector deeply rooted on phytoplankton ecosystem

services (fisheries). The second one is conducting studies on Argentinean structures of

(formal and informal) governance in relation with international treaties and regional co-

operation instruments related to oceans, ecosystem services and climate change.

a) Fisheries and Climate Change: Socioeconomic impacts (case study in Argentina)

The development of this case study, in charge of consultant Ignacio Carciofi with

participation of Isabela Sanchez Vargas (Masters Student), involves many steps.

Firstly, the definition of a framework or template to analyze the socioeconomic impacts of

the fisheries' sector, considering all the relevant aspects. The template elaborated by Ignacio

Carciofi is attached in a separate document. It also provides the basic index for a project

document (report) on fisheries and climate change to be presented (in draft version) in

December 2015. This template provides the basic methodology including the aspects to

18

consider and measure the socioeconomic impacts of any external shock (e.g. due to climate

change) in the fisheries' sector.

Secondly, a process of selection of indicators was done (e.g. regarding production, exports,

value added, employment, income and income distribution and regional development). In

addition diferent methods to conduct a first empirical assessment of the socioeconomic

relevance of the fisheries' sector were considered in order to provide a baseline to analyze the

impact of shocks. These activities are developed by Isabela Sanchez Vargas (Masters Student)

under supervision by Ignacio Carciofi and Martina Chidiak.

Thirdly, both the template and the empirical assessment are based on a review of the

relevant literature (on economic analysis of fisheries' sustainability and policy, socioeconomic

analyses of the fisheries' sector and on climate change and fisheries) (elaborated by Ignacio

Carciofi in colaboration with Isabela Sanchez Vargas).

During the reporting period, the fisheries' and climate change analysis focused on the main

fish market in Argentina (Hubbsi Hake market). The activities completed were the following:

Survey and review of the literature (climate change and fisheries, fisheries in

Argentina, methodologies to assess socioeconomic impacts of particular sectors in

the economy like input-output matrix and indicators).

Identification of the factors that determine the supply and demand of the Hubbsi

Hake Market in Argentina.

Identification of the principal methodologies used in empirical studies (on climate

change impacts, studies of value chains, sectorial studies).

The process of data gathering and organization for the empirical assessment of

socioeconomic relevance of the fisheries' sector in Argentina was initiated.

b) Ocean Governance and ecosystem services from a national perspective (case study in

Argentina).

This component is developed by Cecilia Filipello, a Masters Student under supervision by

Martina Chidiak. The objective is to develop an analysis of governance systems that relate to

international treaties and regional cooperation mechanisms on oceans. Once the relevant

structures and institutions, actors and policies involved are identified, the research will rely on

interviews (field work) to discuss with relevant actors to what extent ocean ecosystem

services are included or considered as part of the management plans and policies implemented

in relation with the international treaties or regional co-operation mechanisms.

During the reporting period, the FCE-UBA team has developed the methodological

framework, drafted the research plans, conducted the literature reviews and started with the

process of data gathering and the field work interviews. At the end of the reporting period

researchers are conducting interviews and completing the data collection phase. The collected

information will allow for the analysis and results in the incoming months. It is expected to

have two draft reports or project documents by December 2015 (one for each research line).

The thesis documents in final versions are expected to be completed between January and

March 2016.

Other common activities

Virtual Workshops

Starting in April 2015 virtual plenary workshops, by Skype, were held every first Tuesday

of the month at 17:00 GMT. The six virtual meetings carried out counted with the

participation of several participants of the project from the different institutes and countries,

19

as many as 24 in some case. Issues concerning the development of the project, organization of

the work and updates on advances were discussed. See minutes of these workshops at

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/research/.

Coming in-person Workshop

Previous to the COLACMAR on the 18 October 2015, about 15 researchers of the project

are going to hold a special workshop to discuss advances and future planning.

Results

Working Group “In situ Time Series”

This group started discussing on data format and usage among all members, and then

decided to work with a smaller team, representing each of the time series (see Table).

Interaction within this group allowed us to compile a first data base which was decided to be

hosted in Google Drive system. This system was chosen because it allows having data visible

and available to every member at the same time, as for the individual responsibility of

uploading the data. The first task was to discuss and agree the format of this database.

Basically, it was designed with “variables” and “parameters” in columns, and samples in rows.

The following task was to agree the units in which data was going to be uploaded, which

implied that some stations had to recalculate some data. There are still a few gaps that need to

be filled, but the data base has been gradually growing in the last 4-5 months.

The more complex information, for example variables related to phytoplankton

diversity and abundance are still a subject of discussion because some stations have counted

total cells, other have data discriminated by size fractions and others consider that it is better

to express biomass in terms of carbon bio-volume. Since recalculations are time consuming,

this is an important issue to be discussed in person during the coming in person workshop in

Santa Marta (October 18). A summary of the compiled data is shown in a Table.

Table. Researchers responsible of the data base organization. ________________________________________________________________________________

Time Series Contact / E-mail

________________________________________________________________________________

CARIACO Jaimie Rojas / jaimajo2000@gmail.com

CARTAGENA Liseth Arregocés / liseth.arregoces@dimar.mil.co

CONCEPCIÓN Evelyn Bustos / evelyn.bustos@imo-chile.cl

ENSENADA Adriana González / adriana.gonzalez@uabc.edu.mx

EPEA Guillermina Ruiz / m.guillermina.ruiz@gmail.com

IMARPE Jesús Ledesma / jledesma@imarpe.gob.pe

LA LIBERTAD María Elena Tapia / mtapiab17@gmail.com

MANTA Christian Naranjo / mnaranjo48@gmail.com

UBATUBA Gabriel Moiano / gabrielmoiano@gmail.com

________________________________________________________________________________

20

.Table. Summary of metadata of present data compiled from the ANTARES Time

Series Network. Cariaco Ensenada Ubatuba Epea Cartagena Imarpe La

Libertad

-

INOCAR

Manta

-

INOCAR

Concep-

ción

Comments

Cruise

code yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Number of

cruises 217 29 88 108 11 31 167 162 197

A total of 1010 cruises around Latin America.

Latitude yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Longitude yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Period of

data

committed

--------------

Period of

data

uploaded

1995-

onwards

--------- 2012-

2015

2007-

onwards

----------- 2007-

2013

2004-

onwards

---------- 2006-

2015

2000-

onward

s------- 2000-

2014

2008-

onwards

---------- 2012-

2013

1995-

onwards

-------- 2012-

2015

2000-

onwards

------------ 2000-

2015

2000-

onwards

---------- 2000-

2015

2002-

onwards

---------- 2002-

2015

Ensenada should upload data

for 2014-2015. Ubatuba should

upload data for 2004-2006. EPEA should upload data for

2015. Cartagena should upload

data for 2008-2012 and 2014-2015. IMARPE should uplod

data for 1995-2012.

GMT

Time NE NE NE yes yes yes yes yes

LOCAL

TIME

To be completed.

Total

depth NE NE NE yes yes NE NE NE yes

To be completed.

Sampling

depth yes yes NE yes yes yes yes yes yes

Ubatuba should complete this

information.

SST yes ND yes

(3

missing)

yes yes (6

missing)

yes (missing

)

yes yes yes

Indicate whether missing

values are NA or are not

uploaded in to the data base yet.

NO3 yes ND ND

yes

(missin

g)

yes (missing)

yes

(missing

)

ND ND

yes

(missing

)

Indicate whether missing

values are definite NA or are not uploaded in to the data

base yet.

Surface

Irradiance

(PAR)

ND ND ND yes ND

yes

(missing)

ND ND

yes

(missing)

Secchi

Disc ND ND yes ND ND ND yes yes ND

Chloro-

phyll a yes yes

yes

(missing) yes yes yes yes yes yes

Other

pigments yes yes

Only

from NANO-

NASA(¿)

yes

(only a

few)

yes yes ND ND ND

Phytoplan

kton yes ND ND not yet relative % ND not yet not yet ND

To be further discussed.

Zeu ND ND NE yes ND ND ND ND ND

Zm Yes ND NE not yet ND ND ND ND ND .

Salinity yes ND yes (only

a few) ND ND

yes (missing

)

ND ND yes

Dissolved

oxygen ND ND ND ND ND

yes

(missing)

ND ND yes

ND= No data available, NE= Not specified.

21

Working Group “Satellite”

Satellite Modelling of Primary and Fish Production.

Sustainable use of marine resources requires effective monitoring and management of the

world’s fish stocks. Satellite remote sensing of the marine environment has become

instrumental in ecology for environmental monitoring and impact assessment, and it is a

promising tool for conservation issues (Mumby et al., 2004, Chassot et al., 2011). The

availability of global, daily, systematic, high-resolution images obtained from satellites has

been a major data source for elucidating the relationships between exploited marine

organisms and their habitat (Polovina and Howell, 2005; Dulvy et al., 2009).

Remote sensing of ocean color is an ideal tool to assess primary production on a regional

and global scale, since it offers good spatial and temporal coverage providing daily

estimations of the phytoplankton biomass (as indexed by chlorophyll-a concentration),

attenuation coefficient, and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) (Dogliotti et al.,

2014). From an ecological standpoint, primary productivity provides the upper bound for

production at higher trophic levels and defines ecosystem carrying capacity, a key factor for

the design of marine protected areas. (Friedrichs et al., 2009).

This study evaluates the potential productivity of one Antares site region (Ubatuba), South

Brazil Bight, using satellite-derived estimates of primary production. The potential

productivity values are used to estimate the fish yield based on an idealized food chain.

The primary dataset was the chlorophyll concentration (Chl) measured by the Sea-viewing

Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). Daily images at 1 km resolution were used from the

latest reprocessing, which used the OC4v6 algorithm.

The Bedford productivity model, in the form of a wavelength integrated model (WIM),

spectral and with a non-homogeneous vertical biomass profile, was used to estimated the

daily water column primary production by numerical integration of a spectral model. The

chlorophyll vertical profile was modeled as a shifted-Gaussian curve, following Platt et al

(1994). The direct and diffuse irradiance components at surface were calculated using a

spectral irradiance model (Bird, 1984), adapted according to Satyendranath and Platt (1988).

The downwelling irradiance I0(,t) (W.m-2

) at surface, for a given geographic position and

Julian day is calculated. The absolute daily water column production is defined by the integral

in time and depth:

D

PAREU dzdtdtzzBPP

0 0),,()(

Where BBB PtzIP maxmax /),,()(exp(1( is the photosynthesis rate (mgC.(mgChl)-1

.h-

1.(nm)

-1) as a function of depth (z meters), wavelength (nm) and time (h); D is the

photoperiod (h); B(z) is the biomass (mgChl.m-3

); αB() is the photosynthetic action spectrum

(mgC.(mgChl)-1

.(W.m-2

)-1

.nm-1

); I0(z,,t) is the available light (W.m-2

) and PmaxB is the

assimilation number (mgC.(mgChl)-1

.h-1

). Platt et al (1988) and Platt et al (1994) showed how

a non-uniform profile can be represented by a shifted-Gaussian curve:

]2

)(exp[

2)(

2

2

0

mZzhBzB

Where B0 (background constant), h (total biomass at the peak), Zm (chlorophyll maximum

depth) and σ (thickness or vertical scale of the peak) are parameters to be determined or

assigned to a particular season for which the primary production will be calculated.

The annual primary production (gC.m-2

.yr-1

) was calculated applying the Bedford

productivity model, and using mean BPmax and B parameters from in situ measurements in the

study area obtained in 2001 and 2002. Mean biomass vertical profile parameters were also

estimated from in situ measurements.

22

Fish production is estimated from integrated production assuming a simple trophic chain,

with a fixed trophic efficiency and an average number of trophic links. The formula proposed

by Pauly and Christensen (1995) to estimate primary production necessary to support

observed catch data is used together with their value for effciency (10%) and for the average

number of trophic links (2.8) for small pelagic fish in tropical regions: )1()( TLEFFPPFP

Where FP is fish production, PP (gC) is production, EFF is transfer efficiency, and TL is

the number of trophic links. This approach implies that the primary production is accessible to

the fish both in time and in space. Since this is unlikely, it necessarily provides an upper limit

to fish yield. The conversion between carbon to wet weight is a factor of 8, thus leading to a

biomass (FB) to compare with landings: FB = 8FP where FB is expressed hereafter in

millions of tons (MT).

The mean primary production in the South Brazil Bight area is 188 gC.m−2

.yr−1

, and the

potential primary production is 0.03 GtC yr−1

. The upper bound for sustainable fish yield was

estimated using a food chain of 2.8 links and an average trophic efficiency of 10%. The

resulting values are 30-60 times larger than the observed fish catch from 1991 through 2000,

according to FAO data (0.08 MT). If this fish yield is an upper bound that will be decreased

to 10% or 20% by environmental accessibility, the fishery resources in the South Brazil Bight

are likely to be food-limited.

Working Group “Natural Modelling”

ROMS/NPZD local modeling

Learning process: During this first year Co-PIs from EPEA (Vivian Lutz, Ruben

Negri and Ricardo Silva) got acquainted with the basic literature on NPZD models; especially

with the phytoplankton component (see literature list). Through several meetings with

Virginia Palastanga, taking advantage of trips to Buenos Aires – Mar del Plata, there were

discussions regarding how to better set the model frame and parameters for the EPEA time

series.

Adjustment of the model: Based on field observations of the variables and rates involved,

the initial values of the central variables and the values of key rates; even the parameterization

of some of these are varied. Specifically, tests were performed with variable initial conditions

for NO3 (range 5 – 10 mmol N/m3) and different values for the maximum phytoplankton

growth rate (representing from 0.5 to 1 doublings of the population per day). In addition, the

temperature dependence of the phytoplankton growth rate (Eppley, or no temperature

dependence) was tested.

Sensitivity analysis of the model: Model runs changing the value of one parameter (rate) at

a time, increasing and decreasing it in given percentages (i.e. ±50% of a reference value) to

evaluate the influence in the final outputs of the model. Up to now tests were performed

involving changes in the maximum phytoplankton growth rate, the rates of detritus

remineralization and the detritus sinking rates. It is to note that the latter parameters are not

well constrained by data in the region. Targeted parameters to continue with the sensitivity

analyses are the attenuation coefficient of light by chlorophyll, the carbon to chlorophyll

minimum ratio, and the initial slope of the PI curve.

Some preliminary results showing changes in the vertical distribution of phytoplankton

with season and the interannual variability in phytoplankton growth are presented in Figures 1

and 2. These simulations still need to be validated with in situ data, which will allow a new

iteration of adjustment and further improvement. Nevertheless, the thickness of the model

mixed layer and chlorophyll concentrations are consistent with observations from EPEA (e.g.

23

Lutz et al., 2006). In particular, the model shows that afer the spring bloom a subsurface

chlorophyll maximum persists (below 20 m) and intensifies near the bottom through summer

(Figure 1). The time series of surface chlorophyll for the whole period simulated reveals

significant interannual variability (Figure 2); still it was observed that this variability changes

with the intensity of the bloom (i.e. for different phytoplankton growth rates). Therefore,

studying the causes of these interannual changes requires a carefull calibration of the model

first.

Figure 1: Vertical profiles of the model predicted temperature (T, in °C), and chlorophyll (Chl-a,

in mg/m3), for four days: 30-September, 28-October, 2-February and 30-March.

Figure 2: Time series of surface Chlorophyll (Chl-a, in mg/m3) from the model for the 12

year period 1st July 1999 – 30

th June 2011, for three simulations with different phytoplankton

growth rate (one duplication per day – black line, 0.75 duplications per day – red line, and

0.5 duplications per day – blue line).

NEMO/PISCES large-scale modeling

Figure 3 displays the yearly averaged chlorophyll concentration predicted by the model for

the period 1968-2007 around Latin America, due to nano-phytoplankton, diatoms, and total

phytoplankton (i.e., nano + diatoms). The chlorophyll biomass is dominated by diatoms in the

western coastal regions of South America and off Patagonia, and by nano-phytoplankton off

the coast of Brazil, in the region of the South Atlantic Equatorial and Brazil currents. In

oligotrophic gyres, as expected biomass is small and dominated by nano-phytoplankton.

Diatoms are also in abundance in coastal regions affected by the Amazon river and in the

region of the Atlantic Counter Equatorial current.

24

Figure 4 displays the yearly averaged primary production, new production, and PCO2

predicted by the model for the period 1968-2007 around Latin America. Production is

relatively high off the west coast of South America and off Patagonia, as well as in the

Equatorial Pacific. Most of the production is in the form new production in those regions.

Production is relatively low off the coast of Brazil, especially below the equator, and a

significant amount of recycling occurs in the region of the South Equatorial current. Despite

their high biological production, the upwelling regions of the Pacific (equatorial and coastal)

constitute a major source of CO2 for the atmosphere. This is not the case off Patagonia, where

biological processes dominate (CO2 sink).

Figure 2: Yearly averaged NEMO ORCA2/PISCES chlorophyll concentration during 1968-2007. (Left) Nanophytoplankton; (Middle) Diatoms; (Right) Total.

Nano [Chl] Diat om [Chl] Nano + Diatom [Chl]

Figure 3: Yearly averaged NEMO ORCA2/PISCES chlorophyll concentration during 1968-2007.

(Left) Nanophytoplankton; (Middle) Diatoms; (Right) Total.

Figure 3: Yearly averaged NEMO ORCA2/PISCES primary production (left), new production (middle) and DpCO2 during 1968-2007.

Primary product ion (0- 200m) New product ion (0- 200m) DpCO2

Figure 4: Yearly averaged NEMO ORCA2/PISCES primary production (left), new production

(middle) and pCO2 during 1968-2007.

Working Group “Socio-Economic & Ecosystem Services”

FCE UBA Team

a) Fisheries and Climate Change

The main results from the research activities carried out so far are:

A basic understanding of the determinants of the supply and demand of Hubbsi Hake

in Argentina has been gained, including factors such as: natural resource indicators,

regulation, investment (capital goods), infrastructure, employment and labor market,

25

technology, prices of hubbsi hake and prices of substitutes, income, culture and

habits and socioeconomic characteristics.

A survey of studies on the economics of fisheries and fisheries in Argentina was

conducted including (Bertolotti et at, 2005; DPN, 2011; FAO, 2014; FVS, 2015;

MAGP, 2014) and the studies on production chains (and value added) in the fisheries'

sector were also reviewed. This review included Bellu (2013), Bjorndal et al (2014),

Briggs et al (1982), CEPAL (2005), Cortes Ortiz et al (2006), De Silva (2011),

Kirkley (2009) and Donovan et al (2015).

The main potential impacts of climate change in the fisheries' sector according to the

literature have been identified including physical and biological impacts on the

marine ecosystem, effects in the ecosystem, socio-economic effects and impacts in

the governance. Effects may be regionally heterogeneous and asymmetric. The survey

of the literature on climate change impacts on fisheries and socioeconomic impacts

was completed. The main references considered include Allison et al (2009), Barsley

et al (2013), Bell et al (2007), Brander (2007), Daw et al (2009), Planque et al (2010)

and OECD (2010).

Information on basic (socioeconomic) indicators of the fisheries' sector and

characteristics (structure of the market, markets and substitutes, etc.) and the

regulatory framework has been gathered and analyzed. Macroeconomic variables with

an influence on the sector have also been considered. Fisheries data about landings,

exports, imports, production, inputs from other economic sectors, employment,

income, value added and its functional distribution, have been collected.

Resource data (about hubbsi hake) has been collected and organized: biomass,

reproductive biomass, capture, landings (by hake stock, by ship, by port), exports (by

destination, by product), prices, etc. This data and the basic sectorial indicators will

be assessed to make an empirical evaluation of socioeconomic relevance of the sector.

The most relevant empirical methodologies to analyze socioeconomic impacts of

climate shocks have been surveyed and identified: methodologies based on

stakeholders (bottom-up), indicators (ex: indicators of vulnerability) and

socioeconomic and biophysics models (top-down). Also several methodologies to

study production chains and value added had been identified: input-output matrix,

value chains, global value chains and commodity chain analysis. A specific approach

has been selected to measure the socioeconomic relevance of the fisheries sector

(based on indicators of value added, production, exports, share of GDP, employment

and incomes, as well as sectorial multiplier estimates).

Table. Summary of data - time series and information compiled for the fisheries and

climate change case study (Argentina) Series Reference

Estimation of the total biomass available (1) – (3)

Acceptable biological catch (2) – (4)

Recommended catches (5)

Maximum catch established (1); (4)

Number of individuals (in thousands) captured by age (3)

Average weight by age (kg) estimated from commercial fishing (3)

Natural mortality rate and proportion of mature individuals by age for the northern hake

(3)

Estimate of hake caught incidentally in shrimp fishery in miles and tones.

(3)

Total annual landings declared (1), (6)-(7)

Estimated annual nominal effort (1) – (2)

26

Catch per unit of effort (3)

Total standard effor of the fresh fish fleet (3)

Landings by port and fleet (8); (10) (6); (8)

Number of vessels (9)

Consumer prices of fresh and frozen fish, domestic wholesale prices of fishery products, indicative export prices

(9)

Declared jobs to the SIJP by the accrual period and average gross pay with supplementary annual salary accrued

(9)

Cath per vessel (10)

Industrial fishery fleet, number of vessels by category (10)

Industrial fishery fleet, principal characteristics by category (10)

Exports by volume and value, by type of product, by destination (10)

Average price of hubbsi hake (USD/kg) (9)

Export concentration of exports of hubbsi hake (9)

Input-output matrix of Argentina (1997) (11 a)

Tables of supply and intermediate use (2004-2012) (11 a)

Table of labor input (2004-2013) (12 b)

Account of generation of income. (12 c)

Series of the Economic National Survey for the fishery sector (2004/05) (11 b)

Series of employment and remuneration (13)

(1) Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura (2013). Anexo 2 Información Adicional para el Análisis de

Factibilidad Técnica del Proyecto AR-L1159.

(2) Own calculations based on the use of the Software Engauge Digitaizer 4.1 - graphic 1 of the page 2 of the Sistema de Indicadores de Desarrollo Sostenible Argentina - Ficha Metodológica, Evolución de biomasa y biomasa reproductiva; Informe de la Auditoría General de la Nación (2011).

(3) Technical Reports of the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP)– Argentina. Available in: http://www.inidep.edu.ar/publicaciones/catalogo/

(4) Resolutions of the Consejo Federal Pesquero (CFP). Available in: http://www.cfp.gob.ar/index.php?inc=resoluciones

(5) Verona, C. (2007). Evolución de la capacidad de pesca de las flotas que operan sobre la merluza en el caladero argentino: causas, intentos de regulación y principales consecuencias. En: Capacidad de pesca y manejo pesquero en América Latina y el Caribe.

(6) Ministry of Agriculture (2014). Estadísticas de la Pesca Marina en la Argentina. Evolución de los Desembarques 2008-2013.

(7) Official statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture . Available in: (8) Ministry of Agriculture (2014). Estadísticas de la Pesca Marina en la Argentina. Evolución de los

Desembarques 2008- 2013. (9) Recent Macroeconomic Development of the Ministry of Agriculture . Available in: (10) Dirección de Economía Pesquera (2015). Comportamiento de la flota en la pesquería de merluza común

después de la implementación de la CITC. (11) Official statistics of the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC) a. http://www.indec.gov.ar/informacion-de-archivo.asp

b. http://www.indec.gov.ar/economico2005/inc_presenta.asp (12) Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales – INDEC. Available in: a. http://200.51.91.244/cnarg/cou.php b. http://200.51.91.244/cnarg/cgiimo.php c. http://200.51.91.244/cnarg/cgiimo.php (13) Observatorio de Empleo y Dinámica Empresarial – Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social.

Available in: http://www.trabajo.gob.ar/left/estadisticas/oede/index.asp

27

b) Ocean Governance and ES study

According to the schedule included in the work plan (with only minor delays due to

difficulties in setting interviews with relevant actors), the first stage of the research project

was completed in the first few months of the fellowship.

The main results from the research activities carried out so far are:

The review of the literature on ocean governance and climate change governance and

documentary records was completed.

The institutional and legal ocean governance frameworks at global, regional and national

level were analyzed.

The previous analysis led to the identification and mapping of relevant institutions,

agencies and other key stakeholders in Argentina.

The methodology of research was defined as a case study from a national perspective,

with semi-structured interviews. The general questionnaire was elaborated and is

being tested and revised.

The second stage of the study (field work) is currently in progress. Interviews with

relevant actors from public agencies, NGOs and experts are being conducted. After a

first series of interviews, which provided a better understanding of Argentina´s

position in relation to ocean governance, the interview questions and approach were

modified to focus on specific regional cooperation mechanisms and compliance with

international treaties

A draft paper, with preliminary results and findings will be presented at the

COLACMAR-SENALMAR congress in Colombia, in October 2015.

USP Team

The main results from the research activities carried out are:

Among the initial results is the development of a methodology for Stakeholders

identification. This methodology is designed based on the principles DPSIR (Driving

forces-Pressure-States-Impacts-Responses) and aims to identify the steakholders

based on three groups steakholders 1) Those who Affect the ecosystem (variables) 2)

Those who are directly affected by the variation in the ES, and 3) Those governing or

managing the relationship related to ES and human. The proposed methodology can

be seen in detail in Annex "USP METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY".

Considering the methodology described above, the identification of stakeholders was

made based on analysis of associative groups in the region and collegiate. The

composition of three boards that operate in the management of the region, in a

participatory and shared, namely: Watershed Committee of the North Coast of São

Paulo, the Management Board of the Environmental Protection Area Marine North

Coast and Sector Group of Coastal Management Gerco is shown in detail in Annex

"USP METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY" This first approach to the associative

groups involved in coastal management in the region is critical to the next step, which

is to better meet the steakholders and classify them according to the three groups

indicated in the methodology.

Besides that, from the results of the work there are informations related to the study

area (Ubatuba). The informations that have been raised constitute an important

background analysis for the development of research and can be seen in Annex "USP

METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY".

28

In the same way this apply to Ecosystem Services, for which it developed important

background information critical to determining the existing (and target of analysis in

our project) Ecosystem Services in Ubatuba. Such information may also be observed

in Annex "USP METHODOLOGY AND CASE STUDY".

Collaboration to identify synergy areas in the two research teams

During the dialogue between the USP and the FCE-UBA teams it was discussed and

defined that methods, results and lessons from the socioeconomic and ecosystem services

analysis should be considered and discussed along three main lines or axes:

a) Ecosystem services. The USP team has a specific framework and approach to ES. It is

defined by the typology defined by De Groot (2002) and MEA (2005). The approach of

ecosystem services is more implicit in the case of the UBA team and is an aspect to further

refine.

b) Governance.

Two different levels of governance systems are being considered:

(i) at the local level and multiscale level by the USP team, analyzing ecosystem service

management and decisionmaking at the local level.

(ii) at the federal (national) level by the FCE UBA team, when defining the national

level agencies in charge of the implementation of policies and programs related to specific

international treaties and regional cooperation mechanisms.

Further dialogue will be conducted to discuss interview approaches. In addition, dialogue

was initiated to facilitate the contact of UBA researchers with Brazilian actors and

stakeholders participating in regional cooperation with Argentina on ocean-related activities.

(c) Models and perspectives

The approach to socioeconomic impacts of ecosystem services is quite different in the two

teams working on socioeconomic analysis and ecosystem services, but they are nevertheless

complementary.

(i) The USP team has an interdisciplinary approach based on an ecological or systems

perspective (akin to an ecological economics perspective that tries to capture all the

complexity of ecological systems and the multiple relations with the socioecomic system).

The model adopted by the USP team is MIMES (Multiscale Integrated Modeling of

Ecosystem Services) that analyzes more than one ecosystem service, multiple variables at

different scales and results in diverse scenarios.

(ii) The FCE-UBA team follows an approach more akin to the perspectives of

Environmental Economics and of the Economics of Natural Resource Management. These

perspectives typically choose to stylize the main determinants of resource use and value

and select a limited number of indicators and variables to measure as key elements to

evaluate socioeconomic impacts. The analysis of socioeconomic impacts of a given shock

usually considers a more complex process of impacts within the socioeconomic system

through market dynamics (in particular, changes in demand and supply). The resulting

indicators or variables measured are usually denominated in monetary units and are thus

more easily related to economic indicators (e.g. total GDP, total exports, total employment

etc.) than typical physical measures.

Deriving results from both perspectives considering different scales, approaches, decision

levels, different ecosystem services and a variety of indicators and scenarios will provide a

more thorough and robust perspective of socioeconomic impacts of climate change through its

effects on ocean ecosystem services.

29

Publications

Here we list the scientific production of Co-PIs and collaborators.

Ubatuba-Brazil

Presentations made at meetings, conferences during 2015.

ZOFFOLI, M. L. ; De Moraes Rudorff, Natália ; FREITAS, L. B. ; KAMPEL, M. ; FROUIN,

ROBERT J. . PHYTOPLANKTON PHENOLOGY IN TROPICAL ENVIRONMENTS:

EXAMPLES ALONG THE SOUTHWESTERN ATLANTIC COAST (BRAZIL). In: Second

International Ocean Colour Science Meeting, 2015, San Francisco. Second International Ocean

Colour Science Meeting - Book of Abstracts, 2015.

RUDORFF, N. M. ; FROUIN, ROBERT J. ; KAMPEL, M. . Particle backscattering coefficient and its

relation to biogeochemical properties in the Southern Atlantic and Southeastern Pacific. In: Second

International Ocean Colour Science Meeting, 2015, San Francisco. Second International Ocean

Colour Science Meeting - Book of Abstracts, 2015.

Watanabe, F ; ALCÂNTARA, E.H. ; CURTARELLI, M. ; KAMPEL, M. ; Stech, J. . Empirical model

comparison and model tuning for estimating aCDOM in a tropical reservoir in Brazil. In:

International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2015, Milan. 2015 International

Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Milan: IEEE, 2015. v. 2015.

ALCÂNTARA, E.H. ; CURTARELLI, M. ; OGASHAWARA, I. ; ROSAN, T. M. ; Kampel, Milton ;

Stech, J. . Developing QAA-Based retrieval model of total suspended matter concentration in

Itumbiara reservoir, Brazil. In: International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2015,

Milan. 2015 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. Milan: IEEE, 2015. v.

2015.

Souto, R.P.; Silva Dias, P.L.; Campos Velho, H.F.; Stephany, S.; Kampel, M. New developments on

reconstruction of high resolution chlorophyll-a vertical profiles. Proceedings Series of the Brazilian

Society of Computaional and Applied Mathematics, v.3, n.1, 2015.

RUDORFF, N. M. ; KAMPEL, M. ; Valério, L. ; OLIVEIRA, M. F. ; CORTIVO, F. D. ; ZOFFOLI,

M. L. ; FREITAS, L. R. . Variabilidade espacial dos constituintes bio-ópticos e comparação de

produtos de cor do oceano in situ e MODIS-Aqua na plataforma e talude do Espírito Santo (ES).

In: XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII

Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015.

KAMPEL, M. ; FREITAS, L. B. ; DELCOURT, F. T. ; CORTIVO, F. D. ; Valério, L. ; ZOFFOLI, M.

L. ; RUDORFF, N. M. . Caracterização e análise ambiental da Bacia de Santos com base no

processamento de campos oceânicos superficiais estimados por satélites. In: XVII Simpósio

Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de

Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015.

VALERIO, LARISSA P., KAMPEL, M. , Gaeta, S. A. Análise comparativa da concentração de

clorofila-a estimada pelo sensor MODIS-Aqua e medidas in situ no litoral norte de São Paulo:

Estação Antares-Ubatuba In: XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João

Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos:

INPE, 2015. v.1. p.5530 – 5537

ALCÂNTARA, ENNER, OGASHAWARA, IGOR, CURTARELLI, M. P., Nascimento, R. F. F.,

KAMPEL, M. , Stech, J.L. Avaliação do QAA (Quasi-Analytical Algorithm) na estimativa do

coeficiente de absorção total (at) da água do reservatório de Itumbiara (GO) In: XVII Simpósio

Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de

Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.239 – 246

ZOFFOLI, MARIA, KAMPEL, M. , FROUIN, ROBERT Bottom type mapping of the Abrolhos

Coral Reef Bank using high resolution WorldView-2 satellite imagery In: XVII Simpósio

Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de

Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.4247 – 4254

KAMPEL, M. , FREITAS, LUCAS B., DELCOURT, F. T., DALL CORTIVO, FABIO, VALERIO,

LARISSA P., Zoffoli, L.M., Rudorff, N.M. Caracterização e análise ambiental da Bacia de Santos

30

com base no processamento de campos oceânicos superficiais estimados por satélites In: XVII

Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio

Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.3596 – 3603

VALÉRIO, A.M., Kampel, Milton Classificação de habitats pelágicos da costa brasileira In: XVII

Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio

Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.740 - 746

Santos, J.F.C., KAMPEL, M. Comparação da variabilidade da temperatura da superfície do mar

estimada pelos sensores remotos AVHRR-NOAA e MODIS-AQUA nas estações da rede Antares

In: XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII

Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.5826 –

5833

Freitas, L. B., BOGGIONE, G. A., Kampel, M. Fusão de bandas MODIS na condição geométrica de

sunglint para estudos oceanográficos In: XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto,

2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos

Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.3213 - 3220

MACEDO, C. R., LORENZZETTI, JOÃO A., KAMPEL, M. Simulação numérica de imagens SAR

da frente termal de superfície da Corrente do Brasil na Bacia de Santos In: XVII Simpósio

Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto, 2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de

Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.1738 – 1745

FREITAS, L. R., KAMPEL, M. Variabilidade de frentes térmicas oceânicas observadas por

sensoriamento remoto na costa brasileira In: XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto,

2015, João Pessoa. Anais do XVII Simpósio Brasileiro de Sensoriamento Remoto. São José dos

Campos: INPE, 2015. v.1. p.3995 – 4002

Sinisgalli, Paulo; Meirelles, Bruno; Carrilho, Cauê; Amazonas, Iuri; Cichosky, Caroline; Sosa, Pablo;

Branco, Evandro; Paiva, Renato; Ribeiro, Thiago; Zanetti, Victor and Ambrosio, Luana. How

MIMES model can be used to integrated management decision making: a Brazilian coastal zone

case. 8th ESP Conference, Capetown, South Africa, 9-13 november 2015.

Amazonas, I., Cichoski, C., Turra, A., Sinisgalli, P., Jacobi, P, 2015, Public policy and climate change:

Is there evidence of the internalization of marine ecosystem services adaptation strategies in

Brazil? XVI Seminario Nacional de Ciencias y Tecnologías del Mar, Santa Marta, Colombia,

10/18-22/2015.

CARIACO-Venezuela

Journal Publications

McParland E, C,R. Benitez-Nelson, G.T. Taylor, A. Rollings, L. Lorenzoni. 2015. “Cycling of

suspended particulate phosphorus in the redoxcline of the Cariaco Basin”. Marine Chemistry. 176.

Irwin A.J, Z.V. Finkel, F.E. Muller-Karger, L. Troccoli. 2015. “Phytoplankton adapt to changing

ocean environments”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America PNAS. 112 (18).

Tanhua T., J. Orr., L. Lorenzoni., L. Hansson. “Monitoring Ocean Carbon and Ocean Acidification”.

WMO Bulletin. 64 (1): 48-51.

Pinckney, J.L., C.R. Benitez-Nelson, R.C.Thunell, F. Muller-Karger, L. Lorenzoni, L. Troccoli, R.

Varela. “Phytoplankton community structure and depth distribution changes in the Cariaco Basin

between 1996 and 2010”. Deep-Sea Research I. 101:27-37.

Varela, R., F. Velásquez, 2015. “El Clima en Punta de Piedras, Isla de Margarita. Fundación La Salle

de Ciencias Naturales”. Colección Cuadernos Flasa, serie Ciencia y Tecnología. Nº 14, 162p.

Rodriguez-Mora, M.J., M. I. Scranton, G.T. Taylor, A.Y. Chistoserdov. “The dynamics of the

bacterial diversity in the redox transition and anoxic zones of the Cariaco Basin assessed by parallel

tag sequencing”. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 91, fiv088.

31

Presentations made at meetings, conferences during 2014-2015.

Scranton, M., G. Taylor, F. Muller-Karger, L. Lorenzoni, K. Fanning, R. Thunell, C. Benitez-Nelson,

Y. Astor, R. Varela. “A source for “missing” oxidant and reductant at the redox interface of the

Cariaco Basin”. 2015 Aquatic Science Meeting, Granada”, Spain, February 20-27, 2015.

Benitez-Nelson, C., R. Thunell, J. Pinckney, L. Lorenzoni, G.T. Taylor, M.I. Scranton, E. Montes, R.

Varela, Y. Astor. “Elemental Composition (C, N and P) of Sinking and Suspended Particulate Matter

in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela”. Aquatic Science Meeting, Granada, Spain, February 20-27, 2015.

Scranton, M.I., G. Taylor, F. Muller-Karger, L. Lorenzoni, K. Fanning, B. Thunell, C. Benitez-Nelson,

Y. Astor, R. Varela. “A source for “missing”oxidant and reductant at the redox interface of the

Cariaco Basin”. Gordon Conference, Holderness New Hampshire, EUA, 2015.

Taylor, G.T., M.I. Scranton, R. Thunell, C. Benitez-Nelson, L. Lorenzoni, Y. Astor, R. Varela, F.

Muller-Karger. “A typical Behavior of the Biological Carbon Pump in an Oxygen-Depleted Water

Column: The Cariaco Basin Case Study”. OCB Meeting, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, July

2014.

Benitez-Nelson, C.R., R. Thunell, J. Pinckney, L. Lorenzoni, F. Muller-Karger, M. Scranton, G.

Taylor, R. Varela, Y. Astor. “Elemental Composition (C, N and P) of Sinking and Suspended

Particulate Matter in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela”. OCB Meeting, Woods Hole Oceanographic

Institution, July 2014.

Scranton, M., Gordon Taylor, Frank Muller-Karger, Laura Lorenzoni, Enrique Montes, Kent Fanning,

Robert Thunell, Claudia Benitez-Nelson, Yrene Astor, Ramon Varela. “Interannual and sub-decadal

variability in hydrography and nutrient concentrations in the Cariaco Basin”. European Geosciences

Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, 2014.

Ensenada-Mexico

Journal Publications

Gracia-Escobar, M.F., Millán-Núñez, R., Valenzuela-Espinoza, E., González-Silvera, A. and Santa-

maría-del-Ángel, E. (2015) Changes in the Composition and Abundance of Phytoplankton in a Coastal

Lagoon of Baja California, México, During 2011. Open Journal of Marine Science, 5, 169-181.

http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2015.52014

Book Chapters

Santamaria-del-Angel, E.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M.T.; Millán-Nuñez, R.; González-Silvera, A.; Cajal-

Medrano, R. Anthropocentric bias in management policies. Are we efficiently monitoring our

ecosystems? In: Coastal Ecosystems, Chapter 1. Ed. María-Teresa Sebastiá, 2105, Nova Science

Publishers, Inc. ISBN: 978-1-63482-151-3.

Santamaria-del-Angel, E.; Soto, I.; Millán-Nuñez, R.; González-Silvera, A.; Wolny, J.; Cerdeira-

Estrada, S.; Cajal-Medrano, R.; Muller-Karger, F.; Cannizzaro, J.; Padilla-Rosas Y.X.S.; Mercado-

Santana, A.; Gracia-Escobar, M.F.; Alvarez-Torres, P.; Ruiz-de-la-Torre, M.C. Phytoplankton

blooms: New initiative using marine optics as a basis for monitoring programs. In: In: Coastal

Ecosystems, Chapter4.. Ed. María-Teresa Sebastiá, 2105, Nova Science Publishers, Inc. ISBN:

978-1-63482-151-3.

Presentations made at meetings, conferences during 2014-2015.

Adriana Gonzalez-Silvera, Eduardo Santamaria-del-Angel, Roberto Millan-Nunez, Natalia Silva-

Hernandez, Alfredo Mercado. EVALUACIÓN DE ALGORITMOS SEMI-ANALÍTICOS PARA LA

PERCEPCIÓN REMOTA DE LAS PROPIEDADES ÓPTICAS INHERENTES DEL AGUA DE

MAR EN LA ESTACIÓN ANTARES BAJA CALIFORNIA (31.75ON/116.96

OW). Reunión Anual

2014 Unión Geofísica Mexicana. Puerto Vallarta (2-7 de noviembre de 2014).

32

EPEA-Argentina

Publications 2014-2015.

Lutz V., Plumley G., Krieger S. 2015. Brief overview of POGO and NF-POGO activities in Latin

America. NF-POGO Alumni E-Newsletter, May 2015, 8:2-10.

Akselman, R., R. M. Negri & E. Cozzolino. 2014. Azadinium (Amphidomataceae, Dinophyceae) in

the Southwest Atlantic: “In situ” and satellite observations. Rev. Biol. Mar. Oceanogr. Vol. 49 Nº3:

511-526

Perez-Cenci, M. G. F. Caló, R. I. Silva, R. M. Negri & G. L. Salerno. 2014. The First Molecular

Characterization of Picocyanobacteria from the Argentine Sea. J. Mar. Biol. Vol. 2014, Article ID

237628.

Segura, V y Cucchi Colleoni. 2015. Variación en la concentración de clorofila a in situ y satelital en el

Golfo San Jorge y área adyacente de la campaña de verano (OB01/14) con lo observado en años

previos. Informe de Investigación INIDEP Nº 023/15, pp 12.

Silva Ricardo I., María C. Hozbor, Rubén Negri, Graciela Molinari y Daniel Cucchi-Collioni.

Distribución espacial del bacterioplancton y de los componentes del protozooplancton en la Zona

Común de Pesca ARGENTINA-URUGUAY (Marzo 2014). Informe de Investigación INIDEP Nº

/2015, 15 pp.

Knaeps, E., Ruddick, K.G., Doxaran, D., Dogliotti, A.I., Nechad, B., Raymaekers, D., and Sterckx, S.

A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve Total Suspended Matter in extremely turbid waters. Remote

Sensing of Environment, 168: 66-79. doi: 10.1016/ j.rse.2015.06.022

Dogliotti, A. I., Ruddick, K. G., Nechad, B., Doxaran, D., Knaeps, E. (2015). A single algorithm be

used to retrieve turbidity from remotely-sensed data in all coastal and estuarine waters. Remote

Sensing of Environment, 156: 157–168, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.09.020.

Carciofi, I. (2014): “Individual Transferable Fishing Quotas in Argentina: The Case of Hubbsi Hake”,

in “Recent Developments in Fisheries and Sustainable Aquaculture” Interamerican Development

Bank (IADB), Project (AR-L1159)

Presentations in Scientific Meetings 2014-2015

Silva, R., Negri, R. y D. Valla. Biomasa del ultrafitoplancton en el Mar Argentino: contribución

diferencial de los grupos más importantes. IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar. Ushuaia.

20 al 25 de Septiembre de 2015.

Segura V, Silva RI, Negri RM, Montoya N, Carignan M, Dogliotti AI. Variaciones espaciales en la

distribución, abundancia y propiedades ópticas de las comunidades fitoplanctónicas en el Pasaje de

Drake (primavera de 2014). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar 2015: del 21 al 24 de

Septiembre de 2015.

Ravalli C, Segura V, López Greco LS, Hernández D. Distribución y abundancia de Munida gregaria

(Decapoda, Munididae) y su relación con las variables ambientales en el Golfo San Jorge durante

los veranos 2013 y 2014. IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar 2015: del 21 al 24 de

Septiembre de 2015.

Ravalli C, López Greco LS, Segura V. Incremento de la abundancia de Munida gregaria en el Golfo

San Jorge (2009-2015). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar 2015: del 21 al 24 de

Septiembre de 2015.

Berghoff C.F., Silva R.I., Khal L.C., Hozbor M.C., Balestrini C.F., Osiroff A.P., Cucci Colleoni D.,

Bianchi A., Negri R., Lutz V. 2015. Variabilidad del sistema de los carbonatos desde la costa al

talud continental en la Zona Común de Pesca Argentino-Uruguaya y su vinculación con el plancton

autótrofo-heterótrofo. IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar. Ushuaia. September 2015.

Lutz, V., Frouin, R., Negri, R., Silva, R., Pompeu, M., Rudorff, N. 2015. Bio-optical characteristics

along the Strait of Magallanes. Presentado en “The Second International Ocean Color Science

Meeting”. San Francisco (EEUU), 15-18 de junio de 2015.

Lutz, V. Negri R. & Montoya, N. Presentación sobre “Time Series - Networks” involucrando los

estudios en la EPEA y de toxinas del fitoplancton, en el “1º Taller entre el CONICET y el Alfred

Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI)” desarrollado en el

Museo de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires del 10 al 12 de noviembre de

2014.

33

Negri R. Méndez S. Silva R. & A. Martínez. “Desde la costa hasta el talud continental en ambos

laterales de la ZCPAU: Distribución espacial de las fracciones de tamaño del fitoplancton y su

composición diferencial (marzo 2014)”. XVII Simposio Científico de la Comisión Técnica Mixta

del Frente Marítimo. Piriapolis, Uruguay, del 10 al 12 de noviembre de 2014.

Negri R. “Desde la costa hasta el talud continental en ambos laterales de la ZCPAU: Campaña

ambiental conjunta “Ambiente y Plancton en la Zona Común de Pesca Argentino-Uruguaya en un

escenario de cambio climático”. XVII Simposio Científico de la Comisión Técnica Mixta del

Frente Marítimo. Piriapolis, Uruguay, del 10 al 12 de noviembre de 2014.

Piola, A. R., Bianchi, A. A. Kahl, L. C. Lutz, V. A. Marrari, M. Martos, P. Negri, R. Palastanga, V.

Sabatini, M. & Viñas M. D.. “IMBER research in the western South Atlantic”. Future Oceans,

Bergen, Noruega, del 23 al 27 de junio de 2014.

Silva R. I. & Negri R. “Desde la costa hasta el talud continental en ambos laterales de la ZCPAU:

Distribución espacial de los componentes del protozooplancton (marzo 2014)” XVII Simposio

Científico de la Comisión Técnica Mixta del Frente Marítimo. Piriapolis, Uruguay, del 10 al 12 de

noviembre de 2014.

Ruiz, María Guillermina, Ezequiel Cozzolino, Daniel Cucchi-Colleoni and Vivian Lutz. (2014). Desde

la costa hasta el talud continental en ambos laterales de la ZCPAU: características bio-ópticas en

marzo 2014 basadas en estimaciones de campo y satelitales. 17° Scientific Symposium Maritime

Front. Piriápolis, Uruguay.

Do Souto, M., Spinelli M., Saraceno M., Pájaro M., Capitanio F. and CF Balestrini, Distribución del

zooplancton y larvas de Engraulis anchoita_en el Frente térmico de Península de Valdés: primavera

y otoño, XXVI Reunión Argentina de Ecología, 2 al 5 de noviembre de 2014. Comodoro Rivadavia

– Chubut, Argentina.

Saraceno, M., Ruiz-Etcheverry L.A., Lago, L., Balestrini, C.F. and R. Gonzalez, On the accuracy of

Jason-2 satellite sea surface high data in a highly dynamical coastal environment, poster, 8th

Coastal Altimetry Workshop, 23- 24 October 2014, Lake Constance, Germany.

Saraceno M.,C. Artana, R. Bodichon and C. Provost, Malvinas Current variability as observed by

satellite altimetry data, 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 2-10 August 2014, Moscow, Russia.

Tandeo, P., M. Saraceno, R. Fablet and J. Ruiz, A synergy study between SST, Chl-a and altimeters to

improve surface geostrophic currents, 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 2-10 August 2014,

Moscow, Russia.

Andreo, V, Dogliotti, A. I., Tauro, C. Neteler, M. Spatio-temporal variations in chlorophyll-a

concentration in the Patagonic continental shelf: an example of satellite time series processing

with GRASS GIS temporal modules. Proceedings of IGARSS 2015: Remote Sensing:

Understanding the Earth for a Safer World. Milan, Italy. 26-31 July, 2015.

Dogliotti, A. I., Gossn, J. I., Vanhellemont, Q., Ruddick, K. G. Evaluation of two sites for Ocean Color

Validation in the Turbid waters of the Río de la Plata (Argentina). Submitted for the proceedings

of the Sentinel-3 for Science Workshop held in Venice-Lido, Italy, 2-5 June 2015, ESA Special

Publication SP-734

Dogliotti A I., Gossn J. I., Guerrero R . Variabilidad estacional e interanual (ENSO) de los sedimentos

en el Río de la Plata a partir de imágenes de turbidez MODIS-Aqua. IX Jornadas Nacionales de

Ciencias del Mar – Ciencia y Sociedad: integrando saberes en los estudios del Mar. Ushuaia,

Argentina. 20-25 September, 2015.

Andreo V, Dogliotti AI, Tauro CB, Torrusio S. Análisis de la variabilidad espacio-temporal de

florecimientos fitoplanctónicos en el Talud y Plataforma Continental Argentina mediante sensores

remotos (período 2003-2013). IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar – Ciencia y Sociedad:

integrando saberes en los estudios del Mar. Ushuaia, Argentina. 20-25 September, 2015.

Gossn JI, Berden G, Pardiñas E, Moreira D,, Dogliotti AI, Simionato C. Turbidez y material

particulado en suspensión en el Río de la Plata: su relación y variabilidad espacio-temporal IX

Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar – Ciencia y Sociedad: integrando saberes en los

estudios del Mar. Ushuaia, Argentina. 20-25 September, 2015.

Tropper I., Tauro C.B., Ibañez G.A., Dogliotti A.I., Simionatto C., Lasta C.A., Solorza N. R. Análisis

de datos in situ de la radiación emergente en estuarios, costas y mar; y su aplicación a los productos

de la Misión Satelital SABIA-Mar. IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar – Ciencia y

Sociedad: integrando saberes en los estudios del Mar. Ushuaia, Argentina. 20-25 September, 2015.

34

Carciofi, Ignacio: “Fishery Economics: Theoretical and Empirical issues of Individual and

Transferible Quotas”, VIII Congreso Internacional de Economía y Gestión ECON 2014, School of

Economics, Universiy of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 27-31 October 2014.

Carciofi, Ignacio: “Impacts on Climate Change, Vulnerability and adaptation on the fishery sector”

Buenos Aires Institute for Research in Economic Science (BAIRES), School of Economics,

University of Buenos Aires., Buenos Aires, Argentina. September 2014.

Manta/La Libertad - INOCAR– Ecuador

Presentations in Scientific Meetings 2015

Tapia Maria E., Naranjo Christian. 2015. Bio-indicadores del fitoplancton. Oceanografía Biológica.

Reunión ERFEN, Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada. September 15, 2015.

Concepcion-Chile

Publications 2014-2015

González, C.E., Escribano, R., Hidalgo, P. 2015. Intra-seasonal variation and its effects on copepod

community structure off Central/southern Chile (2002-2009). Hydrobiologia DOI:

10.1007/s10750-015-2265-6.

Pino-Pinuer, P., Escribano, R., Hidalgo, P., Riquelme-Bugueño, R., Schneider, W. 2014. Responses of

the copepod community to variable upwelling conditions at Station 18 off central/southern Chile

during 2002-04 and 2010-2012. Marine Ecology Progress Series 515, 83–95.

Corredor-Acosta, JA.; Morales, C.E.; Hormazabal, S.; Andrade, I.; Correa-Ramirez, MA. 2015.

Phytoplankton phenology in the coastal upwelling region off central-southern Chile (35ˇS–38ˇS):

Time-space variability, coupling to environmental factors, and sources of uncertainty in the

estimates. Journal of Geophysical Research, Oceans. doi:10.1002/2014JC010330.

Presentations in Scientific Meetings 2014-2015

Bustos-Ríos, E., Escribano, R., Hidalgo, P. 2015. Crecimiento y producción de la comunidad de

copepoda en la región sur de la corriente de Humboldt. XXXV Congreso Nacional de Ciencias del

Mar de Chile, Coquimbo, mayo 2015.

Medellín-Mora J., Escribano, R., Frederick, L. 2015. Variabilidad temporal del zooplancton en el

centro -sur de chile: uso del ZooImage para explicar la respuesta comunitaria. XXXV Congreso

Nacional de Ciencias del Mar de Chile, Coquimbo, mayo 2015.

Toledo, D., Escribano, R. 2015. Método semiautomático para el estudio de mesozooplancton y sus

aplicaciones en el Pacifico sur oriental. XXXV Congreso Nacional de Ciencias del Mar de Chile,

Coquimbo, mayo 2015.

Velasco, E., Anabalón, V., Morales, C.E. 2015. Variación estacional de la biomasa fitoplanctónica

fraccionada en la zona de surgencia costera frente a Concepción, región centro-sur de Chile.

XXXV Congreso Nacional de Ciencias del Mar de Chile, Coquimbo, mayo 2015.

Corredor-Acosta A., Anabalón, V., Velasco-Vinasco, E., Morales, C. E., Correa-Ramirez M.,

Hormazabal, S. 2015. Caracterización de la estructura de tamaño del fitoplancton mediante una

aproximación satelital en Chile central (~36.5°S). XXXV Congreso Nacional de Ciencias del Mar

de Chile, Coquimbo, mayo 2015.

Escribano, R. 2015. Studying and exploring the zooplankton community in the eastern South Pacific

upon a changing ocean. Conferencia Inaugural Reunión Anual y celebración de 30 años de la

SOMPAC (Sociedad de Plancton de México), La Paz, Ensenada, Baja California, México, Mayo

2015.

Escribano, R. 2015. The Humboldt Current Ecosystem off Chile: scientific basis to assess climate

change responses. Conferencia de las Partes para el Cambio Climático, COP20, Lima, Perú,

Diciembre de 2014.

35

González, C., Escribano, R., Hidalgo, P. 2014. Variabilidad intra-estacional de la surgencia costera y

su efecto sobre la estructura comunitaria de copépodos epipelágicos frente a Concepción (36°30’s)

(2002-2009). XXXIII Congreso de Ciencias del Mar de Chile, Osorno, Chile, mayo 2014.

Pino, P., Hidalgo, P. y R. Escribano. 2014. Cambios en la estructura comunitaria de copépodos

(Crustacea: copepoda) en la zona Centro –Sur de Chile. XXXIII Congreso Ciencias del Mar

Antofagasta.

SIO-USA

Frouin, R., and B. Pelletier, 2015: Bayesian methodology for inverting satellite ocean-color data, Rem.

Sen. Environ., 159, 332-360.

IMARPE-Peru

Publications 2015.

Passuni, G., Barbraud, C., Chaigneau, A., Demarcq H., Ledesma, J., Bertrand, A., Castillo, R.,

Perea, A., Mori, A., Viblanc, V., Torres-Maita J. And Bertrand S. Seasonality in marine

ecosystems: Peruvian seabirds, anchovy and oceanographic conditions. Journals of the

Ecological Society of America june 2015.

Presentations in Scientific Meetings - CONCIMAR PERU 2014

Ledesma J., Friederich G., Chavez F., Graco M., Morón O., Paulmier A., León V., Walkup S.,

García W., and Flores G. Una Síntesis de pCO2 en agua de mar a lo largo de la costa del

Perú y sus Implicancias.

Ledesma J., Espinoza D., Tam J., Chaigneau A., Monetti F., Graco M., Morón O., Wach M.,

Angulo K. and Flores G. Distribución de la Clorofila In Situ frente a las Costas del Perú.

Quiroz J., Ledesma J., Carhuapoma W., Graco M. and Herrera M. Cuantificación de Nitratos

en Agua de Mar Aplicando la Técnica Ultra Violeta.

Carhuapoma W., Pumachagua R., and Ledesma J. Cuantificación de Magnesio Biogénico

fitoplanctónico frente a la Bahía de Callao.

Sarmiento M., Morón O., Graco M. and Ledesma J. Detalles de los Trabajos de Campo en las

Investigaciones Marinas.

Participation of researchers from the project in the XVI Congreso LatinoAmericano de

Ciencias del Mar “COLACMAR” in Santa Marta (Colombia) 18 – 22 of October 2015

The following presentations will be offered:

“Proyecto CARIACO: 20 años de estudios en la estación serie de tiempo CARIACO”.

Yrene Astor, F. Muller-Karger, R. Varela, E. Klein, L. Lorenzoni, B. Marín, L.

Troccoli, P. Suarez, E. Montes, T. Perez, W. Quintero Betancourt, R. Thunell, M.

Scranton, G. Taylor, E. Tappa.

“Eventos especiales en magnitud y génesis en la serie de tiempo ambiental y de

plancton ‘EPEA’ en el Mar Argentino”. Rubén Mario Negri, Vivian Lutz, Ricardo

Silva, Mario Carignan, Guillermina Ruiz, Constanza Hozbor, Graciela Molinari, Nora

Montoya, Valeria Segura, Carla Berghoff, Daniel Cucchi Colleoni, Virginia

Palastanga, Ezequiel Cozzolino.

36

"Factores moduladores de la estructura de tamaños fitoplanctónica en la zona de

surgencia costera frente a Concepción, región centro-sur de Chile" Eliana Velasco-

Vinasco, Valeria Anabalón, Carmen E. Morales, Wolfgang Schneider.

"Caracterización de la estructura de tamaños del fitoplancton mediante una

aproximación satelital en el frente de surgencia costera en Chile central" Andrea

Corredor-Acosta, Marco Correa-Ramirez, Carmen E. Morales, Samuel Hormazabal,

Valeria Anabalón.

“Impact of climate change on phytoplankton diversity and carbon fluxes in the ocean

around Latin America”. Robert Frouin, Kyozo Ueyoshi.

“Phytoplankton blooms: New Initiative using Marine Optics as a basis for monitoring

programs”. Eduardo Santamaría-del-Angel, Inia Soto, Roberto Millán-Nuñez, Adriana

González-Silvera, Jennifer Wolny, Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada, Ramón Cajal-Medrano,

Frank Muller-Karger, Yolo Xochit Sarita Padilla-Rosas, Alfredo Mercado-Santana,

María Fernanda Gracia-Escobar, Porfirio Alvarez-Torres, Mary Carmen Ruiz-de-la-

Torre.

"Diagnóstico de pigmentos fitoplanctónicos de la estación de monitoreo Antares-

Cartagena, Colombia”. Liseth Arregoces.

“Gobernanza de los océanos: Análisis de mecanismos globales y regionales desde

América Latina”. Cecilia Filipello.

“Phytoplankton blooms: New Initiative using Marine Optics as a basis for monitoring

programs”. Jesús Ledesma, Luis Escudero.

“Climate change evaluated at marine time-series stations. The Antares Network an

effort of the Americas in long term studies”. Jesús Ledesma, Luis Escudero.

“Assessment of marine ecosystem services at the Latin-American ANTARES time-

series network”. Milton Kampel, ANTARES Group.

“Bio-optical analysis of ANTARES-UBATUBA data, Sao Paulo, Brazil”. Milton

Kampel, Larissa Valerio, Salvador Gaeta, Natalia Rudorff, Mayza Pompeu.

“Exploración del uso del color del océano como un factor que determina El color Del

água y su aplicación como um indicador em La gestión integral de playas”.Omar

Cervantes.

The following magistral presentations will be offered:

“Advances in remote sensing for coastal and ocenic environmental monitoring: an

integrated vision for Latin America”. Milton Kampel.

“Climate change evaluated at marine time-series stations. The Antares Network an

effort of the Americas in long term studie”. Eduardo Santamaría-del-Angel.

“El nuevo chico en el barrio: El Niño Godzilla”. Eduardo Santamaría-del-Angel.

Data

CARIACO-Venezuela:

Data for this IAI-CRN3094 data base has been organized by Lic. Jaimie Rojas and was

sent to Evelyn Bustos (Concepción – Chile) who acts as data manager. Also, the CARIACO

program maintains general project information on the two web sites of the project. These web

pages can be accessed via the links http://cariaco.org.ve (developed in Venezuela) and

http://www.imars.usf.edu/CAR (developed in the University of South Florida) upon passing

quality control, within periods ranging from weeks to about 6 months depending on the

37

difficulty of processing an observation. These web pages include general information,

publications resulting from the project's scientific activities and a methods manual. The web

pages contain also the manual of methods developed by Astor et al. (2013), a reference on the

analytical procedures used in the core measurements. This manual can be viewed online or

downloaded in its entirety in PDF format. Also, it is maintained on the web pages an up-to-

date register of all publications resulting from the project where they can be also downloaded

or viewed online.

All in situ time series stations: See section in RESULTS “Working Group In situ Time

Series”.

Capacity Building

In situ Time Series

On August 2015, Dr. Carla Berghoff from the EPEA station (Instituto Nacional de

Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero INIDEP) went to Venezuela to receive theory and

practical training on the techniques for measuring pH and total alkalinity in seawater through

spectrophotometric methods with the CARIACO group of researchers. The training was

made at the Oceanography Laboratory of the Estación de Investigaciones Marinas de

Margarita (EDIMAR), Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, under the guidance of

Mg.Sc. Irene M. Astor and Lic. Jaimie Rojas-Márquez. This activity was financed by the

CONICET International Collaboration project “Evaluación del sistema de los carbonatos en

el contexto de la acidificación oceánica en la serie de tiempo EPEA (Mar Argentino)”

associated to the IAI-CRN3094 (see proposal of this associated project in:

https://antaresiaiproject.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/project-conicet-iai-crn3094.pdf ; media

coverage in Appendix-1; and Report of the first year in Appendix-2).

From 19 January to 6 February 2015 the Ensenada group of researchers hosted the LA-

NANO Workshop and Regional Training Program “Phytoplankton Bio-optical Variability:

Application to the Study of Coastal Systems”, held at the University of Baja California

(Ensenada, Mexico). The overall goal of the Ensenada Programme was to provide ANTARES

members and RTP trainees with the academic background and the skill set required to

implement and apply measurements of bio-optical variables of seawater to both remote

sensing and to the study of biogeochemical variability of the coastal zone. These goals were

met through two specific objectives; 1) lectures, including theoretical aspects and

fundamental/basic science; and 2) laboratory and field work that emphasized practical

applications (e.g., HPLC analysis of pigments; light absorption properties of particles). More

information can be found at http://www.nf-pogo-

alumni.org/Latin+American+Regional+Project.

On the 22 of October 2014 Carla Berghoff (EPEA, Argentina) offer an open public talk at

the “Escualo” diving club in Mar del Plata (Argentina) titled: ¿Buceando en un mar ácido? La

acidificación del océano: El otro problema del CO2”. See coverage of this event involving C.

Berghoff and Mara Braverman in http://www.case.org.ar/22102014-la-acidificacion-del-

oceano-en-con-ciencia-marina/

From 30 September to 3 October 2015 Guillermina Ruiz (EPEA, Argentina) attended the

“Fourth International Congress of Ecosystem Services in the Neotropics: from research to

38

action” which was held in Mar del Plata (Argentina). The Congress was a forum for

interaction and discussion about ecosystem services research and management in Latin

America and the Caribbean. Through its various symposia, forums, conferences, the Congress

covered conceptual, methodological and applied aspects across case studies from the region.

In this fourth edition, interactions among academia, decision-makers and other stakeholders

were promoted in order to contribute to ecosystem services research and the formulation of

public policies for sustainable development. However, it was notorious the absence of

scientists and works related to the marine environment.

Satellite

In November 2014, Eduardo Santamaria-Angel and Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada from Mexico,

offered a 60 hours course in Remote sensing aplyied to Oceanography with emphasis in the

spectroradiometric type, with a participation of 20 students and Institutions such as Secretaria

de marina Armada de Mexico (SEMAR), Comisión nacional para el conocimiento y uso de la

biodiversidad (CONABIO), Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Mexico, Universidad

Metropilitana and Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.

From 25 to 29 April 2015 INPE hosted the XVII Brazilian Symposium on Remote Sensing

(http://www.dsr.inpe.br/sbsr2015/home.html) with the aim to bring together the technical and

scientific community and the business user in the areas of Remote Sensing, Geotechnology

and their applications to present their latest research and technological developments,

including education and science policy, in the last two years. The Technical program featured

9 courses of 16 hours each, 3 special sessions and 18 breakout sessions, besides Oral sessions

and interactive sessions, with approximately 300 posters per day. Business showcases were

scheduled at varying times during the event. The XVII SBSR counted on the effective

participation of 1,097 researchers, teachers, public and private sector entrepreneurs,

government officials and decision makers and undergraduate, master's and doctorate in

various fields of knowledge from different countries. In addition to national participants from

27 states of the Brazilian federation, we also have the participation of the following countries:

Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain,

United States, France, Holland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Panama, Peru, Portugal,

United Kingdom, Uruguay and Venezuela. The effective participation of undergraduate and

graduate students was higher than expected (total of 56%). We observed the effort of

universities and research institutes to ensure the effective participation of its students in a

scientific congress in its seventeenth edition, sought to improve the organization and quality

of presentations.

From 15-18 June 2015, Milton Kampel, Natalia Rudorff, Maria Laura Zoffoli, Ana

Dogliotti and Robert Frouin participated in the second International Ocean Colour Science

(IOCS) meeting that took place in san Francisco, USA, and was convened by the International

Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG), with sponsorship from NASA, NOAA,

EUMETSAT, ESA and CNES and the Moore Foundation. This was the second in a series of

IOCS meetings (scheduled to take place every two years) with the overarching theme of

“Applications of Ocean Colour from Climate to Water Quality”. The goal of these biennial

IOCS meetings is to build a strong global user community for ocean colour science and

applications, and to foster exchange between the research community and space agency

representatives.

39

In July-September, 2015, Milton Kampel offered a course in Remote Sensing of Climate,

at INPE (40 hours), for 10 graduate students.

In September 2015, Eduardo Santamaria-Angel offered a trainibg course in Use of

spectroradiometric satellite images in Veracruz, Mexico, with 30 students from the Univ.

Veracruzana and Instituto Politecnico Nacional.

From 5 to 9 October 2015, USP hosted the X Thematic Week of Oceanography with the

aim to provide a forum for discussions on the development of oceanographic science in Brazil,

presenting, promoting, reflecting and discussing with society the sustainable use of the sea in

order to add information and academic and professional content to the general public, and

students. Courses and workshops were organized as an academic and professional

complimentary to the participating public. Alexander Turra and Milton Kampel were invited

to participate in two round tables during the event.

In October, 5th

, 2015, Eduardo Santamaria-Angel and Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada offered a

short course in Image processing at CONABIO, as part of the SOFILAC Congress.

Socio-Economic & Ecosystem Services

FCE-UBA

Studentships, courses and thesis

As mentioned before, two graduate (Masters) students joined the team in June 2015. The

duration of the studentships (in this first period) is 8 months.

Isabela Sánchez Vargas is an economist, student of the MSc in Economics Program at FCE

UBA. Her research interests lie in the areas of sectorial and regional economics. She

contributes to the sector analysis of climate change and fisheries in Argentina through data

collection and analysis in the empirical assessment (indicators) of socioeconomic relevance of

the fisheries' sector in Argentina (see work plan at

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/documents/).

Maria Cecilia Filipello is an economist, student of the MSc in Economics and International

Relations at FCE UBA. Cecilia is developing the analysis of governance systems both formal

and informal linked to international treaties related to oceans in Argentina (including

international and regional co-operation mechanisms) (see work plan at

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/documents/).

She is also teaching asisstant at the Environmental Economics course at FCE-UBA. In the

framework of this course (undergraduate level) the topics of Ocean Governance and

ecosystem services will be introduced as of 1st semester 2016. The specific bibliography and

class documents are currently being developed jointly by Martina Chidiak and María Cecilia

Filipello (The Course 765-01, Economía Ambiental, FCE-UBA, is taught each year between

March and July).

Ignacio Carciofi is currently teaching a new course on Advanced Microeconomics Topics

(focused on Natural Resource Economics), undergraduate course for BA in Economics, FCE-

UBA, August-December 2015. The course will include topics related to fisheries economics

and climate change.

Ignacio Carciofi is currently supervising a BA Thesis (by undergraduate student Nahir

Chacon of the BA in Economics), on “Socio-economic impacts of Climate Change in

Argentine FCE-UBA

40

Workshops

Martina Chidiak and Ignacio Carciofi presented de CRN3094 project at IIEP (Political

Economy Interdisciplinary Institute) (UBA-CONICET), FCE-UBA on 11 December 2014

(see presentation at https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/).

In the framework of the Annual Economics and Management Workshop held in October

each year at UBA, the IIEP-FCE.UBA team has decided to make an outreach activity with a

joint presentation on interdisciplinary studies based on the experience of the CRN3094 project.

The presentation will be held on 13 October 2015 and one expert from the Natural Science

component has confirmed her participation (see flyer at

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/)

USP Team

In May 2015 the Brazilian team was coached by Roel Boumans. Roel Boumans is a

pioneer in developing the concepts behind dynamic GIS systems modeling and has published

several peer reviewed papers on the subject. He is the Director for Afordable Futures, the

leader in the design and application of ecosystem based management tools to include the

Multiscale Integrated Model of Ecosystem Services (MIMES).

The training was held at the Marine Biology Center at the University of São Paulo, in the

municipality of São Sebastião, northern coast of São Paulo and lasted five days.

The training conducted was of fundamental importance to the project because through it

was possible to deepen knowledge on the methodology (MIMES) and the software used to

model (SIMILE).

Participated in the training, among others, Paul Sinisgalli, Bruno Meirelles, Iuri Amazonas,

Caroline Cichosky and Pablo Sosa.

Regional Collaboration/Networking

The Antares network (www.antares.ws) integrates the collaboration of different marine

centers in Latin America carrying out time-series studies on their coastal regions. Among

other organizations the Antares network is related to the ‘International Ocean-Colour

Coordinating Group (IOCCG)’ (http://www.ioccg.org), the ‘Partnership for the

41

Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO)’ (http://ocean-partners.org) and the Nippon

Foundation (http://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/en/). This CRN3094 project is also

connected to a project of the ‘NF-POGO Alumni Network for Oceans (NANO)’ for

Latin America (http://www.nf-pogo-alumni.org/Latin+American+Regional+Project). The PI,

some of the Co-PIs and collaborators of this CRN3094 project are also part of the ‘Science

Team’ of an Argentinian-Brazilian Ocean Color satellite mission (SABIA-Mar).

Furtheremore, the generation of this project has created links between the oceanographic

research (carried out from the time-series) and socio-economic research been carried out at

different centers in Latin America, such as the USP and UBA. This type of interaction is quite

novel for oceanographic studies in this region.

Virginia Palastanga collaborates in the following projects, which connect investigators

form Servicio de Hidrografía Naval (Buenos Aires), INIDEP (Mar del Plata), University of

Buenos Aires (UBA) and Oregon State University (OSU):

- Variability of Ocean Ecosystems around South America (VOCES), P.I.: Alberto. R. Piola,

IAI CRN3070, 2012 – 2017.

- Balance y variabilidad espacio-temporal del flujo de CO2 entre el mar y la atmósfera en el

Mar Patagónico. Su relación con la temperatura, la clorofila y la producción primaria, PI:

A. Bianchi, Co-PI: V. Lutz, PIDDEF 47/11, MinDef, 2011-2015.

During the reporting period, the full scale launching of project activities and the creation of

a common ground for collaboration among participants from the Natural and the

Socioeconomic components was key. As a result, a high share of collaboration and

networking activities undertaken by project participants has focused on internal efforts.

Nevertheless, project participants continue to interact with other relevant regional actors in the

framework of their disciplinary and outreach activities and their affiliation to different policy

and research networking.

Two project co-PIs from Argentina (Vivian Lutz, INIDEP and Martina Chidiak, FCE-

UBA) were invited and attended the local presentation of global and regional IPCC AR5

results held in Buenos Aires on 4 September 2015. The presentation was organized by the

local lead authors and leading participants of IPCC Groups I, II and III. This venue gave

project Co-PIs an opportunity to discuss our activities within the CRN 3094 project with other

local and regional colleagues and NGO representatives working on Climate Change issues.

It is hoped that the IAI meeting to be held in Buenos Aires in December 2015 will provide

an opportunity to start developing the dialogue and further networking opportunities with

other CRN projects.

During the training week at USP with Professor Boumans the group participated in a

meeting of the Managerial Committee of north coast marine environmental protected area

(APAMLN) in order to investigate the discussions and identify trade-offs and difficulties in

the management process of the APAMLN. The most serious issues discussed in the meeting

where regarding to conflicts with the fishing and tourism sectors, also large-scale

infrastructure projects. Another interesting point is to define the restriction and management

of coastal zone based on the marine ecosystem resilience. And how it may behave in future

scenarios with climate change.

The group also visited the Public Prosecutor’s office to introduce the MIMES method and

investigate how it could assist their work. The public prosecutor identified great potential in

42

the method to facilitate their communication with the judges during public audiences,

especially to reinforce their arguments regarding the subjects related to ecosystem services

and public interests. Beyond that, the MIMES method was identified as an appropriate tool to

gather information about processes using GIS, bringing efficiency to the offices work.

A third part of those meetings was with Docas company, which manages the Sao Sebastiao

port and has recently submitted a project for expansion. The main reason of the meeting was

to get a deeper understand about the daily work of the company and to verify the expansion

project. The meeting was also very productive and the port environmental manager presented

the project and showed the trade-offs involving the reasons of why the port is demanding an

expansion. A relevant moment of the meeting was when the manager said that was the first

time that the company was having space to receive the academy to show the project of

expansion and discuss the way it was been conducted, as a cooperative process.

These three moments where essential to identify and make the first approach with

stakeholders envisioning to create a link between academy, private and public sectors, and the

society, what is the challenge that the socioeconomic group is proposing to deal with. The

group intends to accomplish the following meetings of the APAMLN Committee to use this

space to introduce the IAI project and develop the work planned to the next stages.

Media Coverage and Prizes

CARIACO-Venezuela:

On 2015, the CARIACO Time-series station is arriving to 20 years of continuous

sampling; therefore, two TV stations from Venezuela made two documentaries about the

project and its relevance to the study of climate change. One of the documentaries was on the

air on May 2015, and the second one is going to be presented on October.

Several lectures about the project and how its findings shows evidence of climatic changes

were conducted in public and private institutions, high schools, etc. in order to promote the

project at the general public and at different educational levels.

Ensenada-Mexico

On 2014, we participated in the UABC Open House activities, held each year during

October, with the participation of students from primary, secondary and high level, with the

objective of describe the activates held by the ANTARES Network and its importance for the

study of phytoplankton ecology and climate global change. In the next two weeks will be held

the same activities again, and we will also participate sharing more information about the

project.

In March 2015, during the Marine Science Week organized by the Faculty of Marine

Science, we also participated with a poster to explain about the objectives of the project (Fig.

1). More information about these activities can be found at http://www.nf-pogo-

alumni.org/Latin+American+Regional+Project.

43

Poster presentation at the Marine Science Week (FCM/UABC).

EPEA-Argentina:

Two articles describing the new measurements of pH at EPEA station, and the training

received by Carla Berghoff with the CARIACO group in Venezuela, appeared in Mar del

Plata (Argentina) [See articles attached in Appendix-1]

A long article, with contributions by Shubha Sathyendranath and Vivian Lutz, about

phytoplankton and the important role it has in the oceans and for human society, appeared in a

popular magazine “Muy Interesante” in Argentina. [See part of the article attached in

Appendix-1]

Two “Open door” events were held in June and September 2015 at INIDEP. In those

events more than 2000 children from elementary and high schools from Mar del Plata

received short lectures about the research conducted at the institute. Ruben Negri, Vivian Lutz,

Valeria Segura, Ricardo Silva, Guillermina Ruiz and Carla Berghoff offered a brief

presentation about phytoplankton, its role in the ocean, and the essential services it offers to

humanity.

Valeria Segura given a lecture to school children at the “INIDEP Open House” event in June

2015. http://info.inidep.edu.ar/2015/06/24/jornadas-de-puertas-abiertas-en-la-semana-de-la-ciencia/

44

Policy Relevance

Research activities by the socioeconomic studies and ecosystem services group at USP,

Brasil and FCE-UBA, Argentina are not only leading to the development of new information,

methodologies and analyses; in addition they are generating an interesting dialogue process

with relevant stakeholders and decisionmakers in both Brasil and Argentina on ocean

ecosystem services.

At USP, as discussed previously and shown in the methodology and workplan documents

attached, the process of identification of relevant stakeholders and their participation in the

project will lead to a process of widening the views considered for decisionmaking as well as

help in the co-construction of project questions, insights and lessons. This will also allow for

a smooth incorporation of the new information generated by research results and lessons into

daily decision making by these actors.

At FCE-UBA, the initiation of dialogue with relevant stakeholders at NGOs and within the

public sector at the Foreign Affairs Ministry, at the Environment Secretariat and at CONAE

(National Commission on Satelite-related Activities) as part of the field work for the research

on governance is opening the scope for collaboration and feedback on the results of the

project. The stakeholders contacted so far have all shown interest in keeping in contact in

order to learn and discuss project results and insights. They have also stressed that the oceans

(and their ecosystem services) are "mostly invisible" to decision makers and that the insights

and results provided by the analysis of this project will help make them more "visible" and

concrete. It is hoped that this may have concrete implications in the medium term, such as

greater consideration of ecosystem services provided by oceans in broader discussions among

policymakers and NGOs on climate change impacts and policies.

The process and channels through which the socioeconomic studies and ecosystem

services group can help in the task of making ocean (and, more specifically, phytoplankton)

ecosystem services "more visible" and concrete is related to the two complementary

perspectives of the research teams involved:

(i) the more "general picture" (or "macro" view) regarding socioeconomic impacts of the

fisheries as an economic sector in Argentina (this method can be replicated in other countries

and at the regional level) and how current governance systems in Argentina are (or are not)

taking into consideration ecosystem services but are moving in that direction through precise

activities and programs, as analyzed by the FCE UBA team.

(ii) the local picture (more "micro") regarding how local decisionmakers perceive and how

local governance structures and decisiomaking processes include information on ecosystem

services and their trends in concrete actions and decisions in the tourism and artisanal

fisheries sectors at the local level (in Ubatuba, SP, Brazil).

45

Main Conclusions

The main achievements from this period (2015) have been:

- A database of in situ oceanographic observations from coastal sites in 8 Latin-

American countries, covering more than 1000 cruises, has been gathered. Still needs

to be properly organized and quality-controlled. Nevertheless, this is the first time that

systematic in situ data from our coastal sites in the region are in the same database.

- Two modelling exercises have started to be developed for the region. One at a fine

local scale for the EPEA station in Argentina, which will provide a better

understanding and following of bio-geochemical processes. The local scale will allow

a validation and improvement of the model. Another model at a more broad scale for

the whole region, which although cannot be validated, it provides a helpful overview

of main processes beyond the spatial and temporal scale of the field studies. This is

also the first time that these types of models are applied to time series studies around

Latin-America.

- A new Project Webpage is running and functioning as a channel of communication

among researchers, collaborators and end users. The ANTARES Webpage is again

running and will be constantly updated. Both Webpages has dedicated Webmasters to

take car of these tasks. The process and distribution system for satellite oifnormation

is being transferred to CONABIO based on a feasible workplan. Preliminary results

from a satellite-based estimate of potential primary production in one Antares-site

region (Ubatuba, Brazil) were used to estimate the upper bound of sutainable fish

yield. If this fish yield is an upper bound that will be decreased to 10% or 20% by

environmental accessibility, the fishery resources in the South Brazil Bight are likely

to be food-limited.

- The results shown for the working group of “Socio-Economic & Ecosystem Services”

correspond to an early stage and will be crucial to achieve the proposed objectives.

However, we consider important to highlight the positive outcomes resulting from the

modalities for collaboration developed by the FCE-UBA and USP groups.

- Such interaction has allowed for an exchange of ideas, mutual collaboration,

empowerment results discussion enrichment of the research work as a whole. In short,

beyond the appointed preliminary results, we highlight the positive results arising

from the proximity and the interaction developed between teams. We believe this

strengthens the potential results from these groups and also from other teams in other

countries involved in the project, given the scope for replication of this practice.

- As mentioned before these interactions and the development of different approaches

for the analysis of Ecosystem Services, Governance, Socioeconomic Impacts and

Stakeholder Perception as well as the consideration of appropriate, complementary

models to understand the relationship between ES and wellbeing is the main result at

this stage.

After the administrative delays during 2014 and beginning of 2015, we feel that our project

is promisingly rolling. There is still a hard work ahead to advance in all the aspects of

research involved, but moreover we have to start consolidating and integrating the knowledge.

Communication among all the collaborators is an important point. We think that the monthly

Skype sessions are extremely relevant, and much more should be achieved during the

presential Workshop to be carried out in Santa Marta before the COLACMAR congress.

Recently the journal Nature (17 of September 2015) had a special theme on

“Interdisciplinarity”. We felt some aspects of our young experience in the subject reflected in

several of the comments, such as: “it takes time to build interdisciplinarity, it is difficult to

46

forge truly interdisciplinary objectives from the outset, researchers have to learn how to be

team-players (listen, avoid jargon, etc…)”.

A special note of commitment has been the willingness to continue contributing to the

project by those researchers whose institutes were not able to sign the sub-contracts for this

IAI-CRN3094 project. Especially our colleagues Maria Tapia and Christian Naranjo have

uploaded all the data from the two time series in Ecuador (Manta and La Libertad), and have

contributed information for this report even though being at sea in a cruise to the Galapagos

Islands. Sergio Cerdeira Estada from CONABIO/Mexico is leading the “Processing and

distribution of satellite information” effort. To all of them our MUCHAS GRACIAS!

Work Plan for Next Year with Associated Costs

Working Group “In situ Time Series” - Ocean Field estimations

Measurements at sea and analyses of samples

Continuing sampling at the Antares time-series-stations will continue throughout the

project at each time-series station. This will involve the work of Co-PIs and collaborators

dedicated to the measurements of variables at sea and analyses of samples in the laboratory

(see complete list of variables in Table-1 of the proposal). Carrying out this type of frequent

sampling requires the conjunct effort from all researchers and students dedicated to the field

work (see List in point 1 of this report).

Organization of the in situ database

At the present time, the “In situ TS” working group is starting discussions to elaborate

a protocol for data usage within the project and then for data display for public domain.

During the upcoming workshop in Santa Marta (Colombia) this issue will be an important

topic.

It is also expected that in the coming months the data base will be completed and data

compiled in a common format across time series. The need for adding more extensive

metadata for each time series is also an issue to consider and define (including among others

the instruments and methods used).

The “In situ TS” working group will also propose a specific workshop (ideally in

person, otherwise virtual) for data integration and synthesis during the coming year. This is

considered a key task that this group feels committed to pursue.

Working Group “Satellite” - Ocean Satellite estimations

Processing and distribution of satellite information

Once the process of re-establishing the system of processing and distribution of

satellite in formation at CONABIO, Mexico is completed, we intend to expand including the

more recent incorporated ANTARES stations and to redefine the geographic coverage of all

areas. Other satellite products are also envisaged, such as ocean vector winds that can be

estimated from orbital scaterometers in a routine basis.

47

Satellite modelling of Primary and Fish Production

The primary production model used in the ANTARES-Ubatuba South Brazil Bight

experiment is based in remote sensing and in situ data. Our intention is to extend the approach

for other Antares sites. In this case, we will use a different primary production model, based

only in satellite-derived information. Fish production will be estimated for each site/region

assuming a simple trophic chain, with a fixed trophic efficiency and an average number of

trophic links, adjusted to local main catch(es).

We will start a collaboration with the Natural Modeling group and the Socio-

Economic/Ecosystem Services group in order to simulate future scenarios for primary

production and fish potential productivity and on the associated socio-economic impacts

(please see Fisheries and Climate Change: Socioeconomic impacts below).

Working Group “Natural Modelling”

Local modeling

1) Validation of the 1D model: a hind cast simulation of fifteen years of model runs (1999-

2014) will be performed using the observed atmospheric forcing. The 15-year model outputs

will be validated using field measurements (temperature, NO3, Chl-a, phytoplankton) at

EPEA station. The model-predicted temporal variability will be used to explore the relations

between the observed variability and changing ambient conditions (winds, stratification).

2) A next step is to set the frame and parameters of a Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-

Zooplankton-Detritus model for the CARIACO station.

Large-scale modeling

1)The time series of biogeochemical variables, 1968-2007, will be analyzed for seasonal

and inter-annual variability in the Bio-geographic provinces will be contrasted. The changes

in bio-geochemical variables and carbon fluxes will be examined in relation to temperature,

wind forcing, surface mixing, available solar radiation, etc., and climate indices. Satellite

ocean color products, available since 1997, will be used to evaluate some of the model results.

The study provides information about possible factors, mechanisms, and feedbacks

controlling ecosystem variability and carbon fluxes in the bio-geographical ocean provinces

of Latin America during the past several decades. These results should be further discussed

with experts from each site area according to what is known from local measurements and

processes studied at these local sites.

2) We plan to increase spacial resolution to ~0.5° using a space refinement ratio of 4 in an

embedded regional model of the Central/South Americas covering a domain ~125°W to

~25°W, ~35°N to ~60°S. In the current implementation only horizontal refinement is

available (31 levels in the ORCA R2 configuration). Time refinement ratio will be set within

the model stability.

NEMO includes the one- and two-way nesting capability that allows resolution to be

focused over a region of interest by introducing an additional finer resolution grid via the

AGRIF (Adaptive Grid Refinement in Fortran) software (Madec,G and the NEMO team,

2011). AGRIF is a package for the integration of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) features

within a multidimensional model such as NEMO written in Fortran and discretized on a

structured grid (Debreu et al., 2008). The package is designed to create fine regional grids

(child grids) in a form that NEMO can read in from a coarse NEMO global grid. The idea is

to run the fine grid with the global grid to provide local increased resolution in the local

regions we are focused on.

The grid coordinates and the bathymetry files for the child grid are created off-line using

48

the nesting tool in NEMO. Input forcing data at the sea surface such as the winds and solar

heat flux radiation for the child grid are also constructed on- or off-line using the nesting tool

and the global input files for NEMO.

3) We plan to perform the following four IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios

(SRES) experiments. In these experiment, the atmospheric parameters needed to force the

model (i.e., wind stress components, short- and longwave radiation, temperature, humidity,

and precipitation) will be specified from outputs of the IPSL-CM4 model (Marti et al., 2006)

available on a 96 x 71 longitude-latitude grid (2.5 deg x 3.75 deg). All SRES emissions

scenario simulations generated using the IPSL-CM4 model were initialized with the model

conditions at the end of the 20C3M simulation (1860 to the end of 2000, see below) and were

run to 2100.

EXP 1: Reference run for 1961-2000. (20C3M). We will run a 40-year control simulation

for 1961-2000 using outputs from the IPSL simulation labeled "Climate of the 20th century

experiment (20C3M)" run from 1860 to 2000 that was driven by the estimate of the known

historical radiative forcing agents which include greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs)

and sulfate aerosol direct effects. The results of 20C3M represent the state of the current

atmopsheric environment with greenhouse gases increasing as observed through the 20th

century.

EXP 2: SRES A1B emission scenario simulation for 2001-2050. The A1 storyline and

scenario family describes a future world of very rapid economic growth, global population

that peaks in mid-century and declines thereafter, and rapid introduction of new and more

efficient technologies. In particular, the A1B scenario is characterized by "balanced across all

evergy sources" not relying too heavily on one particular energy source.

EXP 3: SRES A2 emission scenario simulation for 2001-2100. The A2 scenario describes

a very heterogeneous world with continuously increasing global population and regionally

oriented economic growth that is more fragmented and slower than in other storylines. It is

characterized as "business-as-usual."

EXP 4: SRES B1 emission scenario simulation for 2001-2100. The B1 scenario describes

a convergent world with rapid changes in economic structures toward a service and

information economy, with reductions in material intensity, and the introduction of clean and

resource-efficient technologies. It is characterized as "the most environmentally conscious."

In the A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios, expected global mean CO2 concentrations for

the end of the 21st century are about 720, 860, and 550 ppm, respectively. The current

concentration of CO2 is above 400 ppm. According to IPCC (2001), those concentration

levels translate into the following global average surface air temperature increases relative to

1990: under scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 2.95, 3.79, and 1.98 deg C, respectively, by the end

of the 21st century.

Working Group “Socio-economic / Ecosystem Services”

a) Fisheries and Climate Change: Socioeconomic impacts (case study in Argentina)

For the following year, a continuation of fisheries' analysis is envisaged to consider the

regional level. As summarized by Allison et al. (2009) index, vulnerability to climate change

can be evaluated through three variables: exposure, sensibility and adaptation capacity (to

climate change impacts). Regarding exposure, the natural component team will develop time

series related to primary production for countries studied by the project. This information will

be used as an input for the analysis. As far as sensibility is concerned, this study will rely on

available information on economic variables (e.g. landings, captures, and other macro data) in

order to measure socioeconomic impacts. Finally, adaptation will be treated as a qualitative

49

indicator (and data will be developed on the basis of official documents –e.g. National

Communications- that make explicit reference to local climate change impacts on fisheries

and the adaptation policies in place or in development). On this basis a common research

methodology can be applied to different country cases and lead to the development of

regional scenarios.

b) New case studies. It is envisaged that new case studies will be developed to consider other

aspects of ecosystem services and socioeconomic impacts (posibly including the tourism

sector) . Group discussion on the specific case is under way.

c) Communication. The initiation of group discussion on communication strategies and

approaches (as an interdisciplinary effort) is envisaged. FCE-UBA is planning to incorporate

one student to work on this issue.

Capacity building

A key capacity building contribution expected from the project will involve the creation of

new research groups (interdisciplinary) and also the creation of new capabilities at the

participating institutions through training and research work of students working on

socioeconomic analysis of ecosystem services and interdisciplinary studies within the project.

In this sense, we will make our best to find the resources to organize an interdisciplinary

course for the young people (mainly for those involved in this project) within 2016-2017.

The need to maintain a more frequent communication is a key factor for the progress of

this multidisciplinary and multitudinary project. To reduce costs, virtual meetings have been

useful, and they are planning to continue during 2016 with a monthly periodicity.

Budget

So far, CRN3094 received only 80% of the budget for the first year of the project. We

would like very much to normalize the flow of funds received from IAI.

We expect to receive the remaining 20% of the first year and 100% of the second year.

According to our original budget, we would also have an 80% part for the third year.

We understand that some institutions were formally removed from the project, due to

administrative reasons explained in our last Report. This is the case of the institutions from

Colombia-CIOH, Ecuador-INOCAR and Mexico-CONABIO. In the latter case, please keep

the budget expenditures planned jointly between INPE and CONABIO, as the activities are

being carried out under the project.

Without the inflow of funds provided for the project, it will be difficult to continue the

ongoing activities and develop the proposed work plan. We are making progress every day

and we expect to generate interesting results for IAI and the community at large.

Perspective for 2017

On the basis of the afore mentioned (natural science) results and of the "macro"

(national) and local analysis involved in inter-disciplinary and socio-economic case studies on

phytoplankton ecosystem service changes, trends and their socio-economic impacts, a more

50

thorough understanding of the socioeconomic impacts from phytoplankton ecosystem service

changes will be gained.

The preliminary results on these initial studies and resulting scenarios will be

presented in a first Workshop (WS1) with decisionmakers (expected by July-August 2016).

With the completion of the expected local, national and regional analyses (with in situ data)

the development of revised phytoplankton ecosystem service scenarios considering local

information/analysis will be possible. These scenarios will be discussed in the final project

workshop (WS2) with decision-makers in 2017. An additional study on effective

communication to decision-makers of (climate change related and complex) information of

this sort is envisioned.

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Appendix 1. Outreach CARIACO - EPEA

57

Article in the Argentinian popular magazine “Muy Interesante”, July 2015.

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Appendix 2.

Informe de avance de actividades del Proyecto de Investigación CONICET-IAI 2013-2017:

Evaluación del sistema de los carbonatos en el contexto de la acidificación oceánica en la serie

de tiempo EPEA (Mar Argentino)

Directora del proyecto: Vivian A. Lutz (Inv. Independiente CONICET, INIDEP).

Proyecto IAI asociado: “Assessment of Marine Ecosystem Services at the Latin-American

Antares Time-Series Network”. Proyecto IAI CNR-3094. PI: Milton Kampel (INPE, Brasil).

Objetivo general: Evaluar el impacto de la Acidificación Oceánica (AO) en la ‘Estación

Permanente de Estudios Ambientales (EPEA)’ del sector costero bonaerense. Contribuir con esta

información a los estudios de servicios ecosistémicos a nivel regional abordados en el proyecto IAI

CRN 3094 de la red latinoamericana de series de tiempo Antares.

Justificación: Es importante lograr un conocimiento acabado del sistema de los carbonatos en

la EPEA cumpliendo con los requisitos mínimos de calidad tanto en las mediciones como en el

procesamiento de los datos bajo protocolos internacionales, a fin que las estimaciones que se realicen

contribuyan a los estudios globales de la AO. Las variables descriptivas del sistema de los carbonatos

son la alcalinidad total (AT), el carbono inorgánico disuelto (DIC), el pH y la presión parcial de

dióxido de carbono (CO2). El conocimiento de al menos dos de ellas y sus constantes de equilibrio

permite la estimación completa del sistema.

Objetivos específicos cumplimentados:

• Avance en el conocimiento teórico sobre la temática de AO (Actividad A).

Estas actividades comprendieron una actualización bibliográfica y la asistencia de Carla F.

Berghoff al curso ‘1rst Latin-American School In Ocean Acidification (LAOCA)’ dictado en la

Estación de Biología Marina de Dichato, Universidad de Concepción, Chile, 9 al 16 de noviembre de

2014. Los contenidos adquiridos en el curso permitieron, entre otros, profundizar en los fundamentos

del sistema de los carbonatos y mediciones vinculadas y adquirir conceptos básicos de

experimentación y manipulación del CO2 para la evaluación de las respuestas biológicas frente a la

acidificación oceánica. Además se inició una interacción activa con investigadores que han

comenzado una red Latinoamericana de estudios de acidificación oceánica “LAOCA”.

• Adquisición de los conocimientos prácticos requeridos para la determinación del sistema de los

carbonatos, esencial para la evaluación de la AO (Actividad B).

La primera instancia fue la transferencia de conocimientos y capacitación práctica de la Dra. C.

Berghoff por parte el Ing. C. F. Balestrini del Departamento de Dinámica Oceánica del Servicio de

Hidrografía Naval (SHN). Para ello se realizó un entrenamiento práctico sobre: (1) la metodología de

captación y preservación de muestras para determinación de AT y DIC; (2) el montado y la

metodología de calibración del equipamiento de medición de AT y DIC mediante titulación

potenciométrica en celda cerrada (instrumento perteneciente al SHN) y (3) la metodología de

determinación potenciométrica de alcalinidad total y carbono inorgánico disuelto utilizando dicho

instrumental.

Estas actividades, así como la experiencia obtenida sobre las técnicas analíticas de medición del

pH y AT mediante diferentes equipamientos durante la asistencia de C. Berghoff al curso ‘1rst Latin-

American School In Ocean Acidification (LAOCA)’ permitió que posteriormente Carla realizara la

captación de muestras, calibración del equipo de titulación y determinación potenciométrica de AT y

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DIC en las campañas “OB0214” (que incluye las series temporales EPEA y COSTAL) y la campaña

oceanográfica “SAMOC 10” (dirigida por Alberto Piola y a la cual Carla fue invitada por Alejandro

Bianchi del SHN).

Una segunda instancia fue la realización, por parte de C. Berghoff, de una estadía con una

duración de 22 días en el instituto EDIMAR donde se desarrolla la serie de tiempo CARIACO,

Venezuela (participante del proyecto IAI asociado al presente proyecto). Allí Carla recibió un

entrenamiento sobre las mediciones de pH y AT mediante espectrofotometría de la Dra. Yrene Astor y

la Lic. Jaimie Rojas, Co-PI y colaboradora correspondientemente del proyecto IAI-CRN3094 (C.

Berghoff entregó al INIDEP el correspondiente informe de comisión).

C. Berghoff ha ya elevado el correspondiente informe de comisión al INIDEP. Además este tema

fue registrado por las “Newsletter del INIDEP” y por dos notas en medios locales (ver Anexo-2).

• Adecuación de un método de determinación del sistema de los carbonatos que cumpla con los

requisitos mínimos aceptables recomendados a nivel internacional, factible de llevarse a cabo en la

estación EPEA (Actividad C).

En una primera etapa se realizó una consulta con miembros del proyecto IAI y del SHN, respecto

del instrumental e insumos mínimos necesarios para adecuar un método de determinación del sistema

de los carbonatos en la EPEA. Luego de evaluar el instrumental e insumos mínimos necesarios se

implementó, por un lado, el método de determinación potenciométrica en celda cerrada para

mediciones de AT y DIC, a partir del equipamiento disponible por parte del SHN, debido a que el

mismo es un sistema de medición regular en campañas del SHN, y por otra parte se realizó, a través

del proyecto PIDDEF 47/11 conjunto entre el SHN e INIDEP, la adquisición de un equipo de

medición del pH oceánico mediante espectrofotometría, del cual parte de los insumos se pudieron

adquirir por fondos del presente proyecto (CONICET-IAI). A fin de adquirir experiencia en el uso de

este último equipo fue que se realizó el entrenamiento práctico en CARIACO y actualmente se está

iniciando en la etapa de puesta a punto del método mediante pruebas en el laboratorio.

• Realizar mediciones del sistema de los carbonatos en la serie de tiempo EPEA (Actividad D).

C. Berghoff realizó la captación de muestras de AT y DIC del sistema de los carbonatos en la

EPEA durante las campañas de investigación del proyecto ‘Dinámica del Plancton Marino y Cambio

Climático (DiPlaMCC)’ del INIDEP, mediante la utilización de buques del INIDEP (Campaña

OB0214, Oca Balda, que incluye las series temporales EPEA y COSTAL) y del Motovelero ‘Dr.

Bernardo Houssay’ perteneciente a la Prefectura Naval Argentina (Campañas MO0115, MO0215 y

MO0315). Se espera que esta actividad se desarrolle en forma continúa con cierta periodicidad. Resta

implementar la etapa de determinación potenciométrica de AT y DIC, la cual se llevará a cabo en el

corto plazo.

• Procesar los datos mediante procedimientos recomendados a nivel internacional (Actividad E).

Se trabajo en la optimización de las distintas etapas de cálculo, procesamiento y control de calidad

de los datos del sistema de carbonatos mediante protocolos recomendados a nivel internacional. Para

ello se desarrollo una interacción activa entre la Lic. A. P. Osiroff y C. Berghoff. Se reprocesaron los

resultados obtenidos de las muestras provenientes de la campaña OB0214 y SAMOC 10 a partir del

software ad-hoc del equipo (que incluye una rutina de cálculo bajo el lenguaje de programación

Fortran) y luego se desarrolló una rutina en el lenguaje de programación R project para el

procesamiento digital de los datos, que permite un mejor ajuste de los parámetros del modelo utilizado

en la determinación de la AT y DIC. En dicha etapa se contó con la colaboración invalorable del Lic.

Daniel Hernández (Gabinete de Biomatemática del INIDEP).

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C. Berghoff ha elevado recientemente junto a co-autores un Informe de Transferencia al INIDEP

sobre la implementación de dicha rutina y fundamentos.

La interacción con la Lic. A. P. Osiroff fue crucial para que C. Berghoff aprendiera los

procedimientos de cálculo y manejo del software CO2SYS (http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/co2sys/) para las

estimaciones de pH y pCO2 a partir del procesamiento digital de las mediciones de AT y DIC. Estos

conocimientos complementan los adquiridos por C. Berghoff sobre el cálculo del sistema de

carbonatos mediante el paquete informático CO2calc, durante el curso ‘1rst Latin-American School In

Ocean Acidification (LAOCA)’. La interacción con el Dr. A. Bianchi ha sido fundamental para la

interpretación teórica de los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento. Los Co-PIs del proyecto IAI CRN

3094 (V. Lutz y R. Negri), coordinaron el enlace de las actividades con el proyecto DiPlaMCC del

INIDEP y vinculación de los resultados obtenidos sobre el sistema de los carbonatos con la

distribución temporal de la biomasa y diversidad del fitoplancton. Especialmente la interacción activa

con el Dr. Ricardo Silva, permitió que la información adquirida en la campaña ambiental OB0214,

fueran presentados en las IX Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar, bajo el título “Variabilidad del

sistema de los carbonatos desde la costa al talud continental en la Zona Común de Pesca Argentino-

Uruguaya y su vinculación con el plancton autótrofo-heterótrofo”.