1- Project Title: ASSESSMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AT THE

LATIN-AMERICAN ANTARES TIME-SERIES NETWORK

Project Number: CRN 3094

Principal Investigator: Milton Kampel

Contact details: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

milton@dsr.inpe.br

Participants by country (Co-PIs in gray), affiliation, and role in the project, [Working

Groups: ISTS (In situ Time-Series), Sat (Satellite), NatMod (Natural Modeling), SEES

(Socio-Economic & Ecosystem Services)]:

PI: Milton Kampel, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

milton@dsr.inpe.br [Leader: Sat]

Argentina

1. Vivian Lutz, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Consejo

Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (INIDEP-CONICET), Argentina,

vlutz@inidep.edu.ar (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares-coordination activities) (Antares

Station Co-PI – Bio-optics– EPEA) [ISTS, NatMod]

2. Martina G. Chidiak, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas

(ECON-UBA), Argentina, martinachidiak@gmail.com (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares)

(Socioeconomic analysis & Environmental economics component-Project IAI-

Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics /

Environmental economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

3. Rubén Mario Negri, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero,

Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

(INIDEP-FCEN-UNMdP), Argentina, negri@inidep.edu.ar (CoPI-Project IAI-

Antares) (Antares Station PI –- Plankton dynamics- EPEA) [ISTS, NatMod]

4. Ignacio Carciofi, independent consultant, ignaciocarciofi@gmail.com (Collaborator -

Socioeconomic analysis & Environmental economics component-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [Leader: SEES]

5. María Cecilia Filipello, Universidad de Buenos Aires, c.filipello@gmail.com

(Collaborator - Socioeconomic - Ocean governance component-Project IAI-Antares)

[SEES]

6. Isabela Sánchez Vargas, IIEP- Universidad de Buenos Aires,

isabela_sv@hotmail.com (Collaborator - Socioeconomic analysis & Environmental

economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

7. Ana Dogliotti, (Antares Coordinator), Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio,

Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IAFE-CONICET),

Argentina, adogliotti@iafe.uba.ar (Collaborator - Satellite component-Project IAI-

Antares) [Sat]

8. Martín Saraceno, Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera, Consejo

Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires

(CIMA-CONICET-UBA); Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y de los

2

Océanos, Universidad de Buenos Aires (DCAO-UBA), Argentina,

saraceno@cima.fcen.uba.ar (Collaborator - Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares)

[Sat]

9. Virginia Palastanga, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

(CONICET), Servicio de Hidrografía Naval, vpalastanga@hidro.gov.ar (Collaborator

- Modeling component-Project IAI-Antares) [NatMod]

10. Mario Carignan, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

(INIDEP), Argentina, marioc@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Nutrients- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

11. Ricardo Silva, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP),

Argentina, risilva@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Phytoplankton-

Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS, NatMod]

12. Valeria Segura, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP),

Argentina, vsegura@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Primary

Production- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

13. Guillermina Ruiz, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas

(CONICET), Argentina, m.guillermina.ruiz@gmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-

Antares) (Bio-optics- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

14. Carla Berghoff, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

(INIDEP), Argentina, cberghoff@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Carbonate System- Antares Station – EPEA) [ISTS]

15. Ezequiel Cozzolino, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero

(INIDEP), Argentina, ecozzolino@inidep.edu.ar (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Collaborator - Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares) [Sat]

Brazil

16. Alexander Turra, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, turra@usp.br (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean

governance / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component-Project

IAI-Antares) [SEES]

17. Paulo Sinisgalli, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e

Humanidades (EACH-USP), Brazil, psinisgalli@usp.br (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component-Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

18. Pedro Roberto Jacobi, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Educação (FE-

USP), prjacobi@usp.br (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean

governance / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component-Project

IAI-Antares) [SEES]

19. Frederico Pereira Brandini, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico

(IO-USP), Brazil, brandini@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares

Station PI – Ubatuba) [ISTS]

20. Mayza Pompeu, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, pompeum@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Field work, laboratory

Antares Station – Ubatuba) [ISTS]

3

21. Natalia de Moraes Ruddorf, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE),

Brazil, natalia.rudorff@cptec.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component-Project IAI-

Antares) (Bio-optics - Antares Station - Ubatuba) [Sat]

22. Gabriel Moiano, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

moiano@dsr.inpe.br (Collaborator- In situ data-base - Project IAI-Antares) (field

work, data processing, Antares Station – Ubatuba) [ISTS]

23. Wander Ferreira, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

wander_glayson@yahoo.com.br (Collaborator- Antares Web -Project IAI-Antares)

24. Mário Lemes de Figueiredo Neto, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE),

Brazil, mario.figueiredo@cptec.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component-Project

IAI-Antares) (web development) [Sat]

25. Rogério Batista, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

rogerio.batista@cptec.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares)

(web development) [Sat]

26. Ricardo Alex Barros Braga, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE),

Brazil, ricardo.braga@cptec.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component-Project IAI-

Antares) (web development) [Sat]

27. João Felipe Cardoso dos Santos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE),

Brazil, joaofcs@dsr.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component - Project IAI-Antares)

(Field work, data and image processing - Antares Station – Ubatuba) [Sat]

28. Mateus Chuqui, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, mateuschuqui@gmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Field work,

laboratory - Antares Station – Ubatuba) [ISTS]

29. Diogo Jesus Amore, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

amore@dsr.inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component - Project IAI-Antares) (Field

work, data and image processing - Antares Station – Ubatuba) [Sat]

30. Jean Farath Silva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

jean.silva@inpe.br (Collaborator- Satellite component - Project IAI-Antares) (Field

work, data processing - Antares Station – Ubatuba) [Sat]

31. Caroline Cichoski, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), capopck@hotmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component) [SEES]

32. Iuri Amazonas, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), iuriamazonas@gmail.com (Collaborator-Tur-Project IAI-Antares)

(Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Ecosystem services / Ocean governance /

Ecological economics / Environmental economics component) [SEES]

33. Pablo Sosa, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), pablo.papito@gmail.com (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

(Ecosystem services / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component).

[SEES]

34. Bruno Meirelles, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Energia e Ambiente (IEE-

PROCAM/USP), bruno.meirelles@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares)

4

(Ecosystem services / Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental

economics component) [SEES]

35. Raissa Bijkerk, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto Oceanográfico (IO-USP),

Brazil, raissa.bijkerk@usp.br (Collaborator-Project IAI-Antares) (Field work,

laboratory - Antares Station – Ubatuba) [ISTS]

36. Gustavo Ortiz Prouvot, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Brazil,

gusortiz@gmail.com (Collaborator- Satellite component - Project IAI-Antares) (data

and image processing - Antares Station – Ubatuba) [Sat]

Chile

37. Rubén Escribano, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción

(IMO- UdeC), Chile, ruben.escribano@imo-chile.cl (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares)

(Antares Station PI – Concepción) [Leader: ISTS]

38. Carmen Morales, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción (IMO-

UdeC), Chile, camorale@udec.cl (Collaborator- Plankton dynamics- Antares Station–

Concepción Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

Colombia

39. Mary Luz Cañón-Páez, Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas

del Caribe (CIOH), Colombia, marlucpaez@gmail.com (Collaborator - Project IAI-

Antares) (Antares Station Co-PI – Cartagena) [ISTS]

40. Liseth Arregoces, Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del

Caribe (CIOH), Colombia, Liseth.Arregoces@dimar.mil.co (Collaborator- Field

work Antares Station– Cartagena - Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

Ecuador

41. María Elena Tapia, Armada del Ecuador, Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada

(INOCAR), Ecuador, mtapiab17@gmail.com (Collaborator - Project IAI-Antares)

(Antares Station PI – La Libertad/Manta) [ISTS]

42. Christian Manuel Naranjo Padilla, Armada del Ecuador, Instituto Oceanográfico de

la Armada (INOCAR), Ecuador, mnaranjo48@gmail.com (Collaborator - Project

IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – La Libertad/Manta) [ISTS]

Mexico

43. Eduardo Santamaría-del Ángel, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad

Autónoma de Baja California (FCM-UABC), Mexico, santamaria@uabc.edu.mx

(CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – Ensenada) (Satellite component-

Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

44. Adriana González-Silvera, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Autónoma de

Baja California (FCM-UABC), Mexico, Adriana.gonzalez@uabc.edu.mx (CoPI-

Project IAI-Antares) (Bio-optics - Ensenada Station - Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

45. Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la

Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico, scerdeira@conabio.gob.mx (Collaborator -

Project IAI-Antares) (Satellite component-Project IAI-Antares)

5

46. Omar Cervantes, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas (FACIMAR),Universidad de

Colima, Mexico, omar_cervantes@ucol.mx (Collaborator – Ecosystem services /

Ocean governance / Ecological economics / Environmental economics component-

Project IAI-Antares) [SEES]

Peru

47. Jesus Ledesma, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Peru,

jledesma@imarpe.gob.pe (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – IMARPE)

[ISTS]

48. Luis Escudero Herrera, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Peru,

lescudero@imarpe.gob.pe (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – IMARPE)

[Sat]

USA

49. Robert Frouin, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San

Diego (SIO-UCSD), USA, rfrouin@ucsd.edu (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Satellite

component-Project IAI-Antares) (Modeling component-Project IAI-Antares) [Leader:

NatMod; Sat]

Venezuela

50. Irene M. Astor, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Estación de

Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita (EDIMAR-FLASA), Venezuela,

yrene.astor@yahoo.com (CoPI-Project IAI-Antares) (Antares Station PI – Cariaco)

[ISTS]

51. Ramon Varela, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Estación de

Investigaciones Marinas de Margarita (EDIMAR-FLASA), Venezuela,

varelaallegue@hotmail.com (Collaborator- Antares Station – Cariaco Project IAI-

Antares) [ISTS]

52. Jaimie Rojas, Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales, Estación de Investigaciones

Marinas de Margarita (EDIMAR-FLASA), Venezuela, jaimajo2000@gmail.com

(Collaborator- Antares Station – Cariaco Project IAI-Antares) [ISTS]

53. Shubha Sathyendranath, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK,

Shubha.Sathyendranath@dal.ca (Collaborator-Advisor Antares Network - Project IAI-

Antares)

NOTE of changes in Co-PIS

Removal: Roberto Millan-Nuñez, Co-PI from Ensenada (Mexico) has retired and no

longer works in the project.

Incorporation: Adriana Gonzalez-Silvera, collaborator from Ensenada (Mexico), has

been working since the beginning in the project and is now taking the responsibility of

being a Co-PI.

6

Removal: Salvador Gaeta, Co-PI from Ubatuba (Brazil) has retired and no longer works

in the project.

Incorporation: Frederico Brandini, is now taking the responsibility of being a Co-PI and

the PI of the In-Situ Antares Station Ubatuba.

2-Project funding

Donor name Recipient institution / PI Amount

National Science Foundation Fundacion La Salle de Ciencias Naturales/Yrene

Astor

$107.024,00

Chilean National Comission for Science

and Technology (CONICYT-Chile)

University of Concepción / Ruben Escribano $50.000,00

ICM (MInistry of Economy) Univ. Concepción- Instituto Milenio de

Oceanografía / Ruben Escribano

$12.000,00

PETROBRAS/FUNCATE INPE / Milton Kampel $15.000,00

Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica

y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Argentina

IAFE /Ana Dogliotti $2.500,00

CONICET, Argentina IAFE / Ana Dogliotti $2.300,00

Comisión Nacional de Actividades

Espaciales (CONAE), Argentina

IAFE / Ana Dogliotti $10.000,00

Ministry of Economy and Finance IMARPE / Michelle Graco $60.000,00

INIDEP funds operation. PNA funds for

cruises

INIDEP / Ruben Negri $25.000,00

PIDDEF (Ministry of Defense) INIDEP / Vivian Lutz $4.000,00

Nipponf Foundation-POGO UABC / Adriana Gonzalez-Silvera $32.700,00

NASA Scripps Institution of Oceanography/Robert Frouin $35.000,00

FAPESP (Project Biota FAPESP/Araçá) USP / Alexander Turra - Paulo Sinisgalli $30.000,00

PROEX (CAPES - Ministry of Education,

Brazil)

USP / Caroline Cichoski - Iuri Amazonas $1.000,00

Total $386.524,00

Parallel Funding

Type of contribution Donating Institution Reasonable

estimateComputer resources Scripps Institution of Oceanography $5.000,00

Computer resources INPE $5.000,00

Ship time USP $10.000,00

Laboratory facilities USP $5.000,00

Laboratory facilities INIDEP $5.000,00

Total $30.000,00

Total for project $416.524,00

Non-monetary contributions

7

Activities financed by the IAI grant

Although sampling at sea is highly costly and is funded at the different institutions by own

funds or grants, funds received through this IAI-CRN3094 have been fundamental for

enhancing some local activities and mainly for promoting project integration.

At INIDEP: IAI funds from this period were used mostly to cover great part of the costs of

the organization of the in person ‘Project Workshop in Mar del Plata – Villa Gesell

(Argentina)’ during June 2016, which proved to be of significant benefit for the advance of

the project (see report of the WS in Appendix 1). Some minor consumables for the activities

at EPEA (such as electricity stabilizers ‘UPS’) were also acquired.

At UBA: IAI funds were used to cover independent consultant fees (Ignacio Carciofi),

travel expenses by FCE-UBA team related to project activities (interdisciplinary seminar in

Mar del Plata in April 2016 and the in-person Project Workshop in June 2016) and two

studentships for the period October 2015-January 2016 (Masters Students at FCE UBA:

María Cecilia Filipello and Isabela Sanchez Vargas).

At INPE: IAI funds from this period were used mostly to hire a part-time Associate

Researcher to help in sampling and data processing and an IT-technician to maintain the

Antares webpage. Funding was also used to attend and participate at the Workshop held in

Mar del Plata, Argentina (June 2016), and the COLACMAR (October 2015). Until September

2015, USP and INPE cover major part of the costs of sampling at sea, including transportation

to the base-station, lodging, meals, ship time, fuel and consumables. However, due to other

funding limitations, we will need to rely more on IAI funding to keep the sampling going on

in the near future (2017). We expect to get another parallel funding for supporting this

important activity from a Brazilian Agency.

At USP: IAI funds from this period were spent mostly with scholarships, travel for the

Turists Perception of Coastal Ecosystem Service Survey and meetings with local communities

in Ubatuba, North shore of Sao Paulo. The survey resulted in a publication to be submitted

soon (Appendix 7). The IAI funds also were used to support travel expenses to present a study

about Brasilian legislation related to Coastal Areas and Climate Change during the

COLAMAR (October 2015).

At Universidad de Concepción: IAI funds were used to cover expenses for data processing

and analyses. Funding was also used for admistrative expenses and equipment maintainance.

Funding was also used to attend and participate at Workshop in Mar del Plata, Argentina.

At UABC: The funds have been used to hire a student assistant to help in sampling and

laboratory analysis, and to cover the expenses of the trip to the in person ‘Project Workshop

in Mar del Plata – Villa Gesell (Argentina)’ held in June 2016. Also we buy some lab

materials to continue do the monitoring sampling.

At IMARPE: The funds from the project were used to finance the participation of the two

Co-PIs in the COLACMAR October 2015; the trips to participate in the workshop in Mar del

Plata/Villa Gesell in June 2016. Finally a part will be used to present results of the project in

the Congress of Marine Science of Peru in November 2016.

At EDIMAR: The funds have been used to pay the travel expenses expenses for assisting

to the COLAMAR Congress in October 2015; to hire a student assistant to help in sampling

and laboratory analysis; and to cover the expenses of the trip to the in person ‘Project

Workshop in Mar del Plata – Villa Gesell (Argentina)’ held in June 2016.

8

3-Research Activities and Findings

Long Term Goals

Our overarching long term goal is to understand the impact that changes in the ocean may

have especially in regulating and supporting ecosystem services provided by phytoplankton

and to investigate the connection of these ecosystem services with the human populations in

the coastal areas of the Antares network sites (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador,

Peru, Mexico and Venezuela). In addition, we intend to understand the functioning of the

different local systems, including how they are connected at a regional scale.

Objectives

The main goals during this period were:

a) Continuing sampling at the Antares time-series-stations.

b) Organize the in situ database.

c) Outline concrete products to show the information collected in the time series.

d) Plan an alternative way (to the one originally in place at the Antares webpage) to

build a processing and distribution of satellite information.

e) Outline concrete products from the use of satellite information.

f) Work in the validation of the 1D model.

g) Define how to improve and which information/products to obtain from the time series

(1968-2007) of biogeochemical variables (e.g., PP, Delta pCO2) around Latin-

America generated from the run of the NEMO model.

h) Further advance with climate change and fisheries analysis (literature review and

case study) including interdisciplinary approaches.

i) Deepen the analysis - review of indicators of socioeconomic impacts/linkages of

fisheries sector (useful to measure socioeconomic impacts of climate change trends

and how they affect fisheries).

j) Advance with selection and analysis of governance case studies (in Argentina)

k) Description the natural – ecological aspects of the region, scenic, protected areas

(terrestrial and marine, etc.).

l) Caracterize the pressures related to human activities and socioeconomic data.

m) Mapping the entities and social actors / steakeholders that take place in the region.

n) Develop the MIMES baseline.

o) Survey on Turists Perception about Ecosystem Services.

p) Advance in the approach to develop the two main interdisciplinary studies:

1) Ecosystem service of ‘support’

2) Ecosystem service of ‘regulation’

NOTE: The organization of this report was done taking into account advances in the different

working groups, and in the interdisciplinary activities.

9

Working Group “In situ Time Series”

Research Activities

Sampling at the different Antares time-series stations is being carried on, even though

some local constraints related to ship availability and weather conditions can cause some

delays. This activity is very costly, and funding is provided by other sources, local and/or

regional. During this period, a total of 58 sampling cruises were accomplished.

The dates of cruises accomplished during 2015-2016 at each one of these time-series-

stations are given below (Table 1).

Station Oct-

2015

Nov-

2015

Dec-

2015

Jan-

2016

Feb-

2016

Mar-

2016

Apr-

2016

May-

2016

Jun-

2016

Jul-

2016

Aug-

2016

Sep-

2016

ENSENADA --- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----- ---- ---- ---- ----

EPEA ---- ---- ---- ---- --- --- 22 11 --- ---- ---- 1

CARIACO --- 16 9 13 4 --- --- 11 7 --- --- 19

UBATUBA 27 25 10 20 25 --- 7 ----- 28 14 ---- 27

CARTAGENA 16 29 02

05

27 29

IMARPE 06-

14

01-

18

03-

16 18

02-

17-

26

14-

28

15-

29

16-

27 17

06-

18-

27

09 01-

19

CONCEPCIÓN 27-

28 30

21-

22

26-

27

01-

02 27

29-

30 28 26

MANTA

LA LIBERTAD

-INOCAR

6

8

8

10

4

6

9

11

4

6

5

6

6

8

14

16

8

10

7

8

3

5

1

3

Notes:

EPEA: At the EPEA station, sampling continues to be severely affected by a strike of the

crew members at INIDEP (from April 2014 until recently, having the first cruise just started

in September 2016). Fortunately, thanks to the valuable collaboration of the ‘Prefectura Naval

Argentina’ (Coast Guard) two cruises were performed on the motor-sailing ship “Dr.

Bernardo Houssay” (former “Atlantis” of Woods Hole). Another opportunity of sampling at

EPEA was performed thanks to the generous collaboration of Alberto Piola (SHN) and Martín

Saraceno (CIMA) during the CASSIS-Malvinas cruise on board the ‘Puerto Deseado’. The

subject of ocean acidification (i.e., the dynamics of the carbonate system) is being studied by

Carla Berghoff (INIDEP). She has started with these measurements at the EPEA station as

part of a CONICET-IAI project (see proposal at:

https://antaresiaiproject.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/project-conicet-iai-crn3094.pdf; brief

report in Appendix 2). Environmental and plankton results from two related time series (close

to the EPEA site) were published this year (cited in Publications). The method of

determination of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) an important component

affecting light distribution in the ocean, was revised and improved by Guillermina Ruiz,

student working at EPEA (a manuscript has been recently submitted in collaboration with Co-

PIs from this project: V. Lutz and R. Frouin ).

Ubatuba: In this period (end of 2015 to 2016) the State University of São Paulo (USP)

faced a strong financial crisis reducing its capacity of funding our sampling efforts. INPE also

faced a severe limitation of funding continuity with the interruption of some parallel funding.

Besides the funding contrains, the research vessel used for the Antares-UBATUBA sampling

campaigns stayed a much longer period under maintenance than what was normally expected.

Consequently, we were not able to have 12 sampling dates as planned, but only 9 instead. A

10

MSc. student at the Oceanographic Institute of the University of Sao Paulo (Pedro Paulo Guy

Martins dos Santos), advised by Dr Frederico Brandini, concluded in December 2015 his

Master dissertation in a study of chlorophyll variability in Ubatuba using Antares-UBATUBA

time-series data. Another MSc. Student at INPE (Joao Felipe Cardoso dos Santos), advised by

Dr Milton Kampel, concluded in August 2016 his Master dissertation in a study of primary

production in the Southeastern margin of Brazil (both dissertations are cited in Publications).

CARIACO: During this period, we have encountered a lot of problems with the ship. A

major malfunction on March made the ship unavailable for two months. Then, several issues

(problems with navigation permits, acquisition of fuel, and resignation of part of the crew)

aroused between July and September that stop operations.

Ensenada: Unfortunately, logistic problems with the ship continued and no cruises were

performed during this period. We recently signed a collaboration project with the Secretaria

de Marina Armada de Mexico (SEMAR) to support with ship the sampling monitoring

activities.

Concepción: The time series continued with its regular sampling the second half of

October and there were a few gaps in 2016 for ship maintainance. Core measuremente have

been the same from CTD deployments and water samples for nutrients and phytoplankton

pigments. The second half of 2016 there is uncertain funding to keep the time series and

efforts are being made to recover sampling by October this year.

IMARPE: The weather conditions during 2016 were affected by El Niño, in this sense,

oceanographic monitoring was a great tool to evaluate the intensity of the positive thermal

anomalies by the ENSO phase. Sampling in IMARPE station - Antares Peru, in many cases

were up to three times per month, earning prospects of climate to the coasts of Peru and

alternatives for management of the fishery.The investigators of IMARPE, continue to interact

in the field marine sciences with various groups of Argentina, Germany, Chile, Korea, France,

United Kingdom, United States, among others.

Manta – Libertad: Sampling has been carried out succesfully so far at these coastal

stations. Though, unfortunately due to the low budget we will not be able to perform the

cruises programmed for November and December.

All Stations: All samples collected have been already analyzed at each laboratory. These

activities require time, effort and trained personnel; most of these activities are covered by

dedicated funds at ech institution, but partial funding through this IAI grant is highly

acknowledge for the acquisition of certain consumables.

11

Table 2. Summary of metadata of present data compiled from the ANTARES Time Series

Network. Cariaco Ensenada Ubatuba Epea Cartagena Imarpe La

Libertad-

INOCAR

Manta-

INOCAR

Concep-

ción

Comments

Cruise

code yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Number of

cruises 224 29 97 111 17 54 179 174 206

A total of 1091 cruises

around Latin America.

Latitude yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Longitude yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Period of

data

committed

--------------

Period of

data

uploaded

1995-onwards

---------

1995-2016

2007- onwards

-----------

2007-2015

2004- onwards

----------

2006-2015

2000-onwards-

---------

2000-2015

2008-onwards

----------

2012- 2013

1995-onwards

--------

1995- 2016

2000- onwards

------------

2000- 2015

2000- onwards

----------

2000- 2015

2002- onwards

----------

2002- 2015

Ubatuba should upload

data for 2004-2006. Cartagena should upload

data for 2008-2012 and

2014-2015.

GMT

Time NE NE

LOCAL

TIME yes yes yes yes yes

LOCAL

TIME

To be completed.

Total

depth NE NE yes yes yes NE yes yes yes

To be completed.

Sampling

depth yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

SST yes yes Yes

3 missing yes

yes 6 missing

yes missing

yes yes yes

Indicate whether missing

values are NA or are not uploaded in to the data

base yet.

NO3 yes ND yes yes yes

missing yes

missing yes yes

yes missing

Indicate whether missing

values are definite NA or are not uploaded in to the

data base yet.

Surface

Irradiance

(PAR)

ND ND ND yes ND yes

missing ND ND

yes

missing

Secchi

Disc ND ND yes ND ND ND yes yes ND

Chloro-

phyll a yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

Other

pigments yes yes

Only

from NANO-

NASA

yes

(only a

few)

Only from

NANO-

NASA

ND ND ND ND

Phyto-

plankton ND

Relativ% (HPLC)

ND ND

Micro-

plankton yes - yes yes -

Yes

(Diatoms)

Yes

(Diatoms) -

Nano-

plankton yes - yes yes - -

Pico-

plankton - - yes yes - -

Zeu ND ND NE yes ND ND ND ND ND

Zm Yes ND NE not yet ND ND ND ND ND

Preliminary results on variations in ‘in situ’ sea surface temperature (SST) and

chlorophyll-a concentration at the Antares stations

These graphs (Figure 1) are first representations of main characteristics drawn from the

project database, which is still under revision and quality control. Nevertheless, some main

features come clearly apparent. Some of the stations are located in ‘temperate mid-lattitude’

(TML) areas, other stations in Sub-tropical and Tropical (StT) areas. The stations located in

TML are: EPEA, which shows a relatively repetitive pattern of SST with oscillations due to

seasonal radiation (~ 9 to 23ºC); Concepción (~ 10 to 18ºC) and Ensenada (~ 11 to 19ºC),

which are more influeced by variations in ocean currents; IMARPE shows extreme variations

due to the upwelling and ‘El Niño’ events (~ 14 to 26ºC). The stations located in Sub-tropical

and Tropical areas are: Cartagena with higher values of SST and minimum variations (~ 24

12

to 32ºC); CARIACO with notable variations due to the upwelling (~ 22 to 30ºC); Libertad

(~ 21 to 29ºC) that is affected by upwelling and eventually by ‘El Niño’; and Ubatuba (~ 17

to 30ºC), which is influenced by changes in ocean currents.

The different oceanographic systems produce very different distributions in magnitude and

variability in the phytoplankton biomass, here indexed by the concentration of chlorophyll-a.

We observed situations from the oligotrophic quasi-stable tropical Cartagena (~ 0.027 to

0.35 mg m-3

) to the seasonally and interannualy variable highly productive Peruvian

upwelling at IMARPE (~ 0.020 to 45 mg m-3

).

Some particular results for the CARIACO (Venezuela) and IMARPE (Peru) time series

stations are presented in Appendices 3 and 4.

13

Figure 1: Temporal distribution (January 1996 to December 2016, as available) of SST and

surface Chla concentration at 8 of the Antares stations. The gray line is drawn only to help

visualizing the patterns, but it should be kept in mind that it may artificially join two points

far away in time (due to problems in the frequency of sampling).

14

Last year (2016) part of the Co-PIs and collaborators of the time series had the opportunity

to interact during three in person workshops, where many details concerning the format and

the data itself, quality control (QC), were discussed: 1) the NANO WS in Cartagena in

February (mainly dealing with phytoplankton pigments and community composition); 2) the

project WS in Villa Gesell in June (where several prospects of publications were proposed);

3) a dedicated in situ WS in Concepción in December. Apart from general issues concerning

the database, a concrete outline for a common publication was advanced in terms of sea

surface temperature and chlorophyll time series analysis and possible linkages with climatic

indexes in the region.

Hence, we are already working in different initiatives of using all our in situ data (from the

different stations) in one or more common publications from the project. At the end of the

project the database will be open to the public (as it is an IAI requirement).

Regarding the issue of quality assurance (QA) of the measurements continuously collected

at the different time-series-stations, we have to take into account the main consideration

discussed at the ‘International Time-Series Methods Workshop

(https://www.whoi.edu/website/TS-workshop/home)’, which is that in reality each center is

making the best possible measurements according to the instruments and resources available

(there are not enough funds to upgrade instruments from this grant); what is crucial is to have

the specific protocols used at each site openly available at the webpage. We are working

towards this goal, which should be accomplished within 2017.

Working Group “Satellite”

Research Activities and Results

Satellite Time-series analysis

Eduardo Santamaria-del-Angel from UABC, Mexico is leading a time-series analysis of

satellite (and in situ) sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (Chla)

from Antares stations. A trend analysis shows an increase in SST data in Cartagena

(Colombia), Ubatuba (Brazil), and EPEA (Argentina), while other stations don’t show a

significant change of temperature with time (Figure 2). A similar analysis of Chla data shows

an increase in IMARPE (Peru) and Manta (Ecuador), while other stations don’t show a

significant change of chlorophyll-a concentration with time. Discussion of these results and

further analysis are being conducted and an article should be submitted for publication before

the end of the first trimester of 2017.

15

Figure 2 – Sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chla) time-series at 8

Antares stations showing an increase trend of SST at Cartagena, EPEA and Ubatuba, and an

increase in Chla at IMARPE station.

Processing and distribution of satellite information

Due to administrative constrains and after many efforts leaded by Sergio Cerdeira-Estrada

in Mexico, CONABIO could not sign the Subgrant Agreement to officially participate in the

IAI-CRN3094 Antares Project. So, the re-establishment of the satellite image processing and

distribution system planned to be transferred and served from CONABIO could not be

completed during this last period of 2015-2016.

During the in-person Workshop held in Mar del Plata in June 2016, a decision was made

that the “satellite system” should be developed and served from INPE. Since then an effort is

being made to have a prototype system alive and running. The objective of this initiative is to

develop a tool for imagery and data visualization and distribution based on web technology

functioning as a map server. With this tool any end-user will be able to access satellite

16

imagery (and other in situ data) made available from the IAI Antares project. The software

can also provide some functionality for data analysis.

The system named SigmaANTARES uses technologies such as Java and MapServer

allowing the visualization of data/imagery supported by GDAL library, besides vetorial data

in Shapefile and OpenLayers format. In the future, other data formats could be also integrated

into the system. Figure 3 shows a general view of the SigmaANTARES architecture. The

structure of development is summarized as follows: 1. Requirements and functionality

analysis; 2. Definition/standardization of metadata to be stored in the data base; 3. Map Server

configuration; 4. Operational imagery acquisition from the NASA OceanColor webportal

(http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/) including all 8 Antares sites; 5. Website and

SigmaANTARES layouts development; 6. Implementation of Geographical Information

System (GIS) functionalities; 7. Operation in test mode; 8. Mainteanance and correction of

errors; 9. Operational mode. A temporary website was created for developing the system at:

http://antares.cptec.inpe.br. This web address will be updated and the new link will be

communicated to project participants, IAI and end-users in general.

Figure 3: Architecture of development of the SigmaANTARES visualization and

distribution system for the IAI-CRN3094 Antares project.

Working Group “Natural Science Modelling”

Research Activities and Results

ROMS/NPZD local modeling

Model Description. A one-dimensional (1D) configuration of the Regional Ocean

Modeling System (ROMS) was implemented for the Antares time-series EPEA off the coast

of Argentina. ROMS is a free-surface, hydrostatic, eddy-resolving primitive equation ocean

model that uses stretched; terrain following coordinates in the vertical (Haidvogel et al., 2000;

17

Shchepetkin & McWilliams, 2005). The domain is centered at 38.5S, 57.5W, with a water

depth of 46 m. The model has 20 vertical levels with vertically varying grid spacing. The

physical model is coupled to a Nitrogen-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton-Detritus (NPZD) model

that uses nitrogen as the master currency (Fennel et al., 2006). The biogeochemical module

includes a total of 12 variables: nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), chlorophyll (Chl-a), one

phytoplankton group (P), one zooplankton group (Z), small and large detritus of nitrogen and

carbon, dissolved oxygen (O2), total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and alkalinity (TA). In

addition, the model predicts the rates of new and regenerated primary production, surface

pCO2, and air-sea CO2 and O2 fluxes.

The model was forced by the daily-averaged surface wind stress and net heat flux derived

from the ERA-Interim Reanalyses (http://www.ecmwf.int/) at the nearest grid point to EPEA.

The net downward heat flux in the model was calculated according to the formulation of

Barnier (1999). For the incident light at the surface, we used the daily-averaged net solar

radiation from ERA-Interim modulated by an analytical diurnal cycle.

Initial conditions for the physical and biological model variables were tested using in situ

data from Antares time-series EPEA (i.e. temperature, salinity, NO3, P, Chl-a, and O2) or set

to relatively small concentrations if data were not available. All model simulations start from

winter conditions thus, we assume homogenous vertical profiles for all the variables

A sensitivity analysis of model parameters was done based on a series of model runs

spanning the period 1999 – 2011. First, we performed tuning and optimization of key

parameters for phytoplankton growth. The phytoplankton growth rate, which accounts for

local temperature variations, was set to a lower value than in the ROMS default version in

order to match the average Chl-a concentrations observed at EPEA. On the other hand, the

initial slope of the PI curve was varied to reproduce the observed timing of Chl-a peaks. We

also tested a seasonal shift in the value of the maximum [Chl:C] ratio to allow for more

efficient photosynthesis in low light periods, and vice versa. Second, we performed a

sensitivity analysis of all model parameters (23 in total) applying the method of Fasham

(1990). The low and high values of the parameter in question were chosen to be half and

twice the optimal (found by tuning as described above) or standard value respectively. A

sensitivity index is defined to test the sensitivity of a model variable to a changing parameter.

According to Fasham et al. (1990) one parameter is considered to be sensitive when its

sensitivity index is 0.5.

Results of the Sensitivity Analysis

After the first phase of the sensitivity tests, a growth rate of 0.68 day-1

(~1 doubling of the

population per day) for typical temperatures in early spring at EPEA and a value for the initial

slope of the PI curve equal to 0.05 (W-1

.m2.d

-1) were selected. This choice of parameters led

to a significant improvement in the model Chl-a compared to data. Although modeled Chl-a

tends to be higher than observed mostly in the first part of the series, in the second part there

is a reasonable match between both (Figure 4). Moreover, by adjusting the initial slope of the

PI curve, the model is able to simulate a Chl-a maximum in July rather than in spring

(October), which is in agreement with in situ observations (when these are available for

winter months). Still, some extreme Chl-a events present in the time series at interannual

scales in winter and summer are not reproduced in the model. On the other hand, seasonal

variations in the maximum [Chl:C] ratio did not show a significant improvement in the

matching of results.

For all other model parameters, the sensitivity index showed that Chl-a and P

(phytoplankton) are influenced by the P mortality rate at all depths and by the value of the

light attenuation coefficient for depths near the bottom. Nitrate is sensitive to zooplankton

18

metabolic rates (excretion rate) and the half saturation constant for phytoplankton ingestion,

in addition to light and P mortality. Sensitivity of the mentioned variables to some of the not

well-constrained parameters (remineralization and sinking rates of detritus) was not

significant.

The results of the sensitivity analyses completed pointed the most sensitive model

parameters. These parameters will be tuned in a next step of model adjustment using all

available vertical profiles of temperature, light, NO3, Chl-a, P, O2, DIC, TA and primary

production measured at EPEA, as well as satellite Chl-a data.

Figure 4: Comparison between in situ results from EPEA and outputs of runs of the

ROMS 1D model varying different parameters: A) Chla concentration setting growth rate 1d;

B) Chla concentration setting growth rate 0.5 d; C) Nitrate concentration setting growth rate

1d; D) Nitrate concentration setting growth rate 0.5 d; E) SST.

NEMO ORCA2/PISCES/LIM3 large-scale modeling

The impact of climate change on phytoplankton diversity and carbon fluxes in the ocean

around Latin America is been investigated. The motivation is that phytoplankton growth,

mortality, and re-mineralization depend on phytoplankton type, with consequences on the

uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) and vertical flux of carbon. Climate change (in temperature,

wind forcing, surface mixing, etc.) can lead to shifts in phytoplankton assemblages, with

A A

A A

B

C D

C

E

D D

B

19

impact on organisms at all trophic levels and carbon fluxes, and therefore marine ecosystem

services (in particular atmospheric CO2 regulation; see Section on ‘Interdisciplinary Work’).

The approach was to run the NEMO General Circulation Model (GCM) with

biogeochemistry and examine the ocean response to atmospheric forcing. The

ORCA2/LIM3/PISCES configuration of the NEMO GCM was used, which included the

ocean model ORCA2 coupled to sea-ice model, LIM3 and biogeochemical model, PISCES.

After spin-up, the model was integrated for 50 years with DFS4.1 ocean surface forcing.

Model output is analyzed for the last 40 years, i.e., 1968-2007. The Focus was on oceanic

regions around Latin America. Changes in nanophytoplankton (2-20 micron) and diatom (>20

micron) chlorophyll concentrations, primary production, new production, and pCO2 were

analyzed in relation to climate indices (MEI, SAMI) and environmental variables (circulation,

mixing, etc.).

The model simulations (average [Chl] in the 1/Kd layer) reproduced fairly well the

average satellite-derived [Chl] around Latin America during 1998-2007 (Figure 5). Amplitude

and spatial patterns are similar. However, the upwelling regions along the West Coast of

South America and North America are less confined to the coast in the model results, and the

low [Chl] regions of the subtropical gyres are less extended.

Figure 5: Average surface chlorophyll concentration during 1998-2007 from NEMO

simulations (Left) and SeaWiFS data (Right).

As an example of the results that are going to be studied in detail for all sites around the

Antares stations, an exercise of comparing long term variations of different properties

(outputs from the model) was performed. Figure 6 displays the time series of monthly

nanophytoplankton (N) and diatom (D) chlorophyll concentration ([Chl]) during 1968-2007 at

two contrasted locations, 67-61W, 55-49S (Southwestern Atlantic) and 83-77W, 17-11S

(eastern equatorial Pacific). Linear trends in N and D [Chl] are small in both regions, but there

is a tendency for D [Chl] to decrease in the 67-61W, 55-49S region and to increase in the 83-

79W, 17-11S region. Figure 7 indicates that the N+D [Chl] anomalies are weakly correlated

to negative MEI (r = 0.05) in the 67-61W, 55-49S region and substantially correlated to MEI

(r = 0.42) in the 83-79W, 17-11S region. This suggests that the Southwestern Atlantic region,

in terms of phytoplankton response, is resilient to inter-annual climate change associated with

El Niño/Southern Oscillation.

20

pCO2 exhibits 1) fairly regular yet small seasonal variations and a small linear trend (4

µatm over 40 years) in the 67-61W, 55-49S region, and 2) large irregular variations

significantly correlated to MEI (r = 0.37) and a substantial linear trend (40 µatm over 40

years) in the 83-79W, 17-11S region (Figure 8). The pCO2 anomalies are strongly correlated

to SST anomalies (r = -0.77) in the 83-79W, 17-11S region and moderately correlated to SST

anomalies (r = -0.28) in the 67-61W, 55-49S region (Figure 9).

Reduction of upward vertical velocity as well as advection of warmer waters contribute to

the reduction of sea-air pCO2 (less degassing to the atmosphere) in the 83-79W, 17-11S

region during El Niño. The smaller biological uptake of CO2 during El Nino acts against this

reduction, but its importance needs to be quantified. The moderate correlation between

pCO2 and SST anomalies suggests that biology may play a larger role than physics in

regulating sea-air CO2 flux variability in the 67-61W, 55-49S region.

Figure 4: Time series of monthly nano-phytoplankton and diatom [Chl] during 1968-2007, left and right, respectively. (Top) 67-61W, 55-49S; (Bottom) 83-77W, 17-11S.

Nano [Chl]; 67-61W,55-49S Diatom [Chl]; 67-61W,55-49S

Nano [Chl]; 83-77W,17-11S Diatom [Chl]; 83-77W,17-11S

Figure 6: Time series of monthly nanophytoplankton and diatom [Chl] during 1968-2007,

left and right, respectively. (Top): 67-61W, 55-49S; (Bottom): 83-77W, 17-11S.

21

d(N+D [Chl])/MEI; 67-61W,55-49S

d(N+D [Chl])/MEI; 83-77W,17-11S

Figure 5: Time series of NEMO monthly [Chl] anomalies and negative Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) in 67-61W,55-49S (Top) and 83-77W,17-11S (Bottom).

d(N+D [Chl])/MEI; 67-61W,55-49S

d(N+D [Chl])/MEI; 83-77W,17-11S

Figure 5: Time series of NEMO monthly [Chl] anomalies and negative Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI) in 67-61W,55-49S (Top) and 83-77W,17-11S (Bottom).

Figure 7: Time series of NEMO monthly [Chl] anomalies and negative Multivariate ENSO

Index (MEI): (Left) 67-61W, 55-49S; (Right) 83-77W, 17-11S.

DPCO2 (Sea-Air); 67-61W,55-49S

DPCO2 (Sea-Air); 83-77W,17-11S

Figure 6: Time series of NEMO monthly DPCO2 in 67-61W,55-49S (Top) and 83-77W,17-11S (Bottom). Linear trend is depicted by a ed line.

DPCO2 (Sea-Air); 67-61W,55-49S

DPCO2 (Sea-Air); 83-77W,17-11S

Figure 6: Time series of NEMO monthly DPCO2 in 67-61W,55-49S (Top) and 83-77W,17-11S (Bottom). Linear trend is depicted by a ed line.

Figure 8: Time series of NEMO monthly PCO2 in 67-61W, 55-49S (left) and 83-77W, 17-

11S (right). A red line depicts the linear trend.

22

Figure 8: Time series of NEMO monthly DPCO2 and SST anomalies in 67-61W,55-49S (Top) and 83-77W,17-11S (Bottom).

dDPCO2 (Sea-Air)/dSST; 67-61W,55-49S

dDPCO2 (Sea-Air)/dSST; 83-79W,17-11S

Figure 8: Time series of NEMO monthly DPCO2 and SST anomalies in 67-61W,55-49S (Top) and 83-77W,17-11S (Bottom).

dDPCO2 (Sea-Air)/dSST; 67-61W,55-49S

dDPCO2 (Sea-Air)/dSST; 83-79W,17-11S

Figure 9: Time series of NEMO monthly PCO2 and SST anomalies in 67-61W, 55-49S

(left) and 83-77W, 17-11S (right).

Working Group “Socio-economic & Ecosystem Services”

a. Socio-economic

a.1. Governance Study - María Cecilia Filipello (FCE, UBA)

Research Activities

During the reporting period, field work related to Cecilia Filipello's Masters Thesis (with

supervision from Martina Chidiak) on ocean governance and consideration of ecosystem

services, aimed at completing a first series of interviews with relevant actors from public

agencies, NGOs and experts. Semi-structured interviews were focused on specific cooperation

mechanisms and compliance with international treaties in order to select case studies (of

international or national cooperation programmes) where production and provision of

scientific knowledge to policymakers including consideration of (phytoplankton) ecosystem

services plays a key role in the programme.

Results

Two case studies were selected and were discussed with interviewees due to their interest

for the project subject (in particular, the important role played by scientific knowledge in the

programme development and public sector interest):

SABIA-Mar mission - Argentinean-Brazilian Satellite for Environmental

Information of the Sea: cooperation program carried out in the context of the

Bilateral Integration and Coordination Agreement signed between Argentina and

Brazil. The SABIA-Mar mission is an initiative of CONAE Comisión Nacional de

Actividades Espaciales (National Commission of Space Activities) from Argentina

23

and Agencia Espacial Brasileira– AEB (Brazilian Space Agency), Instituto

Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais- INPE (National Institute for Space Research),

from Brazil.

Pampa Azul: Argentinean inter-ministerial strategic initiative to conduct research in

the Argentine Sea. The goal of this initiative is to deepen scientific knowledge as a

basis for the conservation and management of natural resources (e.g. creation of

marine protected areas).

By the end of 2015 it was acknowledged that a second round of interviews (and a

scholarship renewal after its expiration at the end of January 2016) would be necessary later

in 2016 in view of : (a) some uncertainty over the continuation of the selected programs (case

studies) in view of unknown priorities and the budget constraints of the new administration

entering office in December 2015; and (b) the need to revise how to evaluate the impact of the

programs given that both are ongoing and at a relatively early stage of development.

A draft paper, with preliminary results and findings from the first round of interviews and

analysis was presented at the two seminars on interdisciplinary research at the IAI CRN 3094

project held on 14-15 April 2016 at Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de

Ciencias Económicas (Mar del Plata, Prov.Buenos Aires, Argentina) and at INIDEP (Mar del

Plata), respectively.

Even if for different reasons (administrative and also personal) the scholarship was not

renewed yet, the thesis plan was reviewed by September 2016. The new (revised) version of

the thesis plan will be submitted to FCE, UBA and the pending interviews will be conducted

shortly (as soon as the scholarship resumes late 2016). The new version includes

consideration of more precise criteria and indicators by which the two case studies

programmes and their contribution will be evaluated and will include a wider set of

interviewees (including researchers as well as public sector officials and NGO

representatives). The revised thesis plan will be added to the project website as soon as it is

presented and approved at FCE UBA.

The results from the governance study thus far are as follows. There is a general consensus

in the received governance literature that sound scientific evidence should provide the basis

for sustainable policy decision-making. However, this mission is hardly achieved in practice.

In particular, when addressing problems that involve complex global interactions and high

levels of uncertainty, scientific research is expected to help reduce such uncertainty for policy

making. There is an underlying assumption that new knowledge will have an automatic

impact on policy decisions, but knowledge enters the policy debate in a diffuse way: it is

filtered and accompanied by information on other variables (including those regarding the

political environment).

As a result, incorporation of research results into policy-making processes is neither linear

nor automatic. The particulars and complexities of each case regarding knowledge transfer,

decision-making, policy implementation and the resulting participation and governance

processes need to be taken into consideration to understand why new scientific knowledge

about ecosystem services and their value to humans has proven so far difficult to incorporate

into governance schemes.

During the literature review and the interviews it was acknowledged that the process of

generating scientific results and their use in policy-making face several barriers.

Firstly, coordination barriers between countries were identified. Depending on the political

environment of each country, some programs go through periods of strong support in which

great progress is achieved and then periods of great delay. This translates into a series of

advances and setbacks that pose an obstacle to the development of long-term research

24

projects. Moreover, when it comes to coordinated efforts between countries, these difficulties

multiply.

Secondly, limited coordination was identified between the different areas of national

government. Each area moves forward according to its own objectives and agenda. In that

sense, the SABIA-Mar initiative presents a great challenge of coordination between ministries

and agencies. On the one hand it pursues an interesting and desirable objective of integration

of all the areas of government involved in the Argentine Sea, but this ambitious goal could at

the same time turn into a great limitation for the success of the project.

Thirdly, researchers are not necessarily willing and able to make policy recommendations.

They are not always trained in the skills that require translating and making their results

accessible, nor have the abilities or opportunity to influence policymaking. On the other hand,

the question also arises as to whether decision-makers are prepared to receive and make good

use of scientific information to build new governance schemes. The need for

professionals/areas that work as a link between science and policy becomes evident.

Given these preliminary findings, two case studies of international or national cooperation

programmes were selected: SABIA-Mar mission and Pampa Azul initiative (introduced in the

October 2016 report). A new version of the thesis plan was developed, which includes

consideration of more precise criteria and indicators by which the two case studies (programs)

and their contribution will be evaluated, considering that both are ongoing, at a relatively

early stage of development and results are expected in the long term.

The work plan includes a wider set of interviewees, adding researchers directly involved in

the programs as well as public sector officials and NGO representatives.

The aim of the interviews is to assess the impact of the two initiatives under study

according to the following indicators:

1. What kind of new scientific knowledge about human activities interactions with

ecosystem services is expected to result from the program?

2. What scientific objectives and results have been accomplished thus far?

3. What is the program’s potential to serve as a tool for the assessment of interactions

between human activities and ecosystem services?

4. In which way the program seeks to promote the use of research results in policy

decision-making, formulation, and implementation.

5. How may the program contribute to influence governance mechanisms?

6. What is the program’s approach on “knowledge transfer” from science to policy?

The revised version of the thesis plan will be formally submitted to FCE, UBA in March

2017 and added to the project website as soon as it is approved. The pending interviews will

be conducted as soon as the scholarship resumes in February 2017.

a.2. Studies on Fisheries, Climate Change and Socioeconomic Impacts (Ignacio Carciofi

and Isabela Sanchez Vargas)

Objectives of the team for the reporting period:

i. Economic data compilation related to the fishery sector (IC-ISV).

ii. Analyzing vulnerability of the fishery sector to climate change. Development of a

methodology to estimate impacts and shocks, in collaboration with the student

Isabela Sanchez Vargas.

iii. Survey of economics of climate change and the fishery sector (IC).

iv. Interdisciplinary analysis of ecologic and economic systems: Identification of

Natural-Social approaches for studying linkages of phytoplankton ecosystem

services, fisheries and socioeconomic impacts (with Milton Kampel).

v. Econometric modeling and indicators - Fisheries and production linkages.

25

1) Indicators for empirically measuring socioeconomic effects and production linkages

of fisheries. Methodology analysis and Latin American cases (ISV-Thesis work).

2) Analysis of socioeconomic effects in other Antares country cases (ISV-IC).

3) Preliminary econometric estimates of the impact of observed climate change trends

for Argentina (IC).

Research Activities

i) Economic data compilation (ISV-IC)

Available economic data on the Fisheries sector in Argentina was gathered and some

missing data could be completed by typing information from reports, and merging bases from

different sources. Still some information gaps remain. Some data are not publicly available.

ii) Vulnerability Study - Impacts and shocks (ISV in collaboration with IC)

A study of the main market variables to consider for an analysis of vulnerability of the

fisheries' sector to climate change (considering exposition, sensibility and adaptation) was

conducted (including final product markets infrastructure, employment, investment and

production linkages).

iii) Survey of the economic literature on climate change and the fisheries' sector

A survey of the economic literature on fisheries and climate change initiated last year was

completed and a draft paper was finished. The paper includes all relevant references of

previous work and approaches leading to a full and robust analysis of how to analyze climate

change impacts on fisheries sector including integrated interdisciplinary models that take into

account natural and socioeconomic effects.

iv) Ecologic and Economic systems: Finding interdisciplinary or integrated analysis of

Ecologic and Economic Systems. Natural-Social approaches for studying phytoplankton

ecosystem services, primary production and fisheries (collaboration with Milton Kampel).

Most efforts were aimed at trying to establish a link and dialogue between disciplines, and

to identify relevant existing approaches (as a continuation of the literature survey in iii)

above) that can be applied to study integrated impacts of climate change trends on

socioecological systems (see also v3 below) .

v) Socioeconomic impacts of the fisheries sector

1) Indicators and methodologies for analysing the socioeconomic impact of fisheries

(ISV thesis work)

The selection of the approach and methodology for the thesis as well as the information

gathering and analysis were all completed as expected during the duration of the scholarship.

However the final edition of a first draft took a few months longer than expected. In

September 2016, Isabela Sanchez Vargas presented a first draft of the thesis; it is considered

that with a few minor revisions, the thesis will be ready to submit to the jury for evaluation at

FCE-UBA. Title of the thesis: "Análisis socioeconómico del sector pesquero en países

latinoamericanos: una aproximación empleando la matriz insumo producto".

2) Analysis of wider socioeconomic effects in other Antares country cases (including

production linkages with other sectors). A fist draft of a paper was developed by

IC-ISV. After minor corrections it will be submitted for publication (see

publication list).

3) Econometric Modeling. Fishery sector and its production linkages

With the available information and based on different simplifications of the ecologic-

economic models, econometric approaches were developed to apply these methodologies to

the Argentine case, in particular, some of these approaches were run for Hubbsi hake North

Stock. Methodologies were based on Garza-Gil et al (2011) and Ibarra et al (2012).

26

Results

i. Economic data compilation (ISV-IC)

The information gathered and the sources is summarised in the Table 3 below.

Table 3. Fisheries in Argentina - Socioeconomic and resource data gathered. Series Reference

Estimation of the total biomass available (1) – (3)

Acceptable biological catch (2) – (4)

Recommended catches (5)

Maximum catch established (1); (4)

Number of individuals (in thousands) captured by age (3)

Average weight by age (kg) estimated from commercial fishing (3)

Natural mortality rate and proportion of mature individuals by age for the

northern hake

(3)

Estimate of hake caught incidentally in shrimp fishery in miles and tones. (3)

Total annual landings declared (1), (6)-(7)

Estimated annual nominal effort (1) – (2)

Catch per unit of effort (3)

Total standard effor of the fresh fish fleet (3)

Landings by port and fleet (8); (10) (6); (8)

Number of vessels (9)

Consumer prices of fresh and frozen fish, domestic wholesale prices of fishery

products, indicative export prices

(9)

Declared jobs to the SIJP by the accrual period and average gross pay with

supplementary annual salary accrued

(9)

Cath per vessel (10)

Industrial fishery fleet, number of vessels by category (10)

Industrial fishery fleet, principal characteristics by category (10)

Exports by volume and value, by type of product, by destination (10)

Average price of hubbsi hake (USD/kg) (9)

Export concentration of exports of hubbsi hake (9)

Input-output matrix of Argentina (1997) (11 a)

Tables of supply and intermediate use (2004-2012) (11 a)

Table of labor input (2004-2013) (12 b)

Account of generation of income. (12 c)

Series of the Economic National Survey for the fishery sector (2004/05) (11 b)

Series of employment and wages (13)

Data Sources: (1) Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura (2013). Anexo 2 Información Adicional para el Análisis de Factibilidad Técnica

del Proyecto AR-L1159.

(2) Own calculations based on the use of the Software Engauge Digitaizer 4.1 - graphic 1 of the page 2 of the Sistema de

Indicadores de Desarrollo Sostenible Argentina - Ficha Metodológica, Evolución de biomasa y biomasa reproductiva;

Informe de la Auditoría General de la Nación (2011).

(3) Technical Reports of the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP)– Argentina. Available

in: http://www.inidep.edu.ar/publicaciones/catalogo/

(4) Resolutions of the Consejo Federal Pesquero (CFP). Available in: http://www.cfp.gob.ar/index.php?inc=resoluciones

(5) Verona, C. (2007). Evolución de la capacidad de pesca de las flotas que operan sobre la merluza en el caladero

argentino: causas, intentos de regulación y principales consecuencias. En: Capacidad de pesca y manejo pesquero en

América Latina y el Caribe.

27

(6) Ministry of Agriculture (2014). Estadísticas de la Pesca Marina en la Argentina. Evolución de los Desembarques

2008-2013.

(7) Official statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture . Available in:

(8) Ministry of Agriculture (2014). Estadísticas de la Pesca Marina en la Argentina. Evolución de los Desembarques

2008- 2013.

(9) Recent Macroeconomic Development of the Ministry of Agriculture . Available in:

(10) Dirección de Economía Pesquera (2015). Comportamiento de la flota en la pesquería de merluza común después de

la implementación de la CITC.

(11) Official statistics of the Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC)

a. http://www.indec.gov.ar/informacion-de-archivo.asp

b. http://www.indec.gov.ar/economico2005/inc_presenta.asp

(12) Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales – INDEC. Available in:

a. http://200.51.91.244/cnarg/cou.php

b. http://200.51.91.244/cnarg/cgiimo.php

c. http://200.51.91.244/cnarg/cgiimo.php

(13) Observatorio de Empleo y Dinámica Empresarial – Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social. Available in:

http://www.trabajo.gob.ar/left/estadisticas/oede/index.asp

ii. Vulnerability Study - Impacts and shocks (ISV in collaboration with IC)

The analysis based on different indicators and national official information sources (input-

output matrixes) for Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Peru showed that the fisheries' sector

exhibits strong linkages with other sectors (industry and services, such as oil, energy services,

chemical products, and retail businesses), showing that it is not a "raw material" or primary

sector isolated from other economic activities. Furthermore, the fisheries' sector is composed

by many sub-sectors that vary in their linkages to other economic activities and thus

socioeconomic impact and this should be taken into account in policy design.

The study also showed that the impact of an "exogenous shock" in fish catches (e.g. due to

climate change impacts) on production and the economy as a whole will likely vary in

different countries due to sharp differences of sector composition and linkages with other

sectors (as far as the analysis for Mexico, Chile, Peru and Argentina shows). The highest

potential impacts (due to stronger links with upstream and downstream sectors) were found in

Chile and Peru.

The input-output matrices allowed an excellent approximation to the level of exposition to

climate change for a cross country analysis. The evaluation of that dimension was elaborated

by the study of a possible supply shock to the fishing sector and the interrelations it could

have in terms of backward and forward linkages.

The methodology chosen was selected because of its positive aspects and although it is not

a new one, it has a great power. It is important to highlight that this kind of exercise was

never done before in relation to climate change and fisheries

On the one hand, the research applied a hypothetical extraction approach and on the other

hand, productive linkages indicators.

The first one allows to study the total effect of potential supply or demand shocks to a

given sector. It also helps to identify which are the most vulnerable sectors, considering the

total economy of each country, under those kind of shocks. This is simulated as a negative

shock to fishery stocks due to adverse effects of climate change.

The productive linkages indicators give the dimension of the interrelationship between the

industries (backward and forward) and also make possible to classify the sectors in terms of

the intensity of their links. These indicators are commonly used to study the relationship

between the fishing sector and the rest of the economy as an input demander and a supplier

for intermediate goods and services.

To sum up in this research we studied the effect of climate shocks to the fishing sector, in

particular to the supply side of the industry, and the second round effects it could have

through its productive linkages. Also there has been done an analysis of the multiplying

effects in terms of value added, income and employment. We studied the individual effect of

28

the impact to each major economic variable. This allows understanding how climate change

impacts the sector and the economy as a hole with a great precision of analysis.

iii. Survey of the economic literature on climate change and the fisheries' sector

Many areas of economic research provide a good basis to analyze and measure the impacts

of climate change on fisheries' and their socioeconomic effects (the different approaches and

their relative contributions are indicated in the draft paper). However, it is worth noting that

economic research on fisheries is not, for the moment, providing answers to the climate policy

challenges facing the sector in terms of mitigation and adaptation policies because these are

recent concerns that are still to enter the research and national policy agenda. More joint

efforts of researchers and policymakers to tackle climate change challenges are needed, with

an interdisciplinary perspective in order to take account of the continuous flux of related

impacts at natural and socioeconomic systems.

iv. Ecologic and Economic systems: interdisciplinary or integrated analysis to study

phytoplankton ecosystem services, primary production and fisheries (collaboration

with Milton Kampel)

Different methodologies to analyze climate change impacts on the fisheries sector and their

socioeconomic effects were explored, inspired in Jin et al (2003), Daly (1968) and Isard

(1968). These approaches use partitioned matrixes to explain the effects in socio-economic

variables starting from solar radiation and photosynthesis. Even if data limitations hinder

much progress in applying these approaches, a first exploration was made for the Argentinean

case with reasonable results. Different econometric models were elaborated and tested in an

attempt to develop integrated natural-socioeconomic systems analysis. The objective was to

account for the dynamics of biomass stocks and captures. A simplified model tested for North

stock is shown on Figure 10.

Figure 10 - Fish catches, effort and biomass estimates for Argentina.

The model shows that the variability of catches for Hubbsi Hake depends over 60% on the

biomass stock and the fishing effort. Methodologies were based on: Gil-Galarza et al (2011),

Ibarra et al. (2012) and Merino et al. (2010). Specially, Ibarra et al. (2012) models require a

relatively short set of information from the natural ground. The main difference is that they

apply a Generalized Moment Method (GMM) (Blunder-Bond, 1998) while our work is done

with a modified Ordered Least Squares (OLS) method. In our case all the tests of robustness

of the coefficients were passed satisfactorily. It is important to note that for the South Stock

the model does not run as smoothly. It may be conjectured that the main problem is the need

29

for additional natural information, such as sea surface temperature and average annual

rainfall.

v. Socioeconomic impacts of the fisheries sector

1) Indicators and methodologies for analysing the socioeconomic impact of fisheries

(ISV)

The most reliable method for measuring socioeconomic impacts is the input-output matrix,

a tool that helps evaluate the structure and total value added (including multiplier effects, how

much the macroeconomic performance is affected by a change in production of the fisheries'

sector) as well as the inter-relations among different sectors in the economy. This tool also

provides valuable social information such as direct and indirect employment creation relatded

to the sector, which are quite important: for every job directly created in the fisheries sector,

other 3 (indirect) jobs are created to satisfy the intermediate demands or further processing

and marketing of fishery products. Multiplier effects can be estimated for production and

value added, but also income and employment. Input-output matrixes are usually updated

every decade; but in some countries information is difficult to acces (e.g. Argentina). For this

reason the analysis of different countries in Latin America had to resort to input output

matrixes from different decades (the 1990s and the past decade). A first estimate of multiplier

effects for different variables was obtained and analyzed for the four countries considered

(with enough information available): Argentina, Chile, Mexico and Peru.

2) Analysis of wider socioeconomic effects in other Antares country cases (including

production linkages with other sectors)

The analysis based on input-output matrixes allowed to characterize the composition

(different subsectors and their relevance) and inter-relations of the fisheries' sector and other

economic sectors for the same four countries mentioned above (see results on ii).

3) Econometric Modeling to estimate climate change impacts on the fisheries' sector

See reported results for iv above.

The following tables show the main results obtained during the research carried out by

Ignacio Carciofi and Isabela Sánchez Vargas: the relative importance of the fishery sector in

terms of production (to the total economy and to the main sectors linked) and the

characteristics of its productive backward and forward linkages.

Table N° 4 shows the results of the analysis of the importance of the fishery sector for the

selected countries (it was assumed that the forward or backward linkages of the fishery sector

disappear when the hypothetical extraction approach was used).

Table N° 4: Relative loss of production by type of productive linkage (%)

Argentina Perú Chile México

B F B F B F B F

Aquaculture 1,09 0,95 0,02 0,00

Fisheries 0,15 0,06 0,53 0,69 0,18 0,43 0,04 0,01

Fish Processing 0,15 0,01 0,28 0,06 2,38 0,16 0,04 0,01

Fish whey and fish oil

manufactures

1,08 0,16 0,39 0,36

Total fishing sector 0,30 0,07 1,88 0,90 4,04 1,90 0,10 0,03

Notes: the table contains the loss of value production of each selected country expressed in terms of their

original gross value of production. B: backward; F: forward.

30

On the one hand, the results show that the net losses of the hypothesized shocks are such

that the total production of México, Argentina, Perú and Chile would be reduced in: 0,10%,

0,30%, 1,88% y 4,04% respectively under the assumption that the backward linkages are null

ceteris paribus; and 0,03%, 0,07%, 0,90% y 1,90% respectively under the assumption that the

forward linkages are null and the rest remains the same.

The results indicate that the country most affected in terms of production is Chile, followed

by Perú, Argentina and México. Furthermore, if the fisheries' sector is considered as a whole,

stronger downstream relations are observed between this industry and the rest of the economy

for all countries analyzed. In other words, the fishing sector is relevant because of its

intermediate demand and the fact that its production is mainly aimed at final demand.

On the other hand, findings indicate that the effects of potential supply shocks on total

production are relatively more important for Chile. This finding hints that this country would

be most heavily affected by factors such as climate change or others with adverse impacts on

the fishing stock.

Finally, while demand shocks are relatively more important for the fishing industry no

matter the country selected (its backward linkages are relatively stronger), the effects on

primary fishery depends on each country’s characteristics.

Table N° 5 presents the results of the analysis of the top ten sectors in terms of the

potential effects of demand or supply shocks on the fishery sector (for backward and forward

linkages respectively).

31

Table N° 5: Main sectors affected by a demand or supply shock (hypothetical extraction approach)

Main impacts on linkages: Other characteristics

Backward Forward

Sectors related to: vessel

construction industry, oil

extraction and refining,

business and professional

services, financial institutions,

transport and trade.

Restaurants, fish whey and farm

products. In addition, for the

case of Fishing Manufacturing:

animal slaughters, conservation

and processing, bakery

products, education and hotels.

It is significant the

potential impact

within the fishing

system itself.

Sectors related to: oil, business

services, transport,

communications and trade.

Hotels and restaurants and

business services. Government

and public sector and housing.

No strong links within

the fishing sector.

Animal food, fuels, roads, trade,

financial intermediation,

construction and generation of

electricity.

Fuel-related sectors are more

important for the Fisheries

subsector, while those related to

animal food and crops are more

important for Aquaculture.

Animal food, copper mining,

construction and restaurants.

The first two sectors have a

particularly strong relationship

with Capture fisheries and

Elaboration of fish whey and

fish oil, while others are more

closely associated with fish and

shellfish processing.

The interindustrial

relations are

important both within

the fishery system

itself and with the rest

of the economy.

Oil and derivatives and water

transport services for Fishing;

sectors related to manufactured

animal food, oil and energy

services for Aquaculture; oil,

trade, food and chemical

industries and plastic

manufacturing industries for the

Fishery manufactured industry.

Also, all the fishing subsystems

demand water services, energy

and employment.

Aquaculture is almost

exclusively related to itself;

Capture fisheries and

Elaboration of fish and shellfish

and fish processing have strong

links within the fishing system

but also with other sectors such

as restaurants, nightclubs, bars

and similar.

The Fishing industry has

relations with sectors dedicated

to the preparation and

conservation of meat and

poultry farming.

Relationships are very

concentrated within

the fishing sector

itself. Potential effects

of null forward

linkages are much

weaker than the

backward ones.

Given the results of the table above, the sectors more heavily affected by shocks in the

backward linkages of the fishing sector are: oil, transport, trade, electricity, business services

and food industries. While the downstream sectors with highest impact aftershocks in the

fishing sector are: restaurants, hotels, food processing sectors, among others.

Finally, Table 6 presents the results of the productive linkages indicators and coefficients

of variation for each of the subsectors and countries analyzed.

32

Table N°6: Conventional productive linkages indicators and coefficients of variation.

Backward linkages Forward linkages

Direct

Stan.

Total

Stan.

Coef.

Var.

Direct

Stan.

Total

Stan.

Coef.

Var.

Aquaculture

(*)

Chile

2008

1,94 1,6 4,99 2,41 1,42 6,91

México

2008

1,39 1,16 9,72 0,06 0,68 16,16

Fisheries (*) Argenti

na 97

0,97 0,98 6,73 0,5 0,69 9,19

Chile

2008

0,87 0,9 6,64 1,8 1,32 5,36

México

2008

1,34 1,14 9,81 0,52 0,82 13,51

Perú

1994

0,86 0,95 4,11 1,39 1 4,3

Fish

Processing /

fishery

products

Argenti

na 97

1,68 1,29 5,45 0,1 0,58 10,72

Chile

2008

1,86 1,74 4,47 0,18 0,62 9,58

México

2008

1,62 1,26 9,47 0,53 0,84 13,88

Perú

1994

1,31 1,11 3,56 0,26 0,69 5,6

Fish whey

and fish oil

Manufacture

(**)

Chile

2008

1,61 1,33 5,01 0,94 1,23 5,49

Perú

1994

1,24 1,1 3,73 0,19 0,65 5,94

Notes: Direct Stan: Direct Standardized; Total Stan: Total Standardized; Coef Var: Coefficient of Variation.

(*) Fishing includes capture fisheries and aquaculture for cases in which the available information doesn´t

permit the distinction between these subsectors. (**) For Chile and Perú it was possible to separate fish whey

and fish oil manufactures from the remaining activities related to elaboration and processing of fish and fish

products. In Argentina and Mexico both subsectors were aggregated in the fish processing activity.

The table above shows that the more industrialized the product, the greater the backward

linkages and the weaker the forward linkages. Only two exceptions arise. Chile has a higher

total backward linkage effect for aquaculture than for the fishing industry and Mexico has a

fishing manufacturing sector with a slightly higher forward linkages compared to the rest of

capture fisheries sector.

The potential backward stimulus of a unitary increase in the demand of the fishing industry

over the whole economy is, in relative terms, higher than the average of the economy in all

the countries analyzed, whereas the primary fishing activities only exceed the average effect

for the cases of Mexico and Chile (for the latter country only for Aquaculture).

Relatively stronger backward linkages for the fishing industry compared to primary

fisheries indicate that the expansion of production in industrialized fishing sectors is more

beneficial to the rest of the economy in terms of its ability to induce productive activities.

33

Different is the result when the standardized forward chain indicator is analyzed, since

with the exception of capture fisheries, aquaculture, fish whey and oil processing in Chile and

primary fisheries in Peru, the rest of the fishing subsectors have an effect below the average

of the economy.

The low level of forward linkages give indications that the weight of fishing sectors in the

production and cost structure of other branches of economic activity is not so significant. This

would be expected for developing countries such as those studied here, since usually the

forward linkages of activities related to natural resources tend to be weak in underdeveloped

economies due to the lack of industrialization (Schuschny, 2005).

The subject of climate change effects on fisheries is discussed in the paper by Ignacio

Carciofi (2016): “Climate Change and Fishery Economics: Surveying the past, understanding

the present and preparing for the future” presented and discussed at the X Congreso

Internacional de Economía y Gestión ECON 2016, Faculty of Economics, Universiy of

Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 17-21 October 2016. The paper points out several

policy challenges. The first one is to increase research efforts on the impacts of climate

change on economic activities, particularly when they are heavily dependent on natural

resources such as fisheries. Second, the paper highlights the fact that the economic analysis of

fisheries has developed a strong theoretical and empirical ground since it started half a

century ago. Thus, this solid analytical matrix can be widened up so as to deal more explicitly

on new issues such as climate change. Third, the study underlines the importance of

interdisciplinary approaches where economists should work together with natural and other

social scientists. This is particularly relevant in the case of empirical work. Further, the paper

argues that future efforts of applied research should have strong linkages with local

phenomena that are relevant for fishing communities having preliminary indications that

climate change is affecting their way of life. To the extent that academic research is aiming at

results that can improve social and economic conditions of local communities there is a

chance to gain further relevance into the policy agenda.

Ecosystem Services (Ubatuba case – USP)

As mentioned in the previous report, the methodology for Stakeholders identification was

designed based on the principles of the DPSIR framework (Driving forces-Pressure-States-

Impacts-Responses) and could identify the different groups of interest. Considering some of

the purposes of the IAI-CRN3094-Antares project, which relate to local people and decision

makers, the Stakeholders approach is a fundamental step. In this sense, one of the goals

established during the last year correspondeded to the definition of a methodological approach

to identifying stakeholders.

Up to this time we have developed a theoretical review that justified the adoption of the

term stakeholder, and evidenced the existing methodologies to identify them. This material

will be developed more deeply in the coming months in order to map the stakeholders to be

contacted throughout the project for communication of partial and final results.

The methodology about the identification of the key stakeholders was reviewed in 2016

because we faced different approaches to define the key stakeholders. Using the State-

34

Pressure-Impact methodology was not enough to deal with socio-ecological interactions

related to that region. During this last year there were important discussions about what

approach should be used to the identification of the key stakeholders and how get in contact to

them. We assume that this important activity was not well developed last year.

One aspect that we started also to do last year was to discuss how to integrate the two

projects that are taking place in Ubatuba region. The Blue Grass Project, coordinated by Prof.

Dr. Pedro Jacobi (that is also a Member of the Antares project – USP Team) is working in the

Ubatuba region and mapping stakeholders who are involved in the management of natural

resources. The Blue Grass Project is developing a network analysis base on coalition

approach (Sabatier, 1988)1.

The Blue Grass Project has already mapped the main stakeholders associated with

decision-making process. This stakeholder’s network has key stakeholders and enables

collection of new data and the communication of the ANTARES project results. Also provide

information related to local/regional and state governance. This was an important contribution

to the Antares project and we are going to use this information to deal with dissemination and

communication about the project.

The intention is to work in collaboration with these researchers providing information in

the form of preliminary results of the ANTARES project in Ubatuba, and using the

knowledge and networking already established by them, to identify key stakeholders and

enable collection of new data and the communication of the results of the ANTARES project.

As we have this new contribution we are focusing in the redistribution of the activities of

this work front, new members have already been appointed, new deadlines have already been

established and the activities are in progress.

In order to deal with issues such as those that have impacted the progress of the project, a

closer and more periodic monitoring of project activities is being done.

In turn, the resizing of activities is based on the adoption of REED (2009)2 as one of the

theoretical references for the identification of Stakeholders, in line with the initial strategy

represented by the figure below.

1 SABATIER, P. A. An advocacy coalition framework of poly change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein.

Policy Sciences, v. 21. 1988. 2 Reed, M. et alli . Who's in and why? A typology of stakeholder analysis methods for natural resource management.

Journal of Environmental Management. Volume 90, Issue 5, April 2009, Pages 1933–1949.

35

MEA (2005)

VARIABLES

Temperature

pH

Nutrients

Light

CO2/O2

Alkalinity

SalinityConductivity

Aquatic environment

Phytoplankton(ANTARES Data)

Support:Production of O2

Regulation:Atmospheric CO2 fixing

Ecosystem Services

Cultural: Landscape

Provision: Fishing

Human activities that affect the following variables

Economic activities dependent on the following ES:

SANITATION COMPANIES INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY

HOTEL CHAINPOPULATION

OTHERS

POPULATION/FISHERMENTOURISTS

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY OTHERS

LOCAL/REGIONAL/FERDEAL GOVERNMENT;

EPAs (ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTED AREAS)

CBH (WATERSHED COMMITTEE) NGOS

Affect the ecosystem Are directly affected by thevariation in ES

Manage human-nature relationships

Methodology for mapping Stakeholders – Antares project

STAKEHOLDERS

Figure: Illustration of methodology for mapping stakeholders.

We believed that the presence of a common member in the two research groups is a key

factor for the success of this strategy.

Regarding the modeling workgroup another objective was established for the period:

study the trends in phytoplankton and associated ecosystem services in Latin-America (due to

natural and/or human drivers) as well as their impacts on human livelihoods and

socioeconomic activities. This goal is absolutely aligned with the overall objective of the IAI-

Antares project.

To achieve this goal, we opted for the elaboration of a model, obtaining scenarios and

then a vulnerability and resilience analysis. As the first step, some analysis on phytoplankton

and socioeconomic trends and System dynamics related to ecosystem services are in progress.

The other steps are detailed in Appendix 8.

One important stakeholder is related to tourism sector. As part of understanding about this

sector, we organized and applied a survey to address turists perception of ecosystem services

aspects, focusing on aspects related to water quality and, indeed, ecosystem services related to

phytoplankton (Table 7). We also compiled important information on socioeconomic data

from Ubatuba produced by IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic). Thus, the

investigation of tourists´ perception about marine ecosystem services as a first step to build a

framework to analyze the main relationships between socioecological systems. The

questionnaire was applied to 390 tourists who visited Ubatuba, aiming to investigate the

different themes (see box below), whose results generated a publication (attached) and will be

useful for the next steps (modeling).

36

Table 7. Survey about turist perception on ecosystem services aspects in Ubatuba.

Section Question Objective

Tourist profile City/State of origin

Gender

Age

Education Average household income

Verifying the profile of the tourist who visit Ubatuba and how groups of profiles have

different perceptions

Travel details Kind of accommodation used How long visit Ubatuba?

How often visit Ubatuba? Number of nights in Ubatuba

Estimate cost of the trip Number of times intend go to the beach in the

trip Trip time from the city of origin to Ubatuba

Transportation used

Verifying the know-how of respondents to evaluate possible changes in the marine ecosystem;

differences of perceptions according with the

accommodation chosen. Apply travel cost method

Activities on the beach

Kind of activities What is important to realize activities Verification of weather/water quality

characteristics

Verifying the importance of water quality and weather

conditions for the tourists, and if it is fundamental for travel

planning.

Water quality assessment

Assessment of water quality in the past and nowadays

Changes at Ubatuba marine ecosystem Factors the can change sea water quality in

Ubatuba

Evaluating perceived changes in marine ecosystem and the factors associated to them.

Willingness to visit and pay

Willingness to visit the city with the beaches at adverse bathing conditions. Willingness to pay for a health marine

ecosystem, as part of your travel expenses.

Evaluating the importance of bathing conditions for

destination choice. Verifying visitors’ importance for health

ecosystem.

Assessment of public services

Assessment of public services (sanitation, urban infrastructure)

Verifying how public services are perceived by visitors.

Assessment of tourist

environmental consciousness

Assessment of other tourists environmental consciousness

Verifying how tourists perceive general behavior of other

tourists

Tourism x Fishery Places where visitors often have their meals Place where seafood is bought (fish, shrimp)

Evaluating the commercial relation between tourists and

seafood market.

Ecosystem services knowledge

Identification of sea benefits for human Knowledge about the terminology Ecosystem services

Evaluating which ecosystem services are identified and the

general idea of tourists about the term.

37

We used the data of Table 8 to the first paper (submitted to publication) and we have

the data of the Table 9 to be used in another paper. We noticed that the great majority of

tourists who visit Ubatuba are from São Paulo State, with relatively medium/high family

income and average age of 40.6-year-old. Regarding the perception of benefits from marine

ecosystem (ecosystem services), the most mentioned benefits were recreation, fishery and

cultural services, demonstrating they perceive ecosystem services more locally and by visual

parameters. The most common activities performed at the beaches were bath and sunbath,

showing that their main activity depends on water quality. In addition, this parameter was a

crucial aspect for destination choice and the majority of respondents indicated to move for a

different destination in case of reduction in water quality. The investigation subsidized the

modeling work, identifying water quality as a starting point for the analysis of the

relationships between the tourism sector and the marine ecosystem services in Ubatuba.

Table 8: Resumed results used to the first paper about tourist perception of marine

ecosystem services.

Section Question Objective

Tourist profile Gender

Age

City/State of origin

Average household income

To investigate the profile of the

tourist who visits Ubatuba

Travel details How long visit Ubatuba

How often visit Ubatuba

To investigate the profile of the

tourist who visits Ubatuba

Perception of marine

ecosystem services

Which benefits the sea provides to

you?

To identify the ecosystem services

perceived by tourists.

Activities on the beach

and what is consulted

before going to the

beach

Kind of activities

What is important to realize activities

Verification of weather/water quality

characteristics

To investigate the activities

performed on the beach and the

importance of water quality and

weather conditions for the tourists.

Also, if it is fundamental for travel

planning.

Water quality assessment

Changes at Ubatuba marine

ecosystem

Factors that tourists believe to change

seawater quality in Ubatuba

To evaluate perceived changes in

marine ecosystem and the factors

associated to them.

Willingness to visit the

beach after

environmental changes

What would you do if the color of the

seawater was different (muddy

appearance)?

What would you do if the seawater

had lots of seaweed?

To verify how water quality

disturbance influence beach

choice.

The next step is the investigation of the perception of other stakeholders directly

involved with marine ecosystem services, who affects and are affected by changes on its

dynamics, as fishermen, diving and sailing operators and public authorities.

38

Table 9: Data to be used in another paper under development.

Section Question Objective

Tourist profile

Educational level

Transportation vehicle

Type of accommodation

To investigate the profile of the

tourist who visits Ubatuba.

Perception of changes in the

marine ecosystem

Do you perceive any alteration

in the marine environment?

To identify ecosystem changes

perceived by tourists.

Environmental awareness

How do you evaluate the

environmental awareness of

the tourists who visit Ubatuba?

To investigate how tourists

evaluate each other regarding

environmental awareness.

Public services assessment

How do you evaluate the

public services of Ubatuba?

To evaluate if tourists blame the

public sector for maintaining

beach/marine quality.

Consume of seafood

Where do you do your meals?

Do you buy seafood in

Ubatuba? Where?

To verify the average

expenditure with seafood by

tourists.

Willingness to pay to maintain the

marine environmental quality

How many percent of your

travel cost would you be willing

to pay to have a good

seawater quality?

To do an economic valuation of

seawater quality and the

influence it has to the municipal

economy.

Approaching Stakeholders - The group have participated in several seminars, meeting,

public hearings of different management groups (Marine Protected Area Management

Committee, North Coast Dialogue Committee, Review of the ecological-economic zoning

process) to understand the main trade-offs involving different stakeholders in the study area,

and also to identify and approach relevant actors involved with coastal dynamics. So far, the

dynamics of tourism activity, use of oil and gas royalties, conflicts involving the creation of

protected areas and the licensing process for large infrastructure projects are the most

important trade-offs that compose the current scenario and are potential alternatives used in

the modeling stage.

A parallel undergoing activity carreid out by the team members in study area was

important to increase the local insertion in the area. The Biota/FAPESP – Araçá Project is

being conducted in Araçá Bay, in São Sebastião, very close to Ubatuba and also located in the

North Shore of Sao Paulo. The project has an holistic and integrated approach and aims to

link science and decision-making under an ecosystem based approach, which is demanding a

strong integration with different stakeholders. There are more than a thousand stakeholders

already mapped, which are invited to participatory workshops. As a result of this project that

supports the IAI-CRN3094 we may cite the understanding of the importances (ecosystem

services) of the area and the processes that generate them, using interviews and workshops to

identify the traditional ecological knowledge and undergoing training activities on MIMES

39

modelling. These efforts and experience are being crucial to the activities of the IAI-

CRN3094-Antares project.

The use of the ecosystem based management approach in Araçá Bay is also being relevant

to support the discussion of the licensing of the Project of Expansion of the São Sebastião

Harbor over the Araçá Bay. The models developed based on field data as well as the

identification of the services provided by the area played a key hole to the juditial cancellation

of the license provided by Brazilian National Environmental Agency, exemplifying how the

information produced and the stakeholder integration by the IAI-CRN3094 project would be

used to improve decision making.

The group has also participated in the IAI-Antares project meeting in Mar del Plata,

Argentina, and has proposed some interdisciplinary activities in order to integrate the

participants, to increase the knowledge about what the other groups do and to bring new

insights about possible links between different working groups. See workshop report attached

for more details.

Interdisciplinary work

We are starting to advance in the interdisciplinary work that should integrate knowledge

from the different disciplines being developed in the working groups. Two main ideas have

been proposed:

1. Ecosystem service of ‘support’. Phytoplankton primary production (PP) is the base of

most marine food webs, and therefore provides an ecosystem service of support (i.e.,

fisheries).

Responsible: Milton Kampel, Ignacio Carciofi, collaborators.

Solar radiation and available nutrients control, and ultimately limit, primary productivity in

the world’s oceans (Chassot et al. 2010). The production of marine fishes (also invertebrates)

is limited and influenced by various factors, but primary production is arguably the most

important and most fundamental (Pauly and Christensen 1995). In our previous Report

(2015), a study of the potential productivity of the Antares-Ubatuba site region was briefly

presented, using satellite-derived estimates of primary production. The potential productivity

values were used to estimate the fish yield based on an idealized food chain.

With the development of mapped global catch databases (Watson et al. 2004), it is now

possible to track, via primary production required (PPR), how much primary productivity is

captured by global fisheries through time on fine spatial scales. For the reporting period we

examined PPR in the context of exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of Antares countries, to

verify if they are fished with PPR demands above (or below) their average primary

productivity. Fundamentally, fishing is limited by solar-powered primary production limits.

Fishing beyond solar production can occur, but in the future, marine systems may not be as

forgiving, especially if overfishing and climate change compromise their resilience.

Objectives of the team for the reporting period:

i. Evaluate the net primary production variability in the Exclusive Economic Zones of

the Antares countries and compare it with catch variability of the main fishery

stocks. The working hypothesis were:

a. The carbon stock fixed annually in each region can influence the fishery

catch.

40

b. The quantity of fish catch captured in each region may be above the

appropriate level to preserve the balance of the ecosystem.

ii. Interdisciplinary analysis of ecologic and economic systems: Identification of

Natural-Social approaches for studying linkages of phytoplankton ecosystem

services, fisheries and socioeconomic impacts (with Ignacio Carcioffi, please see

above - Working Group “Socio-economic & Ecosystem Services”, a.2iv).

Results Net Primary Production (NPP) estimates were derived using the Carbon-based Productivity

Model (CbPM) described by Westberry et al. (2008), for the period 2003-2014. This model

considers not only chlorophyll-a concentration but the ratio Chla/C, where C corresponds to

phytoplanktonic carbon biomass. The CbPM model vertically integrates the water column

using MODIS/Aqua data for reconstructing the submarine light profile also using a

climatology database for nutrients and the physiological response of phytoplankton along the

vertical profile. Primary production values in mgC/m2day were monthly integrated as

mgC/m2. Annual accumulated estimates were obtained by summing monthly values (Figure

11). The annual values were integrated to estimate the total of Carbon fixed at each pixel

(Carbon fixed = NPP * pixel area in m2) and at each Exclusive Economic Zone (Mton)

(Figure 12).

Annual catch data were obtained from the spatially disaggregated global catch database of

the Sea Around Us project (Watson et al. 2004). This database is derived mainly from

corrected Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation’s (FAO) global fisheries

landings statistics. For this initial study, 5 species with higher biomass were considered for

each country. For Argentina, we added Merluza considering its regional relevance. For Chile,

one species is a primary producer (trophic level TL=1).

Pauly and Christensen (1995) developed a model that from the registered catch of a certain

species, it is possible to estimate which carbon fixation by PP would be required to

conpensate (or the quantity required to generate) the carbon stock taken by fisheries. This

quantity of carbon is called Required Primary Production and is estimated as (Watson et al.

2014; Pauly and Christensen, 1995):

n

i

TL

i

i

TECR

CRPP

1

)1(1

*

41

Figure 11 – Maps of annual Oceanic Net Primary Production from 2003-2014. Poligons in

black represents the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of the South-American Antares

countries (Mexico is missing).

42

Figure 12 – Maps of annual Carbon fixation from 2003-2014. Poligons in black represents

the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of the South-American Antares countries (Mexico is

missing).

Where iC is the catch of species i , CR is the conversion rate of wet weight to carbon,

TE is the transfer efficiency between trophic levels, iTL is the trophic level of species

i and n is the number of species caught in a given area. We applied a 9:1 ratio for CR and

10% for TE (Pauly and Christensen, 1995). Species-specific trophic levels were taken

from Fishbase (www.fishbase.org). PPR indicates how much C the ocean fixed to sustain

a determined biomass in the trophic chain. We can have an idea of how much C each

43

country is removing from the ocean trough fisheries and how much is being fixed by NPP

in its EEZ (Figure 13). The results are being critically described and interpreted to explain

any new understanding or insights about the research questions we are investigating. Our

study should also incorporate Mexico data as well. Joint interpretation and communication

efforts related to the results of ecosystem service of support will continue with the

socioeconomic (FCE UBA) and ecosystem services (USP) teams during next year.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

10

³ to

n b

iom

as

s Argentina

Brasil

Chile

Colômbia

Peru

Venezuela

(a)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

10

6to

n C

arb

on Argentina

Brasil

Chile

Colômbia

Peru

Venezuela

(b)

Figure 13 – (a) Total marine catch considering the main 5 species, and (b) annual required

primary production for each Antares country.

Fisheries in Argentina (e.g., M. hubsii) correspond to a high trophic level and demand a

higher PPR than Peru and Chile (species of a lower trophic level). Hence, more C is needed to

compensate what is taken from the ocean.

A main problem for Argentina is overfishing, due to policy actions in the past made to

develop the fishing industry back in the 1980s, and a lack of follow-up management with

strong regulations and inspections to control the harvesting of stocks. Fish migration may

pose some challenges for stock assessment, especially for specific species, but overfishing at

the Argentinean shelf waters is a known problem, stated in FAO documents. These

preliminary results show how even within the highly productive waters of the Argentinean

Patagonian Shelf, harvesting can be higher than the recovery carbon fixation capacity. This

44

has serious implications for management and government policies. If a scenario of a warming

and acidifying ocean begins to take place this will certainly make the situation even worst.

2. Ecosystem service of ‘regulation’. At the same time of assimilating C in organic matter,

phytoplankton is removing CO2 from the atmosphere. This provides another important

ecosystem service of regulation. The main idea here is to link: Variations in phytoplankton structure at the different Antares sites ↔ Variations in DeltapCO2 (NEMO model –

areas around all Antares stations) → Social impact of values DeltapCO2

Responsible: Ruben Negri, collaborators.

A first white paper on this interdisciplinary activity is already drafted and uploaded at the

project’s webpage (https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/documents/) and Appendix 5.

The need for a better communication within and outside the project was realized as

paramount. A plan for a ‘Communication Strategy’ is outlined in the activities for the next

period.

Other common activities

Project Webpage. The dedicated webpage to post relevant documents and information

from this IAI-CRN3094 project (https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/) continues to be

maintained by Ezequiel Cozzolino (INIDEP, Argentina) using a free of cost platform.

Ezequiel is the Webmaster of this site. It includes among other information: the proposal of

this project, the minutes of the Workshops (the ones in person, and the virtual ones), and the

study plans of students having fellowships under this project; as well as information on

related projects and relevant links.

Antares Webpage. The Antares Network web page is served from CONABIO (Mexico)

and was maintained by the Webmaster Wander Ferreira from INPE (Brazil) until August-

September 2016. The Antares Network has a new Coordinator – Ana Dogliotti from IAFE

(Argentina), since June 2016, after rotating Eduardo Snatamaria-del-Angel from UABC

(Mexico). We will discuss future possibilities for this webpage, including keeping it at

CONABIO, and/or transferring it to INPE, to be served together with the SigmaANTARES

system. In any case, we are committed to keep the Project Webpage running from INIDEP, as

mentioned above.

Virtual Workshops

We continued with the virtual plenary workshops, by Skype, every first Tuesday of the

month at 17:00 GMT from January until April 2016 (see minutes of these workshops at

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/research/). Although these meetings are valuable to

keep the interaction among participants of the project, the internet connection through the free

Skype software has become worst and the communication has been extremely difficult. We

tried in one opportunity (April) another software ‘gotomeeting’ in its demo version and

worked out well, but turned out to be too expensive to use it in regular basis. Hence, we

decided better to keep interaction through e-mail and specific skype meetings with a small

number of participants.

45

In-person Workshop

An important highlight within the integrated activities in this period was the development

of a ‘Project Workshop’. It took place between June 13 to 17 2016 in Argentina (Mar del

Plata and Villa Gesell). Members of the project from 9 different countries (24 people in total)

gathered for a week and worked in the planning and discussion of concrete activities and

products expected from the four disciplinary and the two main interdisciplinary subjects. See

report in Appendix 1.

Publications IAI acknowledged

Integrated in situ manuscript (part of the LA-NANO project financed by the Nippon

Foundation/Partnership for the Observation of the Global Oceans):

Gonzalez-Silvera, A., Millán-Núñez, R., Santamaria-del-Angel, E., Arregoces, L., Bernales, A.,

Ledesma, J., Pompeu, M., Rojas, J., Ruiz, G., Salon, J., Silva, R., Cañón-Paez, M., Kempel, M.,

Gaeta, S., Silva-Hernández, N., Saavedra, A. Phytoplankton pigments variability at the Latin

America Antares-ChloroGIN time series stations (2012-2014). Oceanography (in preparation).

Scientific production by country.

Argentina

Publications:

Ruiz, G., Lutz, V., Frouin, R. Piecewise regression modeling of spectral absorption by marine

chromophoric dissolved organic matter. Marine Chemistry (submitted).

Negri, R.M., Mollinari, G., Carignan, M., Ortega, L., Ruiz, M.G., Cozzolino, E., Cucchi-Colleoni,

A.D., Lutz, V., Costagliola, M., Garcia, A., Izzo, S., Jurquiza, V., Salomone, A., Odizzio, M., La

Torre, S., Sanabria, A., Hozbor, M.C., Peresutti, S.R., Méndez, S., Silva, R., Martínez, A., Cepeda,

G., Viñas, M.D., Diaz, M.V., Pájaro, M., Mattera, M.B., Montoya, N., Berghoff, C., Leonarduzzi,

E. 2016. Ambiente y Plancton en la Zona Común de Pesca Argentino-Uruguaya en un escenario de

cambio climático (marzo 2014). Revista Frente Marítimo, 24: 251-

316. (http://ctmfm.org/upload/archivoSeccion/negri-et-al-147334523722.pdf) Berghoff, C.F., Balestrini, C.F., Ossiroff, A.P., Kahl, L.C. Bianchi, A.A. 2016. Determinación de

alcalinidad total y carbono inorgánico disuelto mediante titulación potenciométrica en celda

cerrada. Informe de Asesoramiento y Transferencia INIDEP Nº 10/2016, 17 pp.

Carciofi, I. “Climate Change and Fishery Economics: Surveying the past, understanding the present

and preparing for the future” (paper in final revision, to be submitted to Desarrollo Economico,

Revista de Ciencias Sociales at the end of October 2016 after presentation in ECON seminar).

Carciofi, I. and Sanchez Vargas, I. “Fishery Sectors of Argentina, Chile, México y Perú: An Input-

Output Matrix Apporach”, paper to be submitted to "Revista de Economía Política de Buenos

Aires" before the end of December 2016.

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: Negri, R.M., Lutz, V., Silva, R., Carignan, M., Ruiz, M.G., Hozbor, C., Molinari, G., Montoya, N.,

Segura, V., Berghoff, C., Cucchi-Colleoni, D., Palastanga, V., Cozzolino, E. 2015. Eventos

especiales en magnitud y génesis en la serie de tiempo ambiental y de plancton ‘EPEA’ en el Mar

Argentino. COLACMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia, 19-22 de octubre de 2015.

Carciofi, I. “Climate Change: Challanges for Fisheries and Ocean Governance” Seminar at School of

Economics, University of Buenos Aires (FCE-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. 12 November

2015.

46

Filipello, C. "Gobernanza de los Océanos y Servicios Ecosistémicos: Análisis de Mecanismos

Regionales y Globales desde América Latina", Paper presentado en COLACMAR 2015, Santa

Marta, Colombia 19-22 october, 2015. Presentation available on the project webpage

https://antaresiaiproject.files.wordpress.com/2015/12/filipello-gobernanza-oceanos-

colacmar2015.pdf

Chidiak, M. El enfoque de Capital Natural: principales aportes desde una perspectiva de desarrollo.

Seminario "Interdisciplina, promesas y desafíos. El caso del proyecto IAI-CRN3094 sobre cambio

climático, servicios ecosistémicos del fitoplancton y sus impactos socioeconómicos." Fac. Cs.

Económicas, UNMdP, April 2016.

Lutz, V. Proyecto Servicios Ecosistémicos en las Series de Tiempo Antares. Seminario

"Interdisciplina, promesas y desafíos. El caso del proyecto IAI-CRN3094 sobre cambio climático,

servicios ecosistémicos del fitoplancton y sus impactos socioeconómicos." Fac. Cs. Económicas,

UNMdP, April 2016.

Negri, R. ¿Qué es el Fitoplancton? Seminario "Interdisciplina, promesas y desafíos. El caso del

proyecto IAI-CRN3094 sobre cambio climático, servicios ecosistémicos del fitoplancton y sus

impactos socioeconómicos." Fac. Cs. Económicas, UNMdP, April 2016.

Palastanga, V. Modelado biogeoquímico del fitoplancton. Seminario "Interdisciplina, promesas y

desafíos. El caso del proyecto IAI-CRN3094 sobre cambio climático, servicios ecosistémicos del

fitoplancton y sus impactos socioeconómicos." Fac. Cs. Económicas, UNMdP, April 2016.

Filipello, C. Gobernanza del océano, caso Argentina. Seminario "Interdisciplina, promesas y desafíos.

El caso del proyecto IAI-CRN3094 sobre cambio climático, servicios ecosistémicos del

fitoplancton y sus impactos socioeconómicos." Fac. Cs. Económicas, UNMdP, April 2016.

Carcioffi, I. Pesca y sociedad, caso Argentina. Seminario "Interdisciplina, promesas y desafíos. El

caso del proyecto IAI-CRN3094 sobre cambio climático, servicios ecosistémicos del fitoplancton y

sus impactos socioeconómicos." Fac. Cs. Económicas, UNMdP, April 2016.

Lutz, V., Negri, R., EPEA-Team. 2016. Southwestern Atlantic - EPEA Time Series Station:

Contribution to Antares Latin-American Network’. General Assembly meeting of the Horizon 2020

AtlantOS European Project, and ‘Essential Ocean Variables for monitoring and assessment of

marine biodiversity and ecosystem health’, Kiel (Germany), 27 June - 1 July 2016.

Lutz, V., Negri, R. 2016. Time series and ecological observations. First Argentina-US Ocean Science

Meeting, Mar del Plata (Argentina), 23 – 25 August 2016.

Carciofi, I. “Climate Change and Fishery Economics: Surveying the past, understanding the

present and preparing for the future” X Congreso Internacional de Economía y Gestión

ECON 2016, School of Economics, Universiy of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

17-21 October 2016. (Expected October 2016).

Other: Negri, R., Chidiak, M., Lutz, V., Frouin, R., Dogliotti, A. Phytoplankton, carbon dioxide and society:

Antares network and the ecosystem service of regulation. White paper

(https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/documents/).

Brazil

Publications:

Amazonas, I.; Cichosky, C.; Meirelles, B.; Sosa, P.; Sinisgalli, P.A.A.; Turra, A.; Kampel, M.; Jacobi,

P.R. TOURISTS’ PERCEPTION ABOUT MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: A STUDY

CASE OF UBATUBA – BRAZIL (submitted).

Santos, J.F.C.; Kampel, M. Validação da Temperatura do Mar Estimada Pelos Sensores Remotos

AVHRR-NOAA e MODIS-AQUA na Margem Continental Sudeste Brasileira: do Cabo de São

Tomé (RJ) à Ilha de São Sebastião (SP). Revista Brasileira de Meteorologia. (submitted).

47

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: Sinisgalli, Paulo; Meirelles, Bruno; Carrilho, Cauê; Amazonas, Iuri; Cichosky, Caroline; Sosa, Pablo;

Branco, Evandro; Paiva, Renato; Ribeiro, Thiago; Zanetti, Victor and Ambrosio, Luana. How

MIMES model can be used to integrated management decision making: a Brazilian coastal zone

case. 8th ESP Conference, Capetown, South Africa, 9-13 november 2015.

Amazonas, I., Cichoski, C., Turra, A., Sinisgalli, P., Jacobi, P, 2015, Public policy and climate change:

Is there evidence of the internalization of marine ecosystem services adaptation strategies in

Brazil? XVI Seminario Nacional de CIencias y Tecnologías del Mar, Santa Marta, Colombia,

10/18-22/2015.

Kampel, M.; Group Antares. Assessment of marine ecosystem services at the Latin-American Antares

time-series network. COLACMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia, 19-22/october/2015 (pp.115).

Kampel, M. Avances de la teledetección para la vigilancia ambiental costera y oceánica en una visión

integral para América Latina. COLACMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia, 19-22/october/2015 (pp.288).

Kampel, M.; Valerio, L.; Gaeta, S.; Rudorff, N.; Pompeu, M. Bio-optical analysis of Antares-Ubatuba

data, São Paulo, Brazil. COLACMAR, Santa Marta, Colombia, 19-22/october/2015 (pp293).

Chile

Publications:

Valdés, V., Escribano, R., Vergara, O. (Accepted). Scaling copepod grazing in a coastal upwelling

system: the importance of community size structure for phytoplankton C flux. Latin American

Journal of Aquatic Research.

Escribano, R., Bustos-Ríos, E., Hidalgo, P., Morales. C.E. 2016.Non-limiting food conditions for

growth and production of the copepod community in a highly productive upwelling zone.

Continental Shelf Research. Doi:10.1016/j.csr.2016.07.018

Medellín-Mora, J., Escribano, R., Schneider, W. 2016. Community response of zooplankton to

oceanographic changes (2002–2012) in the central/southern upwelling system of Chile. Progress in

Oceanography 142:17-29.

González, C.E., Escribano, R., Hidalgo, P. 2015. Intra-seasonal variation and its effects on copepod

community structure off Central/southern Chile (2002-2009). Hydrobiologia, 758:61–74. DOI:

10.1007/s10750-015-2265-6.

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: Escribano, R., Schneider, W. Eastern boundary Upwelling systems (EBUS): interannual variability in

the eastern south Pacific and biological response. CLIVAR Open Science Conference, Qingdao,

China, 19-24 October, 2016.

Escribano, R. Does climate change matter for zooplankton production in upwelling systems?. Key

Note Speaker. ICES/PICES 6th Zooplankton Production Symposium, Bergen, Norway, 9–13 May

2016.

Valentina, V., Escribano, R., Fernández, V., Molina, Verónica. Nitrogen excretion by copepods and its

contribution to the ammonium oxidizing activity in the upwelling zone off central-southern Chile

(36ºS). Ocean Science Conference, American Geophysical Union (AGU), New Orleans, USA. 22-

26 February 2016.

Escribano, R. Biological responses to upwelling variation in the eastern South Pacific. Climate

Variability and Oceans (CLIVAR) Workshop, Ankara, Turkey, 2-7 October 2015.

Bustos-Ríos, E., Medellín-Mora, J., Escribano, R. 2015. Crecimiento y producción de zooplancton en

el sistema de surgencia centro-sur de Chile: aplicación de ZooImage. XVI Congreso Latino

Americano de Ciencias del Mar (COLACMAR), octubre 2016, Santa Marta, Colombia.

Mexico

Santamaría-del-Angel, E. R. Millán-Núñez, A. González-Silvera, S. Cerderia-Estrada ,F. Muller-

Karger, L. Lorenzoni, A.I. Dogliotti, R. Frouin, M. Kampel, V. Lutz, M. Pompeu, A. Mercado-

48

Santana, M.L. Cañón-Paez, G. Tous. (2015) Climate change evaluated at marine time-series

stations. The Antares Network an effort of the Americas in long term studies. Ocean Carbon and

Biogeochemistry Summer Workshop July 20-23, 2015 at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution,

Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Santamaría-del-Angel, E. R. Millán-Núñez, A. González-Silvera, S. Cerderia-Estrada, F. Muller-

Karger, L. Lorenzoni, A.I. Dogliotti, R. Frouin, M. Kampel, V. Lutz, M. Pompeu, A. Mercado-

Santana, M.L. Cañón-Paez, G. Tous. (2015) Climate change evaluated at marine time-series

stations. The Antares Network an effort of the Americas in long term studies. Platica magistral en

el Simposio No.5 INTERACCIONES OCÉANO CLIMA, RESPUESTAS DE LOS

ECOSISTEMAS E IMPACTO EN LAS ACTIVIDADES MARÍTIMAS en el XVI Congreso

Latinoamericano de Ciencias del Mar – COLACMAR y XVI Seminario Nacional de Ciencias y

Tecnologías del Mar SENALMAR, en la ciudad de Santa Marta, entre el 18 y el 22 de octubre de

2015.

Santamaría-del-Angel, S. Cerderia-Estrada, A.I. Dogliotti, R. Frouin, M. Kampel (2015) Use a remote

sensign like approach to evaluate the climate change. The Antares Marine Monitoring Network

experience. BLUE PLANET sección en la reunión plenaria de anual de GEO-XII el 9 de

noviembre del 2015 en ciudad de mexico.

Santamaría-del-Angel, A. González-Silvera, A.I. Dogliotti, S. Cerderia-Estrada, R. Frouin, M.L.

Cañón-Paez, F. Muller-Karger, M. Kampel, V. Lutz, R. Negri, A. Mercado-Santana, M. Tapia,

Cristian Naranjo, Jesús Ledesma, and 8 more co-authors. Climate change evaluated at marine time-

series stations. The Antares Network an effort of the Americas in long term studies. (in

preparation).

Peru

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: Ledesma J. et al 2015. Cambios Espacio Temporales de la Clorofila-a en el Sistema Norte de la

Corriente de Humboldt. Congress of Marine Sciences Latin America, Colombia - October 2015.

Escudero L. et al 2015. Variabilidad de la Biomasa de la Anchoveta (Engraulis Ringens) Frente A La

Costa Peruana Durante El Periodo 2000- 2014. Congress of Marine Sciences Latin America,

Colombia - October 2015.

Ledesma J. Cambios Transicionales de la Clorofila-a Satelital Asociadas a El Niño 2015 – 2016.

Congress of Marine Sciences - Peru - November 2016.

Escudero L. Desembarques de anchoveta “engraulis ringes” en la región La Libertad y su relación con

el medio ambiente 2008-2015. Congress of Marine Sciences - Peru - November 2016.

USA

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: Frouin, R., and K. Ueyoshi, 2015: Impact of climate change on phytoplankton diversity and carbon

fluxes in the ocean around Latin America. Presented at XVI Congreso Latinamericano de Ciencias

del Mar, 22-29 October 2015, Santa Marta, Colombia.

Venezuela

Astor, Y.A., L. Guzmán, L. Troccoli, L. Lorenzoni, F. Muller-Karger, R. Varela. “Resumen de

tendencias de los parámetros oceanográficos y ópticos en la estación serie de tiempo CARIACO

(enero 1996 – diciembre 2013)”. Memoria de la Fundacion la Salle de Ciencias Naturales, in press.

Astor, Y.A., Lorenzoni, L., Muller-Karger, F., Varela, R. “Proyecto CARIACO: 20 años de

estudios en la estación serie de tiempo CARIACO”. XVI COLACMAR and XVI SENALMAR

meeting held in Santa Marta, Colombia from October 19-22, 2015.

49

Symposium “20 years of studies at the CARIACO Time-series station: Socio-ecological

importance of environmental studies of long time-series studies”. Symposium held at the Congreso

Venezolano de Ecologia November 2015 where the following presentations related to the CARIACO

time-series station and Antares network were presented:

1. Laura Lorenzoni (University of South Florida): “Looking at the future: the importance of

maintaining biogeochemical time-series studies.”

2. Jaimie Rojas (Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales): “Observation network of coastal

waters in Latinamerica: Antares network”.

3. Irene Margarita Astor Salazar (Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales): “CARIACO time-

series station: 20 years studying the variability of oceanographic conditions at the Cariaco

Basin”.

4. Gordon Taylor (Stony Brook University): “Response of the ecosystem of the Cariaco Basin to

global climatic change”.

Publications without IAI acknowledgement

Here we list the scientific production by country.

Argentina

Andreo, V. C., Dogliotti, A. I., Tauro, C. B. Remote sensing of phytoplankton blooms in the

Continental Shelf and shelf-break of Argentina: spatio-temporal changes and phenology. Special

Issue of the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing

(JSTARS) "Applied Earth Observation and Remote Sensing in Latin America". doi:

10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2585142.

Doxaran, D., Leymarie, E., Nechad, B., Dogliotti, A., Ruddick, K., Gernez, P. and Knaeps. (2016). E.

Improved correction methods for field measurements of particulate light backscattering in turbid

waters. Optics Express, Vol. 24, No. 4, 3615-3637.

Knaeps, E., Ruddick, K.G., Doxaran, D., Dogliotti, A.I., Nechad, B., Raymaekers, D., and Sterckx, S.

(2015). A SWIR based algorithm to retrieve Total Suspended Matter in extremely turbid waters.

Remote Sensing of Environment, 168: 66-79. doi: 10.1016/ j.rse.2015.06.022.

Lutz, V., Frouin, R., Negri, R., Silva, R., Pompeu, M., Rudorff, N., Cabral, A., Dogliotti, A., Martinez,

G. 2016. Bio-optical characteristics along the Straits of Magallanes. Cont. Shelf Res. 119: 56-67.

Ravalli C., Segura V., Veccia M., Hernández D. R., López Greco L. S. Incremento en la abundancia

de munida gregaria en el golfo san jorge (2009-2014). Informe de Investigación INIDEP Nº 18/, pp

27.

Sabatini, M.E., Reta, R., Lutz, V.A., Segura, V., Daponte, C. 2016. Influence of oceanographic

features on the spatial and seasonal patterns of mesozooplankton in the southern Patagonian shelf

(Argentina, SW Atlantic). J. Mar. Syst. 157: 20-38.

Brazil

Alcantara, E.; Curtarelli, M.; Kampel, M.; Stech, J.L. Spatiotemporal total suspended matter

estimation in Itumbiara reservoir with Landsat-8/OLI images. International Journal of Cartography,

p. 1-18, 2016.

Amaral, A.C.Z.; Turra, A.; Ciotti, A.M.; Wongtschowski, C.L.D.B.R.; Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. (Orgs.).

A Vida na Baía do Araçá: diversidade e importância. São Paulo, SP: Lume, 100 p.

Carrilho, C.D. (2016). Identificação e valoração econômica e sociocultural dos serviços

ecossistêmicos da Baía do Araçá – São Sebastião, SP, Brasil. Master these in Environmental

Science Posgraduation Program of Institute of Energy and Environmental at University of São

Paulo (PROCAM/IEE – USP).

50

Cortivo, F.D.; Chalhoub, E.S.; Campos-Velho, H.F.; Kampel, M. Chlorophyll profile estimation in

ocean waters by a set of artificial neural networks. Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and

Science, v. 22, p. 63-88, 2015.

Jacobi, P.R.; Xavier, L.Y.; Misato, M.T. (coords). 2013. Aprendizagem Social e Unidades de

Conservação: Aprender juntos para cuidar dos recursos naturais. São Paulo: IEE/PROCAM, 94p.

(ISBN: 978-85-86923-30-2).

Kampel, M., Rudorff, N.M., Freitas, L.B., Valerio, A.M., Cortivo, F.D., Zoffoli, M.L., Santos, J.F.C.

Remotely-sensed sea surface chlorophyll annual bloom characterization in the Amazon River

mouth basin. In: Workshop LiGA 2015 - Guianese Coast under the influence of the Amazone

River. Cayenne, French Guiana, November 24-28, 2015.

Nunes, F.O. (2015) Modelagem de Redes Sociais como subsídio à gestão ambiental: estudo de caso.

Master thesis in Complex System Modelling Posgraduation Program of School of Art, Science and

Humanity at University of São Paulo (SCX/EACH – USP).

Ogashawara, I.; Mishra, D.R.; Nacimento, R.F.F.; Alcantara, E.H.; Kampel, M.; Stech, J.L. Re-

parameterization of a quasi-analytical algorithm for colored dissolved organic matter dominant

inland waters. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 53, p. 128-

145, 2016.

Oliveira, E.N.; Fernandes, A.M.; Kampel, M.; Cordeiro, R.C.; Brandini, N.; Vinzon, S.B.; Grassi,

R.M.; Pinto, F.N.; Fillipo, A.M.; Paranhos, R. Assessment of remotely sensed chlorophyll-a

concentration in Guanabara Bay, Brazil. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing, v. 10, p. 026003-1-

026003-20, 2016.

Oliveira, B.M. (2016) Avaliação dos serviços ecossistêmicos da baía do Araçá (São Sebastião – SP –

Brasil) através da Análise Emergética. Master thesis in Environmental Science Posgraduation

Program of Institute of Energy and Environmental at University of São Paulo (PROCAM/IEE –

USP).

Ortiz, G. P.; Kampel, M.; Oliveira, M. F.; Oliveira, E. Remote sensing of sea surface features: regional

expertise to help the understanding of global ocean surface currents. In: 2nd International Meeting

on Ocean Surface Currents, 2015, Brest, France. Available at:

http://esaconferencebureau.com/Custom/15C13/Presentations%20for%20Proceedings/Day%202/1

400_Ortiz.pdf

Peres, C.M.; Santos, C.R.; Xavier, L.Y; Turra, A. 2015. Stakeholders perceptions of local

environmental changes as a tool for impact assessment in coastal zones. Ocean and Coastal

Management, 119: 135-145.

Santos, P.P.G.M. Influência do campo de ventos e do meandramento da Corrente do Brasil na

concentração de clorofila-a e nutrientes ao largo de Ubatuba – SP. 2015. 81p. Master Thesis

(MSc.). Instituto Oceanográfico da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015.

Santos, J.F.C. Contribuição ao estudo da estimativa da produtividade primária por satélite na margem

continental sudeste brasileira. 2016. 155p. Master Thesis (MSc.). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas

Espaciais, São Paulo, 2016.

Turra, A.; Peres, C.M.P; Santos, C.R. Capítulo I – Histórico da Baía do Araçá. In: Amaral, A.C.Z.;

Turra, A.; Ciotti, A.M.; Wongtschowski, C.L.D.B.R.; Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. (Orgs.), A Vida na

Baía do Araçá: diversidade e importância. São Paulo, SP: Lume, 2015, pp. 18-27.

Turra, A.; Santos, C.R.; Shinoda, D.C.; Grilli, N.; Xavier, L.Y.; Stori, F.T.; Peres, C.M.; Sinisgali,

P.A.A; Carrilho, C.; Jacobi, P.R.; Seixas, C.S. 2015. Capítulo III Gestão de Recursos: Gestão

integrada: o futuro da vida na baía. In: Amaral, A.C.Z.; Turra, A.; Ciotti, A.M.; Rossi-

Wongtschowski, C.L.D.B.; Schaeffer-Novelli, Y. (Orgs.), A Vida na Baía do Araçá: diversidade e

importância. São Paulo, SP: Lume, 2015, pp.88-97.

Valerio, A. M.; Kampel, M.; Yager, P.; Ward, N. D.; Sawakuchi, H. O.; Cunha, A. C.; Krusche, A. V.;

Richey, J. E. Tracing carbon dioxide fluxes from the Amazon River mouth into the Western

Tropical North Atlantic via satellite remote sensing. (submitted).

Valerio A.M., Kampel, M., Richey, J. Krusche, A. Bio-optical properties in waters of the lower

Amazon River. In: Workshop LiGa 2015 - Guianese Coast under the influence of the Amazone

River. Cayenne, French Guiana, November 24-28, 2015.

Vieira, M.A.R.M; Santos, C.R.; Seixas, C.S. Oportunidades na legislação brasileira para sistemas de

gestão compartilhada da pesca costeira. Boletim do Instituto de Pesca, 41(4): 995–1012.

51

Chile

Riquelme-Bugueño, R., Silva-Aburto, J., Escribano, R., Peterson, B., Schneider, W., 2016. Growth of

the Humboldt Current krill in the upwelling zone off central Chile. Journal of Marine Systems,

163:1-11.

Mexico

Santamaría-del-Angel E., M.E. Sebastias-Frasquet, R. Millán-Nuñez, A. González-Silvera and R.

Cajal-Medrano (2015). ANTHROPOCENTRIC BIAS IN MANAGEMENT POLICIES. ARE WE

EFFICIENTLY MONITORING OUR ECOSYSTEM? Chapter 1 pag. 1-12 in Coastal Ecosystems:

Experiences and Recommendations for Environmental Monitoring Programs. Eds. M.T. Sebastiá-

Frasquet. Ed.Nova Science Publishers. N.Y. 220 p. ISBN: 978-1-63482-189-6i.

Santamaría-del-Angel E., I. Soto, R. Millán-Nuñez, A. González-Silvera, J. Wolny, S. Cerdeira-

Estrada, R. Cajal-Medrano, F. Muller-Karger, J. Cannizzaro, Y. X. S. Padilla-Rosas, A. Mercado-

Santana, M. F. Gracia-Escobar, P. Alvarez-Torres, M. C. Ruiz-de-la-Torre (2015).

PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS: NEW INITIATIVE USING MARINE OPTICS AS A BASIS

FOR MONITORING PROGRAMS. Chapter 4 pag. 57-88 in Coastal Ecosystems: Experiences and

Recommendations for Environmental Monitoring Programs. Eds. M.T. Sebastiá-Frasquet. Ed.Nova

Science Publishers. N.Y. 220 p. ISBN: 978-1-63482-189-6i

Gracia-Escobar M.F., R. Millán-Núñez, E. Valenzuela-Espinoza, A. González-Silvera, E. Santamaría-

del-Ángel (2015). Changes in the Composition and Abundance of Phytoplankton in a Coastal

Lagoon of Baja California, México, During 2011. Open Journal of Marine Science, 2015, 5, 169-

181.

Muñoz-Anderson M., R. Milan-Nuñez, R. Hernandez-Walls, A. Gonzalez-Silvera, E. Santamarıa-del-

Angel, E. Rojas-Mayoral, S. Galindo-Bect (2015) Fitting vertical chlorophyll profiles in the

California Current using two Gaussian curves. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 1541-5856.

doi:10.1002/lom3.10034.

Daesslé,L.W., A. Orosco, U. Struck, V.F. Camacho-Ibar, R. van Geldern, E. Santamaria-del-Angel,

J.A.C Barthh (2016).Sources and sinks of nutrients and organic carbon during the 2014 pulse flow

of the Colorado River into Mexico. Ecol. Eng. (2016),

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.018.

Mercado-Santana J.A., E. Santamaría-del-Ángel, A. Gonzales-Silvera, L. Sánchez-Velasco, M. F.

Gracia-Escobar, R. Millan-Nuñez, C Torres-Navarrete (2016) Productivity in the Gulf of California

Large Marine Ecosystem. Enviromental Develop (Summit August 2016)

Peru

Publications:

Espinoza-Morriberón D., Graco M., Ledesma J., Flores G., Echevin V., Morón O. y Tam J. Impactos

de El Niño Oscilación Sur (ENOS) en los Nitratos, Oxígeno y Productividad del Sistema de

Afloramiento Costero Peruano: Un enfoque de modelado. Draft Boletin Imarpe 2016.

Espinoza-Morriberon D., Echevin V., Tam J., Ledesma J., Oliveros R., Ramos J., and Romero C.

Validación biogeoquímica de una simulación interanual del modelo acoplado ROMS-PISCES en el

Pacífico Sudeste. Revista peruana de biología 23(2): 159 - 168 (2016.

Graco M., Purca S., Dewitte B., Morón O., Ledesma J., Flores G., Castro C., and Gutiérrez D. The

OMZ and nutrients features as a signature of interannual and low frequency variability off the

Peruvian upwelling system. Journal Biogeosciences Published: 15 January 2016.

IOCCP-JAMSTEC 2015 Inter-laboratory Calibration Exercise of a Certified Reference Material for

Nutrients in Seawater. ISBN 9784901833-23-3. http://www.scor-

int.org/SCOR_WGs_WG147.htm, available online from 2016.

52

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: “Comparability of oceanic nutrient data”, Session 6: Future of Climate and Ocean Science. “Charting

the course for climate and ocean research”. CLIVAR. Qingdao –China, September 18-25, 2016

USA

Publications:

Frouin, R., and B. Pelletier: Bayesian methodology for inverting satellite ocean-color data, 2015, Rem.

Sen. Environ., 159, 332-360.

Valente, A., S. Sathyendranath, V. Brotas, S. Groom, M. Grant, M. Taberner, D. Antoine, R. Arnone,

W. M. Balch, K. Barker, R. Barlow, S. Bélanger, J.-F. Berthon, S. Besiktepe, Sukru; V. Brando, E.

Canuti, F. Chavez, H. Claustre, R. Crout, R. Frouin, C. Garcia-Soto,S. W. Gibb, R. Gould, S.

Hooker, M. Kahru, H. Klein, S. Kratzer, H. Loisel, D. Mckee, B. G. Mitchell, T. Moisan, F.

Muller-Karger, L. O'Dowd, M. Ondrusek, A. J. Poulton, M. Repecaud, T. Smyth, H. M. Sosik, M.

Twardowski, K. Voss, J. Werdell, M. Wernand, and G. Zibordi, 2016: A compilation of global bio-

optical in situ data for ocean-colour satellite applications, Earth Systems Science Data, 8, 235-252.

Presentations at Scientific Meetings: Frouin, R. J., S. C. Shenoi, and K. H. Rao (Editors), 2016: Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Inland

Waters: Techniques, Applications, and Challenges, Proceedings of SPIE, 9878, 340 pp., 32 papers,

ISBN: 9780819492647, Published by SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering,

Bellingham, Washington, USA.

Venezuela

Lorenzoni, L., G. Toro-Farmer, R. Varela, L. Guzmán, J. Rojas, E. Montes, F.Muller-Karger.

“Characterization of phytoplankton variability in the Cariaco Basin using spectral absorption,

taxonomic and pigment data”. Remote Sensing of Environment, en prensa

Calvert, S.E., D.Z. Piper, R.C. Thunell, Y. Astor. 2015, “Elemental settling and burial fluxes in the

Cariaco Basin”. Marine Chemistry, 177: 607-629.

Marshall, BJ, R.C. Thunell, H.J. Spero, M.J. Henehan,L. Lorenzoni, Y.Astor. “Morphometric and

stable isotopic differentiation in Orbulin universa morphotypes from the Cariaco Basin,

Venezuela”, Marine Micropaleontology, 120, 3n prensa.

Meetings, Congress Workshops Lorenzoni, L., F.E. Muller-Karger, D.T. Rueda-Roa, R. Thunell, M.I. Scranton, G.T. Taylor, C.R.

Benitez-Nelson, E. Montes, Y. M. Astor, J. Rojas. 2016. “The CARIACO Ocean Time-Series: two

decades of oceanographic observations to understand linkages between biogeochemistry, ecology,

and long-term environmental variability”. Ocean Science Meeting 2016, February 21-26, New

Orleans, Louisiana, USA. OD14B-2420. Poster.

Taylor, G.T., E. Suter, S. Chow, D. Stinton, Y.M. Astor, M.I. Scranton. 2016. “Linking Prokaryotic

Assemblages and Biogeochemistry to Long-Term Declines in Chemoautotrophy in the Cariaco

Basin”. Ocean Science Meeting 2016, February 21-26, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, ME34D-

0826. Poster.

Scranton, M.I., G.T. Taylor, R. Thunell, E. Tappa, C.R. Benitez-Nelson, F.E. Muller-Karger, L.

Lorenzoni, Y.M. Astor. 2016. “Anomalous δ13C in POC at the chemoautotrophy maximum in the

Cariaco Basin”. Ocean Science Meeting 2016, February 21-26, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA,

ME34D-0825. Poster

53

Data

All in situ time series stations: See section in “Working Group In situ Time Series”.

Capacity Building

The annual meeting of the Latin-American NANO project (LA-NANO) sponsored by

NF/POGO took place at the Escuela Naval “Almirante Padilla” in Cartagena de Indias

(Colombia), from the 15 to the 19 of February 2016. The main aim of the WS was to advance

in the elaboration of the manuscript on phytoplankton pigments at the Antares stations (see

section ‘Publications IAI acknowledged’). One of the days was dedicated to open talks for

students from the Naval School and from the local University.

A special seminar “Interdisciplina, promesas y desafíos. El caso del proyecto IAI-

CRN3094 sobre cambio climático, servicios ecosistémicos del fitoplancton y sus impactos

socioeconómicos” took place in Mar del Plata (Argentina) both at the ‘Facultad de Ciencias

Económicas, UNMdP’ and at INIDEP, on the 14 and 15 of April 2016. A broad audiende of

students and young researchers, as well as some representatives of NGOs was present. The

main lecturer was Martina Chidiak, but there were short talks by: Ignacio Carciofi,

Cecilia Filipello, Vivian Lutz, Virginia Palastanga and Rubén Negri (see report in

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/research/).

C. Berghoff offered a special class on “El Ciclo del Carbono en el Mar y la Acidificación

Oceánica” in the Physical Oceanography course at the UNMdP on the 31 May 2016.

A Science Fair and Technology is going to be held from 18 to 20 October 2016 at

INOCAR (Ecuador), where talks and stands with information collected at fixed stations of La

Libertad and Manta are going to be presented; as well as the Oceanographic Proceedings of

the Pacific Marine Atlas coastal, and posters and educational brochures from the LA-NANO

ANTARES project.

Natalia M. Rudorff participated in the 8th

Meeting of the Virtual Laboratory management

Group (VLMG-8) held at vthe Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (CIMH),

in Bridgetown, Barbados, May 09-13, 2016 presenting many of the satellite activities

developed at INPE, including web tools and remote sensing products. She also participated in

a training course about the GEONETCast Americas system, under GEO/GEOSS, talking

54

about Satellite Oceanography products, in June, 2016 and gave a talk for students from

University of Taubate in August 2016.

Milton Kampel offered a discipline about Remote Sensing of Climate at the Graduate

Program in Remote Sensing at INPE, in July-September, 2016. He also presented a special

class on Satellite Oceanography products (SST and Chla) at the Institute for the Environment

of Rio de Janeiro State, on May 18th

, 2016 and ave a talk about the Advances in Remote

Sensing for coastal and oceanic environmental monitoring on a comprehensive vision for

Latin America, during the XVI COLACMAR, in October 2015 (a paper was also presented

about our project during this Congress). M.Kampel also gave a talk about Remote Sensing

applied to Oceanographic studies and about our IAI-Antares project at the X Thematic Week

of Oceanography, at USP, in October, 2015. He also offered a special class on Remote

Sensing applied to Oceanic Exploration at the XVII Training Course on the School Use of

Remote Sensing for Environmental Studies, at INPE, on June 11th

2016. M.Kampel was

invited to give a Magna Class for the Oceanography undergraduate students of UNIMONTE

University, Santos, Sao Paulo, on March 8th

2016.

Diogo Amore participated in the IMBER training course ClimEco5 Summer School:

Towards more resilient oceans: Predicting and projecting future changes in the ocean and

their impacts on human societies, held in Natal, Brazil, from 10-17 August 2016. This was a

multidisciplinary training course about climate change and marine ecosystems, including

societal impacts and responses. ClimEco5 brought together a diverse group of students and

early career scientists with natural and social science backgrounds. Topics covered modelling

and interpreting change in marine systems and finding out about practical ways of dealing

with the challenges arising from working across social and natural science disciplines.

Regional Collaboration/Networking

The Antares network (www.antares.ws) integrates the collaboration of different marine

centers in Latin America carrying out time-series studies on their coastal regions. Among

other organizations the Antares network is related to the ‘International Ocean-Colour

Coordinating Group (IOCCG)’ (http://www.ioccg.org), the ‘Partnership for the

Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO)’ (http://ocean-partners.org) and the Nippon

Foundation (http://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/en/). This CRN3094 project is also

connected to a project of the ‘NF-POGO Alumni Network for Oceans (NANO)’ for

Latin America (http://www.nf-pogo-alumni.org/Latin+American+Regional+Project). The PI,

some of the Co-PIs and collaborators of this CRN3094 project are also part of the ‘Science

Team’ of an Argentinian-Brazilian Ocean Color satellite mission (SABIA-Mar).

Furtheremore, the generation of this project has created links between the oceanographic

research (carried out from the time-series) and socio-economic research been carried out at

different centers in Latin America, such as the USP and UBA. This type of interaction is quite

novel for oceanographic studies in this region.

Virginia Palastanga collaborates in the following projects, which connect investigators

from Servicio de Hidrografía Naval (Buenos Aires), INIDEP (Mar del Plata), University of

Buenos Aires (UBA) and Oregon State University (OSU):

- Variability of Ocean Ecosystems around South America (VOCES), P.I.: Alberto. R. Piola,

IAI CRN3070, 2012 – 2017.

- Dinámica y flujos de carbono en el Mar Argentino: variación estacional e intercambio con

el océano profundo. PI: Virginia Palastanga, PIDDEF 12/14, MinDef, 2014-2019.

55

- Procesos acoplados fisico-biogeoquímicos en la plataforma patagónica: producción

primaria y flujos de carbono. PI: Virginia Palastanga, ANPICyT, 2014-2017.

- Balance y variabilidad espacio-temporal del flujo de CO2 entre el mar y la atmósfera en el

Mar Patagónico. Su relación con la temperatura, la clorofila y la producción primaria, PI:

A. Bianchi, Co-PI: V. Lutz, PIDDEF 47/11, MinDef, 2011-2015.

During the reporting period, a high share of collaboration and networking activities

within the project was enhanced by the in person Workshop held in Mar del Plata – Villa

Gesell (see Appendix 1). This was the first integrative meeting of the project, attended by 24

researchers from the 9 countries involved (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Ecuador,

Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, and USA) from all disciplines. The first day at INIDEP (Mar del

Plata) was dedicated to brief presentations by the participants. The idea being that all

participants, some of them had not met before, got an introduction to the main subjects each

one was working on. At the same time, it was an excellent opportunity to promote the project

at INIDEP, and have colleagues from the host institution to listen and participate in the

discussions. From the second to the fifth day the meeting took place in the town of Villa

Gesell (approximately 1 h from Mar del Plata). This place proved to be a convenient venue

for this type of interdisciplinary workshop, since everybody was staying at the same place,

which was quite an agreeable environment and relatively isolated (the town is a sea-side

resort practically empty in winter). All of which facilitated the interaction, long working

hours in a friendly atmosphere. The agenda included ‘Dynamic Activities’ developed

especially by the USP team on Ecosystem Services (Alex Turra, Paulo Sinisgalli, Caroline

Chichoski, Iuri Amazonas), to favor the interaction and the interdisciplinary work. This

proved to be a very efficient way to work together and integrate the different disciplinary

groups. At the end of each day there were also some ‘playful/pedagogic’ exercises, which

contributed to the development of trust among the participants. The group of USP collected

all the answers from the questionnaires, tables, as well as recording material throughout the

meeting, which will lead to a special publication on its own regarding ‘interdisciplinary group

dynamics’. The tables with proposed work and products by each discipline and the

interdisciplinary activities are the report from the workshop (Appendix 1, and

https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/research/).

Connection with the partner marine IAI-CRN3070 project (VOCES; PI: Alberto Piola) has

been established. Daniela Alemany and Paulina Martineto researchers from this project, as

well as their associated IAI-CONICET project (D3347/14) ‘SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS

DE LAS ZONAS FRONTALES EN EL GRAN ECOSISTEMA MARINO DEL

ATLÁNTICO SUDOCCIDENTAL’, participated during one day in our WS in Mar del Plata

– Villa Gesell. At the same time Rubén Negri participated in the WS of the D3347/14 project

that took place on the 27-28 of June in Mar del Plata.

Some project members are participating in the network AMERIGEOSS (MBON,

Pole2Pole); in the program PINCOYA, and in the ‘Programa Antártico Colombiano’.

Project participants continue to interact with other relevant regional actors in the

framework of their disciplinary and outreach activities and their affiliation to different policy

and research networking.

Cecilia Filipello (UBA, Argentina) and Victor Aramayo (IMARPE, Peru) represented

the Antares IAI-CRN3094 project in a meeting held at the Instituto Argentino de

Oceanografía (Bahia Blanca, Argentina) on August 22-24. This meeting gathered students

and young professionals from several ‘collaborative research networks’ working on oceanic,

coastal and freshwater ecology projects with the aim of initiating a network of young

56

researchers (see brief report in Appendix 6). Cecilia Filipello took the responsibility of

forming part of the initial steering committee of the newly formed network.

During the project Workshop held in Mar del Plata the ‘Socico-economic & Ecosystem

Services’ group listed planned publications to be developed in an interdisciplinary nature with

a regional character, i.e., with potential to be replicated elsewhere (Table 10).

Table 10. List of planned publications.

Tentative Title/Subject Description Demands from other groups

Paper on ES Perception and Vulnerability of ES (artisanal fisheries)

Results of interviews with fishermen about impacts on fisheries and how they are

adapting

Information on vulnerability (changes in

phytoplankton at UBATUBA)

Paper on "Tourism planning in coastal zones: assessment of ecosystem services associated with

phytoplankton as grants for integrated coastal

management"

Diagnose the study case (Ubatuba) and justify the choice of tourism sector as an

important field of analysis regarding integrated coastal planning. Identify the

main touristic activities related to primary production of phytoplankton. Describe the

Antares project and results of Ubatuba station as grants to support coastal

management. Discuss the incorporation of ecosystem services approach into police

making process in coastal zones.

In situ Data on phytoplankton from UBATUBA

station

Paper: Strategy for communication with decision makers at

UBATUBA (SCENARIO analysis and discussion)

Development methodology to communicate information about changes in

marine ecosystem services to decision makers

In situ Data

Paper: Results from MIMES model (UBATUBA)

Media Coverage and Prizes

On November 2015, it was aired on Venezuela national televisión the documentary

“Testigo del cambio climatico: Fosa de Cariaco”,

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvaF12l62Kc), documentary produced by Vale TV with

financial support of the Venezuelan Central Bank and the British Embassy. This documentary

57

has been shown at different venues: Venezuelan Ecology Congress, Ocean Carbon and

Biogeochemistry (OCB) Summer Workshop 2016, and different schools and universities in

Venezuela.

Policy Relevance

Rubén Negri and Vivian Lutz, as representatives of INIDEP at the ‘Comisión de

Cambio Climático del Ministerio de Agroindustria’, included the activities carried out in this

IAI-CRN3094 project in the list of ‘Mitigation relevant’ survey carried out during 2016.

Vivian Lutz has been recently invited to participate (as one of the representatives for

Argentina) in the scoping meeting for the IPCC Special Report on ‘Climate Change and

Oceans and the Cryosphere’, which will be held in Monaco in December 2016.

A white paper on the ‘Phytoplankton Ecosystem Service of Regulation’ has been

recently uploaded to the project webpage (https://antaresiaiproject.wordpress.com/documents/).

This document may be circulated through the contacts at the home institutions of the Co-PIs

and Collaborators of the project, the official organizations with which the Co-PIs interact.

Attending meetings of collegiate decision-makers at the Northern coast of São

Paulo, such as meetings of the Environmental Council of the North Coast Marine Protection

Area; and the Coastal Management - GERCO was important to understand the political

context of the region of interest, identifying possible actors to be interviewed in the near

future and to build comprehension of local reality of this area. As the Araçá Bay is part of the

Marine Proteted Area of the Northern Coast of São Paulo state, the parallel studies undergone

there sum up to the present efforts in integrating science and policy making.

In fact, the integration with the Management Board, which consists of equal number

of representatives from government and civil society organizations, including representatives

from fishermen and professional fishermen associations of shellfishermen, fishing business,

the sea defense entities, ecotourism, yachting, nautical tourism and amateur and sport fishing,

research institutes and universities, may aim to discuss the management of the area and

mediate possible conflicts.

The ongoing work of the socioeconomic team at FCE,UBA and the interdisciplinary

(ecosystems services) team working at USP has prompted (through interviews) and will lead

to further dialogue with decisionmakers, in particular, NGOs and policymakers at local,

regional and national level. Through this dialogue, different stakeholders (at NGOs and

government, mainly) have shown interest in keeping contact with the project activities and

participating in discussions of preliminary and final results.

The approach to the above presented and ongoing inter-disciplinary analyses at the

regional scale has been revised in order to facilitate dialogue with, and information provision

to policymakers, as well as to assess the key issues and processes of the interphase between

science and policy that the project is trying to address and help strengthen (see

communication strategy).

58

Main Conclusions

• In spite of some corrections and minor deviations from what was planned, data

gathering at the time series, as well as analysis and publications production along each

"disciplinary" line was satisfactory.

• A new SigmaANTARES visualization and distribution system for satellite

information is being developed and impelemented at INPE. The Project Webpage is running

and functioning as a channel of communication among researchers, collaborators and end

users.

• We examined the primary production required (PPR) in the context of exclusive

economic zones (EEZs) of Antares countries, to verify if they are fished with PPR demands

above (or below) their average primary productivity (PP). Fundamentally, fishing is limited

by solar-powered PP limits. Fishing beyond solar production can occur, but in the future,

marine systems may not be as forgiving, especially if overfishing and climate change

compromise their resilience. This type of analysis can assist policy makers and fisheries

scientists to understand this dynamics and the demands on innate, and often limited, marine

ecosystem productivity.

• Joint interpretation and communication efforts related to the results of ecosystem

service of support will continue with the socioeconomic (FCE UBA) and ecosystem services

(USP) teams during next year.

• The building of an interdisciplinary approach encompassing all types of expertise

and knowledge involved in the project has proved difficult to handle and to mobilise

effectively to produce research plans, analyses and results. Nevertheless, during this period,

and specially during the in person WS in Mar del Plata, the interdisciplinary component has

been focused into two main activities:

a. Ecosystem service of ‘support’.

b. Ecosystem service of ‘regulation’.

• It is expected that this correction will be helpful in two ways: firstly, to guarantee

that next year the project will have results and publications on the interdisciplinary and

transdisciplinary (involving dialogue between scientists and decisionmakers) fronts; and that

the project will lead to concrete science-policy dialogue, with interesting inputs to share and

discuss with decisionmakers from different levels (local, subnational, national) hopefully

leading to a workshop or dialogue space that allows for joint (project researchers and

decisionmakers) development of scenario projections and analysis.

• The study cases on tourism and fisheries in Ubatuba, Brazil, are still being

developed due to difficulties in team organization to conduct field activities. However, a

stronger approach and team management strategy is being putted in practice to overcome

these difficulties to cope with the aims of the project. The inputs from the Biota/FAPESP-

Araçá Project are being useful to guide the activities here, espetially regarding the integration

with stakeholders and decision makers. The case of the São Sebastião harbor and the way the

scientific information was used by decision makers to question the harbor license is being an

example to support the dialogs with stakeholders in Ubatuba.

Work Plan for Next Year with Associated Costs

Working Group “In situ Time Series” - Ocean Field estimations

All Time Series stations, except CARIACO, will continue with their cruises and analyses

activities, for which they will make use of the budget considered in the proposal (mainly for

59

hiring student assistants, purchasing of supplies, minor equipment). Participation in research

meetings is also envisaged.

CARIACO-Venezuela: The funding agencies that support the CARIACO time-series

station has announced that they will not continue with the support after January 2017, when

the actual proposal is overdue. The National Science Foundation rejected the new proposal

submitted for three more years of operation, and let us knows not to try again. In addition, the

Venezuelan funding agency has not opened any call for new submissions in the last three

years; therefore, the CARIACO time-series will cease operations after January 2017. We will

continue working on the data that has been adquired, but new data will not be available.

Working Group “Satellite” - Ocean Satellite estimations

A prototype of the SigmaANTARES visualization and distribution system should be running

before the end of 2016. This version will present satellite chlorophyll-a and sea surface

temperature data. For the next year, GIS functionalities should be implemented, together with

in situ data visualization tools. While operating in test mode, ane effort will be made to

correct errors and move into operational mode. This initiative will require funding from IAI

Antares project for programmer-time basically. INPE is providing hardware and internet

infrastructure, but some investment in hard-disks is foreseen.

The IAI Project Antares webpage will be maintained and continuously updated at INIDEP,

without costs for the project. However, the Antares network webpage currently served from

CONABIO, Mexico should have a mirror or be transferred to INPE. This topic will be

discussed with the new Antares Network coordinator, Ana Dogliotti from Argentina.

Results and discussions are being consolidated as scientific publications. Other studies are

being developed in a collaborative way, and this should be continuously motivated and

sustained. During next year, a lot of effort will be devoted to contribute with the integration

with socioeconomic discussion of results in the interdisciplinary and regional analyses of

ecosystem services ("regulation" and "support"). These results will provide the basis for

discussion with policymakers and provide inputs for the project communication strategy (see

below).

Working Group “Natural Modelling”

Large-scale NEMO modeling

1) The time series of biogeochemical variables, 1968-2007, will be further analyzed for

seasonal and inter-annual variability in relation to temperature, wind forcing, surface mixing,

available solar radiation, etc., and climate indices. The situation in the various bio-geographic

provinces surrounding Latin America will be contrasted. The role and contribution of the

biological pump to the air-sea CO2 fluxes in the various oceanic regions will be quantified.

This will be accomplished by running the general circulation model without biology and

compare results obtained with biology included. This will allow one to provide, for each

relevant Latin America country, a CO2 emission budget that accounts for the adjacent seas

(part of the economic zone).

2) We plan to increase spatial resolution to ~0.5° using a space refinement ratio of 4 in an

embedded regional model of the Central/South America covering a domain ~125°W to

~25°W, ~35°N to ~60°S. In the current implementation only horizontal refinement is

available (31 levels in the ORCA R2 configuration). Time refinement ratio will be set within

60

the model stability.

NEMO includes the one- and two-way nesting capability that allows resolution to be

focused over a region of interest by introducing an additional finer resolution grid via the

AGRIF (Adaptive Grid Refinement in Fortran) software (Madec, G and the NEMO team,

2011). AGRIF is a package for the integration of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) features

within a multidimensional model such as NEMO written in Fortran and discretized on a

structured grid (Debreu et al., 2008). The package is designed to create fine regional grids

(child grids) in a form that NEMO can read in from a coarse NEMO global grid. The idea is

to run the fine grid with the global grid to provide local increased resolution in the local

regions we are focused on.

The grid coordinates and the bathymetry files for the child grid are created off-line using

the nesting tool in NEMO. Input forcing data at the sea surface such as the winds and solar

heat flux radiation for the child grid are also constructed on- or off-line using the nesting tool

and the global input files for NEMO.

3) We plan to perform the following four IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios

(SRES) experiments. In these experiment, the atmospheric parameters needed to force the

model (i.e., wind stress components, short- and longwave radiation, temperature, humidity,

and precipitation) will be specified from outputs of the IPSL-CM4 model (Marti et al., 2006)

available on a 96 x 71 longitude-latitude grid (2.5 deg x 3.75 deg). All SRES emissions

scenario simulations generated using the IPSL-CM4 model were initialized with the model

conditions at the end of the 20C3M simulation (1860 to the end of 2000, see below) and were

run to 2100.

EXP 1: Reference run for 1961-2000. (20C3M). We will run a 40-year control simulation

for 1961-2000 using outputs from the IPSL simulation labeled "Climate of the 20th century

experiment (20C3M)" run from 1860 to 2000 that was driven by the estimate of the known

historical radiative forcing agents which include greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs)

and sulfate aerosol direct effects. The results of 20C3M represent the state of the current

atmopsheric environment with greenhouse gases increasing as observed through the 20th

century.

EXP 2: SRES A1B emission scenario simulation for 2001-2050. The A1 storyline and

scenario family describes a future world of very rapid economic growth, global population

that peaks in mid-century and declines thereafter, and rapid introduction of new and more

efficient technologies. In particular, the A1B scenario is characterized by "balanced across all

energy sources" not relying too heavily on one particular energy source.

EXP 3: SRES A2 emission scenario simulation for 2001-2100. The A2 scenario describes

a very heterogeneous world with continuously increasing global population and regionally

oriented economic growth that is more fragmented and slower than in other storylines. It is

characterized as "business-as-usual."

EXP 4: SRES B1 emission scenario simulation for 2001-2100. The B1 scenario describes

a convergent world with rapid changes in economic structures toward a service and

information economy, with reductions in material intensity, and the introduction of clean and

resource-efficient technologies. It is characterized as "the most environmentally conscious."

In the A1B, A2 and B1 emission scenarios, expected global mean CO2 concentrations for

the end of the 21st century are about 720, 860, and 550 ppm, respectively. The current

concentration of CO2 is above 400 ppm. According to IPCC (2001), those concentration

levels translate into the following global average surface air temperature increases relative to

1990: under scenarios A1B, A2 and B1 2.95, 3.79, and 1.98 deg C, respectively, by the end

of the 21st century.

61

Working Group “Socio-economic & Ecosystem Services”

At FCE-UBA; the objective is to complete the ongoing activities on: fisheries and climate

change, socioeconomic impacts of the fisheries sector, governance mechanisms and

ecosystem services. This will mean submitting for publication the two draft papers mentioned

above, completing and presenting the two Masters Theses of Maria Cecilia Filipello and

Isabela Sanchez Vargas and completing at least two more papers based on the thesis work.

Most work of the socioeconomic team (at FCE UBA) work during next year will be

devoted to contribute with the socioeconomic discussion of results in the interdisciplinary and

regional analyses of ecosystem services ("regulation" and "support"). These results will

provide the basis for discussion with policymakers and provide inputs for the project

communication strategy (see below).

Regarding the Ubatuba case study leaded by USP team, following-up the APA meetings

and the identification of key actors, we will start the interviews using the Snowball

methodology for social network analysis and to make a survey about stakeholders´ perception

on marine ecosystem services and vulnerabilities. The following charts illustrate the planned

working plan for stakeholder approach in 2017. The MIMES modeling activities are also

presented.

Step 1 - Understanding the local context

This is accomplished through literature review and survey of secondary data

information on the study area, in order to identify the importance of Ecosystem Services

(provision - fishing and cultural-traditional communities).

Product: Paper - ecosystem services provision and culture in APA Marine North Coast

Protected Area

Step 2 - Contact stakeholders

Activity will aim to follow the meetings of the management board of the APA Marine

North Coast, to list the existing conflicts and about the ecosystem services, and then select

actors to be interviewed to raise their perception of the vulnerability of ES.

62

Product: Paper - Stakeholder perception about Climate Change and Ecosystem Services

Vulnerability.

Step 3 – Preparation and conducting of the tailler with stakeholder.

Setting the method to be used to communicate information about ecosystem services

and its changes and relations with climate change; and conducting workshops with selected

stakeholders. Workshops will be held with stakeholders in order to communicate the

importance of ES and its changes due to climate change, and to assist in the understanding of

human and ES and adaptation activities.

Product: Paper: Environmental education booklet to local population

Paper - communication methodology on SE climate change.

Interdisciplinary work

The ideas discussed regarding the two main ‘ecosystem services’ of phytoplankton:

‘Regulation’ and ‘Support’ will be elaborated during 2017 towards attaining at least two

publications.

Communication Strategy

During this year project CoPIs and researchers from natural and socioeconomic

perspectives found many difficulties to reach a common language and to develop a joint

work-programme (integrated research plan) to conduct interdisciplinary analysis (different

perspectives, difficulties in connecting research programmes, data, questions, etc.). However,

63

in the process of internal discussion a "minimum consensus" has been reached within and

among different research groups, as seen in the summary from the first in person workshop

with all Co-PIs, that there is increasing need of making sometimes complex scientific

information (on some key but "invisible" natural processes that provide vital ecological

services to society ) readily available and easy to understand to policymakers in order to

facilitate science-policy dialogue and joint work.

On this basis it has been decided to design and develop a workplan/strategy on

communication to facilitate science-policy dialogue. The details of the strategy will be

developed during next year, but the basic ideas and goals that inspired this decision are

summarised below.

The communication strategy will aim at answering a number of interesting questions

regarding transdisciplinarity in ocean related knowledge. For example:

(I) How can we present complex but key scientific information to policymakers in order to

jointly discuss socioeconomic and policy implications? Which are the relevant tools?

(II) Are decisionmakers considering rigorous, scientific information (on phytoplankton

ecosystem services) in their climate-change related vulnerability studies and adaptation plans

and strategies?

(III) How is scientific information incorporated in these studies, plans and strategies? How do

decisionmakers interact with researchers (channels, institutional framework, role of national-

regional and international organizations)?

(IV) How is the social learning process structured?

Future work in the CRN3094 project will benefit from the experience of many Co-PIs in

their network activities with policymakers at local, sub-national (federal states/regions) and

national (within National Communications to UNFCCC or Climate Change groups) in their

home countries and at regional or international level, as well as from the interesting

experiences of transdisciplinary work developed by project participants in Brazil and

Argentina at USP and at INIDEP and FCE-UBA.

The ultimate objective of the communication strategy and subsequent work in the

CRN3094 project will be to foster exchange and dialogue with policymakers and other

stakeholders on the basis of research results produced during this project. On the basis of

results showing the role of phytoplankton ecosystem services, e.g. of regulation -carbon

sequestration-, and primary production -food provision- at national level; or those results at

the local level on the links between phytoplankton ecosystem services, artisanal fisheries and

tourism, the impact of climatic trends on their provision in different Antares countries can be

jointly discussed with policymakers and other stakeholders and conclusions jointly reached.

Budget

The amount being request for the next period is USD$ 204,968.78 divided among the

participant institutions as follows (Table 6).

64

Table 6. Budget summary for the next period.

Budget category USP INPE UBATEC INIDEP LaSalle UdeC UABC IMARPE SIO

Salaries for Investigators $5.000,00 $5.000,00

Salaries for Students / Scholarships $14.285,98 $18.720,00 $13.650,00 $46.655,98

Travel / Workshops $15.000,00 $5.000,00 $25.000,00 $5.000,00 $5.000,00 $5.000,00 $5.000,00 $5.000,00 $5.000,00 $75.000,00

Equipment $0,00

Research Expenses / Materials and Supplies $5.600,00 $12.000,00 $5.000,00 $10.000,00 $10.000,00 $15.000,00 $10.000,00 $67.600,00

Research Expenses / Technical salaries $5.000,00 $5.000,00

Research Expenses / Services $0,00

Communications $0,00

Publication / Documentation Dissemination Costs $0,00

Administrative Support / Office Supplies $1.744,30 $1.786,00 $2.182,50 $5.712,80

Total in US dollars of institution $36.630,28 $37.506,00 $45.832,50 $10.000,00 $15.000,00 $15.000,00 $20.000,00 $15.000,00 $10.000,00 $204.968,78

InstitutionTotal

IAI CRN3094 funds will be used to pay scholarships for students and research assistants at

USP (Brazil), INPE (Brazil), UBATEC (Argentina) and SIO (USA). Field work, materials

and consumables will be funded at USP, INPE, INIDEP(Argentina), LaSalle (Venezuela),

UdeC (Chile), UABC (Mexico) and IMARPE (Peru). USP and UBATEC will organize

workshops that are considered fundamental steps for the project at this stage. Other similar

workshops are also planned for 2018. Other funds are being requested for the participation of

researchers in meetings and technical-scientific events for the discussion and dissemination of

the results and outcomes of the project.

Progress is being made and next period is crucial for publishing results and concrete

integration between natural and human dimension (socioeconomy – ecosystem services)

components.

Capacity building

A key capacity building contribution expected from the project will involve the creation of

new research groups (interdisciplinary) and also the creation of new capabilities at the

participating institutions through training and research work of students working on

socioeconomic analysis of ecosystem services and interdisciplinary studies within the project.

In this sense, we will make our best to find the resources to organize an interdisciplinary

course for the young people (mainly for those involved in this project) within 2017.

The need to maintain a more frequent communication is a key factor for the progress of

this multidisciplinary and multitudinary project. To reduce costs, virtual communications

through emails, skype group meetings and through the project webpage are useful.

Perspective for 2018

On the basis of the afore mentioned (natural science) results and of the "macro"

(national) and local analysis involved in inter-disciplinary and socio-economic case studies on

phytoplankton ecosystem service changes, trends and their socio-economic impacts, a more

thorough understanding of the socioeconomic impacts from phytoplankton ecosystem service

changes will be gained.

The preliminary results on these initial studies and resulting scenarios will be

presented in a first Workshop (WS1) with decisionmakers (expected by July-August 2017).

With the completion of the expected local, national and regional analyses (with in situ data)

the development of revised phytoplankton ecosystem service scenarios considering local

information/analysis will be possible. These scenarios will be discussed in the final project

65

workshop (WS2) with decision-makers in 2018. An additional study on effective

communication to decision-makers of (climate change related and complex) information of

this sort is envisioned.

Regarding the Ubatuba case study the following charts illustrate the planned working

plan for stakeholder approach as weel as modelling in 2018.

Step 4 – Process analys and political feedback

As part of the communication process the feedback to stakeholders about the workshop

results is an important action. These feedbacks are also important to promote awareness about

the adaptation process in the coastal zone to policy makers.

66

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